Ana iya samun fa'idodi ta hanyar samun haske a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in hatsi wanda ke sarrafa halayen injinan bakin karfe.Getty Images
Zaɓin na bakin karfe da aluminum gami gabaɗaya cibiyoyin kewaye ƙarfi, ductility, elongation, da hardness.These kaddarorin nuna yadda ginin tubalan na karfe amsa load.They ne tasiri mai nuna alama na sarrafa albarkatun kasa constraints;wato nawa ne zai lankwashe kafin ya karye.Dole ne albarkatun kasa su iya jure tsarin yin gyare-gyare ba tare da karya ba.
Rushewa tensile da taurin gwajin ne a abin dogara, kudin-tasiri hanya domin kayyade inji Properties.However, wadannan gwaje-gwaje ba ko da yaushe a matsayin abin dogara da zarar kauri daga cikin albarkatun kasa fara iyakance girman da gwajin sample.Tensile gwajin na lebur karfe kayayyakin ne ba shakka har yanzu da amfani, amma amfanin za a iya samu ta hanyar neman karin zurfi a daya Layer na hatsi tsarin da iko da inji hali.
Karfe da aka yi sama da jerin microscopic lu'ulu'u da ake kira grains.They suna da ka rarraba a ko'ina cikin metal.Atoms na alloying abubuwa, irin su baƙin ƙarfe, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus da sulfur a austenitic bakin karfe, su ne wani ɓangare na guda guda hatsi.These atoms samar da wani m bayani na karfe ions, wanda aka bonded karfe ions.
A sinadaran abun da ke ciki na gami kayyade thermodynamically fĩfĩta tsari na atoms a cikin hatsi, da aka sani da crystal tsarin.Homogeneous rabo daga wani karfe dauke da wani maimaita crystal tsarin samar daya ko fiye da hatsi kira phases.The inji Properties na wani gami ne wani aiki na crystal tsarin a cikin gami.The guda ke domin girman da tsari na hatsi na kowane lokaci.
Yawancin mutane sun saba da matakan ruwa.Lokacin da ruwa ya daskare, ya zama m ice.Duk da haka, idan ya zo ga karafa, akwai ba kawai daya m lokaci.Certain gami iyalan suna mai suna bayan su phases.Among bakin karfe, austenitic 300 jerin gami kunshi da farko na austenite lokacin da annealed.Amma, 400fer jerin 400 a cikin bakin karfe 4 ko 4 bakin karfe 4. 0 bakin karfe gami.
Hakanan yana faruwa ga alloys titanium. Sunan kowane rukuni na gami yana nuna babban matakinsu a yanayin zafin gida - alpha, beta ko cakuda duka biyu. Akwai alpha, kusa-alpha, alpha-beta, beta da kuma kusa-beta gami.
Lokacin da ruwa karfe solidifies, da m barbashi na thermodynamically fĩfĩta lokaci zai precipitate inda matsa lamba, zafin jiki da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki allow.This yawanci yakan faru a musaya, kamar kankara lu'ulu'u a kan saman wani dumi kandami a kan sanyi day.When hatsi nucleate, da crystal tsarin tsiro a daya shugabanci har sai wani hatsi ne ci karo. Grain iyakoki form a intersections na mismatched na mismatched da lattin tsarin saboda daban-daban crystal tsarin. Rubik's cubes na daban-daban masu girma dabam a cikin akwati.Kowace cube yana da murabba'in grid tsari, amma duk za a shirya a daban-daban bazuwar kwatance.A cikakken solidified karfe workpiece kunshi jerin ga alama daidaitacce hatsi.
Duk lokacin da aka kafa hatsi, akwai yiwuwar lahani na layi.Waɗannan lahani sun ɓace sassa na tsarin crystal da ake kira dislocations.Wadannan raguwa da motsin su na gaba a ko'ina cikin hatsi da ƙetare iyakokin hatsi suna da mahimmanci ga ductility na karfe.
An ɗora ɓangaren ɓangaren aikin aikin, ƙasa, gogewa da kuma etched don duba tsarin hatsi.Lokacin da daidaitattun daidaituwa da daidaitawa, microstructures da aka lura a kan wani microscope na gani suna kama da wasan kwaikwayo na jigsaw.
