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Carousel yana nuna nunin faifai guda uku a lokaci guda.Yi amfani da maɓallan da suka gabata da na gaba don matsawa ta cikin nunin faifai guda uku a lokaci ɗaya, ko amfani da maɓallan maɓalli a ƙarshen don matsawa ta cikin nunin faifai uku a lokaci ɗaya.
Babban hangen nesa yana buƙatar kyakkyawan samfurin gani na ido da haɗin kai don sake gina kayan abu.Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa lokacin haɗuwa da samfurori na gida daga abubuwa daban-daban, daidaito ya ɓace.Don haka, rarrabuwa, haɗar wuraren hoto don sarrafawa daban, yana da mahimmanci ga fahimta.A cikin aikin da ya gabata, an yi amfani da sifofin lattice na bistable, waɗanda za a iya la'akari da su azaman ɗaya ko fiye masu motsi, don nazarin wannan tsari.Anan, muna ba da rahoton alakar da ke tsakanin ayyuka da hukunce-hukuncen rarrabuwa a cikin yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki na hanyar gani na farko.Musamman ma, mun gano cewa zaɓin daidaitawar jijiyoyi na tsaka-tsaki na wucin gadi sun kasance masu kula da alamun rubutu da aka yi amfani da su don karkatar da tsinkayen ɓangarorin bistable kuma sun nuna alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin gwaji da tsinkayen ra'ayi na ci gaba.Wannan haɗin kai ya fi girma a cikin raka'a waɗanda ke nuna alamar motsin duniya a cikin alamu tare da kwatancen gida da yawa.Don haka, mun kammala cewa tsaka-tsakin lokaci yana ƙunshe da sigina da aka yi amfani da su don raba hadaddun al'amuran cikin abubuwan da suka ƙunshi abubuwa da saman.
Hangen nesa ya dogara ba kawai ga ainihin nuna bambanci na halayen hoto na farko kamar daidaitawar gefe da sauri ba, amma mafi mahimmanci akan daidaitaccen haɗin waɗannan halayen don ƙididdige kaddarorin muhalli kamar siffar abu da yanayin1.Duk da haka, matsalolin suna tasowa lokacin da hotunan ido suna goyan bayan ƙungiyoyin siffofi masu dacewa da yawa 2, 3, 4 (Fig. 1a).Misali, lokacin da saitin siginar gudu guda biyu suka yi kusa, ana iya fassara wannan da kyau a matsayin abu ɗaya mai motsi ko abubuwa masu motsi da yawa (Fig. 1b).Wannan yana misalta yanayin rarrabuwar kawuna, watau ba ƙayyadaddun kadara ba ce ta hoton, amma tsarin fassara.Duk da mahimmancinta a bayyane ga tsinkaye na yau da kullun, fahimtarmu game da tushen jijiya na rarrabuwar fahimta ya kasance bai cika ba a mafi kyau.
Misalin zane mai ban dariya na matsalar rabuwar fahimta.Haushin mai kallo na zurfin cikin Necker cube (hagu) yana musanya tsakanin bayani mai yiwuwa biyu (dama).Wannan saboda babu sigina a cikin hoton da ke ba da damar ƙwaƙwalwa ta musamman ta tantance yanayin 3D na adadi (wanda aka samar ta siginar rufewa ta ɗaya daga hannun dama).b Lokacin da aka gabatar da siginar motsi da yawa a cikin kusancin sararin samaniya, tsarin hangen nesa dole ne ya ƙayyade ko samfurori na gida daga abubuwa ɗaya ko fiye.Mummunan shubuhar siginar motsi na gida, watau jerin motsin abu na iya haifar da motsi iri ɗaya na gida, wanda ke haifar da fassarori masu ma'ana daidai gwargwado na shigarwar gani, watau filayen vector a nan na iya tasowa daga madaidaicin motsi na fili ɗaya ko motsi na zahiri na saman da ya mamaye.c (hagu) Misalin grid ɗinmu mai ruɗi.Gilashin rectangular masu jujjuyawa daidai gwargwado ga alkiblarsu ("bangaren kwatance" - farar kibiyoyi) suna mamaye juna don samar da tsarin grating.Za'a iya tsinkayar lattice a matsayin guda ɗaya, na yau da kullun, motsi na kwatance (jajayen kibiyoyi) ko motsi na zahiri na kwatance.An karkatar da tsinkayen lattice ta hanyar ƙari da alamun rubutu bazuwar.(Tsakiya) Yankin da aka yi alama da rawaya yana faɗaɗa kuma ana nunawa azaman jerin firam don daidaitattun sigina da bayyane, bi da bi.Motsin ɗigon a kowane hali ana wakilta shi da kore da jajayen kibiyoyi.(Dama) Hotunan matsayi (x, y) na wurin zaɓi tare da adadin firam.A cikin yanayin daidaitacce, duk nau'ikan rubutu suna karkata zuwa hanya guda.A cikin yanayin nuna gaskiya, rubutun yana motsawa a cikin jagorancin sashin.d Hoton zane mai ban dariya na aikin rabuwar motsinmu.Birai sun fara kowace gwaji ta hanyar gyara ɗigon ƙarami.Bayan ɗan ɗan jinkiri, wani nau'in ƙirar grating (daidaituwa/fahimta) da girman siginar rubutu (misali bambanci) sun bayyana a wurin MT RF.A lokacin kowane gwaji, grating na iya karkata zuwa ɗayan hanyoyi biyu masu yuwuwar tsarin.Bayan janyewar kuzari, maƙasudin zaɓi sun bayyana sama da ƙasa MT RF.Birai dole ne su nuna ra'ayinsu game da grid a cikin saccades zuwa maƙasudin zaɓin da ya dace.
Gudanar da motsi na gani yana da kyau sosai kuma don haka yana ba da kyakkyawan tsari don nazarin da'irar jijiyoyi na rarrabuwar fahimta.Yawancin nazarin ƙididdiga sun lura da amfani da nau'ikan sarrafa motsi na matakai biyu wanda ƙima mai girma na farko ya biyo baya tare da zaɓin haɗin kai na samfurori na gida don cire hayaniya da mayar da abu mai sauri7,8.Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin hangen nesa dole ne su kula don iyakance wannan rukunin zuwa kawai samfuran gida daga abubuwa na yau da kullun.Nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam ya bayyana abubuwan da ke cikin jiki waɗanda ke yin tasiri kan yadda siginar motsi na gida ke rarrabuwa, amma fasalin yanayin yanayin jiki da lambobin jijiyoyi suna buɗe tambayoyi.Rahotanni da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa sel masu zaɓin daidaitawa a cikin yanki na wucin gadi (MT) na primate cortex sune ƴan takara don jijiyoyi.
Mahimmanci, a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata, canje-canje a cikin ayyukan jijiyoyi suna da alaƙa da canje-canjen jiki a cikin abubuwan motsa jiki na gani.Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, rarrabuwa ainihin tsari ne na fahimta.Sabili da haka, nazarin ƙwayar jijiyar sa yana buƙatar haɗuwa da canje-canje a cikin ayyukan jijiyoyi tare da canje-canje a cikin tsinkayen ƙayyadaddun abubuwan motsa jiki.Don haka, mun horar da birai guda biyu don bayar da rahoton ko hasashen da aka samu ta hanyar ɗimbin grating na rectangular sama ɗaya ne ko kuma filaye biyu masu zaman kansu.Don nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin ayyukan jijiyoyi da hukunce-hukuncen rarrabuwa, mun rubuta aiki guda ɗaya a cikin MT lokacin da birai suka yi wannan aikin.
Mun sami muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin nazarin ayyukan MT da fahimta.Wannan alaƙar ta wanzu ko abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun ƙunshi alamomin rarrabewa ko a'a.Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin wannan tasirin yana da alaƙa da hankali ga siginar rarrabawa, da kuma alamar ƙirar ƙira.Na ƙarshe yana ƙididdige matakin da naúrar ke haskakawa a duniya maimakon motsi na gida a cikin sarƙaƙƙiya alamu.Kodayake zaɓi don shugabanci na salon ya daɗe an gane shi azaman ma'anar fasalin MT, kuma sel masu zaɓin salon suna nuna daidaitawa zuwa hadaddun abubuwan da suka dace da fahimtar ɗan adam game da waɗancan abubuwan ƙarfafawa, zuwa mafi kyawun iliminmu, wannan shine shaidar farko don alaƙa tsakanin alamu.index da tsinkaya rabuwa.
Mun horar da birai guda biyu don nuna ra'ayinsu na karkatar da kuzarin grid (motsi masu daidaituwa ko gaskiya).Masu sa ido na ɗan adam yawanci suna ganin waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu daidaituwa ko bayyane na kusan mitoci iri ɗaya.Don ba da amsa daidai a cikin wannan gwaji kuma saita tushen ladan mai aiki, mun ƙirƙiri siginar ɓangarori ta hanyar yin rubutun raster na ɓangaren da ke samar da lattice (Fig. 1c, d).A ƙarƙashin yanayi masu daidaituwa, duk laushi suna motsawa tare da jagorancin tsarin (Fig. 1c, "madaidaicin").A cikin yanayin gaskiya, rubutun yana motsawa daidai da jagorancin grating wanda aka sanya shi (Fig. 1c, "m").Muna sarrafa wahalar aikin ta canza bambancin wannan alamar rubutu.A cikin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani da su, an ba da ladan birai don martanin da ya dace da abubuwan rubutu, kuma an ba da lada ba da gangan ba (50/50 rashin daidaito) a cikin gwaje-gwajen da ke ɗauke da alamu ba tare da alamun rubutu ba (yanayin bambancin rubutun sifili).
