Kira na kasa da kasa na POWERGEN don abun ciki yanzu yana buɗewa! Muna neman masu magana daga kayan aiki da masana'antu na samar da wutar lantarki.Batutuwa sun haɗa da samar da wutar lantarki na al'ada da sabuntawa, canjin dijital na tsire-tsire na wutar lantarki, ajiyar makamashi, microgrids, ingantawa shuka, ikon kan-site, da sauransu.
Marubutan sun sake nazarin sabbin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyukan wutar lantarki sau da yawa, wanda masu zanen shuka sukan zaɓi 304 ko 316 bakin karfe don kwandon shara da tubing na ƙarin zafi. Domin mutane da yawa, kalmar bakin ƙarfe tana daɗaɗa wani aura na lalata mara ƙarfi, lokacin da a zahiri, bakin ƙarfe na iya zama mafi munin zaɓi a wasu lokuta saboda suna iya rage ƙarancin ruwa ga ruwa mai sanyi. kayan shafa, guda biyu tare da sanyaya hasumiyai aiki a high maida hankali hawan keke, m bakin karfe gazawar hanyoyin suna girma.A wasu aikace-aikace, 300 jerin bakin karfe gajiya zai kawai tsira ga watanni, wani lokacin kawai makonni, kafin failing.This labarin mayar da hankali a kan a kalla da al'amurran da suka shafi cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da lokacin da zabar condenser tube kayan daga wani ruwa magani view.Sauran abubuwan da ba a tattauna a cikin wannan takarda ba, amma da cewa taka rawa a cikin irin ƙarfin lantarki da kuma lalata kaddarorin, ciki har da zazzaɓi da juriya na injiro.
Ƙara 12% ko fiye da chromium zuwa karfe yana haifar da haɗin gwiwa don samar da ci gaba mai girma oxide Layer wanda ke kare tushe karfe a ƙarƙashinsa.Saboda haka kalmar bakin karfe.In babu sauran kayan alloying (musamman nickel), carbon karfe wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar ferrite, kuma tantanin tantanin sa yana da tsarin jiki na tsakiya (BCC).
Lokacin da aka ƙara nickel zuwa gaurayawan gami a matakin 8% ko sama da haka, ko da a yanayin zafi, tantanin halitta zai kasance a cikin tsarin cubic (FCC) mai fuskantar fuska mai suna austenite.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 1, 300 jerin bakin karfe da sauran bakin karfe suna da abun ciki na nickel wanda ke samar da tsarin austenitic.
Austenitic karfe sun tabbatar da su zama mai matukar muhimmanci a aikace-aikace da yawa, ciki har da a matsayin abu ga high zafin jiki superheater da reheater shambura a ikon boilers.The 300 jerin musamman sau da yawa amfani a matsayin abu ga low zafin jiki Exchanger tubes, ciki har da tururi surface condensers.Duk da haka, shi ne a cikin wadannan aikace-aikace cewa da yawa kau da kai m gazawar hanyoyin.
Babban wahala tare da bakin karfe, musamman mashahuri 304 da 316 kayan, shi ne cewa m oxide Layer ne sau da yawa halaka ta da impurities a cikin sanyaya ruwa da kuma crevices da adibas cewa taimaka mayar da hankali impurities.Bugu da ƙari, a karkashin yanayin rufewa, ruwa na tsaye zai iya haifar da ci gaban microbial, wanda abubuwan da ke faruwa na rayuwa na iya zama mummunar lalacewa ga karafa.
A na kowa sanyaya ruwa ƙazanta, kuma daya daga cikin mafi wuya a cire tattalin arziki, shi ne chloride.This ion iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa a cikin tururi janareta, amma a cikin condensers da karin zafi Exchangers, babban wahala shi ne cewa chlorides a isasshen yawa na iya shiga da kuma halakar da m oxide Layer a kan bakin karfe, haifar da gida lalata, watau pitting.
Pitting yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan lalata saboda yana iya haifar da shigar bango da gazawar kayan aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe.
Matsakaicin chloride ba dole ba ne ya zama mai girma sosai don haifar da lalata a cikin 304 da 316 bakin karfe, kuma don tsabtataccen saman ba tare da wani ajiya ko fashe ba, matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin chloride yanzu ana ɗaukarsa:
Abubuwa da yawa na iya samun sauƙin samar da ƙwayar chloride wanda ya wuce waɗannan jagororin, duka a gaba ɗaya da kuma a cikin wuraren da ke cikin gida.Ya zama da wuya a fara la'akari da sau ɗaya-ta hanyar sanyaya don sababbin tsire-tsire masu wutar lantarki.Mafi yawan an gina su tare da hasumiya mai sanyaya, ko a wasu lokuta, masu sanyaya iska (ACC) . Ga waɗanda ke da hasumiya mai sanyaya, ƙaddamar da ƙazantattun abubuwa a cikin kayan shafawa na iya yin aiki tare da chloride 5. tare da sake zagayowar maida hankali guda biyar, kuma abun ciki na chloride na ruwa mai gudana shine 250 mg / l. Wannan kadai ya kamata ya yi watsi da 304 SS. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin sababbin tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire, ana ƙara buƙatar maye gurbin ruwa mai tsabta don sake cajin shuka. Wani madadin gama gari shine ruwan sha na birni.Table 2 yana kwatanta nazarin kayan ruwa guda hudu tare da kayan ruwa guda hudu.