Lokacin da tsarin lu'ulu'u ya cika da dukkan kwayoyin halittarsa, babu dakin motsa jiki sai mikewa na kwayoyin atomic.
Lokacin da ka cire rabin jere na atom, ka ƙirƙiri wata dama ga wani jere na atom ɗin don zamewa a cikin wannan matsayi, yadda ya kamata ya motsa raguwa.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da karfi a kan aikin aiki, haɗuwar motsi na raguwa a cikin microstructure yana ba shi damar tanƙwara, shimfiɗawa ko damfara ba tare da karya ko karya ba.
Lokacin da wani karfi ya yi aiki a kan kayan aiki na karfe, tsarin yana ƙaruwa da makamashi.Idan an ƙara yawan makamashi don haifar da nakasar filastik, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abu ne cewa wannan ya kamata ya kara yawan ductility.
Kamar yadda adadin da kuma maida hankali na dislocations karuwa, da kuma mafi dislocations suna pinned tare, rage ductility.Daga ƙarshe haka da yawa dislocations bayyana cewa sanyi forming ba zai yiwu.Tun da data kasance pinning dislocations iya daina motsawa, da atomic bonds a cikin lattice mikewa har sai sun karya ko break.Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa karfe gami aiki taurare, da kuma dalilin da ya sa akwai iya zama da adadin karfe destand zuwa karya.
Har ila yau, hatsi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zubar da ciki. Ƙarƙashin kayan aiki mai wuyar gaske yana sake saita ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma don haka ya dawo da ductility. A lokacin aikin annealing, hatsi suna canzawa zuwa matakai uku:
Ka yi tunanin mutumin da ke tafiya ta cikin motar jirgin ƙasa mai cunkoso. Jama'a za a iya matse su ta hanyar barin rata tsakanin layuka, kamar raguwa a cikin lattice. Yayin da suke ci gaba, mutanen da ke bayan su sun cika ramin da suka bari, yayin da suka haifar da sabon sarari a gaba. Da zarar sun isa ƙarshen karusar, tsarin fasinjojin ya canza. motocin jirgin ƙasa, suna manne kowa da kowa a wurin. Da yawan ɓarnawar da suka bayyana, yana da wahala a gare su su motsa a lokaci guda.
Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci ƙananan matakin nakasar da ake buƙata don haifar da recrystallization.Duk da haka, idan karfe ba shi da isasshen makamashi na lalata kafin a yi zafi, sake sakewa ba zai faru ba kuma hatsi za su ci gaba da girma fiye da girman su na asali.
Ana iya daidaita kaddarorin injina ta hanyar sarrafa haɓakar hatsi. Iyakar hatsi shine ainihin bangon ɓarna. Suna hana motsi.
Idan an hana ci gaban hatsi, za a samar da adadi mafi girma na ƙananan hatsi. Waɗannan ƙananan hatsi ana la'akari da su mafi kyau dangane da tsarin hatsi. Ƙarin iyakoki na hatsi yana nufin ƙananan motsi da ƙarfin ƙarfi.
Idan ba'a iyakance haɓakar hatsi ba, tsarin hatsi ya zama mafi girma, hatsi sun fi girma, iyakokin sun fi ƙasa, kuma ƙarfin ya ragu.
Girman hatsi sau da yawa ana magana da shi azaman lambar da ba ta ɗaya, wani wuri tsakanin 5 da 15. Wannan ƙayyadaddun dangi ne kuma yana da alaƙa da matsakaicin diamita na hatsi. Mafi girman lambar, mafi kyawun granularity.
ASTM E112 ta zayyana hanyoyin aunawa da auna girman hatsi.Ya haɗa da ƙidayar adadin hatsi a wani yanki da aka bayar.Wannan yawanci ana yin hakan ta hanyar yanke yanki na albarkatun ƙasa, niƙa da goge shi, sannan a haɗa shi da acid don fallasa abubuwan. Ana yin ƙidayar ƙidayar a ƙarƙashin na'ura mai ƙima, kuma haɓakawa yana ba da damar samar da isassun samfuran hatsi a cikin adadi mai ma'ana. Yi fa'ida don iyakance bambance-bambancen girman hatsi zuwa maki biyu ko uku don tabbatar da daidaiton aiki a cikin kayan aikin.