An nuna bayanan halayen halayen gwaje-gwajen wakilai guda biyu a cikin Hoto 2a, kuma an ƙirƙira martani a matsayin adadin hukunce-hukuncen haɗin kai tare da bambancin siginar rubutu (ana ɗauka cewa ba daidai ba ne ta hanyar ma'anar) don alamu waɗanda ke motsawa sama ko ƙasa, bi da bi. Gabaɗaya, ra'ayin birai game da haɗin kai / bayyana gaskiya ya dogara da dogaro da duka alamar (m, daidaituwa) da ƙarfi (bambanta) na ma'anar rubutu (ANOVA; biri N: shugabanci - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, alamar - F = 1248, p <10−10, - 2 - F) 0.41, p = 0.52, alamar - F = 2876.7, p <10-10, bambanci - F = 36.5, p <10-10). Gabaɗaya, ra'ayin birai game da haɗin kai / bayyana gaskiya ya dogara da dogaro da duka alamar (m, daidaituwa) da ƙarfi (bambanci) na ma'anar rubutu (ANOVA; biri N: shugabanci - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, alamar - F = 1248, p <10−10, 2 - F) = 0.41, p = 0.52, alamar - F = 2876.7, p <10-10, bambanci - F = 36.5, p <10-10). В целом на восприятие растность) текстурного признака (ANOVA; обезьяна N: направление - F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак - F = 1248, p < 10 = 10, контраз 2st на S: направление - F = 0,41, p = 0,52, признак - F = 2876,7, p <10−10, контраст - F = 36,5, р <10-10). Gabaɗaya, ra'ayi na haɗin kai / nuna gaskiya ta birai ya sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar duka alamar (fassara, daidaituwa) da ƙarfin (bambanci) na sifofin rubutu (ANOVA; biri N: shugabanci - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, alamar - F = 1248, p <10−10, bambanci - 1 = F: 1 = 1 F = 1 F = 1 F = 1, p <0-10, F) 0.41, p = 0.52, alamar - F = 2876.7, p <10 -10, bambanci - F = 36.5, p <10-10).总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明连剿剿剿剿剿剿剿度)向- F = 0.41, p = 0.52, 符号- F = 2876.7, p <10−10, 对比度- F = 36.5,p <10-10）.总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明连剿剿剿剿剿剿剿度) ）Gabaɗaya, ra'ayi na haɗin gwiwar biri / nuna gaskiya ya sami tasiri sosai ta hanyar alamar (nuna gaskiya, daidaituwa) da ƙarfin (bambanci) na siginar rubutu (ANOVA);обезьяна N: ориентация - F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак - F = 1248, p <10−10, Контрастность - F = 22,63, p <10; biri N: daidaitawa - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, alamar - F = 1248, p <10-10, Sabanin - F = 22.63, p <10; -10 Обезьяна S: Ориентация - F = 0,41, p = 0,52, Знак - F = 2876,7, p <10−10, Контрастность - F = 36,5, p <10-10). -10 Biri S: Gabatarwa - F = 0.41, p = 0.52, Alamar - F = 2876.7, p <10-10, Sabanin - F = 36.5, p <10-10).Ayyukan tarawa na Gaussian sun dace da bayanai daga kowane zaman don nuna halayen halayen birai.A kan fig.2b yana nuna rarraba yarjejeniya don waɗannan samfuran akan duk zaman na birai biyu.Gabaɗaya, birai sun kammala aikin daidai kuma a kai a kai, kuma mun ƙi kasa da kashi 13% na zaman biri biyu saboda rashin dacewa ga tarin Gaussian.
Misalan halayen birai a cikin zaman wakilai (n ≥ 20 gwaji a kowane yanayin motsa jiki).A bangaren hagu (dama), ana ƙirƙira bayanai daga zaman biri guda N(S) azaman madaidaitan makin zaɓi (ordinate) tare da saɓanin siginar rubutu (abscissa).Anan ana ɗauka cewa sassauƙan rubutu (daidaitacce) suna da ƙima mara kyau (tabbatacce).An gina martani daban-daban bisa ga jagorancin motsi na ƙirar (sama (90°) ko ƙasa (270°)) a cikin gwajin.Ga dabbobin biyu, aikin, ko an raba amsa ta hanyar 50/50 bambanci (PSE - kibiyoyi masu ƙarfi) ko adadin bambance-bambancen rubutu da ake buƙata don tallafawa wani matakin aiki (kofa - kibiyoyi buɗe), yana cikin waɗannan kwatance.b Fitted histogram na R2 dabi'u na Gaussian tarawa aiki.Ana nuna bayanan biri S(N) a hagu (dama).c (Top) PSE wanda aka auna don grid ya koma ƙasa (ordinate) idan aka kwatanta da PSE ya motsa grid (abscissa) da aka tsara, tare da gefuna da ke wakiltar rarraba PSE don kowane yanayi da kiban da ke nuna ma'anar kowane yanayi.Bayanai na duk zaman biri na N(S) ana bayar da su a shafi na hagu (dama).(A ƙasa) Al'ada iri ɗaya kamar na bayanan PSE, amma don madaidaitan fasalin fasali.Babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙofofin PSE ko yanayin salon salo (duba rubutu).d PSE da gangara (ordinate) an tsara su dangane da daidaitaccen daidaitawar raster na sashin rabuwa na angular ("ƙungiya mai haɗin gwiwa" - abscissa).Buɗaɗɗen da'irori sune hanyoyin, ƙaƙƙarfan layin shine mafi kyawun ƙirar juzu'i mai dacewa, kuma layin dige-dige shine tazarar amincewar 95% don ƙirar koma baya.Akwai mahimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin PSE da kusurwar haɗin kai ta al'ada, amma ba gangara ba da kuma daidaitaccen kusurwar haɗin kai, yana ba da shawarar cewa aikin psychometric yana canzawa yayin da kusurwar ke raba sassan lattices, amma ba kai tsaye ko daidaitawa ba.(Biri N, n = zaman 32; Biri S, n = zaman 43).A cikin dukkan bangarori, sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar daidaitaccen kuskuren ma'ana.Haha.Haɗin kai, PSE daidaitaccen ƙima, ƙa'ida.daidaitawa.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, duka bambance-bambancen alamomin rubutu da kuma alkiblar motsi na ƙirar sun bambanta a cikin gwaji, tare da zazzagewa sama ko ƙasa a cikin gwajin da aka bayar.Anyi wannan don rage tasirin psychophysical11 da neuronal28.Matsakaicin tsari da son zuciya (ma'anar daidaito ko PSE) (Wilcoxon matakin jimla gwajin; biri N: z = 0.25, p = 0.8; biri S: z = 0.86, p = 0.39) ko madaidaicin matakin aiki (jimlar Wilcoxon = darajoji; biri N: 4.0 = p. p = 0.62) (Hoto 2c).Bugu da ƙari, babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin birai a cikin digiri na rubutun rubutu da ake buƙata don kula da matakan matakan aiki (N biri = 24.5% ± 3.9%, S biri = 18.9% ± 1.9%; Wilcoxon rank sum, z = 1.01, p = 0.31).
A cikin kowane zama, mun canza kusurwar tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin rabe-rabe na sassan lattices.Nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam ya nuna cewa mutane suna iya fahimtar tantanin halitta 10 kamar yadda aka haɗa lokacin da wannan kusurwa ya fi ƙanƙanta.Idan birai sun dogara da ra'ayinsu game da haɗin kai / nuna gaskiya, to bisa ga waɗannan binciken, mutum zai yi tsammanin PSE, bambancin rubutun da ya dace da rarrabuwa tsakanin daidaituwa da zaɓin nuna gaskiya, don haɓaka akan hulɗar.lattice kwana. Wannan hakika lamarin ya kasance (Fig. 2d; rugujewa a cikin kwatancen kwatance, Kruskal-Wallis; biri N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10−3; biri S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; daidaitawa tsakanin daidaitaccen kusurwar tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin da PSE, - 00 Nkey N: 1 = 0: 100 Nkey N. 0.76, p <10-13). Wannan ya kasance al'amarin (Fig. 2d; rugujewa a cikin kwatancen kwatance, Kruskal-Wallis; biri N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10−3; biri S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; daidaitawa tsakanin daidaita tsaka-tsakin kusurwa na al'ada da PSE, - 7 Nkey N: 1 = 0: 0). 0.76, p <10-13). Это действительно имело место (rис. 2d; колапс поперек направления патерна, Крускал-Уоллис; 3–16 N; обезьна | езьяна S: χ2 = 22,22, p <10-3; корреляция между нормализоваными угол решетки da PSE 76, shafi na <10-13). Wannan hakika ya faru (Fig. 2d; rushewa a fadin jagorancin tsarin, Kruskal-Wallis; biri N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10-3; biri S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; daidaitawa tsakanin al'ada lattice kwana da PSE - biri N: 0: 7 - p. 6, shafi <10-13).情况确实如此（图2d；跨模式方向折叠，Kruskal-Wallis；猴子N：χ2 = 23.06，p < 10-3； 23.06,p <10-3；标准化间光栅角和PSE – 猴子N：r = 0.67，p <10-9；猴子S：r = 0.76，p <10-13）.情况 确实 如此 （图 图 2D ； 方向 折叠 ， kruskal-wallis ； n 10-3 间 光栅角 和 pse-猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子N：r = 0.67,p <10-7 13) . Это действительно имело место (rис. 2d; kratность по оси моды, Крускал-Уолис; обезяна N: χ2 = 23, 06 22,22, p <10-3; нормализованный межрешеточный угол). Wannan shi ne ainihin lamarin (Fig. 2d; ninka tare da yanayin yanayin, Kruskal-Wallis; biri N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10-3; biri S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; daidaitaccen kusurwar interlattice). PSE-обезьяна N: r = 0,67, p <10-9, обезьяна S: r = 0,76, p <10-13). PSE biri N: r = 0.67, p <10-9, biri S: r = 0.76, p <10-13).Sabanin haka, canza kusurwar tsaka-tsakin ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan gangaren aikin kwakwalwa (Fig. 2d; giciye-modal daidaitawa fold, Kruskal-Wallis; biri N: χ2 = 8.09, p = 0.23; biri S χ2 = 3.18 , p = 0.67 - daidaitaccen dodo tsakanin correttis da corretti angle: N. .4, p = 0.2, biri S: r = 0.03, p = 0.76).Don haka, daidai da bayanan psychophysical na mutum, matsakaicin sakamako na canza kusurwa tsakanin grating shine motsi a cikin wuraren ƙaura, kuma ba ƙari ko raguwa a cikin hankali ga siginar rarrabawa ba.
