Wannan labarin kashi biyu yana taƙaita mahimman abubuwan labarin akan electropolishing da samfoti na gabatarwar Tverberg a InterPhex daga baya a wannan watan. A yau, a cikin Sashe na 1, zamu tattauna mahimmancin electropolishing bakin karfe bututu, fasaha na lantarki, da hanyoyin nazari. A kashi na biyu, mun gabatar da sabon bincike akan bututun ƙarfe da aka goge ta injiniyoyi.
Part 1: Electropolished Bakin Karfe Tubes Masana'antun harhada magunguna da na semiconductor suna buƙatar ɗimbin bututun ƙarfe mara ƙarfi na lantarki. A cikin lokuta biyu, 316L bakin karfe shine mafi kyawun gami. Bakin karfe gami da 6% molybdenum ana amfani da su wani lokacin; Alloys C-22 da C-276 suna da mahimmanci ga masana'antun semiconductor, musamman lokacin da ake amfani da gaseous hydrochloric acid azaman echant.
Sauƙaƙa ƙayyadaddun lahani na saman da in ba haka ba za a rufe su a cikin maze na abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin abubuwan gama gari.
Rashin rashin kuzarin sinadarai na Layer passivating shine saboda gaskiyar cewa duka chromium da baƙin ƙarfe suna cikin yanayin 3+, kuma ba ƙarfe ba ne. Filayen da aka goge ta injina sun riƙe babban abun ciki na ƙarfe kyauta a cikin fim ɗin koda bayan tsawan lokaci mai zafi tare da nitric acid. Wannan factor kadai yana ba da filaye masu amfani da wutar lantarki babbar fa'ida dangane da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci.
Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin saman biyu shine kasancewar (a cikin filaye masu gogewa) ko rashi (a cikin filayen lantarki) na abubuwan haɗakarwa. Filayen da aka goge ta injina suna riƙe babban abun haɗawa tare da ƴan asarar sauran abubuwan haɗakarwa, yayin da filayen lantarki sun ƙunshi galibin chromium da baƙin ƙarfe.
Yin bututu masu amfani da wutar lantarki Don samun fage mai santsi, kuna buƙatar farawa da ƙasa mai santsi. Wannan yana nufin cewa mun fara da ƙarfe mai inganci sosai, wanda aka kera don ingantaccen walƙiya. Sarrafa ya zama dole lokacin narkar da sulfur, silicon, manganese da deoxidizing abubuwa kamar aluminum, titanium, calcium, magnesium da delta ferrite. Dole ne a kula da tsiri mai zafi don narkar da duk wani nau'i na biyu wanda za'a iya samuwa yayin narkewar ƙarfi ko kafa yayin sarrafa zafin jiki mai girma.
Bugu da ƙari, nau'in ƙarewar tsiri shine mafi mahimmanci. ASTM A-480 ya jera saman saman tulun sanyi da ake samun kasuwa: 2D (wanda aka rufe da iska, wanda aka yi da shi, da mai birgima), 2B (wanda aka toshe iska, ƙwanƙasa, da goge-goge), da 2BA (mai haske da goge garkuwa). yanayi). rolls).
Dole ne a sarrafa bayanin martaba, walda da daidaitawar katako a hankali don samun mafi girman bututu mai yuwuwa. Bayan goge-goge, har ma da ɗan guntun walda ko layin lebur na dutsen za a iya gani. Bugu da kari, bayan electropolishing, burbushin mirgina, mirgina alamu na welds da duk wani inji lalacewa a saman zai bayyana a fili.
Bayan maganin zafi, diamita na ciki na bututu dole ne a goge shi ta hanyar injiniya don kawar da lahani na saman da aka kafa yayin samuwar tsiri da bututu. A wannan mataki, zaɓin ƙarewar tsiri ya zama mahimmanci. Idan ninka ya yi zurfi sosai, dole ne a cire ƙarin ƙarfe daga saman diamita na ciki na bututu don samun bututu mai santsi. Idan taurin yana da zurfi ko babu, ana buƙatar cire ƙarancin ƙarfe. Mafi kyawun ƙarewar lantarki, yawanci a cikin kewayon micro-inch 5 ko mafi santsi, ana samun su ta hanyar gogewar bandeji mai tsayi na bututu. Irin wannan polishing yana cire yawancin ƙarfe daga saman, yawanci a cikin kewayon inch 0.001, ta haka yana cire iyakokin hatsi, rashin lahani, da lahani. Yin goge-goge yana kawar da ƙarancin abu, yana haifar da “girgije” saman, kuma yawanci yana samar da mafi girma Ra (matsakaicin rashin ƙarfi) a cikin kewayon microinch 10-15.
