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Kwanan nan, an ɓullo da wani dandamali na rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta mara sinadarai dangane da nanotechnology ta amfani da nanostructures na ruwa na wucin gadi (EWNS). EWNS suna da babban cajin saman ƙasa kuma suna da wadataccen nau'in iskar oxygen mai aiki (ROS) waɗanda zasu iya hulɗa tare da kashe ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci. Anan an nuna cewa kadarorin su yayin haɗakarwa za a iya daidaita su da kyau da kuma inganta su don ƙara haɓaka yuwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. An tsara dandalin dakin gwaje-gwaje na EWNS don daidaita kaddarorin EWNS ta hanyar canza sigogin kira. Halayen kaddarorin EWNS (caji, girman, da abun ciki na ROS) an yi su ta amfani da hanyoyin nazari na zamani. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan ƙwayoyin abinci irin su Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Mycobacterium para fortitum, da Saccharomyces cerevisiae an lullube su a saman tumatur na inabi don kimanta yiwuwar rashin aiki na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan ya nuna cewa ana iya daidaita kaddarorin EWNS a lokacin haɗawa, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar rashin aiki. Musamman, cajin saman ya karu da kashi hudu, kuma abun ciki na ROS ya karu. Adadin kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta ya dogara da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya kasance daga 1.0 zuwa 3.8 log bayan mintuna 45 na fallasa zuwa kashi 40,000 na aerosol na 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS.
Gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta shine babban abin da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar abinci wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ko gubarsu. Cutar da ke haifar da abinci tana ɗaukar kusan cututtuka miliyan 76, asibitoci 325,000, da mutuwar 5,000 kowace shekara a cikin Amurka kaɗai1. Bugu da kari, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) ta yi kiyasin cewa karuwar amfani da sabo ne ke da alhakin kashi 48 cikin 100 na duk cututtukan da suka shafi abinci da aka ruwaito a Amurka2. Kudin rashin lafiya da mutuwa daga cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci a Amurka yana da yawa sosai, wanda Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta ƙiyasta fiye da dalar Amurka biliyan 15.6 a kowace shekara3.
A halin yanzu, chemical4, radiation5 da thermal6 antimicrobial shisshigi don tabbatar da abinci aminci da ake aiwatar da yafi a iyakance m kula da maki (CCPs) a cikin samar da sarkar (yawanci bayan girbi da / ko a lokacin marufi) maimakon ci gaba da aiwatar a cikin irin wannan hanyar da sabobin amfanin ne batun giciye-cutar 7. Antimicrobial shisshigi da ake bukata don mafi alhẽri sarrafa abinci da za a iya amfani da gonaki da kuma ci gaba da rashin lafiya. Ƙananan tasiri da farashi.
Kwanan nan an ƙirƙira wani dandamali na rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta mara sinadarai na tushen nanotechnology don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a saman da kuma cikin iska ta amfani da nanostructures na ruwa na wucin gadi (EWNS). Don haɗin EVNS, an yi amfani da matakai guda biyu masu kama da juna: electrospray da ionization na ruwa (Fig. 1a). A baya an nuna EWNS yana da keɓaɓɓen saiti na kayan jiki da na halitta8,9,10. EWNS yana da matsakaita na 10 electrons a kowane tsari da matsakaicin girman nanometer na 25 nm (Fig. 1b,c)8,9,10. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da ƙwayar wutar lantarki (ESR) ya nuna cewa EWNS ya ƙunshi nau'in oxygen mai mahimmanci (ROS), yawanci hydroxyl (OH•) da kuma superoxide (O2-) radicals (Fig. 1c) 8. EWNS ya kasance a cikin iska na dogon lokaci kuma zai iya yin karo da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka dakatar a cikin iska kuma suna samuwa a kan saman, suna ba da nauyin ROS na su da kuma haifar da rashin aiki na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Fig. 1d). Wadannan binciken da aka yi a baya sun kuma nuna cewa EWNS na iya yin hulɗa tare da hana ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin gram-korau da gram-tabbatacce mahimmancin lafiyar jama'a, gami da mycobacteria, akan saman kuma a cikin iska8,9. Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Tantanin halitta ya haifar da rashin kunnawa. Bugu da kari, m binciken inhalation ya nuna cewa yawan allurai na EWNS baya haifar da lalacewar huhu ko kumburi8.