A ƙarshe, ana ba da lada ba tare da izini ba tare da yuwuwar 0.5 a cikin gwaji tare da bambancin rubutun sifili.Idan duk birai sun san wannan keɓancewar bazuwar kuma sun sami damar bambance tsakanin sifili na rubutu da abubuwan motsa rai, za su iya haɓaka dabaru daban-daban don nau'ikan gwaji biyun.Abun lura guda biyu yana nuna cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba.Na farko, canza kusurwar grating yana da tasiri iri ɗaya akan ma'aunin ƙima da sifili (Fig. 2d da Ƙarin Hoto 1).Na biyu, ga birai biyu, zaɓin gwaji na bistable ba shi yiwuwa ya zama maimaita zaɓin sakamako na kwanan nan (na baya) (gwajin binomial, N birai: 0.52, z = 0.74, p = 0.22; S birai: 0.51, r = 0.9, p = 0.18).
A ƙarshe, halin birai a cikin aikin mu na rarraba yana ƙarƙashin kulawa mai kyau.Dogaro da hukunce-hukuncen fahimta akan alamar da girman alamomin rubutu, da kuma canje-canje a cikin PSE tare da kusurwar grating, suna nuna cewa birai sun ba da rahoton ra'ayi na zahiri game da daidaituwar motoci.A ƙarshe, martanin birai a cikin gwaje-gwajen sifili na rubutu ba su shafi tarihin ladan gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata ba kuma canje-canjen angular inter-raster sun yi tasiri sosai.Wannan yana nuna cewa birai suna ci gaba da ba da rahoton ra'ayoyinsu na zahiri game da tsarin shimfidar lattice a ƙarƙashin wannan muhimmin yanayin.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, jujjuyawar rubutun rubutu daga korau zuwa tabbatacce yana daidai da canjin fahimta na abubuwan motsa jiki daga m zuwa daidaituwa.Gabaɗaya, don tantanin halitta da aka ba, amsawar MT yana ƙara haɓaka ko raguwa yayin da bambancin rubutu ya canza daga korau zuwa tabbatacce, kuma jagorar wannan tasirin yawanci ya dogara da jagorancin motsi na ƙirar / ɓangaren.Misali, ana nuna madaidaicin daidaitawar kwayoyin MT guda biyu a cikin Hoto na 3 tare da martanin waɗannan sel zuwa gratings masu ƙunshe da ƙananan ko babban siginar rubutu mai daidaituwa ko bayyananne.Mun yi ƙoƙari ta wata hanya don mafi kyawun ƙididdige waɗannan martanin grid, waɗanda za su iya kasancewa da alaƙa da aikin birai na mu.
Makircin Polar na madaidaicin daidaitawar kwatance na wakilin biri MT cell S don mayar da martani ga jeri na sinusoidal guda ɗaya.Angle yana nuna alkiblar motsi na grating, girman yana nuna fitarwa, kuma mafificin hanyar tantanin halitta ya mamaye kusan 90° (sama) tare da alkiblar ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin hanyar ƙirar grating.b Histogram-lokaci mai ƙarfafawa na mako-mako (PSTH) na grid mai amsawa, an canza shi a cikin jagorar samfuri ta 90° (wanda aka nuna bisa tsari akan hagu) don tantanin halitta da aka nuna a cikin a.An jera martani ta hanyar nau'in alamar rubutu (haɗin kai / m - ɓangaren tsakiya / dama) da bambanci Michelson (alamar launi PSTH).Ƙoƙarin ƙwaƙƙwaran kawai ana nunawa ga kowane nau'in siginar ƙarancin bambance-bambancen da babban bambanci.Sel sun amsa mafi kyawu ga tsarin lattice masu hawa sama tare da bayyananniyar alamomin rubutu, kuma martanin waɗannan ƙirar ya ƙaru tare da ƙara bambancin rubutu.c, d sun kasance ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar na a da b, amma ga sel MT ban da biri S, fifikon da suka fi so ya kusan mamaye na grid mai nisa.Naúrar ta fi son gratings masu nisa zuwa ƙasa tare da alamomin rubutu iri ɗaya, kuma martani ga waɗannan ƙirar yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara bambancin rubutu.A cikin dukkan bangarori, wurin da aka shaded yana wakiltar daidaitaccen kuskuren ma'ana.Yayi magana.Spikes, dakika.na biyu.
Don bincika alakar da ke tsakanin daidaitawar shimfidar lattice (daidaitacce ko m) kamar yadda aka nuna ta siginar rubutun mu da ayyukan MT, mun fara komawa ga daidaitawa tsakanin sel don motsi mai daidaituwa (tabbatacciyar gangara) ko motsi na gaskiya (rauni mara kyau) ta koma baya.da aka ba don rarraba sel ta hanyar ƙimar amsa alamar idan aka kwatanta da bambanci (na dabam ga kowane jagorar yanayin).Misalan waɗannan lattice tuning cures daga wannan tantanin halitta a cikin hoto na 3 ana nuna su a hoto na 4a.Bayan rarrabuwa, mun yi amfani da binciken aikin mai karɓa (ROC) don ƙididdige hankalin kowane tantanin halitta don daidaita siginar rubutu (duba Hanyoyi).Ayyukan neurometric da aka samu ta wannan hanya za a iya kwatanta su kai tsaye tare da halaye na psychophysical na birai a cikin wannan zama don kwatanta kai tsaye da hankali na kwakwalwa na neurons zuwa lattice laushi.Mun yi nazarin gano siginar guda biyu don duk raka'a a cikin samfurin, ana ƙididdige fasalulluka daban-daban na neurometric ga kowane shugabanci na ƙirar (sake, sama ko ƙasa).Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa, don wannan bincike, mun haɗa da gwaji ne kawai wanda (i) abubuwan motsa jiki sun ƙunshi nau'in rubutu kuma (ii) birai sun amsa daidai da wannan alamar (watau, gwajin "daidai").
Ana ƙididdige ƙimar wuta da bambancin alamar rubutu, bi da bi, don gratings da ke motsawa sama (hagu) ko ƙasa (dama), madaidaiciyar layin yana wakiltar mafi kyawun juzu'in madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, kuma ana ɗaukar bayanan da ke cikin layi na sama (ƙasa) daga waɗanda aka nuna a cikin siffa.Shinkafa3a Cell, b (Hoto 3c, d).An yi amfani da fasalulluka na gangara na koma baya don sanya alamun rubutu da aka fi so (daidaituwa / m) ga kowane haɗuwar daidaitawar tantanin halitta/lattice (n ≥ 20 gwaji a kowane yanayin haɓakawa).Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitaccen karkatacciyar ma'ana.Ayyukan neurometric na raka'a da aka nuna a ba an kwatanta su tare da ayyukan tunani da aka tattara yayin wannan zaman.Yanzu, ga kowane fasalin, muna tsara zaɓin zaɓin kayan aikin da aka fi so (daidaita) (duba rubutu) azaman kashi na bambancin alamar rubutu (abscissa).An canza bambance-bambancen rubutu don abubuwan da aka fi so na kayan aiki suna da kyau kuma nassoshin kayan aiki mara kyau mara kyau.Ana nuna bayanan daga grid masu tsalle-tsalle na sama (ƙasa) a cikin sassan hagu (dama), a cikin layuka na sama (ƙananan) - bayanan daga sel da aka nuna a cikin hoto 3a,b (Fig. 3c,d).Ana nuna ma'auni na neurometric da kofa na psychometric (N/P) a kowane panel.Yayi magana.Spikes, dakika.sec, directory.shugabanci, lardi yafi so, psi.Psychometry, Neurology.
