Hange Anish Kapoor game da sassaken Cloud Gate a cikin Millennium Park na Chicago shine cewa yayi kama da mercury mai ruwa, cikin kwanciyar hankali yana nuna birnin da ke kewaye.Samun wannan gabaɗaya aiki ne na ƙauna.
"Abin da nake so in yi da Millennium Park shine in haɗa sararin samaniyar Chicago a cikinta ... don haka mutane za su iya ganin gajimare da ke shawagi a ciki da waɗannan gine-gine masu tsayi suna nunawa a cikin aikin.Sa'an nan kuma, tun da yake a cikin siffar kofa ne, mai shiga, mai kallo, zai iya shiga cikin wannan ɗakin mai zurfi mai zurfi, wanda a cikin ma'anarsa yana aiki da tunaninsa kamar yadda bayyanar aikin ke aiki a kan yanayin da ke kewaye da birnin.” – Shahararren dan wasan Burtaniya Anish .Kapoor, mai sassaƙan Ƙofar Cloud
Idan aka kalli yanayin kwanciyar hankali na wannan babban mutum-mutumi na bakin karfe, da wuya a iya tantance adadin karfe da jaruntaka ke boye a karkashin samansa.Ƙofar Cloud tana ɓoye labarun sama da 100 masu ƙirƙira ƙarfe, masu yanka, masu walda, masu gyara, injiniyoyi, masu fasaha, masu dacewa, masu dacewa da manajoji - sama da shekaru 5 a cikin samarwa.
Mutane da yawa sun yi aiki na sa'o'i masu tsawo, sun yi aiki a cikin bita a tsakiyar dare, sun kafa tanti a wurin ginin kuma sun yi aiki a cikin yanayin zafi na digiri 110 a cikin cikakkun kayan Tyvek® da rabin-masks.Wasu suna aiki da nauyi, rataye daga kayan aiki, rike kayan aiki, da aiki akan gangara mai zamewa.Komai yana tafiya kadan (kuma ya wuce) don yin abin da ba zai yiwu ba.
Haɓaka tunanin sculptor Anish Kapoor game da gizagizai masu yawo a cikin 110-ton, 66-feet-long, 33-feet-tsawon bakin karfe shine aikin Performance Structures Inc. (PSI), Oakland, California, da MTH.Villa Park, Illinois.A bikin cika shekaru 120, MTH yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ƴan kwangilar ƙarfe da gilashin a yankin Chicago.
Abubuwan da ake buƙata don aiwatar da aikin za su dogara ne akan aikin fasaha, fasaha, fasaha na injiniya da ƙwarewar masana'antu na kamfanonin biyu.An yi su na al'ada har ma da kayan aikin da aka gina don aikin.
Wasu matsalolin aikin sun samo asali ne daga sifarsa mai ban mamaki - digo ko cibiya mai juyewa - wasu kuma daga girmansa.Kamfanoni daban-daban guda biyu ne suka gina wadannan sassaken a wurare daban-daban na dubban miliyoyi, tare da haifar da matsala ta sufuri da salon aiki.Yawancin matakai da dole ne a yi a cikin filin suna da wuya a yi a kan kantin sayar da kaya, balle a cikin filin.Babban wahala ya taso ne kawai saboda ba a taɓa yin irin wannan tsari ba.Don haka, babu hanyar haɗi, babu shiri, babu taswirar hanya.
Ethan Silva na PSI yana da gogewa sosai a ginin hull, na farko akan jiragen ruwa kuma daga baya a cikin sauran ayyukan fasaha, kuma ya cancanci yin ayyukan gine-gine na musamman.Anish Kapoor ya nemi daliban da suka kammala karatun kimiyyar lissafi da fasaha su samar da karamin samfurin.
“Don haka na yi samfurin mita 2 x 3, wani yanki mai lanƙwasa santsi mai santsi, sai ya ce, 'Oh, ka yi shi, kai kaɗai ne ka yi,' saboda ya yi shekaru biyu yana nema.Nemo wanda zai yi, "in ji Silva.
Tsarin asali shine PSI don ƙirƙira da gina sassaka gabaɗayan sa'an nan kuma jigilar dukkan yanki a kudu da Pacific, ta hanyar Canal Panama, arewa tare da Atlantic da kuma tare da St. Lawrence Seaway zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a tafkin Michigan.Edward Ulir, Shugaba na Millennium Park Inc. A cewar sanarwar, wani tsarin jigilar kayayyaki na musamman zai kai shi Millennium Park.Ƙuntataccen lokaci da aiki ya tilasta waɗannan tsare-tsare su canza.Don haka, dole ne a kiyaye bangarorin masu lanƙwasa don jigilar kayayyaki kuma a kai su zuwa Chicago, inda MTH ta haɗu da tsarin gine-gine da tsarin gine-gine, kuma ya haɗa bangarorin zuwa babban tsarin.