(a) Electrospray yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka yi amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin capillary mai ɗauke da ruwa da na'urar lantarki. (b) Aikace-aikacen babban ƙarfin lantarki yana haifar da al'amura daban-daban guda biyu: (i) electrospraying na ruwa da (ii) samar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ions) da ke cikin EWNS. (c) Tsarin musamman na EWNS. (d) EWNS suna da wayar hannu sosai saboda yanayin nanoscale kuma suna iya yin hulɗa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na iska.
Ƙwararrun dandali na antimicrobial na EWNS don kunna ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci a saman sabon abinci shima kwanan nan an nuna shi. Hakanan an nuna cewa ana iya amfani da cajin saman EWNS tare da filin lantarki don isar da niyya. Mafi mahimmanci, an sami sakamako na farko mai ban sha'awa na kusan 1.4 log a cikin ayyukan tumatir na kwayoyin halitta akan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na abinci kamar E. coli da Listeria a cikin mintuna 90 na bayyanar EWNS a kusan 50,000 #/cm311. Bugu da kari, gwaje-gwaje na kimantawa na organoleptic na farko sun nuna babu wani tasiri na organoleptic idan aka kwatanta da tumatir mai sarrafawa. Kodayake waɗannan sakamakon rashin kunnawa na farko sun yi alƙawarin amincin abinci har ma da ƙaramin adadin EWNS na 50,000 #/cc. gani, a bayyane yake cewa mafi girman yiwuwar rashin kunnawa zai zama mafi fa'ida don ƙara rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da lalacewa.
Anan, za mu mai da hankali kan bincikenmu game da haɓaka dandamalin tsara EWNS don daidaita sigogin haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka kaddarorin physicochemical na EWNS don haɓaka yuwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Musamman ma, haɓakawa ya mayar da hankali kan ƙara yawan cajin su (don inganta isar da niyya) da abun ciki na ROS (don inganta haɓakar rashin aiki). Halayen ingantattun kaddarorin physico-sunadarai (girman, caji da abun ciki na ROS) ta amfani da hanyoyin nazari na zamani da yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci na yau da kullun kamar E. coli, S. enterica, L. innocua, S. cerevisiae da M. parafortuitum.
An haɗa EVNS ta hanyar electrospraying na lokaci ɗaya da ionization na ruwa mai tsabta (18 MΩ cm-1). Ana amfani da atomizer na lantarki 12 yawanci don atomize ruwa da polymer roba da yumbu 13 da fibers 14 na girman sarrafawa.
Kamar yadda dalla-dalla a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata 8, 9, 10, 11, a cikin gwaji na yau da kullun, ana yin amfani da babban ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin ma'aunin ƙarfe na ƙarfe da na'urar lantarki ta ƙasa. A lokacin wannan tsari, abubuwa biyu daban-daban suna faruwa: 1) electrospray da 2) ionization na ruwa. Filin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi tsakanin igiyoyin lantarki guda biyu yana haifar da caji mara kyau don taruwa a saman ruwan da aka datse, wanda ya haifar da samuwar mazugi na Taylor. Sakamakon haka, an samu ɗigon ruwa masu caji sosai, waɗanda ke ci gaba da watsewa zuwa ƙananan ɓangarorin, a cewar ka'idar Rayleigh16. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana sa wasu daga cikin kwayoyin ruwa su rabu da kuma cire electrons (ionization), wanda ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na nau'in oxygen (ROS) 17. An samar da fakitin ROS18 lokaci guda a cikin EWNS (Fig. 1c).