Lattice tuning curves da neurometric ayyuka na wakilai na MT guda biyu da ayyukansu masu alaƙa, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da waɗannan amsoshi, ana nuna su a saman da ƙasa na Hoto 4a,b, bi da bi.Waɗannan sel suna nuna kusan haɓaka ko raguwa yayin da alamar rubutu ke tafiya daga bayyane zuwa daidaituwa.Bugu da ƙari, shugabanci da ƙarfin wannan haɗin gwiwa ya dogara ne akan jagorancin motsi na lattice.A ƙarshe, ayyukan neurometric da aka ƙididdige su daga martanin waɗannan sel kawai sun kusanci (amma har yanzu ba su dace da) halayen halayen halayen halayen grid na unidirectional ba.Dukansu ayyukan neurometric da psychometric an taƙaita su tare da ƙofa, watau daidai da kusan kashi 84% na daidaitaccen zaɓin da aka zaɓa (daidai da ma'anar + 1 sd na aikin Gaussian da ya dace).A cikin dukan samfurin, N / P rabo, da rabo na neurometric bakin kofa zuwa psychometric daya, matsakaicin 12.4 ± 1.2 a biri N da 15.9 ± 1.8 a biri S, kuma ga lattice don matsawa a cikin akalla daya shugabanci, kawai A ~ 16% (18).%) raka'a daga biri N (biri S) (Hoto 5a).Daga misalin tantanin halitta da aka nuna a cikin adadi.Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Figures 3 da 4, ana iya shafar ji na neurons ta hanyar alaƙar da aka fi so na tantanin halitta da kuma jagorancin motsi na lattice da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwajen.Musamman, madaidaicin daidaitawa a cikin siffa 3a,c yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin saitin daidaitawar neuron na tsararren sinusoidal guda ɗaya da azancinsa ga motsin gaskiya/daidaitacce a cikin tsararrun rubutun mu. Wannan shi ne yanayin duka biyun birai (ANOVA; abubuwan da aka fi so na dangi tare da ƙudurin 10 °; biri N: F = 2.12, p <0.01; biri S: F = 2.01, p <0.01). Wannan shi ne yanayin duka biyun birai (ANOVA; abubuwan da aka fi so na dangi tare da ƙudurin 10 °; biri N: F = 2.12, p <0.01; biri S: F = 2.01, p <0.01). Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; я N: F = 2,12, p <0,01; обезьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Wannan shi ne yanayin duka biyun birai (ANOVA; kwatancen da aka fi so na dangi da aka haɗa a 10 ° ƙuduri; biri N: F=2.12, p<0.01; biri S: F=2.01, p<0.01) .两只猴子都是这种情况（方差分析；差分析；以10° 分辨率合并的相对首选方向；N級分（10 Bayani: F = 2.01, p <0.01）两 只 猴子 都 是 这 种 （方差 分析 以 以 10 ° 分辨率 合并 的 相对 方向 ： 2 f. 01; : f = 2.01, p <0.01…..) Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; 12, p <0,01; обезьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Wannan shi ne yanayin duka biyun birai (ANOVA; fifikon fifikon dangi wanda aka haɗa a ƙudurin 10°; biri N: F=2.12, p<0.01; biri S: F=2.01, p<0.01).Idan aka ba da babban matsayi na sauye-sauye a cikin ji na neuron (Fig. 5a), don ganin dogara da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a kan abubuwan da aka fi so, mun fara daidaita kowane tantanin halitta da aka fi so zuwa yanayin "mafi kyau" don motsi na tsarin grid (watau shugabanci).a cikin abin da grating ya samar da mafi ƙanƙanci tsakanin kusurwar tantanin halitta da aka fi so da kuma daidaitawar tsarin grating).Mun gano cewa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin neurons (kofa don "mafi muni" daidaitawar lattice / kofa don "mafi kyawun" daidaitawar lattice) ya bambanta tare da wannan daidaitawar da aka fi so, tare da kololuwa a cikin wannan matakin matakin da ke faruwa a kusa da alamu ko sassan sassan (Hoto 5b).)). Ba za a iya bayyana wannan tasirin ta hanyar nuna bambanci ba a cikin rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin raka'a a cikin kowane samfurin zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar plaid ko sassan sassan (Fig. 5c; gwajin Rayleigh; biri N: z = 8.33, p <10−3, madauwari ma'ana = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg; biri S: z4 = 0. (Ƙarin Hoto na 2). Ba za a iya bayyana wannan tasirin ta hanyar nuna bambanci ba a cikin rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin raka'a a cikin kowane samfurin zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar plaid ko sassan sassan (Fig. 5c; gwajin Rayleigh; biri N: z = 8.33, p <10−3, madauwari ma'ana = 190.13 deg ± 9.83 deg ± 9.83 deg ± 9.83 deg ± 9.83 deg ± 9.83 deg; biri S: 9.0 a fadin angle, p 0 = 5) s (Ƙarin Hoto na 2). Этот нельзя bыlo объяснить смещение пределения ого из клетчатых направлений или направлений компонентов (рис. 5в; критерий Рэлея; обезяна N: z = 8,30-3, p < ). Ba za a iya bayyana wannan tasirin ta hanyar motsi a cikin rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin raka'a a cikin kowane samfurin zuwa ɗaya daga cikin kwatancen da aka bincika ko sassan sassan (Fig. 5c; gwajin Rayleigh; biri N: z = 8.33, p <10-3)., madauwari ma'ana = 190.13 digiri ± 9.83 digiri;biri S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) kuma ya kasance iri ɗaya ga duk kusurwoyin grid plaid (Ƙarin Hoto 2).这种 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 中 ± ± 9.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 圆形 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值 = 7.83 度 平均值间光栅角 是 是致 的 (补充 图 2).效应 不 能 通过 每 样本 中解释 （图 图 图 瑞利 测试 ； 猴子 n ： z = 8.33 ， p <10-3形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形z Wannan shi ne karo na farko da za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin wani abu mai ban mamaki. ибо в сторону структуры решетки, либо в сторону одной из ориентаций компонтов (рис. 5в; кризать; 8 p. 10-3). Ba za a iya bayyana wannan tasirin ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa rarraba abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin sel a cikin kowane samfurin yana da ban sha'awa ko dai zuwa tsarin lattice ko kuma zuwa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka gyara (Fig. 5c; gwajin Rayleigh; biri N: z = 8.33, p <10-3)., matsakaicin madauwari) = 190.13 digiri ± 9.83 digiri;biri S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) kuma sun kasance daidai a cikin kusurwoyin lattice tsakanin grids (Ƙarin Hoto 2).Don haka, hankalin neurons zuwa grid ɗin rubutu ya dogara, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, akan mahimman kaddarorin MT tuning.
Ƙungiyar hagu tana nuna rarraba N / P rabo (neuron / psychophysiological bakin kofa);kowane tantanin halitta yana ba da maki biyu na bayanai, ɗaya don kowane shugabanci wanda tsarin ke motsawa.Ƙungiyar da ta dace tana tsara matakan psychophysical (ordinate) tare da matakan neuronal (abscissa) don duk raka'a a cikin samfurin.Bayanan da ke cikin layi na sama (kasa) sun fito ne daga biri N (S).b Ana ƙididdige ma'auni na daidaitattun ma'auni akan girman bambanci tsakanin ingantacciyar madaidaicin lattice da fifikon daidaitawar tantanin halitta.Hanyar "mafi kyau" an bayyana shi azaman jagorar tsarin grating (wanda aka auna tare da grating sinusoidal guda ɗaya) mafi kusa da jagorar tantanin halitta da aka fi so.An fara ɗaure bayanai ta hanyar daidaitawar da aka fi so (10° bins), sannan an daidaita ma'auni na ƙima zuwa matsakaicin ƙima da matsakaita a cikin kowane bin.Kwayoyin da aka fi so sun fi girma ko ƙarami fiye da daidaitawar abubuwan haɗin gwal suna da babban bambanci a hankali ga daidaitawar ƙirar lattice.c Histogram na ruwan hoda na fifikon rarraba yanayin daidaitawa na duk raka'o'in MT da aka rubuta a cikin kowane biri.
A ƙarshe, an daidaita martanin MT ta hanyar jagorancin motsin grating da cikakkun bayanai na siginar ɓangarorinmu (rubutun).Kwatanta na neuronal da hankali na psychophysical ya nuna cewa, gabaɗaya, raka'a na MT ba su da hankali sosai ga saɓanin siginar rubutu fiye da birai.Koyaya, hankalin neuron ya canza ya danganta da bambanci tsakanin yanayin da aka fi so na rukunin da kuma alkiblar motsin grid.Mafi mahimmancin sel sun kasance suna da abubuwan da ake so waɗanda suka kusan rufe tsarin lattice ko ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa, kuma ƙaramin ɓangaren samfuran mu sun kasance masu hankali ko kuma sun fi kulawa fiye da fahimtar birai game da bambance-bambance.Don sanin ko sigina daga waɗannan ƙarin raka'a masu mahimmanci sun fi alaƙa da tsinkaye a cikin birai, mun bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsinkaye da martanin jijiya.
Wani muhimmin mataki na kafa haɗin kai tsakanin ayyukan jijiyoyi da hali shine don kafa dangantaka tsakanin neurons da kuma amsa halin da ake ciki ga ci gaba da motsa jiki.Don danganta martanin jijiyoyi zuwa hukunce-hukuncen rarrabuwa, yana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar abin ƙarfafawa wanda, duk da kasancewarsa iri ɗaya, ana fahimtarsa ​​daban a cikin gwaji daban-daban.A cikin binciken da ake yi yanzu, ana wakilta wannan a sarari ta hanyar sifili mai ban sha'awa.Kodayake mun jaddada cewa, dangane da ayyukan tunani na dabbobi, gratings tare da ƙaramin (kasa da ~ 20%) bambancin rubutu yawanci ana la'akari da daidaituwa ko bayyananne.
Don ƙididdige iyakar abin da martanin MT ya yi daidai da rahotannin fahimta, mun yi nazarin yiwuwar zaɓi (CP) na bayanan grid ɗin mu (duba 3).A taƙaice, CP ma'auni ne wanda ba daidai ba, wanda ba daidai ba ne wanda ke ƙididdige alaƙar da ke tsakanin martani mai ƙarfi da hukunce-hukuncen fahimta30.Ƙuntata bincike zuwa gwaji ta amfani da grid tare da bambancin rubutu da sifili da zaman da birai suka yi aƙalla zaɓi biyar don kowane nau'in waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, mun ƙididdige SR daban don kowane jagorar motsi na grid. A cikin birai, mun lura da ma'anar CP mai mahimmanci fiye da yadda za mu yi tsammani ta hanyar kwatsam (Fig. 6a, d; biri N: ma'anar CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-gwajin mai gefe biyu a kan null of CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <biri: 5-9. 0.54, 0.57), t-gwajin mai gefe biyu, t = 9.4, p <10-13). A cikin birai, mun lura da ma'anar CP mai mahimmanci fiye da yadda za mu yi tsammani ta hanyar kwatsam (Fig. 6a, d; biri N: ma'anar CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-gwajin mai gefe biyu a kan null of CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <biri: 5-9. 0.54, 0.57), t-gwajin mai gefe biyu, t = 9.4, p <10-13) .A cikin birai, mun lura da ma'anar CP mai mahimmanci fiye da yadda ake tsammani (Fig. 6a, d; biri N: ma'anar CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-test mai wutsiya biyu vs. null dabi'u).CP = 0,5, t = 6,7, p <10-9; CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10-9; обезьяна S: среднее CP: 0,55, 95% ДИ: (0,54, 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10-13) . biri S: ma'ana CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), t-gwajin wutsiya biyu, t = 9.4, p <10-13).在猴子中。 .53,0.56），针对空值的双边t 检验CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9;猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.57) .4, p <10-13).在 猴子 中 ， 我们 观察 平均 平均 值 显着 大于0.54,95% Ci: 0.53,0.56） ， 空值 检验 CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10-9;猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边t检验, t=9.4, p <10-13) У обезьян мы наблюдали средние значения CP, значительно превышающие то на N: среднее CP: 0,54, 95% ДИ: (0,53, 0,56), da sauransu % ДИ: (0,54, 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10- 13) . A cikin birai, mun lura da ma'anar CP da kyau fiye da abin da za mu iya tsammani ta hanyar kwatsam (Fig. 6a, d; biri N: ma'anar CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-test CP vs. zero = 0.5, t = 6.7, p < biri: 5: 5% CI: 10-9. 54, 0.57), t- ma'auni mai wutsiya biyu, t = 9.4, p <10-13).Don haka, MT neurons sukan fi yin wuta da ƙarfi ko da in babu wasu fayyace rabe-rabe, lokacin da tunanin dabba game da motsin lattice ya dace da abubuwan da tantanin halitta ke so.