Ƙarewa da goge walƙiya na Ƙofar Cloud don ba su kyan gani na ɗaya daga cikin mafi wahala na shigarwa da haɗuwa a wurin.An kammala tsari na matakai 12 ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙusa mai haske, kama da kayan ado na kayan ado.
"Ainihin, mun yi aiki a kan wannan aikin na kimanin shekaru uku muna yin waɗannan sassa," in ji Silva.“Wannan aiki ne mai wahala.Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don gano yadda ake yin shi da kuma aiwatar da cikakkun bayanai;ka sani, kawai don kawo kamala.Yadda muke amfani da fasahar kwamfuta da kyakkyawan aikin ƙarfe na zamani shine haɗakar ƙirƙira da fasahar sararin samaniya..”
A cewarsa, yana da wuya a yi wani abu mai girma da nauyi tare da madaidaici.Mafi girman shingen sun kai tsayin ƙafa 7 da faɗin ƙafa 11 kuma sun auna nauyin fam 1,500.
"Yin duk aikin CAD da ƙirƙirar ainihin zane-zane na kanti don aikin babban aiki ne a kansa," in ji Silva.“Muna amfani da fasahar kwamfuta wajen auna faranti da kuma tantance su daidai da siffarsu da lankwasa domin su dace da juna daidai.
"Mun yi na'urar kwaikwayo ta kwamfuta sannan muka raba ta," in ji Silva."Na yi amfani da kwarewata a ginin harsashi kuma ina da wasu ra'ayoyi game da yadda za a raba sifofin ta yadda layin dinkin zai yi aiki don mu sami sakamako mafi kyau."
Wasu faranti murabba'i ne, wasu siffa ce ta kek.Makusancin da suke kusa da kaifi mai kaifi, yawancin su suna da siffar kek kuma mafi girma radius na canji na radial.A cikin ɓangaren sama sun fi girma kuma sun fi girma.
Plasma ta yanke 1/4 zuwa 3/8-inch kauri 316L bakin karfe, in ji Silva, wanda yake da ƙarfi da kansa.“Ainihin ƙalubalen shine a ba manyan ginshiƙai madaidaiciya madaidaiciya.Ana yin wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙira madaidaicin tsari da ƙirƙira firam ɗin tsarin haƙarƙari don kowane shinge.Ta wannan hanyar, za mu iya tantance ainihin siffar kowane slab.
Ana birgima allunan akan rollers na 3D waɗanda PSI ta ƙera kuma ta kera su musamman don mirgina waɗannan allunan (duba fis. 1).“Yana kama da wani dan uwan ​​na Burtaniya rollers.Muna jujjuya su ta amfani da fasaha iri ɗaya da fikafikai, ”in ji Silva.Lanƙwasa kowane panel ta hanyar matsar da shi baya da gaba akan rollers, daidaita matsa lamba akan rollers har sai bangarorin sun kasance cikin 0.01 ″ na girman da ake so.A cewarsa, babban madaidaicin da ake buƙata yana da wahala a samar da zanen gado lami lafiya.
Sa'an nan mai walƙiya yana walda wayar da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa tsarin tsarin ribbed na ciki."A ganina, waya mai jujjuyawa hanya ce mai kyau don ƙirƙirar welds na bakin karfe," in ji Silva."Wannan yana ba ku welds masu inganci tare da mai da hankali kan masana'antu da kyawawan halaye."
Dukkan saman allon an yi musu yashi da hannu a niƙa a kan inji don a yanka su zuwa inci dubu don dacewa da juna (dubi fis. 2).Tabbatar da ma'auni tare da ingantattun ma'auni da kayan aikin sikanin Laser.A ƙarshe, farantin yana gogewa zuwa ƙarshen madubi kuma an rufe shi da fim mai kariya.
Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sassan, tare da tushe da tsarin ciki, an haɗa su a cikin taron gwaji kafin a aika da sassan daga Auckland (duba Figures 3 da 4).Shirya tsarin katako da ɗinki ya haɗa ƙananan alluna da yawa don haɗa su tare."Don haka lokacin da muka hada shi a Chicago, mun san zai dace," in ji Silva.
Zazzabi, lokaci da rawar jiki na trolley ɗin na iya sa takardar birgima ta sassauta.An ƙera ribbed grating ba kawai don ƙara ƙarfin jirgi ba, amma har ma don kula da siffar jirgin yayin sufuri.
Sabili da haka, lokacin da ragar ƙarfafawa ya kasance a ciki, farantin yana da zafi da kuma sanyaya don rage damuwa na kayan aiki.Don ci gaba da hana lalacewa ta hanyar wucewa, ana yin ciyayi don kowane tasa sannan a loda su cikin kwantena, kusan hudu a lokaci guda.
