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Mun bayar da rahoton shaida na aiki seafloor uplift da iskar gas da dama kilomita daga bakin tekun daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples (Italiya) .Pockmarks, mounds da craters su ne fasali na seafloor.These formations wakiltar fi m crustal Tsarin, ciki har da pagodas, kuskure da kuma folds da shafi seabed a yau.They latsa carbon da folds da aka saki a cikin helikar carbon dioxide. mantle melts da crustal rocks.Waɗannan iskar gas mai yiwuwa kama da waɗanda ke ciyar da tsarin hydrothermal na Ischia, Campi Flegre da Soma-Vesuvius, suna ba da shawara ga tushen alkyabbar gauraye da ruwa mai ɓarke a ƙasa da Gulf of Naples. Faɗawar Subsea da fashewar da iskar gas ta tashi da tsarin matsa lamba yana buƙatar overpressure na 2. fitar da hayaki bayyani ne na tashin hankali wanda ba na aman wuta ba wanda zai iya yin albishir da fashewar benen teku da/ko fashewar ruwa mai zafi.
Ruwa mai zurfi na ruwa mai zurfi (ruwa mai zafi da iskar gas) abubuwan da aka saba da su ne na ginshiƙan tsakiyar teku da madaidaicin faranti (ciki har da sassan ƙasa na tsibiran tsibiri), yayin da fitar da iskar gas mai sanyi (chlatrates) galibi suna da halaye na shelves na continental da keɓaɓɓiyar margins1, 2,3,4,5. (magma reservoirs) a cikin ɓawon burodi na nahiyar da / ko mantle. Waɗannan fitar da ruwa na iya gaba da hawan magma ta cikin mafi girman yadudduka na ɓawon burodi na duniya kuma ya ƙare a cikin fashewa da kuma sanyawa na dutsen dutsen mai aman wuta. yankin Naples a Italiya (~ 1 miliyan mazauna) yana da mahimmanci don tantance yiwuwar volcanoes. Shallow eruption. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yayin da morphological fasali hade da zurfin-sea hydrothermal ko hydrate iskar gas an gwada da kyau da aka sani saboda su geological da nazarin halittu Properties, da ban da morphological siffofin hade da shallower ruwa, sai dai wadanda ke faruwa a cikin Lake 12. Seismic, ruwa shafi, da kuma geochemical bayanai ga wani karkashin ruwa, morphologically da structurally hadaddun yankin shafi iskar gas a cikin Gulf of Naples (Southern Italiya), kamar 5 km daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples. An tattara wadannan bayanai a lokacin SAFE_2014 (Agusta 2014) cruise a kan R/V da kuma tafsirin iskar gas tsarin da Urania. faruwa, bincika tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, gano da kuma siffanta hanyoyin da ke daidaita tashin iskar gas da nakasar da ke da alaƙa, da tattauna tasirin volcanology.
Gulf of Naples ya samar da iyakar yammacin Plio-Quaternary, da NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW na Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) da kuma Soma-Vesuvius 460-1m tsarin confin (fiye zuwa 1m). arewa AD) 15, yayin da kudu ke iyaka da Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a) Gulf of Naples yana shafar NE-SW da na biyu na NW-SE manyan laifuffuka (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesuvius suna da alamun bayyanar hydrothermal, nakasar ƙasa, 18 mai ban sha'awa, yanayin yanayin yanayi, 18 mai ban sha'awa. a Campi Flegrei a cikin 1982-1984, tare da haɓakar 1.8 m da dubban girgizar ƙasa).Bincike na baya-bayan nan19,20 ya nuna cewa za'a iya samun hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin motsin Soma-Vesuvius da na Campi Flegre, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da 'zurfi' guda ɗaya na magma tafkunan ruwa. Flegrei da 18 ka na Somma Vesuvius sarrafa tsarin sedimentary na Gulf of Naples. The low teku matakin a karshe glacial iyakar (18 ka) kai ga regression na cikin teku-zuwa sedimentary tsarin, wanda aka baya cika da m aukuwa a lokacin Late Pleistocene-Holocene iskar gas da aka gano a kusa da bakin tekun iskar gas da aka gano a kusa da iskar gas. na Campi Flegre da kusa da Dutsen Soma-Vesuvius (Fig. 1b).