A kan fig. 2a yana nuna tsarin tsara EWNS da aka haɓaka kuma aka yi amfani da su a cikin haɗin EWNS a cikin wannan binciken. Ruwan da aka tsarkake da aka adana a cikin rufaffiyar kwalabe an ciyar da shi ta bututun Teflon (diamita na ciki 2 mm) zuwa allurar bakin karfe 30G (karfe capillary). Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 2b, ana sarrafa ruwan ruwa ta hanyar iska a cikin kwalbar. Ana haɗe allurar zuwa na'urar wasan bidiyo na Teflon wanda za'a iya daidaita shi da hannu zuwa wani tazara daga na'urar lantarki. Wutar lantarki faifan aluminium goge ne mai gogewa tare da rami a tsakiya don yin samfur. A ƙasa da na'urar lantarki akwai mazugi na samfurin aluminum, wanda aka haɗa da sauran saitin gwaji ta hanyar tashar samfur (Fig. 2b). Duk abubuwan da aka gyara na samfurin suna da ƙasa ta hanyar lantarki don guje wa haɓakar caji wanda zai iya lalata samfurin ƙwayar cuta.
(a) Injiniyan Ruwa Nanostructure Generation System (EWNS). (b) Sashin giciye na samfurin samfurin da na'ura na electrospray yana nuna mafi mahimmancin sigogi. (c) Saitin gwaji don rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta.
Tsarin tsara EWNS da aka kwatanta a sama yana da ikon canza maɓalli na aiki don sauƙaƙe daidaita kayan EWNS. Daidaita ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da shi (V), nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki (L), da kwararar ruwa (φ) ta cikin capillary don daidaita halayen EWNS. Ana amfani da alamomin [V (kV), L (cm)] don nuna haɗuwa daban-daban. Daidaita kwararar ruwa don samun mazugi Taylor barga na wani saiti [V, L]. Don dalilan wannan binciken, an saita buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki (D) a inci 0.5 (1.29 cm).
Saboda ƙayyadaddun lissafi da asymmetry, ba za a iya ƙididdige ƙarfin filin lantarki daga ka'idodin farko ba. Madadin haka, an yi amfani da software na QuickField™ (Svendborg, Denmark)19 don lissafin filin lantarki. Filin lantarki ba daidai ba ne, don haka ƙimar wutar lantarki a ƙarshen capillary an yi amfani da ita azaman ƙimar ƙima don daidaitawa daban-daban.
A yayin binciken, an ƙididdige haɗuwa da yawa na ƙarfin lantarki da nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki dangane da samuwar mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na samar da EWNS, da haɓakawa. Ana nuna haɗe-haɗe daban-daban a Ƙarin Tebura S1.
Fitowar tsarin tsara EWNS an haɗa kai tsaye zuwa Scanning Motsi Barbashi Sizer (SMPS, model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, Minnesota) don auna ma'auni lambar barbashi da kuma amfani da Faraday aerosol electrometer (TSI, model 3068B, Shoreview, Amurka). MN) don auna motsin iska, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin littafinmu na baya9. Dukansu SMPS da na'urar lantarki ta aerosol da aka yi samfura a ƙimar kwararar 0.5 L/min (jimillan samfurin ya kwarara 1 L/min). An auna yawan adadin barbashi da jujjuyawar iska don 120s. Maimaita ma'aunin sau 30. Ana ƙididdige jimlar cajin aerosol daga ma'auni na yanzu, kuma ana ƙididdige matsakaicin cajin EWNS daga jimlar adadin ɓangarorin EWNS. Za a iya ƙididdige matsakaicin farashin EWNS ta amfani da Equation (1):
inda Iel shine auna halin yanzu, NSMPS shine adadin maida hankali da aka auna tare da SMPS, kuma φEl shine adadin kwarara zuwa na'urar lantarki.
Saboda yanayin zafi (RH) yana rinjayar cajin saman, ana kiyaye zafin jiki da (RH) akai-akai a 21 ° C da 45%, bi da bi, yayin gwajin.
Atomic Force microscopy (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Binciken mafaka, Santa Barbara, CA) da AC260T bincike (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) an yi amfani da su don auna girman da tsawon rayuwar EWNS. Matsakaicin sikanin AFM shine 1 Hz kuma yankin dubawa shine 5 µm × 5 µm tare da layin duba 256. Dukkan hotuna an sanya su ga daidaita hoto na farko ta amfani da software na mafaka (mask tare da kewayon 100 nm da bakin kofa na 100 na yamma).