Daga nan an ɗora kwantena da samfuran da aka kammala, kusan huɗu a lokaci ɗaya, kuma an aika zuwa Chicago tare da ma'aikatan PSI don shigarwa tare da ma'aikatan MTH.Daya daga cikinsu shi ne ƙwararren masani mai kula da harkokin sufuri, ɗayan kuma mai kulawa ne a fannin fasaha.Yana aiki yau da kullun tare da ma'aikatan MTH kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka sabbin fasahohi kamar yadda ake buƙata."Hakika, ya kasance wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin," in ji Silva.
Lyle Hill, shugaban MTH, ya ce da farko masana'antun na MTH an ba su aikin dakon sassaken ethereal a kasa da kuma sanya wani babban gini, sannan a yi masa walda da yin yashi na karshe da goge baki, bisa la'akarin PSI Technical Management.sassaka sassaka yana nuna ma'auni tsakanin fasaha da aiki, ka'idar da gaskiya, lokacin da ake buƙata da lokacin da aka tsara.
Lou Czerny, mataimakin shugaban injiniya na MTH na injiniya da manajan ayyuka, ya ce yana sha'awar keɓancewar aikin."A iyakar saninmu, akwai abubuwan da ke faruwa a kan wannan aikin na musamman waɗanda ba a taɓa yin su ba ko kuma ba a taɓa yin la'akari da su ba," in ji Czerny.
Amma yin aiki a kan aikin farko na nau'in sa yana buƙatar sassauƙan dabarar kan shafin don magance matsalolin da ba a zata ba da kuma amsa tambayoyin da suka taso a hanya:
Ta yaya za ku haɗa fale-falen bakin karfe masu girman mota 128 zuwa babban tsari na dindindin yayin sanye da safar hannu na yara?Yadda za a sayar da katuwar wake mai siffar baka ba tare da dogaro da shi ba?Ta yaya zan iya shiga walda ba tare da samun damar walda daga ciki ba?Yadda za a cimma cikakken madubi gama na bakin karfe welds a cikin filin?Me zai faru idan walƙiya ta same shi?
Czerny ya ce alamar farko da ke nuna cewa wannan zai zama wani aiki mai sarkakiya shi ne lokacin da aka fara aikin gini da sanya kayan aikin fam 30,000.Tsarin karfe yana goyan bayan sassaka.
Yayin da karfen ginin tukwane mai girma da PSI ta samar don harhada gindin ginin yana da saukin samarwa, dandalin ginin ya kasance rabin sama da gidan cin abinci da rabi sama da wurin ajiye motoci, kowanne a tsayi daban.
"Don haka tushe yana da nau'i na cantilevered kuma mai ban tsoro," in ji Czerny."Inda muka sanya wannan karfe da yawa, ciki har da farkon farantin kanta, dole ne mu tilasta crane cikin rami mai ƙafa 5."
Czerny ya ce sun yi amfani da na'ura mai cike da sarkakiya, wanda ya hada da na'urar da za a rika tayar da hankali kamar yadda ake amfani da ita wajen hakar kwal da wasu anka na sinadarai.Da zarar tushen ginin karfe ya kasance a cikin siminti, dole ne a gina wani babban tsari wanda za a haɗa harsashi zuwa gare shi.
"Mun fara shigar da tsarin Truss ta amfani da manyan manyan abubuwa 304 bakin karfe a ƙarshen Arewa," Czerny ta ce (duba Hoto 3).Ana ɗaure zoben tare da trusses tubular masu tsaka-tsaki.Ƙarƙashin ƙananan ƙirar zobe an raba shi kuma an kulle shi a wurin ta amfani da GMAW, walda na sanda da stiffeners.
“Don haka, akwai irin wannan babban tsari wanda babu wanda ya taba gani;don tsarin tsari ne kawai, "in ji Czerny.
Duk da mafi kyawun ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don ƙira, injiniyanci, ƙira da shigar da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don aikin Auckland, wannan sassaka ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba kuma sabbin hanyoyin koyaushe suna tare da bursudi da karce.Hakazalika, daidaita tunanin wani kamfani da wani ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kamar wuce sanda.Bugu da ƙari, nisa ta zahiri tsakanin rukunin yanar gizon ya haifar da jinkirin bayarwa, yana mai da hankali don samarwa akan rukunin yanar gizon.
"Yayin da aka tsara tsarin taro da walda a Auckland kafin lokaci, ainihin yanayin wurin yana buƙatar kowa ya kasance mai kirkira," in ji Silva."Kuma ma'aikatan ƙungiyar suna da girma sosai."
