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Jinin da ba a kula da shi ba yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa.Samun saurin hemostasis yana tabbatar da rayuwar batun a matsayin taimakon farko yayin yaƙi, hadurran ababen hawa, da ayyukan rage mutuwa.Nanoporous fiber-reinforced composite scaffold (NFRCS) wanda aka samo daga nau'in samar da fina-finai mai sauƙi na hemostatic (HFFC) a matsayin ci gaba da lokaci zai iya haifar da haɓaka hemostasis.Ci gaban NFRCS ya dogara ne akan ƙirar reshen mazari.Tsarin reshe na dragonfly ya ƙunshi fuka-fuki masu jujjuyawa da na tsayi, kuma an haɗa ɓangarorin fuka-fukan da juna don kiyaye mutuncin ƙaramin tsari.HFFC daidai gwargwado yana rufe saman fiber ɗin tare da fim na kauri na nanometer kuma yana haɗa kaurin auduga da aka rarraba bazuwar (Ct) (lokacin watsewa) don samar da tsarin nanoporous.Haɗin ci gaba da tarwatsa matakai yana rage farashin samfurin sau goma idan aka kwatanta da samfuran kasuwanci.Ana iya amfani da NFRCS da aka gyara (tampons ko wristbands) a cikin aikace-aikacen likitanci iri-iri.A cikin nazarin vivo sun kammala cewa ci gaban Cp NFRCS yana haifar da haɓaka tsarin coagulation a wurin aikace-aikacen.NFRCS na iya daidaita ƙananan mahalli kuma yayi aiki a matakin salon salula saboda tsarinsa na nanoporous wanda ya haifar da ingantacciyar warkar da rauni a cikin ƙirar rauni.
Zubar da jini wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba yayin fama, intraoperative da yanayin gaggawa na iya haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwar wadanda suka jikkata1.Waɗannan sharuɗɗan suna ƙara haifar da haɓaka gabaɗaya na juriya na jijiyoyin jini, wanda ke haifar da girgiza jini.Matakan da suka dace don sarrafa zubar jini a lokacin da kuma bayan tiyata ana ɗaukarsu mai yuwuwar barazanar rayuwa2,3.Lalacewa ga manyan tasoshin yana haifar da asarar jini mai yawa, yana haifar da adadin mace-mace na ≤ 50% a cikin yaƙi da 31% yayin tiyata1.Babban asarar jini yana haifar da raguwar ƙarar jiki, wanda ke rage fitar da zuciya.Haɓakawa a cikin juriya na jijiyoyin bugun jini da haɓakar ci gaba na microcirculation yana haifar da hypoxia a cikin gabobin tallafin rayuwa.Girgizar jini na iya faruwa idan yanayin ya ci gaba ba tare da sa baki mai tasiri ba1,4,5.Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da ci gaban hypothermia da acidosis na rayuwa, da kuma rashin lafiyar coagulation wanda ke hana tsarin coagulation.Matsanancin bugun jini yana da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa mafi girma6,7,8.A cikin digiri na III (na ci gaba) girgiza, ƙarin jini yana da mahimmanci don rayuwa mai haƙuri a lokacin ciwon ciki da bayan tiyata da mace-mace.Don shawo kan duk abubuwan da ke sama masu barazanar rai, mun haɓaka ɓangarorin nanoporous fiber-reinforced composite scaffold (NFRCS) wanda ke amfani da ƙarancin ƙwayar polymer (0.5%) ta amfani da haɗin polymers na hemostatic mai narkewa.
Tare da yin amfani da ƙarfafawar fiber, ana iya haɓaka samfurori masu tsada.Zaɓuɓɓukan da aka jera bazuwar sun yi kama da tsarin reshe na mazari, wanda aka daidaita ta a kwance da ratsi na tsaye a kan fuka-fuki.Jijiya mai jujjuyawa da tsayin daka na reshe suna sadarwa tare da membrane na reshe (Fig. 1).NFRCS ta ƙunshi ƙarfafa Ct azaman tsarin sikeli tare da mafi kyawun ƙarfin jiki da na inji (Hoto 1).Saboda araha da kuma sana'a, likitocin fiɗa sun fi son yin amfani da ma'aunin zaren auduga (Ct) yayin aiki da sutura. Don haka, la'akari da fa'idodinsa da yawa, gami da> 90% crystalline cellulose (yana ba da haɓaka haɓaka aikin hemostatic), an yi amfani da Ct azaman tsarin kwarangwal na NFRCS9,10. Don haka, la'akari da fa'idodinsa da yawa, gami da> 90% crystalline cellulose (yana ba da haɓaka haɓaka aikin hemostatic), an yi amfani da Ct azaman tsarin kwarangwal na NFRCS9,10. Следовательно, учитывая его многочисленные преимущества, в том числе > 90% кристалической гемостатической активности), Ct использовали в качестве скелетной системы NFRCS9,10. Saboda haka, da aka ba da fa'idodi da yawa, ciki har da> 90% crystalline cellulose (wanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙara yawan aikin hemostatic), an yi amfani da Ct azaman tsarin skeletal NFRCS9,10.因此，考虑到它的多重益处，包括> 90%架系统.因此，考虑到它的多重益处，包括> 90%Saboda haka, da aka ba da fa'idodinsa da yawa, gami da sama da 90% crystalline cellulose (yana taimakawa haɓaka ayyukan hemostatic), an yi amfani da Ct azaman sikeli don NFRCS9,10.Ct an lullube shi da sama (an lura da samuwar fim mai kauri) kuma an haɗa shi tare da abun da ke samar da fim na hemostatic (HFFC).HFFC yana aiki kamar matrigel, yana riƙe da bazuwar sanya Ct tare.Ƙirar da aka haɓaka tana watsa damuwa a cikin lokacin tarwatse (ƙarfafa zaruruwa).Yana da wahala a sami tsarin nanoporous tare da ingantaccen ƙarfin injina ta amfani da ƙaramin adadin polymer.Bugu da ƙari, ba shi da sauƙi don keɓance nau'ikan ƙira don aikace-aikacen likitanci daban-daban.