(a) Shirye-shiryen ilimin dabi'a da tsarin tsari na continental shelf da Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Dots su ne manyan cibiyoyin fashewar jirgin ruwa; jajayen layi suna wakiltar manyan kuskure. na bayanan martaba na ruwa mai sauti, da CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 da ROV Frames an ruwaito a cikin siffa 5.Da'irar rawaya alama ce ta wurin fitar da iskar gas, kuma an nuna abun da ke ciki a cikin Table S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) yana amfani da zane-zane13 da Surfer® ya samar.
Dangane da bayanan da aka samu a lokacin jirgin ruwa na SAFE_2014 (Agusta 2014) (duba Hanyoyi), sabon Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Dijital (DTM) na Gulf of Naples tare da ƙudurin 1 m an gina shi.DTM ya nuna cewa filin tekun kudancin tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples yana da alaƙa da gangaren kudu a hankali (dutse) 5 ≤ 3 × 5. Tsarin gida mai kama da gida, wanda aka fi sani da Banco della Montagna (BdM).Siffa. 1a,b) BdM yana tasowa a zurfin kimanin mita 100 zuwa 170, 15 zuwa 20 mita sama da gefen tekun da ke kewaye. Dome na BdM ya nuna nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i saboda 280 subcircular zuwa mounds oval (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, da 30 pits da 4 matsakaicin tsayi 2.2. m da 1,800 m, daidai da haka. Halin da ake ciki [C = 4π (yanki / perimeter2)] na tuddai ya ragu tare da ƙara yawan yanki (Fig. 2b) . Ƙididdigar axial don mounds ya kasance tsakanin 1 da 6.5, tare da mounds tare da axial rabo> 2 yana nuna N45 ° E da aka fi so da kuma 15 ° 0 da aka watsar da N45 ° E + 15 ° mafi watsawa. N145°E yajin aiki (Hoto 2c). Cones guda ɗaya ko masu daidaitawa suna wanzu akan jirgin BdM kuma a saman tudun (Fig. 3a,b) .Shirye-shiryen conical suna bin tsarin tudun tudun da suke a kan su. Alamomin alƙaluma galibi suna kan tudun ruwa (Fig. 3c) kuma lokaci-lokaci a kan tuddai. Yanayin sararin samaniya na cones da alamun alatu sun nuna cewa gabas-gabas na arewa maso gabas na NE. dome BdM (Fig. 4a,b); Hanyar NW-SE da ba ta da tsawo tana cikin yankin BdM ta tsakiya.
(a) Tsarin ƙasa na dijital (girman cell 1 m) na dome na Banco della Montagna (BdM) .(b) Perimeter da roundness na BdM mounds.(c) Axial rabo da kusurwa (daidaitacce) na babban axis na mafi kyau-fit ellipse kewaye da tudun.Kuskuren daidaitaccen samfurin Digital Terrain shine m0;. daidaitattun kurakurai na kewaye da zagaye sune 4.83 m da 0.01, bi da bi, kuma daidaitattun kurakurai na axial rabo da kusurwa sune 0.04 da 3.34 °, bi da bi.
Cikakkun bayanai na mazugi, ramuka, tuddai da ramuka a cikin yankin BdM da aka ciro daga DTM a cikin Hoto 2.
(a) Daidaita mazugi a kan shimfidar bakin teku; (b) Cones da craters akan slender tudun NW-SE; (c) Alamomin alatu a kan ƙasa mai ɗan ɗanɗano.
(a) Rarraba sarari na ramuka da aka gano, ramuka, da fitar da iskar gas mai aiki.