A cikin 'yan watannin farko, ya kasance aikin yau da kullun na MTH don sanin menene aikin rana ya ƙunsa da kuma yadda mafi kyawun ƙirƙira wasu abubuwan haɗin ginin ƙasa, da kuma wasu struts, “shocks”, makamai, fil, da studs.A cewar Ayr, ana buƙatar sandunan pogo don ƙirƙirar tsarin siding na wucin gadi.
“Yana ci gaba da ƙira a kan tashi sama da tsarin samarwa don ci gaba da tafiya da kuma isa filin cikin sauri.Muna ɓata lokaci mai yawa wajen tsara abubuwan da muke da su, a wasu lokuta muna yin gyare-gyare da gyarawa, sannan kuma samar da sassan da muke bukata.
"A zahiri ranar Talata za mu sami abubuwa 10 da za mu kai wurin ranar Laraba," in ji Hill."Muna da aikin karin lokaci da yawa kuma muna da ayyuka da yawa a cikin shagon da aka yi a tsakiyar dare."
"Kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na abubuwan dakatarwa na gefe ana kera su ko kuma an gyara su a fagen," in ji Czerny."Sau biyu muna yin aiki na tsawon awanni 24 a zahiri.Ina cikin kantin har 2,3 na safe na tafi gida don yin wanka, na dauko karfe 5:30 har yanzu na jike..”
Tsarin dakatarwa na wucin gadi na MTN don harhada kwandon ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, struts da igiyoyi.Ana ɗaure duk haɗin gwiwa tsakanin faranti na ɗan lokaci tare da kusoshi."Don haka an haɗa dukkan tsarin da injina, an dakatar da shi daga ciki akan trusses 304," in ji Czerny.
Suna farawa daga dome a gindin siffar omgala - "cibi na cibiya".An dakatar da dome daga cikin tarkace ta amfani da tsarin tallafin bazara mai maki huɗu na ɗan lokaci, wanda ya ƙunshi rataye, igiyoyi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa.Czerny ya ce bazarar tana ba da “billa” yayin da ake ƙara ƙarin allunan.Ana daidaita maɓuɓɓugan ruwa bisa nauyin da kowane faranti ya ƙara don daidaita dukan sassaka.
Kowanne daga cikin allunan 168 yana da nasa tsarin tallafi na dakatarwar bazara mai maki huɗu don haka ana tallafawa daban-daban a wurin."Ma'anar ba shine a yi la'akari da kowane haɗin gwiwa ba saboda an haɗa waɗannan haɗin gwiwa don cimma rata na 0/0," in ji Cerny."Idan hukumar ta bugi hukumar a karkashin hakan na iya haifar da rikici da sauran matsaloli."
A matsayin shaida ga daidaiton PSI, taron yana da kyau sosai, ba tare da ɗan wasa ba."PSI ta yi kyakkyawan aiki na yin bangarori," in ji Czerny.“Na ba su yabo saboda, a ƙarshe, ya dace da gaske.Daidaiton yana da kyau sosai har ya dace da ni.Muna magana a zahiri game da dubunnan inci.Farantin da aka haɗa yana da rufaffiyar gefuna.”
"Lokacin da suka gama taro, mutane da yawa suna tunanin sun gama," in ji Silva, ba wai kawai don ƙullun ɗin ba ne, amma saboda cikakkun sassan da aka haɗa, tare da faranti na gama-gari na madubi, sun shigo cikin wasa, suna nuna yanayinsa..Amma gindin gindi ana iya gani, ruwa mercury ba shi da kabu.Bugu da kari, dole ne a hada sassaken gaba daya don kiyaye mutuncin tsarinsa ga al'ummomi masu zuwa, in ji Silva.
Dole ne a jinkirta kammala Ƙofar Cloud yayin babban buɗewar wurin shakatawa a cikin bazarar 2004, don haka omhalus ya zama GTAW mai rai, kuma wannan ya ci gaba har tsawon watanni.
"Kuna iya ganin ƙananan guraben launin ruwan kasa a duk faɗin tsarin, waɗanda sune haɗin gwiwar TIG," in ji Czerny."Mun fara maido da tantuna a watan Janairu."
"Babban ƙalubalen samarwa na gaba don wannan aikin shine walda sutura ba tare da rasa daidaiton siffar ba saboda raguwar walda," in ji Silva.
A cewar Czerny, waldi na plasma yana ba da ƙarfin da ake buƙata da tsauri tare da ƙarancin haɗari ga takardar.Cakuda na 98% argon da 2% helium shine mafi kyawun rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da inganta haɓaka.
Welders suna amfani da dabarun waldawa na maɓalli na plasma ta amfani da hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Thermal Arc® da tarakta na musamman da taron tocilan da PSI ta ƙera da amfani da su.