Hoton yana nuna zane na ƙirar NFRCS bisa tsarin reshen dragonfly (A).Wannan hoton yana nuna kwatankwacin kwatancin tsarin reshe na dragonfly (masu shiga tsakani da jijiyoyi masu tsayi na reshe suna haɗe-haɗe) da kuma hoton hoto na giciye na Cp NFRCS (B).Wakilin tsari na NFRCS.
An haɓaka NFRCs ta amfani da HFFC azaman ci gaba da ci gaba don magance iyakokin da ke sama.HFFC ya ƙunshi nau'ikan polymers na hemostatic na fim daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da chitosan (a matsayin babban polymer hemostatic) tare da methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 50 cp) da polyvinyl barasa (PVA)) (125 kDa) azaman tallafi na polymer wanda ke haɓaka samuwar thrombus.samuwar.Bugu da ƙari na polyvinylpyrrolidine K30 (PVP K30) ya inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar danshi na NFRCS.An ƙara Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) don inganta haɗin gwiwar polymer a cikin haɗaɗɗun polymer.Ƙungiyoyin hemostatic na HFFC daban-daban guda uku (Cm HFFC, Ch HFFC da Cp HFFC), wato chitosan tare da MC (Cm), chitosan tare da HPMC (Ch), da chitosan tare da PVA (Cp), an shafa su zuwa Ct.Daban-daban in vitro da in vivo nazarin halayen halayen sun tabbatar da aikin hemostatic da raunin rauni na NFRCS.Za a iya amfani da kayan haɗe-haɗe waɗanda NFRCS ke bayarwa don keɓance nau'ikan sassa daban-daban don biyan takamaiman buƙatu.
Bugu da kari, NFRCS za a iya gyara a matsayin bandeji ko mirgina don rufe dukan rauni yankin na ƙananan extremities da sauran sassa na jiki.Musamman don fama da raunin gabobi, ƙirar NFRCS da aka ƙera za'a iya canza su zuwa rabin hannu ko cikakkiyar kafa (Ƙarin Hoto S11).Ana iya yin NFRCS ta zama abin wuyan hannu tare da manne nama, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don dakatar da zubar jini daga raunin wuyan hannu mai tsanani.Babban burinmu shine haɓaka NFRCS tare da ɗan ƙaramin polymer mai yiwuwa wanda za'a iya isar da shi ga yawan jama'a (a ƙasa layin talauci) kuma ana iya sanya shi cikin kayan agajin farko.Mai sauƙi, inganci, da tattalin arziƙi a cikin ƙira, NFRCS yana amfanar al'ummomin gida kuma yana iya yin tasiri a duniya.
An sayi Chitosan (nauyin kwayoyin 80 kDa) da amaranth daga Merck, Indiya.Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 50 Cp, polyethylene glycol 400 da methylcellulose an saya daga Loba Chemie Pvt.LLC, Mumbai.Polyvinyl barasa (nauyin kwayoyin halitta 125 kDa) (87-90% hydrolysed) an siya daga National Chemicals, Gujarat.An siyi Polyvinylpyrrolidine K30 daga Molychem, Mumbai, an siyi swabs bakararre daga Ramaraju Surgery Cotton Mills Ltd., Tamil Nadu, tare da Ruwan Milli Q (tsarin tsaftace ruwa kai tsaye-Q3, Merck, India) a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya.
An haɓaka NFRCS ta amfani da hanyar lyophilization11,12.An shirya duk abubuwan haɗin HFFC (Table 1) ta amfani da injin motsa jiki.Shirya maganin 0.5% na chitosan ta amfani da 1% acetic acid a cikin ruwa ta ci gaba da motsawa a 800 rpm akan injin motsa jiki.Matsakaicin nauyin nau'in polymer da aka ɗora da aka nuna a cikin Table 1 an ƙara shi zuwa maganin chitosan kuma an motsa shi har sai an sami bayani mai tsabta.PVP K30 da PEG 400 an ƙara su zuwa gaurayawan da aka samu a cikin adadin da aka nuna a cikin Teburin 1, kuma an ci gaba da motsawa har sai an sami ingantaccen bayani na polymer viscous.A sakamakon wanka na polymer bayani da aka sonicated for 60 minutes don cire tarko iska kumfa daga polymer cakuda.Kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Hoto S1(b), an rarraba Ct a ko'ina cikin kowace rijiyar farantin rijiyar 6 (mold) wanda aka ƙara da 5 ml na HFFC.
An sonicated farantin rijiyar shida don 60 min don cimma jiko iri ɗaya da rarraba HFFC a cikin hanyar sadarwar Ct.Sa'an nan kuma daskare farantin rijiyar shida a -20 ° C na 8-12 hours.An lyophilized faranti na daskarewa na awanni 48 don samun nau'ikan nau'ikan NFRCS.Ana amfani da hanya iri ɗaya don samar da siffofi daban-daban da sifofi, kamar tampons ko tampons na silindi, ko wata siffa don aikace-aikace daban-daban.
Ana narkar da chitosan daidai gwargwadon awo (80 kDa) (3%) a cikin 1% acetic acid ta amfani da abin motsa jiki.A sakamakon maganin chitosan an ƙara 1% PEG 400 kuma an motsa shi na minti 30.Zuba maganin da aka samu a cikin kwandon murabba'i ko rectangular kuma a daskare a -80 ° C na tsawon awanni 12.An sanya samfuran daskararre na tsawon awanni 48 don samun Cs13 mara kyau.
An ƙaddamar da NFRCS da aka haɓaka don gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Shimadzu 8400 s FTIR, Tokyo, Japan) don tabbatar da daidaituwar sinadarai na chitosan tare da sauran polymers14,15.An samo siginar FTIR (nisa na kewayon kewayon daga 400 zuwa 4000 cm-1) na duk samfuran da aka gwada ta hanyar yin sikanin 32.
