Wannan yana da kyau sosai don zama gaskiya, to menene matsalar? Ana buƙatar walda yawanci don yin kusan komai daga ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan bakin karfe sama da 150. Welding bakin karfe aiki ne mai rikitarwa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa sun haɗa da kasancewar chromium oxide, yadda ake sarrafa shigar da zafi, wane tsarin walda don amfani, yadda ake sarrafa chromium hexavalent da yadda ake yin shi daidai.
Duk da matsalolin walda da ƙare wannan kayan, bakin karfe ya kasance sananne kuma wani lokacin zaɓi kawai ga masana'antu da yawa. Sanin yadda ake amfani da shi cikin aminci da lokacin amfani da kowane tsarin walda yana da mahimmanci ga nasarar walda. Wannan na iya zama mabuɗin yin aiki mai nasara.
To me yasa waldar bakin karfe ke da matukar wahala haka? Amsar ta fara da yadda aka halicce ta. Ƙarfe mai laushi, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarfe mai laushi, yana haɗuwa da akalla 10.5% chromium don samar da bakin karfe. Ƙarin chromium yana samar da Layer na chromium oxide a saman saman karfe, wanda ke hana yawancin nau'in lalata da tsatsa. Masu masana'anta suna ƙara nau'ikan chromium da sauran abubuwa zuwa ƙarfe don canza ingancin samfurin ƙarshe, sannan amfani da tsarin lambobi uku don bambance maki.
Bakin karfe da aka fi amfani da shi sun hada da 304 da 316. Mafi arha daga cikinsu shine 304, wanda ke dauke da kashi 18 cikin 100 na chromium da kashi 8 cikin dari na nickel kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin komai daga gyaran mota zuwa kayan abinci. Bakin karfe 316 ya ƙunshi ƙarancin chromium (16%) da ƙari nickel (10%), amma kuma ya ƙunshi 2% molybdenum. Wannan fili yana ba 316 bakin karfe ƙarin juriya ga chlorides da mafita na chlorine, yana mai da shi mafi kyawun zaɓi don yanayin ruwa da masana'antar sinadarai da magunguna.
Layer na chromium oxide zai iya tabbatar da ingancin bakin karfe, amma wannan shine abin da ke sa masu walda su damu sosai. Wannan shamaki mai amfani yana ƙaruwa da tashin hankali na ƙarfe, yana rage jinkirin samuwar tafkin walda na ruwa. Kuskure na gama gari shine ƙara shigar da zafi, yayin da ƙarin zafi yana ƙara yawan ruwa na kududdufin. Koyaya, wannan na iya cutar da bakin karfe mara kyau. Yawan zafi zai iya haifar da ƙarin oxidation da warp ko ƙone ta cikin ƙarfen tushe. Haɗe da ƙarfen takarda da ake amfani da su a manyan masana'antu kamar sharar mota, wannan ya zama babban fifiko.
Zafi yana lalata juriyar lalata bakin karfe daidai. Ana amfani da zafi mai yawa lokacin da walda ko yankin da zafin ya shafa (HAZ) ya juya baƙar fata. Bakin karfe Oxidized yana samar da launuka masu ban mamaki kama daga kodadde zinariya zuwa shuɗi mai duhu da shuɗi. Waɗannan launuka suna yin hoto mai kyau, amma suna iya nuna walƙiya waɗanda ƙila ba su cika wasu buƙatun walda ba. Mafi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun bayanai ba sa son launin walda.
An yarda gaba ɗaya cewa tungsten arc walda (GTAW) mai garkuwar gas ya fi dacewa da bakin karfe. A tarihi, wannan ya kasance gaskiya a gaba ɗaya. Wannan har yanzu gaskiya ne lokacin da muka yi ƙoƙarin kawo waɗancan launuka masu ƙarfin gaske cikin saƙa na fasaha don saduwa da mafi girman matsayi a masana'antu kamar makamashin nukiliya da sararin samaniya. Koyaya, fasahar walda injin inverter ta zamani ta sanya iskar gas karfen baka waldi (GMAW) ya zama mizanin samar da bakin karfe ba kawai tsarin sarrafa kansa ko na robotic ba.