Cire mazugi na samfurin kuma sanya saman mica a nesa na 2.0 cm daga na'urar lantarki na tsawon lokaci na 120 s don guje wa haɗuwar barbashi da samuwar ɗigon ruwa marasa tsari a saman mica. An yi amfani da EWNS kai tsaye zuwa sabon yanke mica saman (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Nan da nan bayan sputtering, an hango saman mica ta amfani da AFM. Wurin hulɗar saman mica wanda ba a canza shi ba yana kusa da 0 °, don haka EWNS yana yaduwa a saman mica a cikin siffar domed20. An auna diamita (a) da tsayi (h) na diffusing diffusing kai tsaye daga hoton saman AFM kuma an yi amfani da su don ƙididdige ƙarar watsawar domed EWNS ta amfani da ingantaccen hanyar mu a baya8. Tsammanin cewa EVNS a kan jirgin yana da girma iri ɗaya, ana iya ƙididdige madaidaicin diamita daga lissafin (2):
Dangane da hanyar da muka ɓullo da baya, an yi amfani da tarko mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki (ESR) don gano kasancewar matsakaicin tsattsauran ra'ayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin EWNS. Aerosols an wuce ta hanyar bayani mai dauke da 235 mM DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphosphoryl) -5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc., Portland, Oregon). An yi duk ma'aunin EPR ta amfani da na'urar sikeli ta Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, Amurka) da kuma tsararrun salula. An yi amfani da software na Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, Amurka) don tattarawa da tantance bayanan. An yi fasalin ROS ne kawai don saitin yanayin aiki [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. An auna ƙididdigar EWNS ta amfani da SMPS bayan yin la'akari da asarar EWNS a cikin mai tasiri.
An kula da matakan Ozone ta amfani da 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co) 8,9,10.
Ga duk kaddarorin EWNS, ƙimar auna ita ce ma'aunin ma'auni, kuma kuskuren ma'auni shine daidaitaccen karkata. Anyi gwajin t-test don kwatanta ƙimar ingantacciyar sifa ta EWNS tare da madaidaicin ƙimar tushe EWNS.
Hoto 2c yana nuna haɓakar da aka haɓaka a baya da kuma halayen Electrostatic Hazo Hazo ta Tsarin (EPES) wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don kai hari ga EWNS11 zuwa saman. EPES yana amfani da cajin EWNS a haɗe tare da filin lantarki mai ƙarfi don “nuna” kai tsaye a saman abin da ake hari. An gabatar da cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin EPES a cikin littafin kwanan nan ta Pyrgiotakis et al.11. Don haka, EPES ya ƙunshi ɗakin PVC da aka buga na 3D tare da ƙofofin ƙofofi mai ɗauke da faranti guda biyu na bakin karfe (304 bakin karfe, goge madubi) faranti na ƙarfe a tsakiyar 15.24 cm baya. An haɗa allunan zuwa tushen babban ƙarfin lantarki na waje (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), allon ƙasa koyaushe yana da inganci kuma babban allon koyaushe yana ƙasa (yana iyo). An lulluɓe bangon ɗakin da foil na aluminium, wanda aka kafa ta lantarki don hana ɓarna. Gidan yana da ƙofar lodi ta gaba wacce ke ba da damar sanya filaye na gwaji a kan tarkacen filastik, ta ɗauke su daga farantin ƙarfe na ƙasa don guje wa tsangwama mai ƙarfi.
An ƙididdige ingancin sakawa na EWNS a cikin EPES bisa ga ƙa'idar da aka haɓaka a baya dalla-dalla a Ƙarin Hoto S111.
A matsayin ɗakin kulawa, an haɗa na biyu ta hanyar ɗakin cylindrical a jere tare da tsarin EPES ta amfani da matatar HEPA na tsaka-tsaki don cire EWNS. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig. 2c, EWNS aerosol an yi famfo ta cikin ɗakuna biyu da aka haɗa cikin jerin. Tace tsakanin dakin sarrafawa da EPES yana cire duk wani sauran EWNS wanda ke haifar da zazzabi iri ɗaya (T), ƙarancin dangi (RH) da matakan ozone.