An kimanta ƙimar sha jini (BAR) ga duk abubuwan da aka tsara ta amfani da hanyar da Chen et al ya bayyana.16 tare da ƴan gyare-gyare.An bushe NFRKs da aka haɓaka na duk abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a cikin tanda a 105°C na dare don cire sauran sauran ƙarfi.30 MG NFRCS (nauyin samfurin farko - W0) da 30 MG Ct (mai kulawa mai kyau) an sanya su a cikin jita-jita daban-daban waɗanda ke ɗauke da premix na 3.8% sodium citrate.A lokacin da aka kayyade, watau 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 da 60 seconds, an cire NFRCS kuma an tsabtace saman su daga jinin da ba a sha ba ta hanyar sanya samfuran akan Ct na daƙiƙa 30.An yi la'akari da nauyin ƙarshe na jinin da NFRCS 16 ya ɗauka (W1) a kowane lokaci.Yi lissafin kashi BAR ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
An ƙayyade lokacin ɗaukar jini (BCT) kamar yadda Wang et al ya ruwaito.17.Lokacin da ake buƙata don cikakken jini (jinin bera wanda aka haɗa shi da 3.8% sodium citrate) don gudan jini a gaban NFRCS an ƙididdige shi azaman BCT na samfurin gwajin.Abubuwan NFRCS daban-daban (30 MG) an sanya su a cikin filayen hular ƙwanƙwasa 10 ml kuma an sanya su a 37°C.An ƙara jini (0.5 ml) a cikin vial kuma an ƙara 0.3 ml na 0.2 M CaCl2 don kunna coagulation na jini.A ƙarshe, juya vial kowane daƙiƙa 15 (har zuwa 180 °) har sai an sami ƙulli mai ƙarfi.An kiyasta BCT na samfurin ta adadin juzu'i 17,18.Dangane da BCT, an zaɓi ƙa'idodi guda biyu mafi kyau daga NFRCS Cm, Ch da Cp don ƙarin nazarin halayyar.
An ƙaddara BCT na Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS abubuwan da aka tsara ta hanyar aiwatar da hanyar da Li et al ya bayyana.19 .Sanya 15 x 15 mm2 Ch NFRCS, Cp NFRCS, da Cs (madaidaicin iko) cikin jita-jita na Petri daban (37 ° C).Jini mai dauke da 3.8% sodium citrate an haɗe shi da 0.2 M CaCl2 a cikin rabo na 10: 1 don fara tsarin zubar da jini.20 µl na 0.2 M CaCl2 cakuda jinin bera an shafa shi a saman samfurin kuma an sanya shi a cikin kwano na Petri.An zubar da jini a cikin jita-jita na Petri ba tare da Ct ba.A ƙayyadaddun tazara na mintuna 0, 3, da 5, dakatar da zubar jini ta ƙara 10 ml na ruwan deionized (DI) zuwa samfurin da ke ɗauke da tasa ba tare da damun jini ba.Erythrocytes (erythrocytes) da ba a haɗa su ba suna fuskantar hemolysis a gaban ruwan da aka lalata kuma suna sakin haemoglobin.An auna haemoglobin a wurare daban-daban (HA(t)) a 540 nm (λmax haemoglobin) ta amfani da UV-Vis spectrophotometer.Cikakken ɗaukar haemoglobin (AH(0)) a cikin 0 min na 20 µl na jini a cikin 10 ml na ruwan da aka lalata an ɗauke shi azaman ma'auni.An ƙididdige ɗaukar nauyin haemoglobin dangi (RHA) na jini mai taurin kai daga rabo HA(t)/HA(0) ta amfani da nau'in jini iri ɗaya.
Yin amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa (Texture Pro CT V1.3 Gina 15, Brookfield, Amurka), an ƙaddara kaddarorin manne na NFRK zuwa nama mai lalacewa.Latsa buɗaɗɗen kwanon silindi mai buɗewa a cikin fatar naman alade (ba tare da kitsen mai ba).Samfurori (Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS) an yi amfani da su ta hanyar cannula zuwa cikin gyare-gyare na cylindrical don haifar da mannewa ga fata na alade.Bayan shiryawa na mintuna 3 a zazzabi na ɗaki (RT) (25° C.), an yi rikodin ƙarfin mannewa na NFRCS a matsakaicin ƙimar 0.5 mm/sec.
Babban abin da ake amfani da shi na magungunan tiyata shine ƙara yawan zubar jini yayin rage asarar jini.An kimanta coagulation mara lalacewa a cikin NFRCS ta amfani da hanyar da aka buga a baya tare da ƴan gyare-gyare 19.Yi bututun microcentrifuge (2 ml) (diamita na ciki 10 mm) tare da rami 8 × 5 mm2 a gefe ɗaya na bututun centrifuge (wakiltar buɗaɗɗen rauni).Ana amfani da NFRCS don rufe buɗewa kuma ana amfani da tef don rufe gefuna na waje.Ƙara 20 µl na 0.2M CaCl2 zuwa bututun microcentrifuge mai ɗauke da 3.8% sodium citrate premix.Bayan minti 10, an cire tubes na microcentrifuge daga cikin jita-jita kuma an ƙayyade yawan adadin jita-jita saboda fitar da jini daga NFRK (n = 3).An kwatanta asarar jini Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS da Cs.
An ƙaddara amincin amincin NFRCS bisa hanyar da Mishra da Chaudhary21 suka bayyana tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.Sanya NFRCS a cikin gilashin 100 ml Erlenmeyer tare da ruwa 50 ml kuma juya na tsawon s 60 ba tare da yin saman ba.Binciken gani da fifikon samfurori don mutuncin jiki bisa tarin.
An yi nazarin ƙarfin daurin HFFC zuwa Ct ta amfani da hanyoyin da aka buga a baya tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.An ƙididdige amincin rufewar saman ta hanyar fallasa NFRK zuwa raƙuman sauti (ƙarashin ƙarfi na waje) a gaban ruwan milliQ (Ct).An sanya NFRCS Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS da aka ci gaba a cikin bakar da aka cika da ruwa kuma an haɗa su don 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, da 30 min, bi da bi.Bayan bushewa, an yi amfani da bambancin kashi tsakanin farkon da na ƙarshe na NFRCS don ƙididdige kashi na asarar abu (HFFC).In vitro BCT ya ƙara tallafawa ƙarfin ɗauri ko asarar kayan saman.Ingantacciyar haɗin HFFC zuwa Ct yana samar da coagulation na jini da suturar roba a saman Ct22.