Rarraba yiwuwar zaɓi don grids ba tare da siginar rubutu ba don samfuran da aka rubuta daga biri N. Kowane tantanin halitta na iya ba da gudummawa har zuwa maki biyu na bayanai (ɗaya ga kowane jagorar motsi na grid).Ma'anar ƙimar CP sama da bazuwar (fararen kibiyoyi) yana nuna cewa gabaɗaya akwai muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin ayyukan MT da fahimta.b Don bincika tasirin kowane ra'ayi mai yuwuwar zaɓi, mun ƙididdige CP daban don duk wani abin ƙarfafawa wanda birai suka yi aƙalla kuskure ɗaya.An tsara yuwuwar zaɓin azaman aikin zaɓi na zaɓi (pref / null) don duk abubuwan motsa jiki (hagu) da cikakkiyar ƙimar alamar rubutu (dama, bayanai daga sel guda 120).Tsayayyen layi da yanki mai inuwa a cikin ɓangaren hagu yana wakiltar ma'anar ± sem na matsakaicin matsawa mai maki 20.Yiwuwar zaɓin da aka lissafta don ƙarfafawa tare da ƙimar zaɓi mara daidaituwa, kamar grid tare da babban siginar sigina, ya bambanta da yawa kuma an taru a kusa da yuwuwar.Yankin launin toka mai launin toka a cikin madaidaicin madaidaicin yana jaddada bambance-bambancen abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin lissafin yiwuwar zaɓi mai girma.c Yiwuwar babban zaɓi (ordinate) an ƙulla shi a kan bakin kofa na neuron (abscissa).Yiwuwar zaɓin ya kasance yana da alaƙa da mummunan alaƙa da bakin kofa.Yarjejeniyar df iri ɗaya ce da ac amma ta shafi bayanai guda 157 daga biri S sai dai idan an lura da su.g Yiwuwar zaɓi mafi girma (ordinate) an ƙulla shi a kan daidaitaccen jagorar da aka fi so (abscissa) ga kowane birai biyun.Kowane tantanin halitta MT ya ba da gudummawar maki bayanai guda biyu (ɗaya ga kowane shugabanci na tsarin lattice).h Manyan akwatin akwatin yuwuwar zaɓi ga kowane kusurwar raster.Layi mai ƙarfi yana nuna tsaka-tsaki, gefuna na ƙasa da na sama na akwatin suna wakiltar kashi 25th da 75th bi da bi, an tsawaita wukar zuwa sau 1.5 na kewayon tsaka-tsaki, kuma an lura da abubuwan da suka wuce wannan iyaka.Bayanan da ke gefen hagu (dama) sun fito ne daga ƙwayoyin biri guda 120 (157) guda N(S).i An ƙirƙira mafi girman yuwuwar zaɓi (ordinate) daidai lokacin da aka fara ƙara kuzari (abscissa).An ƙididdige babban CP a cikin rectangles masu zamewa (fadin 100 ms, mataki 10 ms) a cikin gwajin kuma sannan aka daidaita sama da raka'a.
Wasu binciken da suka gabata sun ba da rahoton cewa CP ya dogara da adadin adadin gwaji a cikin rarraba basal, ma'ana wannan ma'auni ba shi da aminci ga abubuwan da ke haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin rabo na kowane zaɓi.Don gwada wannan tasirin a cikin bayananmu, mun ƙididdige CP daban don duk abubuwan motsa jiki, ba tare da la'akari da bambancin rubutu ba, kuma birai sun yi aƙalla gwajin ƙarya ɗaya.An tsara CP akan zaɓin zaɓi (pref / null) ga kowace dabba a cikin Hoto 6b da e (bangaren hagu), bi da bi.Duban matsakaita masu motsi, a bayyane yake cewa CP ya kasance sama da yuwuwar akan ɗimbin dama na zaɓi, yana raguwa kawai lokacin da rashin daidaito ya faɗi (ƙara) ƙasa (sama) 0.2 (0.8).Dangane da halayen halayen dabbobi, za mu sa ran zaɓaɓɓun ƙididdiga na wannan girman don amfani kawai don abubuwan motsa jiki tare da madaidaicin rubutu (madaidaici ko bayyananne) (duba misalan fasalulluka a cikin siffa 2a, b).Don sanin ko wannan shine lamarin kuma ko babban PC ɗin ya ci gaba har ma don ƙarfafawa tare da bayyananniyar siginar ɓarna, mun bincika tasirin madaidaicin ƙimar bambancin rubutu akan PC (Fig. 6b, e-dama).Kamar yadda aka zata, CP ya kasance mafi girma fiye da yuwuwar abubuwan haɓakawa waɗanda ke ƙunshe da matsakaici (~ 20% bambanci ko ƙananan) alamomin yanki.
A cikin daidaitawa, saurin gudu, da ayyukan fitarwa na rashin daidaituwa, MT CP yana kula da zama mafi girma a cikin mafi yawan ƙwayoyin jijiya, mai yiwuwa saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗaukar mafi yawan sigina30,32,33,34.Daidai da waɗannan binciken mun lura da daidaito amma muhimmiyar alaƙa tsakanin babban CP, wanda aka ƙididdige shi daga ƙimar harbe-harbe-z a cikin bambance-bambancen rubutu da aka nuna a cikin mafi girman ɓangaren siffa.6b, e, da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Fig. 6c, f; ma'anar lissafin lissafi; biri N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 biri S: r = -0.18, p <10-3). 6b, e, da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Fig. 6c, f; ma'anar lissafin lissafi; biri N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 biri S: r = -0.18, p <10-3).Daidai da waɗannan binciken, mun lura da daidaituwa amma mahimmanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin babban CP wanda aka ƙididdige shi daga maɗaukaki na z-score daga siginar siginar rubutu wanda aka nuna a cikin mafi girman panel na Fig. 6b, e, da neuronal bakin kofa (Fig. 6c, f; geometric).geometric yana nufin koma baya;обезьяна N: r = -0,12, p = 0,07 обезьяна S: r = -0,18, p <10-3). biri N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 biri S: r = -0.18, p <10-3).与这些发现一致，我们观察到大CP 之间存在适度但显着的相关性。图6c,f；几何平均回归；猴子N：r = -0.12，p = 0.07 猴子S：r = -0.18,p <10-3）.与 些 发现 一致 ， 我们 到 大 大 之间 存在 适度 但元 阈值 （图 6c 、 f ； 回归 ； 猴子 n ： r = -0.12 ， p = 0.07 猴子S：r = -0.18-3 <10.Daidai da waɗannan binciken, mun lura da daidaituwa mai mahimmanci amma mahimmanci tsakanin manyan CVs kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 6b,e da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Figure 6c, f; ma'anar ma'anar geometric; biri N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07).Обезьяна S: г = -0,18, р <10-3). Biri S: r = -0.18, p <10-3).Don haka, alamu daga mafi yawan raka'o'in bayanai sun kasance suna nuna babban haɗin kai tare da hukunce-hukuncen rabe-rabe a cikin birai, wanda ke da mahimmanci ba tare da la'akari da duk wasu alamomin rubutu da aka ƙara zuwa son zuciya ba.
Ganin cewa a baya mun kafa dangantaka tsakanin hankali ga siginar rubutu na grid da kuma fifita yanayin neuronal, mun yi mamakin ko akwai irin wannan dangantaka tsakanin CP da fifikon fifiko (Fig. 6g).Wannan ƙungiyar ta ɗan yi mahimmanci a cikin biri S (ANOVA; biri N: 1.03, p=0.46; biri S: F=1.73, p=0.04).Ba mu lura da wani bambanci a cikin CP don kusurwoyi masu tsalle-tsalle tsakanin lattices a cikin kowane dabba (Fig. 6h; ANOVA; biri N: F = 1.8, p = 0.11; biri S: F = 0.32, p = 0. 9).
A ƙarshe, aikin da ya gabata ya nuna cewa CP ya canza a duk lokacin gwaji.Wasu nazarin sun ba da rahoton haɓaka mai kaifi wanda ya biyo bayan ingantaccen zaɓi mai sauƙi, 30 yayin da wasu sun ba da rahoton ci gaba da karuwa a cikin siginar zaɓi a yayin gwajin31.Ga kowane biri, mun ƙididdige CP na kowane raka'a a cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da bambancin rubutu na sifili (bi da bi, bisa ga ƙirar ƙira) a cikin sel 100 ms waɗanda ke tako kowane 20 ms daga farkon abin ƙarfafawa zuwa matsayi na ma'anar pre-stimulus.Matsakaicin yanayin CP na birai biyu an nuna shi a cikin siffa 6i.A cikin lokuta biyu, CP ya kasance a matakin bazuwar ko kusa da shi har zuwa kusan 500 ms bayan farawa na haɓakawa, bayan haka CP ya karu sosai.
Baya ga canza hankali, an nuna CP yana da tasiri ta wasu halaye na halayen daidaita tantanin halitta.Misali, Uka da DeAngelis34 sun gano cewa CP a cikin aikin tantance rashin daidaituwar binocular ya dogara da ma'auni na na'urar ta daidaita yanayin daidaita yanayin rashin daidaituwa na na'urar.A wannan yanayin, tambayar da ke da alaƙa ita ce ko sel masu zaɓin shugabanci (PDS) sun fi kulawa fiye da sel masu zaɓin shugabanci (CDS).Kwayoyin PDS sun ƙididdige juzu'i na ƙirar ƙira waɗanda ke ƙunshe da daidaitawar gida da yawa, yayin da ƙwayoyin CDS ke amsa motsin abubuwan haɗin kai (Fig. 7a).
wakilcin tsari na yanayin gyara abubuwan ƙara kuzari da ƙwanƙwasa tsinkaya (hagu) da ƙwanƙwasa daidaitawa (dama) (duba Kayan aiki da Hanyoyi).A takaice, idan tantanin halitta ya haɗu a cikin abubuwan grid don siginar motsin ƙira, mutum zai yi tsammanin yanayin daidaitawa iri ɗaya don grid da grid stimuli (shafi na ƙarshe, madaidaiciyar lanƙwasa).Akasin haka, idan tantanin halitta bai haɗa kwatance na abubuwan da ke cikin motsin siginar siginar ba, mutum zai yi tsammanin lanƙwan daidaitawa bipartite tare da kololuwa a kowane bangare na motsin grating wanda ke fassara sashi ɗaya zuwa alkiblar tantanin halitta (shafi na ƙarshe, lanƙwasa lanƙwasa)..b (hagu) masu lankwasa don daidaita ma'auni na tsarin sinusoidal don sel da aka nuna a cikin Figures 1 da 2. 3 da 4 (jeri na sama - sel a cikin Fig. 3a,b da 4a,b (saman); panel na kasa - sel na 3c, d da 4a, b (kasa)).(Tsakiya) Tsari da tsinkayar ɓangarorin da aka ƙididdige su daga bayanan martaba na kunna lattice.(Dama) Daidaita grid na waɗannan sel.Kwayoyin na saman (kasa) an rarraba su azaman samfuri (bangaren) sel.Lura cewa babu wani wasiƙa ɗaya-ɗaya tsakanin rarrabuwa na abubuwan ƙirar ƙira da abubuwan da ake so don motsin tantanin halitta masu daidaituwa / m (duba martanin lattice na rubutu don waɗannan sel a cikin siffa. 4a).c Coefficient na ɓangaren daidaitawa na yanayin z-score (ordinate) da aka ƙulla da maƙasudin daidaitawa na ɓangaren ɓangaren z-score (abscissa) don duk ƙwayoyin da aka rubuta a cikin N (hagu) da S (dama) birai.Layuka masu kauri suna nuna ma'aunin mahimmancin da aka yi amfani da shi don rarraba sel.d Plot na babban zaɓin yuwuwar (daidaitawa) tare da fihirisar yanayi (Zp – Zc) (abscissa).Bayanan da ke gefen hagu (dama) suna nufin N(S na biri).Baƙar fata suna nuna bayanai a cikin kusan raka'a.A cikin duka dabbobin biyu, an sami alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin babban zaɓin yuwuwar da ƙididdiga ƙididdiga, yana ba da shawarar kyakkyawar alaƙar fahimta ga sel tare da daidaitawar siginar sigina a cikin kuzari tare da daidaitawar sassa da yawa.