An gano mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci don gurɓata sabbin kayan abinci kamar Escherichia coli (ATCC #27325), alamar fecal, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), ƙwayar cuta ta abinci, Listeria innocua (ATCC #33090), madadin pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes. , Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098) a matsayin madadin lalacewa yisti, da kuma Mycobacterium parafortuitous (ATCC #19686) a matsayin mafi resistant kwayoyin rayuwa daga ATCC (Manassas, Virginia).
Sayi kwalayen tumatirin innabi da kayyade daga kasuwar gida kuma a sanyaya a 4°C har sai an yi amfani da su (har zuwa kwanaki 3). Zaɓi tumatir don gwaji tare da girman guda ɗaya, kusan 1/2 inch a diamita.
An yi dalla-dalla ƙa'idodin ƙaddamarwa, ƙaddamarwa, fallasa da ƙidayar mallaka a cikin littattafanmu da suka gabata kuma an yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin Ƙarin Bayanai 11. An kimanta aikin EWNS ta hanyar fallasa tumatirin da aka tono zuwa 40,000 #/cm3 na mintuna 45. A taƙaice, a lokacin t = 0 min, an yi amfani da tumatur guda uku don kimanta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai. An sanya tumatir uku a cikin EPES kuma an fallasa su zuwa EWNS a 40,000 #/cc (EWNS fallen tumatir) kuma an sanya wasu uku a cikin ɗakin kulawa (tumatir mai sarrafawa). Babu wani rukuni na tumatir da aka yiwa ƙarin sarrafawa. An cire tumatir da aka fallasa EWNS bayan mintuna 45 don kimanta tasirin EWNS.
Kowane gwaji an yi shi sau uku. An yi nazarin bayanai bisa ga ka'idar da aka kwatanta a Ƙarin Bayanai.
E. coli, Enterobacter, da L. innocua samfurori na kwayan cuta da aka fallasa zuwa EWNS (minti 45, EWNS aerosol maida hankali 40,000 #/ cm3) kuma ba a fallasa su ba don tantance hanyoyin rashin kunnawa. An daidaita hazo na sa'o'i 2 a cikin dakin da zafin jiki a cikin 0.1 M sodium cacodylate bayani (pH 7.4) tare da gyara na 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde da 0.03% picric acid. Bayan wankewa, an gyara su tare da 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) / 1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) don 2 h, wanke sau 3 da ruwa kuma an sanya su a cikin 1% uranyl acetate na 1 h, sa'an nan kuma wanke sau biyu da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na gaba minti 10 kowanne na 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% barasa. An sanya samfuran a cikin propylene oxide na sa'a 1 kuma an yi musu ciki tare da 1: 1 cakuda propylene oxide da TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). An saka samfuran a cikin TAAB Epon kuma an sanya su a cikin 60 ° C na awanni 48. An yanke resin granular da aka warkar da shi ta hanyar TEM ta amfani da JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), na'urar microscope na watsawa ta al'ada wanda aka sanye da kyamarar AMT 2k CCD (Babban Fasahar microscope, Corp., Woburn, MA, Amurka).
Dukkan gwaje-gwajen an yi su ne sau uku. A kowane lokaci, ana yin wankin ƙwayoyin cuta sau uku, wanda ya haifar da jimillar maki tara a kowace aya, matsakaicin wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ga wannan ƙwayar cuta ta musamman. An yi amfani da madaidaicin sabani azaman kuskuren awo. Duk maki suna ƙidaya.
Logarithm na raguwar tattara ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da t = 0 min an ƙididdige su ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
inda C0 shine yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin sarrafawa a lokaci 0 (watau bayan saman ya bushe amma kafin a sanya shi a cikin ɗakin) kuma Cn shine ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta a saman bayan n mintuna na bayyanar.
Don yin la'akari da lalacewar yanayi na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin lokacin bayyanarwa na mintuna 45, An kuma ƙididdige Rage Ragewa idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa a cikin mintuna 45 kamar haka:
Inda Cn shine ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin sarrafawa a lokaci n kuma Cn-Control shine ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin cuta a lokacin n. Ana gabatar da bayanai azaman raguwar log idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa (babu bayyanar EWNS).