Bambanci tsakanin ci gaban NFRCS an ƙaddara ta BCT na samfurori (30 MG) da aka ɗauka daga wuraren da aka zaɓa na NFRCS.Bi hanyar BCT da aka ambata a baya don tantance yarda da NFRCS.Kusanci tsakanin duk samfuran guda biyar yana tabbatar da ɗaukar hoto iri ɗaya da jigon HFFC a cikin ragar Ct.
An ƙayyade yankin tuntuɓar jini (NBCA) kamar yadda aka ruwaito a baya tare da wasu gyare-gyare.Haɗe jinin ta hanyar matse 20 µl na jini tsakanin saman biyu na Ct, Ch NFRCS, Cp NFRCS da Cs.Bayan sa'a 1, an raba sassan biyu na stent kuma da hannu auna yanki na jini.Matsakaicin ƙimar maimaita uku an yi la'akari da NBCA NFRCS19.
An yi amfani da bincike na Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) don kimanta tasirin NFRCS don shayar da ruwa daga yanayin waje ko daga wurin rauni da ke da alhakin fara coagulation.DVS tana ƙididdigewa ko yin rikodin ɗaukan tururi da asara a cikin samfurin gravimetrically ta amfani da ma'auni mai ma'ana tare da ƙudurin taro na ± 0.1 μg.Wani ɓangaren tururi (danshi mai ɗanɗano) yana samuwa ta hanyar mai kula da ɗimbin yawa na lantarki a kusa da samfurin ta hanyar haɗa busassun iskar gas mai ɗaukar kaya. Dangane da ka'idodin Pharmacopeia na Turai, dangane da yawan ɗaukar danshi ta samfuran, samfuran an rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan 4 (0-0.012% w / w- ba hygroscopic, 0.2-2% w / w ɗan hygroscopic, 2-15% matsakaici hygroscopic, da> 15% scopic) 2 sosai hygroscopic. Dangane da ka'idodin Pharmacopeia na Turai, dangane da yawan ɗaukar danshi ta samfuran, samfuran an rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan 4 (0-0.012% w / w- ba hygroscopic, 0.2-2% w / w ɗan ƙaramin hygroscopic, 2-15% matsakaici hygroscopic, da> scopic) 2.Dangane da shawarwarin Pharmacopoeia na Turai, dangane da yawan adadin danshi ta samfuran samfuran, an raba samfuran zuwa nau'ikan 4 (0-0.012% w / w - ba hygroscopic, 0.2-2% w / w dan kadan hygroscopic, 2- sha biyar%).% умеренно гигроскопичен и > 15% очень гигроскопичен)23. % matsakaici hygroscopic kuma> 15% sosai hygroscopic)23.根据欧洲药典指南，根据样品吸收水分的百分比，样品分为4 类（0-0.012% w/w-0-0.012微吸湿性、2-15% 适度吸湿，> 15% 非常吸湿）23.根据 欧洲 药典指南、 、 、 、 0.2-2% W/w 、 2-15% 、 、 、 、 15 、常吸湿）23.Dangane da shawarwarin Pharmacopoeia na Turai, ana rarraba samfuran zuwa nau'ikan 4 dangane da adadin danshi da aka sha (0-0.012% ta nauyi - marasa hygroscopic, 0.2-2% ta nauyi dan kadan hygroscopic, 2-15% ta nauyi).% умеренно гигроскопичен, > 15% очень гигроскопичен) 23. % matsakaici hygroscopic,> 15% sosai hygroscopic) 23.An ƙaddara ingancin hygroscopic na NFCS X NFCS da TsN NFCS akan mai nazari DVS TA TGA Q5000 SA.A lokacin wannan tsari, lokacin gudu, dangi zafi (RH), da ainihin lokacin samfurin nauyin 25 ° C24 an samu.Ana ƙididdige abun ciki mai ɗanɗano ta hanyar ingantaccen bincike na taro na NFRCS ta amfani da ma'auni mai zuwa:
MC shine NFRCS zafi.m1 - bushe nauyi na NSAIDs.m2 shine ainihin lokacin NFRCS taro a RH da aka bayar.
An ƙididdige jimlar sararin samaniya ta amfani da gwajin tallan nitrogen tare da nitrogen na ruwa bayan kwashe samfuran a 25 ° C na 10 h (<7 × 10-3 Torr). An ƙididdige jimlar sararin samaniya ta amfani da gwajin tallan nitrogen tare da nitrogen na ruwa bayan kwashe samfuran a 25 ° C na 10 h (<7 × 10-3 Torr). Общая площадь pоверhnosti otsениvalasь 25 ° С в течение 10 ч (< 7 × 10-3 Торр). An ƙididdige jimlar sararin samaniya ta amfani da gwajin tallan nitrogen tare da nitrogen na ruwa bayan an kwashe samfuran a 25 ° C don 10 h (<7 × 10-3 Torr).在25°C 清空样品10 小时（< 7 × 10-3 Torr）后，使用液氮的氮吸附实验估计总表面积。zafin jiki na 25 ° C Общая площадь poverhnosti зцов в течение 10 часов при 25°C (<7 × 10-3 торр). An ƙididdige jimlar sararin samaniya ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen adsorption na nitrogen tare da nitrogen na ruwa bayan an kwashe samfuran na sa'o'i 10 a 25 ° C (<7 x 10-3 torr).An ƙaddara jimlar yanki, ƙarar pore da girman pore NFRCS tare da Quantachrome daga NOVA 1000e, Austria ta amfani da software na RS 232.