Sabili da haka, a cikin saitin gwaji daban, mun auna martani ga grid sinusoidal da grids don rarraba neurons a cikin samfuran mu azaman PDS ko CDS (duba Hanyoyi).Lattice tuning masu lanƙwasa, tsinkayar ɓangaren samfuri da aka gina daga wannan bayanan kunnawa, da kuma lattice tuning curves don sel da aka nuna a Figures 1 da 3. Figures 3 da 4 da Ƙarin Hoto 3 ana nuna su a cikin Hoto na 7b.Rarraba tsari da zaɓin abubuwan da aka fi so, da kuma fifikon yanayin tantanin halitta a kowane nau'i, ana nuna su ga kowane biri a cikin siffa. 7c da ƙarin fig.4 bi da bi.
Don tantance dogaro da CP akan gyaran abubuwan da aka gyara, mun fara ƙididdige ma'aunin ƙirar 35 (PI), mafi girma (ƙananan) ƙimar waɗanda ke nuna girman PDS (CDS) irin wannan hali.Idan aka ba da nunin da ke sama cewa: (i) hankalin neuronal ya bambanta tare da bambanci tsakanin fifikon salon salula da kuma jagorancin motsi na motsa jiki, kuma (ii) akwai dangantaka mai mahimmanci tsakanin ƙwarewar neuronal da yiwuwar zaɓi a cikin samfurin mu, mun sami dangantaka tsakanin PI kuma an yi nazarin CP duka don "mafi kyawun" jagorancin motsi na kowane tantanin halitta (duba sama). Mun gano cewa CP yana da alaƙa da mahimmanci tare da PI (Fig. 7d; geometric mean regression; grand CP biri N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bi-stable CP biri N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; babban CP biri S: r = 0.30, - 4 CP; 10 Stable; 10 Stable. 10-3), yana nuna cewa sel waɗanda aka rarraba azaman PDS sun nuna babban aiki mai alaƙa da zaɓi fiye da CDS da ƙwayoyin da ba a tantance su ba. Mun gano cewa CP yana da alaƙa da mahimmanci tare da PI (Fig. 7d; geometric mean regression; grand CP biri N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bi-stable CP biri N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; babban CP biri S: r = 0.30, - 4 CP; 10 Stable; 10 Stable. 10-3), yana nuna cewa sel waɗanda aka rarraba azaman PDS sun nuna babban aiki mai alaƙa da zaɓi fiye da CDS da ƙwayoyin da ba a tantance su ba. Мы обнаружили, что CP значительно корррелирует с PI ( 7d ; , p <0,01; бистабильная обезьяна CP N r = 0,21, p = 0,013; большая обезьяна CP S: r = 0,30, p <10-4; 10-3). и неклассифицированные klетки. Mun gano cewa CP yana da alaƙa da mahimmanci tare da PI (Hoto 7d; ma'anar lissafin lissafi; babban biri CP N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bistable biri CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; babban biri CP S: r = 0.30, p <0.9 bir bir) 0-3), yana nuna cewa sel da aka rarraba azaman PDS sun nuna ƙarin aiki, hade da zaɓi fiye da CDS da ƙwayoyin da ba a tantance su ba.我们发现CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d；几何平均回归；大CP 猴N：r = 0.23，p < 0.01； .013.胞表现出更大的选择相关活性。 CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d；几何平均回归；大CP猴N：r = 0.23, p <0.01；双稳态CP ，；双稳态CP ，；双稳态CP ，；双稳态CP ，；双稳态CP .0 Мы обнаружили, что CP был значительно связан с PI ( 7d ; p <0,01; бистабильная обезьяна CP N r = 0,21, p = 0,013; большая обезьяна CP S: r = 0,013) 0,30, p <10-4; Mun gano cewa CP yana da alaƙa da mahimmanci tare da PI (Hoto 7d; ma'anar lissafin lissafi; babban biri CP N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bistable biri CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; babban biri CP S: r = 0.013, p; 4-0.30). бистабильный CP обезьяны S: r = 0,29, p <10-3), что указывает на то. селекционную активность, чем клетки, классифицированные как CDS da неклассифицированные. biri S bistable CP: r = 0.29, p <10-3), yana nuni da cewa sel da aka ware a matsayin PDS sun baje kolin ayyuka mafi girma fiye da sel waɗanda aka keɓe a matsayin CDS da waɗanda ba a tantance su ba.Saboda duka PI da neuron hankali suna da alaƙa tare da CP, mun yi nazari mai yawa na regression (tare da PI da neuron hankali a matsayin masu canji masu zaman kansu da kuma babban CP a matsayin mai dogara) don yin watsi da daidaituwa tsakanin matakan biyu da ke haifar da yiwuwar tasiri.. Dukansu ma'auni na haɗin kai biyu sun kasance masu mahimmanci (biri N: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p <0.01; biri S: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, CP, p = 0.03, 0.03, p = 0.03, 0.03. CP yana ƙaruwa tare da hankali kuma a cikin yanayin zaman kanta yana ƙaruwa tare da PI. Dukansu ma'auni na haɗin kai biyu sun kasance masu mahimmanci (biri N: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p <0.01; biri S: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, CP, p = 0.03, 0.03, p = 0.03, 0.03. CP yana ƙaruwa tare da hankali kuma a cikin yanayin zaman kanta yana ƙaruwa tare da PI. Оба частныh коэффициента kорреляции были znachymymy ( N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, 3: 0,04, PI, 0,04, PI, 0,04, PI, 0,04, PI, 0,04, 3. ; обезьяна S: порог против CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03, PI vs CP: 0,29, p <10-3) висимым образом увеличивается с PI. Dukansu ma'auni na haɗin kai biyu sun kasance masu mahimmanci (biri N: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; biri S: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03, 0.03, CP-03, 0.03, p = 0.03, p = 0.03, p = 0.03, p = 0.03, p = 0.03, p = 0.03. haɓakawa kuma yana ƙaruwa da kansa tare da PI.两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP：r = -0.13，p = 0.04，PI 与CP：r = 0.23，p <0.01 ：r = -0.16， p = 0.03，PI vs CP：0.29，p <10-3），表明CP两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP：r = -0.13，p = 0.04，PI = 0.03，PI vs CP：0.29，p <10CP Оба частныh коэффициента kорреляции были znachymymy ( N: порог против CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, 3: 0,04, PI, 0,04, PI, 0,04, PI, 0,04, PI, 0,04, 3. ; обезьяна S: порог против CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03 ьностью и увеличивалась с PI независимым образом. Dukansu ma'auni na haɗin kai biyu sun kasance masu mahimmanci (biri N: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; biri S: bakin kofa vs. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03: 0.03 p = 0.03, PI tare da CP-0. sitivity kuma ya karu tare da PI a cikin tsari mai zaman kansa.
Mun yi rikodin ayyuka guda ɗaya a cikin yankin MT, kuma birai sun ba da rahoton ra'ayinsu game da tsarin da zai iya bayyana a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu daidaituwa ko bayyananne.Hankalin neurons zuwa alamomin rarrabuwa da aka ƙara zuwa hasashe na son zuciya ya bambanta sosai kuma an ƙaddara shi, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, ta dangantakar da ke tsakanin fifikon sashin da aka fi so da kuma alkiblar motsi.A cikin duka yawan jama'a, hankalin neuronal ya kasance ƙasa da hankali fiye da hankali na psychophysical, kodayake mafi yawan raka'o'in da suka dace ko sun zarce halayen halayen ga siginar rarraba.Bugu da ƙari, akwai mahimmin haɗin kai tsakanin mitar harbe-harbe da tsinkaye, yana nuna cewa siginar MT yana taka rawa a cikin rarrabuwa.Kwayoyin da aka fi so sun inganta hankalinsu ga bambance-bambance a cikin siginar rabuwar lattice kuma suna nuna alamar motsi na duniya a cikin abubuwan motsa jiki tare da daidaitawar gida da yawa, yana nuna mafi girman alaƙar fahimta.Anan zamuyi la'akari da wasu matsaloli masu yuwuwa kafin kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon da aikin da ya gabata.
Babbar matsala tare da bincike ta amfani da abubuwan motsa jiki a cikin ƙirar dabba shine cewa amsawar hali bazai dogara da girman sha'awa ba.Misali, birai namu na iya bayar da rahoton ra'ayinsu game da daidaiton rubutu ba tare da fahimtar haɗin kai ba.Bangarorin biyu na bayanan sun nuna cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba.Na farko, daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata, sauya kusurwar daidaitawar dangi na abubuwan da ke raba tsararrun abubuwan da aka tsara sun canza yuwuwar fahimtar juna.Abu na biyu, a matsakaita, tasirin iri ɗaya ne ga alamu waɗanda ke ƙunshe da siginar rubutu.Idan aka haɗu, waɗannan abubuwan lura suna ba da shawarar cewa martanin biri koyaushe yana nuna ra'ayinsu game da haɗin kai / bayyananne.