A cikin yanayin aiki hardening, ƙarfi da ductility suna da wani m dangantaka.The dangantaka tsakanin ASTM hatsi size da kuma ƙarfi o ƙarin tabbatar da zama tabbatacce da kuma karfi, kullum elongation ne inversely alaka da ASTM hatsi size.Duk da haka, wuce kima hatsi girma zai iya sa "matattu taushi" kayan to daina aiki tukuru yadda ya kamata.
Girman hatsi sau da yawa ana kiransa lambar marar rahusa, wani wuri tsakanin 5 da 15. Wannan rabo ne na dangi kuma yana da alaƙa da matsakaicin diamita na hatsi. Mafi girman darajar girman hatsin ASTM, yawancin hatsi a kowane yanki.
Girman hatsi na kayan da aka sanyawa ya bambanta da lokaci, zafin jiki da yanayin sanyaya.Annealing yawanci ana yin shi tsakanin recrystallization zafin jiki da kuma narkewa batu na alloy.The shawarar annealing zafin jiki kewayon austenitic bakin karfe gami 301 ne tsakanin 1,900 da 2,050 digiri Fahrenheit.Zai fara narke a kusa da Fahrenheit digiri 550, a kusa da Fahrenheit titanium, 550 digiri. a rufe a 1,292 digiri Fahrenheit kuma narke a kusa da 3,000 Fahrenheit.
A lokacin annealing, da dawo da da recrystallization tafiyar matakai gasa da juna har sai da recrystallized hatsi cinye duk maras kyau hatsi.The recrystallization kudi dabam da zafin jiki.Da zarar recrystallization ne cikakke, hatsi girma daukan over.A 301 bakin karfe workpiece annealed a 1,900 ° F for daya hourpiece a hatsi tsarin a 0 F a lokaci guda. .
Idan ba a gudanar da abu a cikin kewayon da ya dace da tsayin daka ba, tsarin da zai haifar zai iya zama haɗuwa da tsofaffi da sababbin hatsi.Idan ana son kaddarorin kayan ado a ko'ina cikin ƙarfe, tsarin annealing ya kamata ya yi niyya don cimma daidaitaccen tsari na hatsi.
Don samun wani uniform da equiaxed microstructure, kowane workpiece ya kamata a fallasa zuwa wannan adadin zafi domin wannan adadin lokaci da ya kamata sanyi a daidai wannan rate.This ba ko da yaushe sauki ko zai yiwu tare da tsari annealing, don haka yana da muhimmanci a kalla jira har dukan workpiece ne cikakken a dace zafin jiki kafin kirga da jiƙa time.Longer jiƙa sau da mafi girma yanayin zafi da hatsi zai haifar da a cikin wani nau'i na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio.
Idan girman hatsi da ƙarfin suna da alaƙa, kuma an san ƙarfin, me yasa ƙididdige hatsi, daidai? Duk gwaje-gwaje masu lalacewa suna da sauye-sauye. Gwajin gwaji, musamman a ƙananan kauri, ya fi dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen samfurin. Sakamakon ƙarfin ƙarfin da ba ya wakiltar ainihin kayan abu na iya fuskanci gazawar da ba a kai ba.
Idan kaddarorin ba daidai ba ne a duk cikin aikin aiki, ɗaukar samfurin gwaji na gwaji ko samfurin daga gefe ɗaya na iya ba da labari ga dukan labarin. Samfurin shirye-shiryen da gwaji kuma na iya zama lokaci-cinyewa. Yawan gwaje-gwaje nawa zai yiwu don karfe da aka ba, kuma a cikin kwatance nawa ne mai yiwuwa? Ƙimar tsarin hatsi shine ƙarin inshora ga abubuwan mamaki.
Anisotropic, isotropic.Anisotropy yana nufin jagorancin kayan aikin injiniya. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙarfin, ana iya fahimtar anisotropy ta hanyar nazarin tsarin hatsi.
A uniform da equiaxed hatsi tsarin ya zama isotropic, wanda ke nufin shi yana da guda Properties a duk kwatance. taimaka gano tushen dalilin.