Shirya 5% RBCs (saline as diluent) daga dukan jini.Sannan canja wurin aliquot na HFFC (0.25 ml) zuwa farantin rijiyar 96 da 5% RBC mass (0.1 ml).Sanya cakuda a 37 ° C na minti 40.An yi la'akari da cakuda jajayen sel da jini a matsayin ingantaccen iko, da kuma cakuda ruwan gishiri da jajayen jini a matsayin iko mara kyau.An ƙaddara Hemagglutination bisa ga ma'aunin Stajitzky.Ma'aunin da aka tsara sune kamar haka: ++++ + + santsi mai santsi tare da gefuna masu lanƙwasa;+ + santsi na ƙasa mai santsi tare da tsagegege gefuna;+ kunkuntar zoben ja a kusa da gefuna na santsin santsi;– (mara kyau) maballin ja mai hankali 12 a tsakiyar rijiyar ƙasa.
An yi nazarin rashin daidaituwar jini na NFRCS bisa ga hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙimar Ƙarfafawa ta Duniya (ISO10993-4, 1999) 26,27.Hanyar gravimetric da Singh et al.An yi ƙananan gyare-gyare don tantance samuwar thrombus a gaban ko a saman NFRCS.500 MG na Cs, Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS an sanya su a cikin salin buffered phosphate (PBS) na awanni 24 a 37°C.Bayan sa'o'i 24, an cire PBS kuma an yi amfani da NFRCS tare da 2 ml na jini mai dauke da 3.8% sodium citrate.A saman NFRCS, ƙara 0.04 ml na 0.1 M CaCl2 zuwa samfuran da aka haɗa.Bayan minti 45, an ƙara 5 ml na ruwa mai narkewa don dakatar da coagulation.An bi da jinin da aka haɗe a saman NFRK tare da maganin 36-38% formaldehyde.An bushe gudan da aka gyara tare da formaldehyde kuma an auna su.An kiyasta yawan adadin thrombosis ta hanyar ƙididdige nauyin gilashin ba tare da jini ba da samfurin (ikon mara kyau) da gilashin tare da jini (mai sarrafawa mai kyau).
A matsayin tabbaci na farko, samfuran an hango su a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa don fahimtar iyawar murfin saman HFFC, Ct interconnected, da Ct cibiyar sadarwa don samar da pores.Ƙananan sassan Ch da Cp daga NFRCS an gyara su da ruwan wukake.An sanya sashin da aka samu a kan gilashin gilashi, an rufe shi da sutura, kuma an gyara gefuna tare da manne.An duba nunin faifan da aka shirya a ƙarƙashin na'urar gani da ido kuma an ɗauki hotuna da girma daban-daban.
Abubuwan da aka sanya na polymer a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar Ct an hango su ta amfani da microscopy mai haske dangane da hanyar da Rice et al.29 suka bayyana. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su na HFFC da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira an haɗe su da rini mai kyalli (amaranth), kuma an shirya NFRCS (Ch & Cp) kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su na HFFC da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira an haɗe su da rini mai kyalli (amaranth), kuma an shirya NFRCS (Ch & Cp) kamar yadda aka ambata a baya.Haɗin HFFC da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙira an haɗe shi da rini mai kyalli (amaranth) kuma an samo NFRCS (Ch da Cp) bisa ga hanyar da aka ambata a baya.将用于配方的HFFC 组合物与荧光染料（苋菜）混合。将用于配方的HFFC 组合物与荧光染料（苋菜）混合。Haɗin HFFC da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙirar an haɗe shi da rini mai kyalli (Amaranth) kuma an karɓi NFRCS (Ch da Cp), kamar yadda aka ambata a baya.An yanke sassan bakin ciki na NFRK daga samfurori da aka samo, an sanya su a kan faifan gilashi, kuma an rufe su da suturar murfin.Kula da shirye-shiryen nunin faifai a ƙarƙashin microscope mai kyalli ta amfani da matatar kore (310-380 nm).An ɗauki hotuna a haɓakar 4x don fahimtar alaƙar Ct da wuce haddi na polymer a cikin hanyar sadarwar Ct.
An ƙaddara yanayin saman NFRCS Ch da Cp ta amfani da microscope na ƙarfin atomic (AFM) tare da ƙwanƙwasa mai kaifi TESP a cikin yanayin taɓawa: 42 N/m, 320 kHz, ROC 2-5 nm, Bruker, Taiwan.An ƙaddara ƙaƙƙarfan saman saman ta hanyar tushen ma'anar murabba'i (RMS) ta amfani da software (Scanning Probe Image Processor).An sanya wurare daban-daban na NFRCS akan hotunan 3D don bincika daidaiton saman.Madaidaicin madaidaicin maki don yanki da aka ba shi an ayyana shi azaman ƙarancin ƙasa.An yi amfani da ma'aunin RMS don ƙididdige ƙarancin saman NFRCS31.
An yi nazarin binciken FESEM ta amfani da FESEM, SU8000, HI-0876-0003, Hitachi, Tokyo, don fahimtar yanayin yanayin yanayin Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS, wanda ya nuna mafi kyawun BCT fiye da Cm NFRCS.An yi nazarin FESEM bisa ga hanyar da Zhao et al ya bayyana.32 tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.NFRCS 20 zuwa 30 MG Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS an haɗa su tare da 20 µl na 3.8% sodium citrate premixed tare da jinin bera.An ƙara 20 μl na 0.2 M CaCl2 a cikin samfuran da aka yi wa jini don fara haɓakawa kuma an sanya samfuran a cikin zafin jiki na minti 10.Bugu da kari, an cire erythrocytes da yawa daga saman NFRCS ta hanyar kurkura da saline.
An bi da samfurori na gaba tare da 0.1% glutaraldehyde sannan a bushe a cikin tanda mai zafi a 37 ° C don cire danshi.An shafe samfurori da aka busassun kuma an bincika su 32.Sauran hotunan da aka samu a lokacin bincike sune samuwar jini a saman filayen auduga guda ɗaya, ƙaddamar da polymer tsakanin Ct, erythrocyte morphology (siffar), mutuncin jini, da kuma erythrocyte ilimin halittar jiki a gaban NFRCS.Wuraren NFRCS da ba a kula da su ba da Ch da Cp da aka yi wa NFRCS wuraren da aka haɗa su da jini an duba su don ions na asali (sodium, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper da selenium)33.Kwatanta kashi na farko na ion tsakanin samfuran da aka yi magani da waɗanda ba a kula da su ba don fahimtar tarin ion na farko yayin samuwar gudan jini da kamannin jini.