Mun gano 37 gaseous watsi a cikin BdM yankin daga ROV ruwa shafi echo sounder hotuna da kuma kai tsaye lura da seafloor samu a lokacin SAFE_2014 cruise a watan Agusta 2014 (Figures 4 da 5) The acoustic anomalies na wadannan watsi nuna a tsaye elongated siffofi tasowa daga cikin teku floor (Figures 4 da 5). 5a) .A wasu wurare, acoustic anomalies kafa wani kusan m "jirgin kasa." The lura kumfa plumes bambanta yadu: daga m, m kumfa gudãna zuwa short-rayu al'amura (Karin Movie 1) ROV dubawa damar ga gani tabbaci na abin da ya faru na seafloor ruwa vents da Highlights kananan pockmarks a kan tekun, wani lokacin kewaye ja ja. lokuta, tashoshi na ROV sun sake farfado da watsi. Halin da ake ciki na numfashi yana nuna wani budewar madauwari a saman ba tare da wuta ba a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. pH a cikin ruwa na ruwa kawai a sama da wurin fitarwa ya nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci, yana nuna ƙarin yanayin acidic a cikin gida (Fig. 5c, d) . Musamman, pH sama da BdM gas fitarwa a 75 m zurfin ya ragu daga 7.5 m (a zurfin 7.5 m) (a zurfin 7.5 m) (Fig. 5c), yayin da sauran shafuka a cikin Gulf of Naples suna da darajar pH tsakanin 0 da 160 m a cikin zurfin tazara tsakanin 8.3 da 8.5 (Fig. 5d) .Mahimman canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki na ruwa da salinity sun rasa a wurare biyu a ciki da wajen BdM yankin na Gulf of Naples. game da 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d) Ma'auni na pH, zafin jiki, da salinity sun nuna: a) shiga cikin ruwan acidic da ke hade da tsarin BdM degassing da b) rashin ko jinkirin fitarwa na ruwa mai zafi da brine.
(a) Tagar saye na bayanin martabar ruwa mai acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60) .Tsaye koren band ɗin daidai da walƙiyar iskar gas da aka gano akan fitarwar ruwa na EM50 (kimanin 75 m ƙasa matakin teku) wanda ke cikin yankin BdM; Ana kuma nuna siginar ƙasa da na teku (b) tare da abin hawa mai sarrafa nesa a cikin yankin BdM Hoton guda ɗaya yana nuna ƙaramin rami (da'irar baƙar fata) kewaye da ja zuwa ruwan lemu. ginshiƙi sama da fitarwar ruwa EM50 (panel c) kuma a wajen ɓangaren fitarwa na Bdm (d).
Mun tattara samfuran gas guda uku daga yankin binciken tsakanin Agusta 22 da 28, 2014. Waɗannan samfuran sun nuna irin wannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, wanda CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol ya mamaye), ya biyo bayan abubuwan da suka dace na N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) da H2S (0.40 mmol / mol) da H2S (0.40 mmol). H2 kuma Ya kasance ƙasa da yawa (<0.052 da <0.016 mmol/mol, bi da bi) (Fig. 1b; Table S1, Ƙarin Fim 2) .Maɗaukaki na O2 da Ar kuma an auna su (har zuwa 3.2 da 0.18 mmol/mol, bi da bi) Jimlar adadin hasken wuta 3 zuwa hydrocarbon. kuma ya ƙunshi C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (yafi benzene), propene da sulfur-dauke da mahadi (thiophene) .Tamanin 40Ar / 36Ar ya dace da iska (295.5), ko da yake samfurin EM35 (BdM dome) yana da darajar 304, yana nuna dan kadan fiye da 401Ar. vs. Air), yayin da δ13C-CO2 dabi'u jeri daga -0.93 zuwa 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra dabi'u (bayan gyara ga gurbacewar iska ta yin amfani da 4He / 20Ne rabo) kasance tsakanin 1.66 da 1.94, nuna gaban babban juzu'i na mantletoto da kuma COB yana da barga na mantle. 22, tushen iskar gas a cikin BdM za a iya kara bayyana.A cikin taswirar CO2 don CO2 / 3Ya da δ13C (Fig. 6), BdM gas abun da ke ciki an kwatanta shi da na Ischia, Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Figure 6 kuma ya bayar da rahoton m ka'idar hadawa kafofin na iya zama uku daban-daban na carbon hadawa Lines. Mantle-derived melts, Organic-rich sediments, da carbonates.The BdM samfurori fada a kan hadawa line aka kwatanta da uku Campania volcanoes, wato, hadawa tsakanin mantle gas (wanda aka zaci da za a dan kadan wadãtar a carbon dioxide dangi zuwa na gargajiya MORBs ga manufar dacewa da bayanai) da kuma halayen decarbonation lalacewa ta hanyar crustal sakamakon.