Annealing da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don cimma isotropy, amma kuma yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar girman nakasar kafin a cirewa.Kamar yadda kayan filastik ke lalacewa, hatsi suna fara lalacewa. wanda aka samu ko da bayan annashuwa.Wannan yana haifar da anisotropy.Don kayan da aka zana mai zurfi, wani lokaci ya zama dole don iyakance adadin nakasawa kafin annealing na ƙarshe don kauce wa lalacewa.
orange kwasfa.Dauke ba kawai mai zurfi-zane lahani hade da mutu. Orange bawo yana faruwa a lokacin da albarkatun kasa tare da ma m barbashi suna jawo.Kowane hatsi deforms da kansa kuma a matsayin aikin da crystal fuskantarwa.Bambanci a cikin nakasawa tsakanin m hatsi results a cikin wani textured bayyanar kama da orange kwasfa.Texture ne granular tsarin da aka saukar a saman na kofin bango.
Kamar dai pixels a kan wani TV allo, tare da m-grained tsarin, da bambanci tsakanin kowane hatsi zai zama kasa m, yadda ya kamata ƙara ƙuduri.Speciding inji Properties kadai bazai isa ya tabbatar da isasshen lafiya size hatsi don hana orange kwasfa sakamako.When da girma bambancin na workpiece ne kasa da 10 sau da 10 sau da hatsi diamita, da kaddarorin na mutum daya hatsi da kuma ba zai samar da daidai daidai da adadin hatsi. ation na kowane hatsi. Ana iya ganin wannan daga tasirin kwasfa na orange akan bangon kofuna waɗanda aka zana.
Don girman hatsin ASTM na 8, matsakaicin diamita na hatsi shine 885 µin. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk wani raguwar kauri na 0.00885 inci ko ƙasa da hakan na iya shafar wannan tasirin microforming.
Ko da yake ƙananan hatsi na iya haifar da matsalolin zane mai zurfi, wasu lokuta ana ba da shawarar don bugawa. Stamping tsari ne na nakasawa wanda aka matsawa blank don ba da yanayin da ake so, kamar kwata na gyaran fuska na George Washington. Ba kamar zane na waya ba, stamping yawanci ba ya ƙunshi yawancin kayan aiki mai yawa, amma yana buƙatar karfi mai yawa, wanda zai iya lalata saman.
A saboda wannan dalili, rage girman damuwa mai gudana ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin hatsi mai mahimmanci zai iya taimakawa wajen rage ƙarfin da ake buƙata don cikawar ƙirƙira mai kyau.Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga ƙwanƙwasa kyauta, inda raguwa a kan hatsi na ƙasa zai iya gudana kyauta, maimakon tarawa a iyakokin hatsi.
Hanyoyin da aka tattauna a nan sune abubuwan da ba za a iya amfani da su ga takamaiman sassa ba. Duk da haka, sun nuna fa'idodin aunawa da daidaita girman hatsin albarkatun kasa yayin zayyana sabbin sassa don guje wa lahani na gama gari da haɓaka sigogin gyare-gyare.
Masana'ai na madaidaicin injuna da kuma ayyukan zurfafa a kan karfe don samar da ingantattun kayan da zasu iya taimaka musu inganta bangarorin.
Jaridar STAMPING ita ce kawai mujallar masana'antu da aka keɓe don biyan bukatun kasuwancin tallan ƙarfe.Tun daga 1989, littafin ya rufe fasahar zamani, yanayin masana'antu, mafi kyawun ayyuka da labarai don taimakawa masu sana'a tambarin gudanar da kasuwancin su yadda ya kamata.
Yanzu tare da cikakken damar yin amfani da bugu na dijital na The FABRICATOR, sauƙin samun dama ga albarkatun masana'antu masu mahimmanci.
Buga na dijital na The Tube & Pipe Journal yanzu yana da cikakkiyar dama, yana ba da sauƙi ga albarkatun masana'antu masu mahimmanci.
Ji daɗin cikakken damar yin amfani da bugu na dijital na Jaridar STAMPING, wanda ke ba da sabbin ci gaban fasaha, mafi kyawun ayyuka da labarai na masana'antu don kasuwar tallan ƙarfe.
Yanzu tare da cikakken damar yin amfani da bugu na dijital na The Fabricator en Español, sauƙin samun dama ga albarkatun masana'antu masu mahimmanci.