An ƙaddara kauri na murfin Cp HFFC akan Ct ta amfani da FESEM.An yanke sassan giciye na Cp NFRCS daga tsarin kuma an shafe sputter.Sakamakon sputter shafi samfurori da aka lura da FESEM da kuma kauri daga cikin surface shafi an auna 34, 35, 36.
X-ray micro-CT yana ba da babban ƙuduri na 3D mara lalacewa kuma yana ba ku damar nazarin tsarin tsarin ciki na NFRK.Micro-CT yana amfani da katako na X-ray wanda ke wucewa ta cikin samfurin don yin rikodin ƙididdiga na layi na layi na gida na X-ray a cikin samfurin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samun bayanan ilimin halitta.Wurin ciki na Ct a cikin Cp NFRCS da Cp NFRCS da aka yi wa jini an gwada shi ta micro-CT don fahimtar ingancin sha da zubar jini a gaban NFRCS37,38,39.An sake gina tsarin 3D na samfuran Cp NFRCS da ba a kula da su ba ta amfani da micro-CT (V|tome | x S240, Phoenix, Jamus).Yin amfani da nau'in software na VG STUDIO-MAX 2.2, an ɗauki hotunan X-ray da yawa daga kusurwoyi daban-daban (madaidaicin ɗaukar hoto na 360°) don haɓaka hotunan 3D don NFRCS.An sake gina bayanan tsinkaya da aka tattara zuwa hotuna masu girma dabam na 3D ta amfani da software mai sauƙi na 3D ScanIP.
Bugu da ƙari, don fahimtar rarraba jini, 20 µl na jinin da aka riga aka haɗa da 20 μl na 0.2 M CaCl2 an ƙara zuwa NFRCS don fara zubar da jini.Ana barin samfuran da aka shirya don taurare.An bi da saman NFRK tare da 0.5% glutaraldehyde kuma an bushe shi a cikin tanda mai zafi a 30-40 ° C na 30 min.An duba gudan jinin da aka yi akan NFRCS, an sake gina shi, kuma an ga hoton 3D na ɗigon jinin.
An yi gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta akan Cp NFRCS (mafi kyau idan aka kwatanta da Ch NFRCS) ta amfani da hanyar da aka bayyana a baya tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare.Ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na Cp NFRCS da Cp HFFC an ƙaddara ta amfani da nau'o'in gwaji daban-daban guda uku [S.aureus (kwayoyin gram-positive), E.coli (kwayoyin gram-korau) da fari Candida (C.albicans)] girma akan agar a cikin jita-jita na Petri a cikin incubator.Daidaita allura 50 ml na dakatarwar al'adun ƙwayoyin cuta masu diluted a taro na 105-106 CFU ml-1 akan matsakaiciyar agar.Zuba matsakaici a cikin kwano na Petri kuma bari ya ƙarfafa.An yi rijiyoyi a saman farantin agar don cika da HFFC (rijiyoyin 3 don HFFC da 1 don kulawa mara kyau).Ƙara 200µl HFFC zuwa rijiyoyi 3 da 200 µl pH 7.4 PBS zuwa rijiyar ta 4.A daya gefen abincin petri, sanya faifai 12 mm Cp NFRCS akan ingantaccen agar kuma a jika tare da PBS (pH 7.4).Ciprofloxacin, ampicillin da fluconazole Allunan ana daukar su daidaitattun ma'aunin Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli da Candida albicans.Auna yankin hanawa da hannu kuma ɗauki hoton dijital na yankin hanawa.
Bayan amincewa da ɗabi'a na hukumomi, an gudanar da binciken a Kwalejin Ilimi da Bincike ta Kasturba a Manipal, Karnataka, a kudancin Indiya.Kwamitin da'a na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka (IEC: 674/2020).An dauki batutuwa daga masu ba da gudummawar jini na sa kai (shekaru 18 zuwa 55) daga bankin jinin asibiti.Bugu da kari, an samu bayanan yarda fom daga masu aikin sa kai don tattara samfuran jini.An yi amfani da TEG na asali (N-TEG) ​​don nazarin tasirin tsarin Cp HFFC akan dukkan jinin da aka haɗa da sodium citrate.N-TEG an san shi sosai don rawar da yake takawa a cikin farfadowar kulawa, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli ga likitocin saboda yuwuwar jinkirin asibiti a cikin sakamakon (gwajin coagulation na yau da kullun).An yi nazarin N-TEG ta amfani da jini gaba ɗaya.An sami izini da cikakken bayani da tarihin likita daga duk mahalarta.Binciken bai haɗa da mahalarta tare da matsalolin hemostatic ko thrombotic kamar ciki / bayan haihuwa ko cutar hanta.Abubuwan da ke shan magungunan da ke shafar kasidar coagulation suma an cire su daga binciken.Gwajin gwaje-gwaje na asali (haemoglobin, lokacin prothrombin, thromboplastin da aka kunna da ƙididdigar platelet) an yi su akan duk mahalarta bisa ga daidaitattun hanyoyin.N-TEG yana ƙayyade viscoelasticity gudan jini, tsarin gudan jini na farko, hulɗar barbashi, ƙarfafa clot, da kuma zubar jini.Binciken N-TEG yana ba da bayanan hoto da ƙididdiga akan tasirin gama kai na abubuwa da yawa na salula da plasma.An yi nazarin N-TEG akan juzu'i biyu daban-daban na Cp HFFC (10 µl da 50 µl).A sakamakon haka, an ƙara 1 ml na dukan jini tare da citric acid zuwa 10 μl na Cp HFFC.Add 1 ml (Cp HFFC + citrated jini), 340 µl gauraye jini zuwa 20 µl 0.2 M CaCl2 dauke da TEG tasa.Bayan haka, an ɗora jita-jita TEG cikin TEG® 5000, US don auna R, K, kusurwar alpha, MA, G, CI, TPI, EPL, LY 30% na samfuran jini a gaban Cp HFFC41.