Hybrid Lines tsakanin alkyabbar abun da ke ciki da kuma karshen mambobi na farar ƙasa da Organic sediments an ruwaito don kwatanta.Boxes wakiltar fumarole yankunan Ischia, Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. The BdM samfurin ne a cikin gauraye Trend na Campania volcano.The endmember gas na gauraye tushen da mantburization na gas ne da aka samar da mantbur. ma'adanai.
Sassan Seismic L1 da L2 (Figs. 1b da 7) suna nuna canji tsakanin BdM da jerin abubuwan da suka dace na Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) da Campi Flegrei (L2, siffa 7b) yankunan volcanic.BdM yana da alaƙa da kasancewar manyan manyan sassan biyu (Fig.7). nuna subparallel reflectors na high zuwa matsakaici amplitude da a kaikaice ci gaba (Fig. 7b, c) .Wannan Layer ya hada da marine sediments ja da Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) tsarin da kunshi yashi da kuma clay23. The karkashin PS Layer (Fig. 7b-d) An halin hargitsi zuwa m lokaci a m lokaci ko a saman ginshikan da aka kafa na Seaflosses. (Fig. 7d) .Waɗannan diapir-kamar geometries nuna kutsawar PS m abu a cikin babba MS adibas.Uplift ne da alhakin samuwar folds da kurakurai da shafi MS Layer da overlying halin yanzu sediments na BdM seafloor (Fig. 7b-d) The MS stratigraphic tazara ne a fili delaminated da sashe na BdM, yayin da shi ke cikin farin tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa LNE. saboda kasancewar iskar gas-cikakken Layer (GSL) wanda aka rufe da wasu matakan ciki na jerin MS (Fig. 7a) .Maɗaukakin nauyi da aka tattara a saman BdM wanda ya dace da shimfidar ƙasa mai haske yana nuna cewa mafi girman 40 cm ya ƙunshi yashi da aka ajiye kwanan nan zuwa yanzu; )24,25 da pumice gutsuttsura daga fashewar fashewa na Campi Flegrei na "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. The m lokaci na PS Layer ba za a iya bayyana ta m hadawa tafiyar matakai kadai, saboda m yadudduka hade da landslides, laka gudana da pyroclausts da kwararan ruwa a cikin Gulf of Naco. opaque21,23,24.Mun kammala cewa lura da BdM PS seismic facies da kuma bayyanar da subsea outcrop PS Layer (Fig. 7d) nuna uplift na halitta gas.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (tushen kewayawa a cikin siffa 1b) yana nuna tsari na fili (pagoda). yana nuna ƙaddamarwa da nakasar tudun ruwa na teku, marine (MS), da kuma ajiyar yashi (PS).(c) Ana ba da rahoton bayanan nakasawa a cikin MS da PS a cikin (c,d) .Tsarin saurin 1580 m / s a cikin mafi girma, 100 ms yana wakiltar kimanin 80 m akan sikelin tsaye.