A yayin binciken, an ƙididdige haɗuwa da yawa na ƙarfin lantarki da nisa tsakanin allura da na'urar lantarki dangane da samuwar mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na mazugi Taylor, kwanciyar hankali na samar da EWNS, da haɓakawa. Ana nuna haɗe-haɗe daban-daban a Ƙarin Tebura S1. An zaɓi shari'o'i biyu don cikakken binciken da ke nuna kaddarorin barga da sake sakewa (Taylor cone, samar da EWNS, da kwanciyar hankali a kan lokaci). A kan fig. 3 yana nuna sakamakon akan caji, girman da abun ciki na ROS na lokuta biyu. Har ila yau, an taƙaita sakamakon a cikin Table 1. Don tunani, Hoto 3 da Table 1 sun haɗa da kaddarorin da ba a inganta su EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS). Ana sake buga lissafin mahimmancin ƙididdiga ta amfani da t-gwajin wutsiya biyu a cikin Ƙarin Tebura S2. Bugu da kari, ƙarin bayanai sun haɗa da nazarin tasirin diamita na samfurin samfurin lantarki (D) da nisa tsakanin wutar lantarki ta ƙasa da tip ɗin allura (L) (Ƙarin Figures S2 da S3).
(a-c) Rarraba girman AFM. (d – f) Halin cajin saman. (g) Halayen ROS da ESR.
Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ga duk yanayin da ke sama, ma'aunin ionization da aka auna yana cikin kewayon 2-6 µA, kuma ƙarfin lantarki ya kasance a cikin kewayon -3.8 zuwa -6.5 kV, wanda ya haifar da amfani da wutar lantarki don wannan EWNS guda ɗaya ta ƙarshe na ƙasa da 50 mW. . tsara tsarin. Kodayake an haɗa EWNS a ƙarƙashin babban matsin lamba, matakan ozone sun yi ƙasa sosai, ba su wuce 60 ppb ba.
Ƙarin Hoto S4 yana nuna filayen lantarki da aka kwaikwayi don yanayin [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm], bi da bi. Filayen bisa ga yanayin [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm] ana ƙididdige su azaman 2 × 105 V/m da 4.7 × 105 V/m, bi da bi. Ana tsammanin wannan, tun da rabon ƙarfin lantarki zuwa nisa ya fi girma sosai a yanayi na biyu.
A kan fig. 3a,b yana nuna diamita na EWNS da aka auna tare da AFM8. Matsakaicin diamita na EWNS don [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm] an ƙididdige su azaman 27 nm da 19 nm, bi da bi. Matsakaicin daidaitattun lissafi na rarraba don shari'o'in [-6.5kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8kV, 0.5 cm] sune 1.41 da 1.45, bi da bi, yana nuna kunkuntar girman rarraba. Dukansu girman ma'ana da ma'auni na lissafi suna kusa da tushe-EWNS, kasancewa 25 nm da 1.41, bi da bi. A kan fig. 3c yana nuna girman rarraba tushen EWNS wanda aka auna ta amfani da hanya ɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya.
A kan fig. 3d,e yana nuna sakamakon siffanta caji. Bayanai sune matsakaicin ma'auni na ma'auni 30 na lokaci guda na taro (#/cm3) da na yanzu (I). Binciken ya nuna cewa matsakaicin cajin akan EWNS shine 22 ± 6 e- da 44 ± 6 e- don [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], bi da bi. Idan aka kwatanta da Baseline-EWNS (10 ± 2 e-), cajin saman su ya fi girma, sau biyu na yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] da sau hudu na [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. 3f yana nuna ainihin bayanan biyan kuɗi na EWNS.
Daga taswirar taro na lambar EWNS (Ƙarin Figures S5 da S6), ana iya ganin cewa yanayin [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] yana da mahimmancin adadin barbashi fiye da yanayin [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa an sa ido kan adadin adadin EWNS har zuwa sa'o'i 4 (Ƙarin Figures S5 da S6), inda zaman lafiyar ƙarni na EWNS ya nuna matakan adadin adadin barbashi a duka lokuta.