Kwamitin da'a na Dabbobi (IAEC), Makarantar Magunguna ta Kasturba, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Manipal, Manipal (IAEC/KMC/69/2020) ta sake duba ka'idar binciken in vivo kuma ta amince da ita.An yi duk gwaje-gwajen dabba bisa ga shawarwarin Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Gwajin Dabbobi (CPCSEA).Dukkanin karatun NFRCS na vivo (2 × 2 cm2) an yi su akan berayen Wistar mata (nauyin 200 zuwa 250 g).Dukkanin dabbobi an daidaita su a zafin jiki na 24-26 ° C, dabbobin suna da damar samun daidaitaccen abinci da ruwa ad libitum kyauta.An raba duk dabbobin da ba a so zuwa rukuni daban-daban, kowane rukuni ya ƙunshi dabbobi uku.An gudanar da duk karatun daidai da Nazarin Dabbobi: Rahoton In Vivo Experiments 43.Kafin binciken, an yi amfani da dabbobin ta hanyar intraperitoneal (ip) gudanarwa na cakuda 20-50 MG na ketamine (a kowace kilogiram na 1 na nauyin jiki) da 2-10 MG na xylazine (a kowace kilogiram na 1 na nauyin jiki).Bayan binciken, an ƙididdige ƙarar zubar da jini ta hanyar kimanta bambanci tsakanin nauyin farko da na ƙarshe na samfurori, matsakaicin darajar da aka samu daga gwaje-gwajen guda uku an dauki nauyin jini na samfurin.
An aiwatar da samfurin yanke wutsiyar bera don fahimtar yuwuwar NFRCS don daidaita zubar jini a cikin rauni, fama, ko haɗarin zirga-zirga (samfurin rauni).Yanke kashi 50% na wutsiya tare da ɓangarorin sikelin kuma sanya a cikin iska har tsawon s 15 don tabbatar da zubar da jini na al'ada.Bugu da ƙari, an sanya samfuran gwaji akan wutsiya na bera ta hanyar amfani da matsi (Ct, Cs, Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS).An ba da rahoton zubar jini da PCT don samfuran gwaji (n = 3)17,45.
An bincika tasirin sarrafa matsi na NFRCS a cikin fama akan samfurin jijiyar mace ta sama.An fallasa jijiyar mace, an huda shi da trocar 24G, kuma ya zubar da jini cikin dakika 15.Bayan an ga zubar jini mara tsari, ana sanya samfurin gwajin a wurin huda tare da matsa lamba.Nan da nan bayan aikace-aikacen samfurin gwajin, an rubuta lokacin clotting kuma an lura da ingancin hemostatic na minti 5 na gaba.An sake maimaita wannan hanya tare da Cs da Ct46.
Dowling et al.47 ya ba da shawarar samfurin raunin hanta don tantance yiwuwar hemostatic na kayan aikin hemostatic a cikin mahallin zubar da jini na ciki.An rubuta BCT don samfurori na Ct (ikon mara kyau), tsarin Cs (mai kulawa mai kyau), samfurori na Ch NFRCS, da samfurori na Cp NFRCS.An fallasa suprahepatic vena cava na bera ta hanyar yin tsakiyar laparotomy.Bayan haka, an yanke gefen hagu na gefen hagu tare da almakashi.Yi yanka a cikin hanta tare da ɓangarorin sikelin kuma bar shi ya yi jini na ɗan daƙiƙa.An sanya samfuran gwaji na Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS daidai ba tare da wani matsi mai kyau ba kuma an rubuta BCT.Ƙungiyar kulawa (Ct) sannan ta yi amfani da matsa lamba ta hanyar Cs 30 s47 ba tare da karya rauni ba.
A cikin vivo an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen warkar da rauni ta hanyar amfani da samfurin raunin rauni don kimanta kaddarorin warkar da raunuka na NFRCS na tushen polymer.An zaɓi samfurori na raunukan da aka cire kuma an yi su bisa ga hanyoyin da aka buga a baya tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare19,32,48.An yi wa dukkan dabbobi maganin sawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya.Yi amfani da naushin biopsy (mm12) don yin rami mai zurfi na madauwari a cikin fata na baya.An yi ado da wuraren da aka shirya raunuka tare da Cs (kyakkyawan kulawa), Ct (gane cewa ginshiƙan auduga suna tsoma baki tare da warkarwa), Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS (ƙungiyar gwaji) da kuma mummunan iko ba tare da wani magani ba.A kowace rana na binciken, an auna yanki na rauni a duk berayen.Yi amfani da kyamarar dijital don ɗaukar hoto na wurin rauni kuma saka sabon sutura.An auna kaso na ƙullewar rauni ta hanya mai zuwa:
Dangane da yawan adadin raunin rauni a ranar 12th na binciken, an cire fatar bera na mafi kyawun rukuni ((Cp NFRCS) da ƙungiyar kulawa) kuma an yi nazari ta H&E staining da Masson's trichrome staining. Dangane da yawan adadin raunin rauni a ranar 12th na binciken, an cire fatar bera na mafi kyawun rukuni ((Cp NFRCS) da ƙungiyar kulawa) kuma an yi nazari ta H&E staining da Masson's trichrome staining.Dangane da yawan adadin raunin rauni a ranar 12th na binciken, an cire fata na berayen mafi kyawun rukuni ((Cp NFRCS) da ƙungiyar kulawa) kuma an bincika su ta hanyar lalata tare da hematoxylin-eosin da Masson's trichrome.根据研究第12天的伤口闭合百分比，切除最佳组(( Cp NFRCS)染色研究.根据研究第12天的伤口闭合百分比，切除最佳组((Cp NFRCS)Rats a cikin mafi kyawun rukuni ((Cp NFRCS) da ƙungiyoyi masu sarrafawa) an cire su don zubar da jini na hematoxylin-eosin da Masson's trichrome staining dangane da kashi ƙulli a ranar 12 na binciken.An aiwatar da hanyar tabo da aka aiwatar bisa ga hanyoyin da aka bayyana a baya49,50.A taƙaice, bayan gyare-gyare a cikin 10% formalin, samfurori sun bushe ta amfani da jerin barasa masu daraja.Yi amfani da microtome don samun sassan bakin ciki (kauri 5µm) na nama da aka cire.Ƙananan sassan sarrafawa da Cp NFRCS an bi da su tare da hematoxylin da eosin don nazarin sauye-sauye na tarihi.An yi amfani da tabon trichrome na Masson don gano samuwar fibrils collagen.Sakamakon da aka samu an yi nazari a makance ta hanyar masana ilimin cututtuka.