The morphological da tsarin halaye na BdM sun yi kama da sauran subsea hydrothermal da gas hydrate filayen duniya2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 da kuma sau da yawa hade da uplifts (vaults da mounds) da gas Discharge (cones, rami). permeability (Figures 2 da 3) .Tsarin sararin samaniya na tuddai, ramuka da ramuka masu aiki suna nuna cewa rarrabawar su yana da ikon sarrafawa ta hanyar rarraba tasirin NW-SE da NE-SW (Fig. 4b) .Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da aka fi so na tsarin kuskuren da suka shafi Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesuvius na musamman na yankunan volcanic na Gulf of Naple da kuma yankin Gulf of Naples. sallama daga Campi Flegrei crater35.Saboda haka mun kammala cewa kuskure da karaya a cikin Gulf of Naples wakiltar hanyar da aka fi so don gudun hijirar iskar gas zuwa farfajiyar, yanayin da aka raba ta sauran tsarin tsarin kula da tsarin hydrothermal36,37.Mai mahimmanci, BdM cones da ramukan ba koyaushe suna hade da tuddai ba (Fig. 3a, ba dole ba ne wadannan abubuwan da suka faru). samuwar, kamar yadda wasu marubuta suka bayar da shawarar ga gas hydrate zones32,33.Our ƙarshe goyon bayan hasashe cewa rushe dome seafloor sediments ba ko da yaushe kai ga samuwar rami.
Abubuwan da aka tattara na iskar gas guda uku suna nuna sa hannun sinadarai na dabi'a na ruwa mai zafi, wato CO2 tare da babban adadin rage iskar gas (H2S, CH4 da H2) da hydrocarbons mai haske (musamman benzene da propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45ses (Tuchability na Smoric).s. kamar yadda O2), wanda ba a sa ran zama ba a cikin iskar ruwa na submarine, na iya zama saboda gurbatawa daga iska narkar da a cikin ruwan teku zuwa cikin lamba tare da iskar gas adana a cikin filastik kwalaye amfani da samfur, kamar yadda ROVs ake cirewa daga teku bene zuwa teku zuwa tawaye.Conversely, tabbatacce δ15N dabi'u da kuma wani babban N2 / Arrated ruwa (har zuwa 480) ruwa mai girma (har zuwa 480) mafi girma fiye da 48. na N2 an samar da shi daga ƙarin yanayi na yanayi, a cikin yarjejeniya tare da tushen asalin hydrothermal na waɗannan gas. An tabbatar da asalin hydrothermal-volcanic na iskar BdM ta CO2 kuma Ya ƙunshi abun ciki da sa hannu na isotopic. 4.1 × 1010) bayar da shawarar cewa BdM samfurori kasance a gauraye Trend na fumaroles a kusa da Gulf of Naples 'mantle karshen members da decarbonization A dangantaka tsakanin iskar gas samar da dauki (Figure 6) .More musamman, da BdM gas samfurori suna located tare da hadawa Trend a kusan wuri guda a matsayin ruwaye daga F-Veimma volusi. sun fi crustal fiye da Ischia fumaroles, wanda ke kusa da ƙarshen rigar. wanda ya ciyar da volcanoes na Somma-Vesuvius da Campi Flegrei.Rashin abubuwan da ake iya ganowa na ƙwayoyin carbon a cikin hayaƙin BdM yana nuna cewa ƙwayoyin halitta ba su da hannu a cikin tsarin lalata BdM.