Wata babbar matsala ita ce ba mu inganta sigogin motsi na grating don takamaiman halin da ake ciki ba.A cikin ayyuka da yawa da suka gabata waɗanda ke kwatanta hankali na neuronal da psychophysical, an zaɓi abubuwan motsa jiki daban-daban don kowace rukunin rajista [31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45].Anan mun yi amfani da kwatance guda biyu na motsi na ƙirar lattice ko da kuwa daidaitawar kowane tantanin halitta.Wannan zane ya ba mu damar yin nazarin yadda hankali ya canza tare da haɗuwa tsakanin motsi na lattice da kuma fifikon da aka fi so, duk da haka, bai samar da tushen fifiko don ƙayyade ko sel sun fi son lattices masu daidaituwa ko m.Don haka, muna dogara da ƙa'idodi masu ma'ana, ta amfani da martanin kowane tantanin halitta zuwa ragar rubutu, don sanya fifiko da alamun sifili ga kowane nau'in motsin raga.Ko da yake ba zai yuwu ba, wannan na iya karkatar da sakamakon binciken mu na hankali da gano siginar CP, mai yuwuwar wuce gona da iri.Duk da haka, abubuwa da yawa na bincike da bayanan da aka tattauna a kasa sun nuna cewa wannan ba haka ba ne.
Na farko, sanya sunayen da aka fi so (marasa) ga abubuwan motsa rai waɗanda suka haifar da ƙarin ayyuka (ƙasa) bai shafi bambancin waɗannan rabe-raben amsa ba.Maimakon haka, kawai yana tabbatar da cewa ayyukan neurometric da psychometric suna da alamar iri ɗaya, don haka ana iya kwatanta su kai tsaye.Na biyu, martanin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige CP (gwajin "ba daidai ba" don gratings da aka rubuta da duk gwaje-gwaje don gratings ba tare da bambancin rubutu ba) ba a haɗa su a cikin bincike na sake dawowa wanda ya ƙayyade ko kowane tantanin halitta "ya fi son" haɗawa ko wasanni na gaskiya.Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa tasirin zaɓin ba ya karkata zuwa ga fitattun zaɓuka/marasa inganci, yana haifar da gagarumin yuwuwar zaɓi.
Nazarin Newsom da takwarorinsa [36, 39, 46, 47] sune na farko da suka tantance matsayin MT a cikin madaidaicin ƙima na jagorancin motsi.Rahotannin da suka biyo baya sun tattara bayanai game da shiga MT a cikin zurfin34,44,48,49,50,51 da sauri32,52, daidaitawa mai kyau33 da fahimtar tsarin 3D daga motsi31,53,54 (3D dorewar gandun daji).a mulki).Muna fadada waɗannan sakamakon ta hanyoyi biyu masu mahimmanci.Na farko, muna ba da shaida cewa martanin MT yana ba da gudummawa ga tsinkayen siginar visuomotor.Na biyu, mun lura da dangantaka tsakanin zaɓin daidaitawar yanayin MT da wannan siginar zaɓi.
Ainihin, sakamakon yanzu sun fi kama da aikin akan 3-D SFM, kamar yadda duka biyun ra'ayi ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya shafi motsi da umarni mai zurfi.Dodd et al.31 ya sami babban yiwuwar zaɓi (0.67) a cikin aikin birai yana ba da rahoton jujjuyawar juzu'i na silinda 3D SFM na bistable.Mun sami sakamako mafi ƙarancin zaɓi don abubuwan motsa jiki na grid (kimanin 0.55 na birai biyu).Tun da kima na CP ya dogara da zaɓin zaɓi, yana da wuya a fassara CP da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban a cikin ayyuka daban-daban.Koyaya, girman tasirin zaɓin da muka lura ɗaya ne don sifili da ƙarancin rubutu a haɗe, da kuma lokacin da muka bambanta karfafawa.Saboda haka, wannan bambanci a cikin CP ba shi yiwuwa ya kasance saboda bambance-bambance a cikin ƙimar zaɓi tsakanin bayanan bayanai.
Canje-canje masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin ƙimar harbe-harbe na MT waɗanda ke rakiyar hasashe a cikin lamarin na ƙarshe yana da ban mamaki idan aka kwatanta da matsanancin yanayi daban-daban na fahimta da aka jawo ta hanyar ƙarfafawar 3-D SFM da tsarin grid.Ɗaya daga cikin yuwuwar ita ce mun ƙididdige tasirin zaɓi ta hanyar ƙididdige adadin harbe-harbe a duk tsawon lokacin abin ƙarfafawa.Ya bambanta da yanayin 31 3-D SFM, inda bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan MT ya haɓaka a kusa da 250 ms a cikin gwaji sannan kuma ya karu a hankali a cikin gwaje-gwajen, binciken mu na yanayin lokaci na siginar zaɓi (duba 500 ms bayan ƙaddamarwa a cikin birai biyu. Bugu da ƙari , bayan da ya tashi sosai a lokacin wannan lokaci, mun lura da rahoton da aka samu a lokacin CPtu. Na bistable rectangular arrays sau da yawa canje-canje a lokacin dogon gwaji.Ko da yake mu stimuli an gabatar da 1.5 seconds kawai, mu birai' hasashe kuma iya bambanta daga daidaituwa zuwa bayyana gaskiya a lokacin gwaji (amsar da su ya nuna na karshe hasashe a cue selection.) Saboda haka, wani dauki lokaci version na mu, ko shirin a cikin abin da birai na iya ci gaba da ba da rahoton da zai iya zama daban-daban da ra'ayi a cikin MT. Ko da yake an dade ana tunanin cewa siginar CPU ta haifar da rarrabuwar hankali da hayaniyar da ke da alaƙa, 56 Gu da abokan aiki57 sun gano cewa a cikin ƙirar ƙira, dabarun haɗawa daban-daban, maimakon matakan daidaitawa, na iya yin bayanin CPU mafi kyau a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na dorsal-mafi girma na wucin gadi neurons.Takaddun shaida na canza canjin takardar (MSTd).Ƙananan tasirin zaɓin da muka gani a cikin MT mai yiwuwa yana nuna tarin tarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don haifar da hasashe na haɗin kai ko bayyana gaskiya.A kowane hali inda za a haɗa alamomin motsi na gida zuwa abubuwa ɗaya ko biyu (bistable gratings) ko keɓantattun abubuwan gama gari (3-D SFM), shaida mai zaman kanta cewa martanin MT yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da hukunce-hukuncen fahimta, akwai martanin MT masu ƙarfi.an ba da shawarar yin taka rawa a cikin rarraba hadaddun hotuna zuwa wurare masu yawa ta amfani da bayanan motsi na gani.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, mu ne farkon wanda ya ba da rahoton wata ƙungiya tsakanin ayyukan salula na MT da fahimta.Kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin ainihin ƙirar matakai biyu ta Movshon da abokan aiki, sashin yanayin shine matakin fitarwa na MT.Duk da haka, aikin kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yanayi da sel sel suna wakiltar ƙarshen mabambanta na ci gaba kuma bambance-bambancen ma'auni a cikin tsarin filin karɓa suna da alhakin daidaita bakan yanayin yanayin.Sabili da haka, mun sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin CP da PI, kama da alakar da ke tsakanin daidaita daidaitattun daidaiton binocular da CP a cikin aikin ganewa mai zurfi ko saitin saitin daidaitawa a cikin kyakkyawan aikin nuna wariya.Dangantaka tsakanin takardu da CP 33 .Wang da Movshon62 sun binciki adadi mai yawa na sel tare da zaɓin daidaitawa na MT kuma sun gano cewa, a matsakaita, ana haɗa ma'aunin yanayin tare da yawancin kayan daidaitawa, yana nuna cewa zaɓin yanayin yana wanzuwa a cikin sauran nau'ikan sigina da yawa waɗanda za'a iya karantawa daga yawan MT..Sabili da haka, don nazarin gaba game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan MT da tsinkaye na zahiri, zai zama mahimmanci don sanin ko ƙirar ƙirar ta dace daidai da sauran ayyuka da siginar zaɓi mai kuzari, ko kuma wannan dangantakar ta keɓanta da yanayin rarrabuwar fahimta.
Hakazalika, Nienborg da Cumming 42 sun gano cewa ko da yake sel na kusa da nisa waɗanda aka zaɓa don rashin daidaituwa na binocular a cikin V2 sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin zurfin aikin wariya, kawai yawan adadin tantanin halitta na kusa sun nuna CP mai mahimmanci.Koyaya, sake horar da birai zuwa bambance-bambancen nauyi na nisa na fifita ya haifar da mahimman CPs a cikin mafi kyawun keji.Sauran nazarin kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa tarihin horarwa ya dogara ne da alaƙar fahimta34,40,63 ko alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan MT da nuna bambanci48.Dangantakar da muka lura tsakanin CP da zaɓin shugabanci na iya nuna takamaiman dabarar da birai suka yi amfani da su don magance matsalarmu, kuma ba takamaiman rawar da siginonin zaɓin yanayin ke hasashe-motar gani ba.A cikin aiki na gaba, zai zama mahimmanci don tantance ko tarihin koyo yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tantance waɗanne siginar MT ɗin suka fi nauyi da sassauƙa don yanke hukunce-hukuncen yanki.