Hoto 3g yana nuna bakan EPR bayan sarrafawa (bayan baya) raguwa don ingantaccen EWNS a [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Hakanan ana kwatanta bakan ROS da tushen EWNS a cikin takarda da aka buga a baya. Adadin ƙididdiga na EWNS da ke amsawa tare da tarkon juyawa shine 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, wanda yayi kama da Baseline-EWNS8 da aka buga a baya. Siffar EPR ta nuna a sarari kasancewar nau'ikan ROS guda biyu, inda O2- ya fi rinjaye, yayin da OH• ya kasance a cikin ƙaramin adadi. Bugu da ƙari, kwatancen kai tsaye na ƙarfin kololuwa ya nuna cewa ingantaccen EWNS yana da babban abun ciki na ROS idan aka kwatanta da EWNS na asali.
A kan fig. 4 yana nuna ingancin ajiya na EWNS a cikin EPES. Hakanan an taƙaita bayanan a cikin Tebur I kuma idan aka kwatanta da ainihin bayanan EWNS. Ga duka shari'o'in EUNS, ƙaddamarwa ya kusan kusan 100% ko da ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na 3.0 kV. Yawanci, 3.0 kV ya isa don cimma 100% ajiya ba tare da la'akari da canjin cajin saman ba. A ƙarƙashin yanayin guda ɗaya, ingancin ajiya na Baseline-EWNS shine kawai 56% saboda ƙarancin cajin (matsakaicin 10 electrons a kowane EWNS).
Hoto na 5 da Table 2 sun taƙaita matakin rashin kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi a saman tumatur bayan sun kai kusan 40,000 #/cm3 EWNS na mintuna 45 a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Inoculated E. coli da L. innocua sun nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci na 3.8 log bayan mintuna 45 na fallasa. A karkashin yanayi guda, S. enterica ya nuna raguwar raguwa na 2.2 logs, yayin da S. cerevisiae da M. parafortuitum sun nuna raguwar 1.0 log.
Micrographs na lantarki (Hoto 6) wanda ke nuna sauye-sauye na jiki da EWNS ya haifar a cikin E. coli, Salmonella enterica, da L. innocua Kwayoyin da ke haifar da rashin aiki. Kwayoyin cuta masu sarrafawa sun nuna ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fallasa sun lalata membranes na waje.
Hoton ƙananan ƙwayoyin lantarki na sarrafawa da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka fallasa sun bayyana lalacewar membrane.
Bayanai game da kaddarorin physicochemical na EWNS da aka inganta tare sun nuna cewa kayan EWNS (cajin saman da abun ciki na ROS) sun inganta sosai idan aka kwatanta da bayanan EWNS da aka buga a baya8,9,10,11. A gefe guda kuma, girman su ya kasance a cikin kewayon nanometer, wanda yayi kama da sakamakon da aka buga a baya, wanda ya ba su damar zama a cikin iska na dogon lokaci. Ana iya bayyana rarrabuwar da aka lura ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin cajin saman, wanda ke ƙayyade girman tasirin Rayleigh, bazuwar, da yuwuwar haɗakar EWNS. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Nielsen et al.22 yayi cikakken bayani, babban cajin saman yana rage ƙazanta ta hanyar haɓaka makamashi / tashin hankali na ruwa mai kyau. An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ta gwaji don microdroplets22 da EWNS a cikin littafinmu na baya8. Asarar karin lokaci kuma na iya rinjayar girman da ba da gudummawa ga rarraba girman da aka lura.
Bugu da ƙari, cajin kowane tsari yana kusan 22-44 e-, dangane da yanayi, wanda ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da ainihin EWNS, wanda ke da matsakaicin cajin 10 ± 2 electrons a kowane tsari. Koyaya, yakamata a lura cewa wannan shine matsakaicin cajin EWNS. Seto et al. An nuna cewa cajin ba iri ɗaya ba ne kuma yana biye da rabawa na al'ada21. Idan aka kwatanta da aikinmu na baya, ninka cajin saman yana ninka ingancin ajiya a cikin tsarin EPES zuwa kusan 100% 11.