Dangane da bayanan da aka ruwaito a sama da sakamako daga samfuran gwaji na tsarin kubba-kamar tsarin da ke da alaƙa da yankuna masu wadatar iskar gas, zurfin iskar gas na iya zama alhakin samuwar BdM gida mai girman kilomita. Don kimanta overpressure Pdef da ke kaiwa ga BdM vault, mun yi amfani da injin faranti na bakin ciki model33,34 da zato, daga bayanan da aka tattara, daga bayanan da aka tattara a cikin tatsuniyoyi. na radius ya fi girma fiye da nakasa mai laushi mai laushi Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsawa w da kauri h na (Ƙarin Fig. S1) .Pdef shine bambanci tsakanin jimlar matsa lamba da matsa lamba na dutse tare da matsa lamba na ruwa. A BdM, radius yana kusa da 2,500 m, w shine 20 m, kuma mafi girman h da aka kiyasta daga bayanin martaba na 6 p. 64 D/a4 daga alaƙar, inda D shine ƙwanƙwasawa; An ba da D ta (E h3) / [12 (1 - ν2)], inda E shine ma'auni na Matasa na ajiya, ν shine ma'auni na Poisson (~ 0.5) 33. Tun da kayan aikin injiniya na BdM sediments ba za a iya aunawa ba, mun saita E = 140 kPa, wanda shine ma'auni mai ma'ana ga bakin teku mai yashi, ba a yi la'akari da E4 ba. dabi'un da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen don ajiyar yumbu mai laushi (300
A abun da ke ciki na BdM gas ya yi daidai da mantle kafofin canza ta Bugu da kari na ruwa hade da decarbonization halayen na crustal duwatsu (Fig. 6) .Rough EW alignments na BdM domes da aiki volcanoes irin su Ischia, Campi Flegre, da Soma-Vesuvius, tare da abun da ke ciki na iskar gas da ke fitowa daga yankin Na'ura da ke fitar da iskar gas da ke ƙasa. Ana cakuɗawa Ruwan daɗaɗɗen ruwa suna motsawa daga yamma (Ischia) zuwa gabas (Somma-Vesuivus) (Figs. 1b da 6).
Mun kammala da cewa a cikin Bay na Naples, 'yan kilomita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples, akwai 25 km2 m dome-kamar tsarin da aka shafi wani aiki degassing tsari da lalacewa ta hanyar jeri na pagodas da mounds. A halin yanzu, BdM sa hannu bayar da shawarar cewa ba-magmatic tashin hankali53 na iya predate embryism da farkon hawan jini. ruwa-ruwa.Ya kamata a aiwatar da ayyukan sa ido don nazarin juyin halitta na al'amura da gano sigina na geochemical da geophysical masu nuni da yuwuwar tashin hankalin magmatic.
An samo bayanan martaba na ruwa na Acoustic (2D) a lokacin jirgin ruwa na SAFE_2014 (Agusta 2014) akan R/V Urania (CNR) ta Cibiyar Nazarin Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa ta Kasa (IAMC). km.An yi amfani da hotunan echosounder da aka tattara don gano abubuwan da aka fitar da ruwa da kuma ƙayyade wurin su daidai a cikin wurin tattarawa (tsakanin 74 da 180 m bsl) .Auna ma'auni na jiki da na sinadarai a cikin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da bincike na multiparameter (conductivity, zafin jiki da zurfin, CTD) . An tattara bayanai ta hanyar amfani da bincike na CTD 911 (SeaBird, SB, SB) da kayan aikin lantarki ta hanyar amfani da software na SeaBird. sigar 7.23.2) .An yi nazari na gani na gadon teku ta amfani da na'urar "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (abin hawa mai nisa) tare da kyamarori biyu (ƙananan da babban ma'ana).
Multibeam data saye da aka yi ta amfani da 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar tsarin (Kongsberg) .Tsarin yana da nasaba da wani bambanci na duniya sakawa tsarin don tabbatar da sub-metric kurakurai a cikin katako positioning.The acoustic bugun jini yana da mita na 100 kHz, a harbe-harben bugun jini na 150s budewa digiri da kuma wani velomsure digiri 4.0. Bayanan martaba a ainihin lokacin saye.An sarrafa bayanai ta amfani da software na PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) bisa ga ma'auni na Ƙungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) don kewayawa da gyaran ruwa. Kayan aiki.Ci gaba da gano saurin sauti na sauti ana yin ta tashar keel da ke kusa da mai sarrafa katako da yawa kuma yana samowa da kuma amfani da bayanan bayanan saurin sauti na ainihi a cikin ruwa a kowane sa'o'i 6-8 don samar da saurin sauti na ainihi don ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa katako. Dukkanin bayanan bayanan sun ƙunshi kusan 440 km2 (0-1200 m TM) da aka yi amfani da su don samar da zurfin dijital D. Halin girman girman grid na 1 m. DTM na ƙarshe (Fig. 1a) an yi shi tare da bayanan ƙasa (> 0 m sama da matakin teku) wanda aka samu a girman grid na 20 m ta Cibiyar Geo-Military ta Italiya.