Electropolishing Electropolishing shine kawai juyi shafi. Ana zubar da maganin electropolishing akan diamita na ciki na bututu yayin da aka zana cathode ta cikin bututu. An fi dacewa da cire ƙarfe daga mafi girman maki a saman. Tsarin “yana fatan” don galvanize cathode tare da ƙarfe wanda ke narkewa daga cikin bututu (watau anode). Yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa electrochemistry don hana suturar cathodic da kuma kula da daidaitaccen valency ga kowane ion.
A lokacin electropolishing, oxygen yana samuwa a saman anode ko bakin karfe, kuma hydrogen yana samuwa a saman cathode. Oxygen wani mahimmin sinadari ne wajen samar da kaddarorin na musamman na filayen lantarki da aka goge, duka biyu don kara zurfin layin wucewa da kuma haifar da shimfidar wucewa ta gaskiya.
Electropolishing yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin abin da ake kira "Jacquet" Layer, wanda shine polymerized nickel sulfite. Duk wani abu da ke yin tsangwama tare da samuwar Layer Jacquet zai haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar lantarki. Wannan yawanci ion ne, irin su chloride ko nitrate, wanda ke hana samuwar nickel sulfite. Sauran abubuwan da ke shiga tsakani su ne mai siliki, man shafawa, kakin zuma da sauran dogon sarkar hydrocarbons.
Bayan electropolishing, an wanke bututun da ruwa kuma an shayar da su cikin zafi mai nitric acid. Wannan ƙarin wucewar ya zama dole don cire duk wani saura nickel sulfite kuma don haɓaka chromium saman zuwa rabon ƙarfe. An wanke bututun da ke wucewa da ruwa mai tsari, an sanya su a cikin ruwan zafi mai zafi, bushe kuma an tattara su. Idan ana buƙatar fakitin ɗaki mai tsafta, ana kuma wanke bututun a cikin ruwa mai tsafta har sai an kai ƙayyadadden ƙayyadadden aiki, sannan a bushe da nitrogen mai zafi kafin marufi.
Hanyoyi na yau da kullun don nazarin abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su sune Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) da X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (wanda kuma aka sani da nazarin sinadarai na lantarki). AES yana amfani da electrons da aka samar kusa da ƙasa don samar da takamaiman sigina ga kowane kashi, wanda ke ba da rarraba abubuwa tare da zurfi. XPS yana amfani da hasken X-ray mai laushi wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yanayin iskar oxygen.
Ƙimar ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi tare da bayanin martaba mai kama da bayyanar ba ya nufin bayyanar daɗaɗɗen. Yawancin masu ba da bayanin martaba na zamani na iya ba da rahoton ƙima iri-iri daban-daban, gami da Rq (wanda kuma aka sani da RMS), Ra, Rt (mafi girman bambanci tsakanin ƙaramin tudu da matsakaicin tsayi), Rz (matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayin bayanin martaba), da sauran ƙima. An samo waɗannan maganganun ne sakamakon ƙididdigewa daban-daban ta amfani da hanyar wucewa guda ɗaya a kusa da saman tare da alƙalamin lu'u-lu'u. A cikin wannan hanyar wucewa, an zaɓi ɓangaren da ake kira "cutoff" ta hanyar lantarki kuma ana yin lissafin bisa wannan ɓangaren.
Za a iya siffanta filaye da kyau ta amfani da haɗuwa na ƙima daban-daban kamar Ra da Rt, amma babu wani aiki ɗaya da zai iya bambanta tsakanin saman biyu daban-daban tare da ƙimar Ra iri ɗaya. ASME ta buga ma'aunin ASME B46.1, wanda ke bayyana ma'anar kowane aikin lissafi.
Don ƙarin bayani tuntuɓi: John Tverberg, Trent Tube, 2015 Energy Dr., PO Box 77, East Troy, WI 53120. Waya: 262-642-8210.