Tun da GMAW tsari ne na ciyarwar waya ta atomatik, yana ba da ƙimar ajiya mai girma, wanda ke taimakawa rage shigar da zafi. Wasu ribobi sun ce ya fi GTAW sauƙi don amfani da shi saboda ya dogara kaɗan ga ƙwarewar walda kuma ƙari ga ƙwarewar tushen walda. Wannan batu ne mai ma'ana, amma yawancin kayan wutar lantarki na GMAW na zamani suna amfani da layukan haɗin gwiwa da aka riga aka tsara. An ƙirƙira waɗannan shirye-shiryen don saita sigogi kamar na yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki, dangane da ƙarfe mai cika da mai amfani ya shigar, kauri na abu, nau'in gas da diamita na waya.
Wasu inverters na iya daidaita baka a cikin tsarin walda don a kai a kai don samar da ingantacciyar baka, sarrafa gibba tsakanin sassa, da kuma kula da saurin tafiya don saduwa da samarwa da ƙa'idodin inganci. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga walda ta atomatik ko na mutum-mutumi, amma kuma ya shafi walda ta hannu. Wasu kayan wutan lantarki a kasuwa suna ba da ƙirar allon taɓawa da sarrafa wutar lantarki don saitin sauƙi.
Welding bakin karfe aiki ne mai rikitarwa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa sun haɗa da kasancewar chromium oxide, yadda ake sarrafa shigar da zafi, wane tsarin walda don amfani, yadda ake sarrafa chromium hexavalent da yadda ake yin shi daidai.
Zaɓin gas ɗin da ya dace don GTAW yawanci ya dogara da ƙwarewa ko aikace-aikacen gwajin walda. GTAW, wanda kuma aka sani da tungsten inert gas (TIG), a mafi yawan lokuta yana amfani da iskar gas marar amfani kawai, yawanci argon, helium, ko cakuda duka biyun. Yin allurar da ba ta dace ba ta iskar gas ko zafi na iya haifar da duk wani walda ya zama kumbura ko kuma kamar igiya, kuma hakan zai hana shi gauraya da karfen da ke kewaye da shi, wanda zai haifar da wani walda mara kyau ko mara kyau. Ƙayyade wace cakuda ce mafi kyau ga kowane weld na iya nufin mai yawa gwaji da kuskure. Rarraba layin samarwa na GMAW yana taimakawa rage ɓata lokaci a cikin sabbin aikace-aikace, amma lokacin da ake buƙatar mafi ingancin inganci, hanyar walda GTAW ta kasance hanyar da aka fi so.
Welding bakin karfe yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiya ga waɗanda ke da fitila. Babban haɗari shine hayaƙin da ake fitarwa yayin aikin walda. Chromium mai zafi yana samar da wani fili mai suna hexavalent chromium, wanda aka sani yana lalata tsarin numfashi, koda, hanta, fata da idanu kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji. Dole ne masu walda a koyaushe su sanya kayan kariya, gami da na'urar numfashi, kuma su tabbatar da cewa dakin yana da iska sosai kafin fara walda.
Matsalolin bakin karfe ba sa ƙarewa bayan kammala walda. Bakin karfe kuma yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman a cikin aikin gamawa. Yin amfani da goga na karfe ko goge goge da aka gurbata da karfen carbon na iya lalata kariyar Layer chromium oxide. Ko da ba a ga lalacewa ba, waɗannan gurɓatattun na iya sa samfurin da aka gama ya zama mai sauƙi ga tsatsa ko wani lalata.
Terrence Norris babban Injiniyan Aikace-aikace ne a Fronius USA LLC, 6797 Fronius Drive, Portage, IN 46368, 219-734-5500, www.fronius.us.
Rhonda Zatezalo marubuci ne mai zaman kansa don Crearies Marketing Design LLC, 248-783-6085, www.crearies.com.
Fasahar walda ta inverter ta zamani ta sanya GMAW gas ya zama ma'auni na samar da bakin karfe, ba kawai tsarin atomatik ko na'ura ba.
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