Kula da ƙara yawan matakan chloride (da sauran ƙazanta, irin su nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin tsarin sanyaya) .Domin gaske duk ruwan toka, kowane wurare dabam dabam a cikin hasumiya mai sanyaya zai wuce iyakar chloride da shawarar 316 SS.
A baya tattaunawa dogara ne a kan lalata yuwuwar na kowa karfe saman. Karye da sediments cika fuska canza labarin, kamar yadda duka biyu samar da wuraren da ƙazantar iya maida hankali.A hankula wuri ga inji fasa a cikin condensers da irin wannan zafi Exchanger ne a tube-to-tube takardar junctions.Sediment a cikin tube iya haifar da fasa a laka a kan iyaka site, da tabo iya aiki da kanta. dogara ga ci gaba da oxide Layer don kariya, da adibas iya samar da oxygen-talakawa shafukan cewa juya sauran karfe surface zuwa anode.
A sama tattaunawa fayyace al'amurran da suka shafi cewa shuka zanen kaya yawanci ba su yi la'akari da lokacin da kayyade condenser da karin zafi Exchanger tube kayan don sabon ayyukan.The tunanin game da 304 da 316 SS wani lokacin har yanzu alama ya zama "shi ne abin da muka ko da yaushe yi" ba tare da la'akari da sakamakon irin wannan ayyuka.Alternative kayan suna samuwa don rike da tsanani sanyaya ruwa yanayi cewa da yawa shuke-shuke fuskantar yanzu.
Kafin tattauna madadin karafa, wani batu dole ne a taƙaice bayyana.A lokuta da yawa, wani 316 SS ko ma 304 SS yi da kyau a lokacin al'ada aiki, amma ya kasa a lokacin da wutar lantarki outage.A mafi yawan lokuta, da gazawar ne saboda matalauta magudanar ruwa na condenser ko zafi Exchanger haddasa m ruwa a cikin tubes.This yanayi na samar da manufa yanayi ga ci gaban da microorganisms a cikin bi da bi da karfe mahadi a cikin bi da bi.Microbi fili.
Wannan tsarin, wanda aka sani da lalatawar ƙwayoyin cuta (MIC), an san shi don lalata bututun ƙarfe da sauran ƙarfe a cikin makonni. Idan ba za a iya zubar da mai ba da zafi ba, ya kamata a yi la'akari da mahimmanci ga lokaci-lokaci da ruwa mai gudana ta hanyar musayar zafi da kuma ƙara biocide yayin aiwatarwa. mpaign, IL An Gabatar a Taron Taro na 39th Electric Utility Chemistry.)
Ga matsananci yanayi alama a sama, kazalika da m yanayi kamar brackish ruwa ko teku ruwa, madadin karafa za a iya amfani da su Ward kashe impurities.Three gami kungiyoyin sun tabbatar da nasara, kasuwanci tsarki titanium, 6% molybdenum austenitic bakin karfe da superferritic bakin karfe.These alloys ne kuma MIC resistant resistant, duk da cewa ya yi la'akari sosai da crystal resistant tsarin. na roba modules sa shi mai saukin kamuwa da inji lalacewa.Wannan gami ya fi dacewa da sabon shigarwa tare da karfi tube goyon bayan Tsarin.Madalla da madadin shi ne super ferritic bakin karfe Sea-Cure®.The abun da ke ciki na wannan abu da aka nuna a kasa.
Ƙarfe yana da girma a cikin chromium amma ƙananan nickel, don haka yana da bakin karfe na ferritic maimakon austenitic bakin karfe.Due ga ƙananan abun ciki na nickel, yana da yawa fiye da sauran kayan haɗin gwiwa. Ƙarfin teku-Cure yana ba da damar bangon bakin ciki fiye da sauran kayan, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen canja wurin zafi.
Ana nuna ingantattun kaddarorin waɗannan karafa a kan ginshiƙi “Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number”, wanda, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, hanya ce ta gwaji da ake amfani da ita don tantance juriyar ƙarafa daban-daban zuwa lalata.
Ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin da aka fi sani shine "Mene ne matsakaicin abun ciki na chloride wanda wani nau'i na bakin karfe zai iya jurewa?"Amsoshin sun bambanta da yawa. Abubuwa sun haɗa da pH, zafin jiki, kasancewa da nau'in fractures, da yuwuwar nau'in halittu masu aiki. An ƙara kayan aiki akan madaidaicin madaidaicin Hoto 5 don taimakawa tare da wannan yanke shawara.Ya dogara ne akan pH tsaka tsaki, 35 ° C ruwa mai gudana wanda aka samo a yawancin BOP da aikace-aikacen daɗaɗɗen (don hana haɓakar ajiya da haɓakar haɓakawa (don hana haɓakar ajiya da haɓakar fashewa). slash.Madaidaicin matakin chloride da aka ba da shawarar sannan za'a iya ƙayyade ta hanyar zana layi a kwance akan gefen dama. Gabaɗaya, idan ana yin la'akari da alloy don aikace-aikacen brackish ko ruwan teku, yana buƙatar samun CCT sama da digiri 25 Celsius kamar yadda aka auna ta gwajin G 48.
A bayyane yake cewa super ferritic gami da Sea-Cure® ke wakilta gabaɗaya sun dace da aikace-aikacen ruwan teku. Akwai wani fa'ida ga waɗannan kayan da dole ne a jaddada.An lura da matsalolin lalata na Manganese don 304 da 316 SS na tsawon shekaru da yawa, gami da a shuke-shuken da ke kusa da Kogin Ohio. Kwanan nan, masu musayar zafi a shuke-shuke tare da Mississippi da Missouri Rivers an kai hari ga tsarin lalata da kyau. gano a matsayin manganese dioxide (MnO2) reacting tare da oxidizing biocide don samar da hydrochloric acid a karkashin ajiya.HCl ne abin da gaske kai farmaki karafa.wanda aka gabatar a 2002 NACE Annual Corrosion Conference, Denver, CO.
Zaɓin kayan aiki mafi girma don na'urar bushewa da bututun musayar zafi har yanzu ba a maye gurbin ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafa sinadarai na ruwa mai kyau. Kamar yadda marubucin Buecker ya bayyana a cikin labarin injiniyan wutar lantarki da ya gabata, shirin da aka tsara da kuma sarrafa tsarin sinadarai ya zama dole don rage yuwuwar ƙima, lalata, da kuma lalata. .Controlling microbial gurɓata ya kasance kuma zai ci gaba da zama wani muhimmin batu.Yayin da oxidative sunadarai tare da chlorine, Bleach, ko makamantansu mahadi shi ne ginshiƙi na microbial iko, ƙarin jiyya iya sau da yawa inganta yadda ya dace da jiyya shirye-shirye.One irin wannan misali ne stabilization sunadarai, wanda taimaka wajen ƙara da saki kudi da kuma yadda ya dace a cikin Bugu da kari na oxidative ciyarwa a cikin karin chlorine. tare da wadanda ba oxidizing fungicides na iya zama da amfani sosai wajen sarrafa microbial development.Sakamakon shi ne cewa akwai da yawa hanyoyin da za a inganta da dorewa da kuma AMINCI ikon shuka zafi musayar, amma kowane tsarin ne daban-daban, don haka a hankali shiryawa da kuma shawarwari da masana'antu masana da muhimmanci ga zabi na kayan da sinadaran processs.Yawancin wannan labarin da aka rubuta daga wani ruwa jiyya hangen zaman gaba, ba mu da hannu a cikin abu yanke shawara, amma dole ne mu kasance da kayan aiki da za a gudanar da yanke shawara da aka yanke shawara da zarar an yanke shawarar yanke shawara da kayan aiki. ma'aikatan shuka dangane da adadin abubuwan da aka ƙayyade don kowane aikace-aikacen.
Game da Mawallafin: Brad Buecker babban jami'in fasaha ne a ChemTreat.He yana da shekaru 36 na gwaninta a cikin ko kuma yana da alaƙa da masana'antar wutar lantarki, yawancin shi a cikin sinadarai na samar da tururi, kula da ruwa, kula da ingancin iska da kuma a City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) da Kansas City Power & Light Company is located at La Cygne Station, Kansas, kuma ya yi amfani da Supervis Water Station a La Cygne, Kansas. BS a cikin Chemistry daga Jami'ar Jiha ta Iowa tare da ƙarin aikin kwas a cikin Injinan Fluid, Makamashi da Ma'aunin Ma'auni, da Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
Dan Janikowski shine Manajan Fasaha a Plymouth Tube, tsawon shekaru 35, yana da hannu wajen haɓaka karafa, kera da gwada samfuran tubular ciki har da alloys na jan karfe, bakin karfe, nickel gami, titanium da carbon steel. Bayan ya kasance tare da Plymouth Metro tun 2005, Janikowski ya rike manyan mukamai daban-daban kafin ya zama Manajan Fasaha a 2010.