A 55-kilomita high-ƙuduri single-tashar seismic data profile, tattara a lokacin hadari teku cruises a 2007 da kuma 2014, rufe wani yanki na kimanin 113 murabba'in kilomita, duka a kan R / V Urania. Marisk profiles (misali, L1 seismic profile, Fig.-Seismic profile, Fig. 1b) An samu. Ƙungiyar saye ta ƙunshi 2.5 m catamaran wanda aka sanya tushen da mai karɓa. Sa hannu na tushen ya ƙunshi nau'i mai mahimmanci guda ɗaya wanda aka kwatanta a cikin kewayon mitar 1-10 kHz kuma yana ba da damar warware ma'anar da aka raba ta 25 cm. An samo bayanan martaba na aminci na seismic ta amfani da 1.4 Kj Multi-tip Geospark Source Geospark (Geospark Marine System). tsarin ya ƙunshi catamaran wanda ke dauke da tushen 1-6.02 KHz wanda ke shiga har zuwa 400 milliseconds a cikin laushi mai laushi a ƙasa da teku, tare da ƙaddamarwa na tsaye na 30 cm. Dukansu Safe da Marsik na'urorin sun samu a cikin wani adadin 0.33 Shots / sec tare da wani jirgin ruwa gudun <3 Kn.sudiddigar da kayan aiki da aka gabatar da kayan aiki tare da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su. gyara, ɓangarorin ruwa, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR tacewa, da AGC.
An tattara iskar gas daga fumarole na karkashin ruwa a kan teku ta amfani da akwatin filastik sanye take da diaphragm na roba a gefensa na sama, wanda ROV ya sanya shi a sama a kan iska. tare da Teflon stopcocks wanda Ɗaya ya cika da 20 ml na 5N NaOH bayani (Gegenbach-type flask) .Ana narkar da babban nau'in gas na acid gas (CO2 da H2S) a cikin maganin alkaline, yayin da ƙananan nau'in gas mai narkewa (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 da haske na ruwa a cikin sabons) an adana su a cikin ƙananan ruwa. An bincikar ta gas chromatography (GC) ta amfani da Shimadzu 15A sanye take da wani 10 m tsawo 5A kwayoyin sieve shafi da thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.Argon da O2 aka bincikar ta amfani da Thermo Focus gas chromatograph sanye take da 30 m dogon capillary kwayoyin sieve shafi da kuma haske hydrocarmad da TCDMeth. chromatograph sanye take da 10 m dogon bakin karfe ginshiƙi cushe da Chromosorb PAW 80/100 raga, mai rufi da 23% SP 1700 da harshen wuta ionization gane (FID) .The ruwa lokaci da aka yi amfani da bincike na 1) CO2, kamar yadda, titrated tare da 0.5 N HCl bayani, Bass 23 N HCl bayani, Titrohm2. tare da 5 ml H2O2 (33%), ta ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Analytical kuskure na titration, GC da IC bincike ne kasa da 5%. spectrometer55,56.Ma'auni da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta daidaitattun waje sune Carrara da San Vincenzo marmara (na ciki), NBS18 da NBS19 (na duniya), yayin da kuskuren nazari da reproducibility sun kasance ± 0.05% da ± 0.1%, bi da bi.
δ15N (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin% vs. Air) dabi'u da 40Ar / 36Ar an ƙaddara ta amfani da Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) guda biyu zuwa Finnigan Delta plusXP ci gaba da kwarara mass spectrometer.Kuskuren bincike shine: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Ar<1% 3, 40% = 40 = 1% 3. R / Ra, inda R yake 3He / 4Ya auna a cikin samfurin kuma Ra shine rabo ɗaya a cikin yanayi: 1.39 × 10-6) 57 an ƙaddara a dakin gwaje-gwaje na INGV-Palermo (Italiya) 0.3% guraben da aka saba don Shi da Ne sune <10-14 da <10-16 mol, bi da bi.
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Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-16-2022