An yi nazarin kwanciyar hankali na samfuran Cp NFRCS a zafin jiki (25°C ± 2°C/60% RH ± 5%) na watanni 1251.An duba Cp NFRCS (dimbin launi da haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta) ta gani kuma an gwada shi don juriya na fold da BCT bisa ga hanyoyin da ke sama da aka zayyana a cikin sashe na Materials da Hanyoyi.
An yi nazarin haɓakawa da sake haifuwa na Cp NFRCS ta hanyar shirya Cp NFRCS tare da girman 15 × 15 cm2.Bugu da ƙari, 30 MG samfurori (n = 5) an cire su daga sassa daban-daban na Cp NFRCS kuma an kimanta BCT na samfurori da aka yi nazari kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya a cikin Sashen Hanyoyi.
Mun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka siffofi da tsari daban-daban ta amfani da abubuwan haɗin Cp NFRCS don aikace-aikacen likitanci daban-daban.Irin waɗannan siffofi ko daidaitawa sun haɗa da swabs na conical don zubar da jini, hanyoyin haƙori, da swabs na cylindrical don zubar da jini na farji.
Duk saitin bayanai ana bayyana su azaman ma'anar ± daidaitaccen karkatacce kuma ANOVA sun yi nazari ta amfani da Prism 5.03 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, Amurka) sannan Bonferroni's mahara kwatancen gwajin (* p <0.05).
Dukkan hanyoyin da aka yi a cikin nazarin ɗan adam sun kasance daidai da ƙa'idodin Cibiyar da Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa, da kuma Sanarwa na Helsinki 1964 da gyare-gyaren da suka biyo baya, ko ma'auni na ɗabi'a iri ɗaya.An sanar da duk mahalarta game da fasalin binciken da yanayin sa na son rai.Bayanai na mahalarta suna zama sirri da zarar an tattara su.Kwamitin da'a na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka (IEC: 674/2020).Masu ba da agaji sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar izini don tattara samfuran jini.
Dukkan hanyoyin da aka yi a cikin nazarin dabba an gudanar da su daidai da Kastuba Faculty of Medicine, Manipal Institute of Higher Education, Manipal (IAEC/KMC/69/2020).Dukkan gwaje-gwajen dabba da aka tsara an gudanar da su daidai da ka'idodin Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Gwajin Dabbobi (CPCSEA).Duk marubutan suna bin ka'idodin ARRIVE.
An bincika bakan FTIR na duk NFRCS kuma an kwatanta shi da bakan chitosan da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2A.Halayen kyan gani na chitosan (an rikodi) a 3437 cm-1 (OH da NH mikewa, zoba), 2945 da 2897 cm-1 (CH mikewa), 1660 cm-1 (NH2 iri), 1589 cm-1 (N-H lankwasawa), 1157 cm-Od, 1157 cm, 1157 cm-O. xyl), 993 cm-1 (miƙe CO, Bo-OH) 52.53.54.Ƙarin Tebura S1 yana nuna ƙimar bakan FTIR NFRCS don chitosan (mai ba da rahoto), chitosan mai tsabta, Cm, Ch, da Cp.Siffar FTIR na duk NFRCS (Cm, Ch da Cp) sun nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan shaye-shaye iri ɗaya kamar tsantsar chitosan ba tare da wani gagarumin canje-canje ba (Fig. 2A).Sakamakon FTIR ya tabbatar da rashin sinadarai ko hulɗar jiki tsakanin polymers da aka yi amfani da su don haɓaka NFRCS, yana nuna cewa polymers da aka yi amfani da su ba su da amfani.
Halin in vitro na Cm NFRCS, Ch NFRCS, Cp NFRCS da Cs.(A) yana wakiltar bakan FTIR da aka haɗa na abubuwan haɗin chitosan da Cm NFRCS, Ch NFRCS da Cp NFRCS a ƙarƙashin matsawa.(B) a) Jima'i na ɗaukar jini na NFRCS Cm, Ch, Cp, da Cg (n = 3);Samfurori na Ct sun nuna BAR mafi girma saboda swab na auduga yana da mafi girman tasiri;b) Jini bayan sha jini Misalin samfurin da aka sha.Hoton hoto na BCT na samfurin gwajin C (Cp NFRCS yana da mafi kyawun BCT (15 s, n = 3)). Bayanai a cikin C, D, E, da G an nuna su azaman ma'anar ± SD, kuma sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar SD, *** p <0.0001. Bayanai a cikin C, D, E, da G an nuna su azaman ma'anar ± SD, kuma sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar SD, *** p <0.0001. Данные в C, D, E и G представлены как , ***p <0,0001. Ana gabatar da bayanai a cikin C, D, E, da G azaman ma'anar ± daidaitaccen karkata, kuma sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkata, *** p<0.0001. C、D、E 和G 中的数据显示为平均值± SD，误差线代表SD，***p <0.0001。 C、D、E 和G 中的数据显示为平均值± SD，误差线代表SD，***p <0.0001。 Данные в C, D, E и G показаны как среднее значение yadda, ***p <0,0001. Bayanai a cikin C, D, E, da G ana nuna su azaman ma'anar ± daidaitaccen karkatacciyar hanya, sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkata, *** p<0.0001.