Stoner da abokan aiki14,23 sune farkon waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa canza haske na yankunan grid masu ruɗewa da tsinkaya ya shafi daidaituwa da daidaiton rahotannin masu lura da ɗan adam da daidaitawar jagora a cikin macaque MT neurons.Marubutan sun gano cewa lokacin da hasken yankunan da suka mamaye suka yi daidai da bayyana gaskiya a zahiri, masu lura da al'amura sun ba da rahoton karin haske, yayin da MT neurons ke nuna motsi na abubuwan raster.Sabanin haka, lokacin da haske mai cike da ruɗewa da ruɗewar bayyanannu ba su dace da jiki ba, mai kallo yana fahimtar motsi mai daidaituwa, kuma MT neurons suna nuna motsin tsarin duniya.Don haka, waɗannan karatun sun nuna cewa canje-canjen jiki a cikin abubuwan motsa jiki na gani waɗanda ke dogaro da tasirin rahotannin ɓarna kuma suna haifar da canje-canjen tsinkaya a cikin tashin hankali na MT.Aiki na baya-bayan nan a wannan yanki ya bincika wanda siginonin MT ke bibiyar bayyanar fahimi na hadaddun kuzari18,24,64.Misali, an nuna wani yanki na MT neurons don nuna daidaitawar bimodal zuwa taswirar motsi bazuwar (RDK) tare da kwatance biyu waɗanda ba su da tazara fiye da RDK na unidirectional.Bandwidth na gyaran wayar salula 19, 25 .Masu lura koyaushe suna ganin tsarin farko a matsayin motsi na gaskiya, kodayake yawancin MT neurons suna ba da gyare-gyare na bai ɗaya don amsa waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa, kuma matsakaicin matsakaici na dukkan ƙwayoyin MT yana ba da amsawar jama'a iri ɗaya.Don haka, wani yanki na sel da ke nuna daidaitawar bimodal na iya haifar da jijiyar jijiya don wannan fahimta.Abin sha'awa, a cikin marmosets, wannan yawan jama'a sun yi daidai da sel na PDS lokacin da aka gwada su ta amfani da grid na al'ada da grid.
Sakamakonmu ya wuce mataki ɗaya fiye da na sama, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don kafa rawar MT a cikin rarrabuwar fahimta.A haƙiƙa, rarrabuwa al'amari ne na zahiri.Yawancin nunin gani na polystable suna nuna ikon tsarin gani don tsarawa da fassara abubuwan dagewa ta hanya fiye da ɗaya.A lokaci guda tattara martanin jijiyoyi da rahotannin fahimta a cikin bincikenmu ya ba mu damar bincika haɗin kai tsakanin ƙimar harbe-harbe na MT da fassarori na tsinkaye na ci gaba.Bayan da aka nuna wannan dangantaka, mun yarda cewa ba a kafa jagorancin dalili ba, wato, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje don sanin ko siginar ra'ayi na tsinkayen da muke gani shine, kamar yadda wasu ke jayayya [65, 66, 67], atomatik.Tsarin yana sake wakiltar sigina masu saukowa da ke dawowa zuwa cortex na hankali daga wurare mafi girma 68, 69, 70 (Fig. 8).Rahotanni na mafi girman rabo na sel masu zaɓe a cikin MSTd71, ɗaya daga cikin manyan maƙasudin cortical na MT, suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙaddamar da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen don haɗawa da rikodin lokaci guda na MT da MSTd zai zama kyakkyawan mataki na farko don ƙarin fahimtar hanyoyin jijiya na fahimta.rabuwa.
Samfurin mataki-biyu na zaɓin ɓangaren da yanayin daidaitawa da yuwuwar tasirin amsa sama-sama akan ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da zaɓi a cikin fassarar injin.Anan, zaɓin shugabanci na yanayi (PDS - “P”) a cikin matakin MT an ƙirƙira shi ta (i) babban samfurin bayanan shigar da aka zaɓa wanda ya yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun saurin yanayin, da (ii) ƙaƙƙarfan hana kunna kunnawa.Sashin zaɓin shugabanci (CDS) na matakin MT (“C”) yana da ƙunƙuntaccen kewayon samfura a cikin hanyar shigar da bayanai kuma ba shi da yawan murƙushewa.Hani da ba a daidaita ba yana ba da iko akan yawan jama'a biyu.Kibau masu launin suna nuna fifikon na'urar da aka fi so.Don bayyanawa, ɓangarorin haɗin haɗin V1-MT kawai da yanayin sashi ɗaya da akwatin zaɓin daidaitawa ana nunawa.A cikin mahallin fassarar sakamakon ciyarwar mu (FF), mafi girman saitin shigarwa da hanawa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (wanda aka haskaka a cikin ja) a cikin sel na PDS sun haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin aiki don mayar da martani ga tsarin motsi da yawa.A cikin matsalar rabuwarmu, wannan rukunin yana haifar da sarƙoƙin yanke shawara da karkatar da fahimta.Sabanin haka, game da ra'ayi (FB), ana haifar da yanke shawara na tsinkaye a cikin da'irori na sama ta hanyar bayanan azanci da rashin fahimta, kuma mafi girman tasirin FB a kan sel PDS (layi mai kauri) yana haifar da siginar zaɓi.b Misalin tsari na madadin samfuran CDS da na'urorin PDS.Anan siginar PDS a cikin MT ba wai kawai ta hanyar shigar da V1 kai tsaye ba ne, har ma ta hanyar shigar da kai tsaye ta hanyar V1-V2-MT.Ana daidaita hanyoyin kai tsaye na ƙirar don ba da zaɓi ga iyakoki na rubutu (wuraren da ke mamaye grid).Tsarin MT Layer CDS yana yin jimlar bayanai masu nauyi kai tsaye da kai tsaye kuma yana aika fitarwa zuwa tsarin PDS.Ana sarrafa PDS ta hanyar hana gasa.Bugu da ƙari, kawai waɗannan haɗin gwiwar an nuna su waɗanda suka zama dole don zana ainihin gine-ginen samfurin.Anan, wani tsarin FF na daban fiye da wanda aka tsara a cikin wani zai iya haifar da babban canji a cikin martanin lattice na salula zuwa PDS, kuma yana haifar da son zuciya a cikin tsarin yanke shawara.A madadin, mafi girma CP a cikin sel PDS na iya kasancewa sakamakon son zuciya a cikin ƙarfi ko ingancin abin da aka makala FB zuwa ƙwayoyin PDS.Shaidar tana goyan bayan samfuran MT PDS matakai biyu da uku da fassarorin CP FF da FB.
An yi amfani da macaques manya guda biyu (macaca mulatta), namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya (shekaru 7 da 5), ​​masu nauyin kilogiram 4.5 zuwa 9.0, a matsayin abubuwan nazari.Kafin duk gwaje-gwajen tiyata mara kyau, an dasa dabbobi tare da ɗakin rikodi na al'ada don na'urorin lantarki na tsaye da ke gabatowa yankin MT, madaidaicin madaidaicin karfe (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD), da matsayin ido tare da ma'aunin bincike na scleral.(Cooner Wire, San Diego, California).Duk ka'idoji sun bi ka'idodin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) da Jagororin Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH) don Kula da Dan Adam da Amfani da Dabbobin Laboratory kuma Jami'ar Chicago Cibiyar Kula da Dabbobi da Kwamitin Amfani (IAUKC) ta amince da su.
An gabatar da duk abubuwan da za a iya gani a cikin buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido tare da bangon baki ko launin toka.A yayin yin rikodi, an daidaita matsayi da diamita na wannan rami daidai da filin karɓuwa na gargajiya na neurons a tip ɗin lantarki.Mun yi amfani da manyan nau'o'i biyu na abubuwan motsa jiki na gani: abubuwan motsa jiki na psychometric da kunna motsa jiki.
Ƙarfafawa na psychometric shine tsarin grating (20 cd/m2, 50% bambanci, 50% aikin sake zagayowar, 5 digiri / sec) wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar ƙaddamar da gratings guda biyu na rectangular suna karkatar da su zuwa wata hanya madaidaiciya zuwa ga jagoransu (Fig. 1b).An nuna a baya cewa masu lura da ɗan adam suna ganin waɗannan sifofin grid a matsayin abubuwan motsa jiki, wani lokaci a matsayin tsari guda ɗaya wanda ke motsawa a hanya ɗaya (motsi mai daidaituwa) wani lokaci kuma a matsayin filaye daban-daban suna motsawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban (motsi na zahiri).aka gyara na lattice juna, daidaitacce symmetrically - kwana tsakanin lattices ne daga 95 ° zuwa 130 ° (zana daga saitin: 95 °, 100 °, 105 °, 115 °, 120 °, 125 °, 130 ° °, ko'ina cikin zaman kadaici kwana neurons, amma mun kasance ba a cikin physiotherapy a nan). ko 270° (daidaitaccen tsari).A kowane zaman, an yi amfani da kusurwa ɗaya kawai na lattice interlattice;yayin kowane zama, an zaɓi daidaitawar tsarin kowane gwaji ba da gangan ba daga yuwuwar biyu.
Don ɓata fahimtar grid da kuma samar da ingantaccen tushe don lada don aiki, muna gabatar da zane-zanen bazuwar a cikin mashigin haske mataki na 72 na kowane ɓangaren grid.Ana samun wannan ta ƙarawa ko raguwa (ta ƙayyadaddun adadin) haske na rukunin pixels da aka zaɓa ba da gangan (Fig. 1c).Jagoran motsin rubutu yana ba da sigina mai ƙarfi wanda ke canza ra'ayin mai kallo zuwa motsi mai daidaituwa ko gaskiya (Fig. 1c).A karkashin yanayi mai daidaituwa, duk yanayin rubutu, ba tare da wane irin kayan aikin texture ba, an fassara shi a kan hanyar tsarin (Fig., Mai ɗaukakawa).A cikin madaidaicin yanayi, rubutun yana motsawa daidai da jagorancin grating ɗin da yake rufe (Fig. 1c, m) (Ƙarin Fim na 1).Don sarrafa sarƙaƙƙiya na ɗawainiya, a yawancin zaman bambance-bambancen Michelson (Lmax-Lmin/Lmax + Lmin) na wannan alamar rubutu ya bambanta daga saitin (-80, -40, -20, -10, -5, 0, 5)., 10, 20, 40, 80).An bayyana bambance-bambance a matsayin haske na dangi na raster (don haka ƙimar bambanci na 80% zai haifar da rubutu na 36 ko 6 cd/m2).Don zaman 6 a cikin biri N da 5 zaman a cikin biri S, mun yi amfani da kunkuntar jeri na rubutu (-30, -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30), inda halayen psychophysical suna bin tsari iri ɗaya kamar cikakken bambanci, amma ba tare da saturation ba.
Tuning stimuli ne sinusoidal grids (kwatancin 50%, 1 sake zagayowar / digiri, 5 digiri / sec) motsi a cikin daya daga 16 daidai sarari kwatance, ko sinusoidal grids motsi a cikin wadannan kwatance (kunshi biyu kishiyar 135° kusurwoyi superimsed sinusoidal gratings a saman juna).a cikin wannan shugabanci na abin kwaikwaya.