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Mun bayar da rahoton shaida na aiki seafloor uplift da iskar gas da dama kilomita daga teku daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples (Italiya) .Pockmarks, mounds da craters su ne fasali na seafloor.These formations wakiltar fi m crustal Tsarin, ciki har da pagodas, kuskure da folds da shafi seabed a yau.They rubuce-rubucen narke carbon dioxide da kuma narkewar mutum a cikin helikar carbon dioxide da tashin hankali na helikar carbon dioxide. da crustal duwatsu.Waɗannan gas ne mai yiwuwa kama da wadanda cewa ciyar da hydrothermal tsarin Ischia, Campi Flegre da Soma-Vesuvius, bayar da shawarar wani alkyabbar tushen gauraye da crustal ruwaye a kasa da Gulf of Naples.Subsea fadada da rupture lalacewa ta hanyar iskar gas dagawa da pressurization tsari na bukatar wani overpressure na 2-3-floma na gas, exaultsions da exaultsions. tashin hankali wanda zai iya ba da sanarwar fashewar bene da/ko fashewar ruwa.
Ruwa mai zurfi na ruwa mai zurfi (ruwa mai zafi da iskar gas) abubuwan da aka saba da su ne na ginshiƙan tsakiyar teku da madaidaicin faranti (ciki har da sassan tsibiran tsibiri), yayin da fitar da iskar gas mai sanyi (chlatrates) galibi suna halayyar shelves na continental da keɓaɓɓiyar keɓaɓɓu1, 2,3,4,5. oirs) a cikin ɓawon nahiya da/ko alkyabba.Waɗannan fitar na iya wuce hawan magma ta cikin saman saman yadudduka na duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma ƙulla a cikin fashewa da kuma a cikin-wuri na volcanic seamounts6.Saboda haka, ganewa na (a) morphologies hade da aiki seabed nakasawa da kuma (b) iskar gas a kusa da yankunan bakin teku na Italiya (b) iskar gas a kusa da yankunan bakin teku. mazauna) yana da mahimmanci don tantance yiwuwar volcanoes. Shallow eruption. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da siffofi na dabi'a da ke hade da zurfin ruwa mai zurfi na ruwa ko hydrate iskar gas suna da kyau sosai da aka sani saboda abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin geological da nazarin halittu, abubuwan da ke tattare da su sune siffofi na dabi'a da ke hade da ruwa mai zurfi, sai dai wadanda ke faruwa a cikin Lake 12, akwai ƙananan bayanai, bayanan ruwa, da sabon bayanan ruwa, da ruwa mai zurfi, da ruwa mai zurfi. morphologically da structurally hadaddun yankin shafi iskar gas a cikin Gulf of Naples (Southern Italiya), kamar 5 km daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples.Waɗannan bayanai da aka tattara a lokacin SAFE_2014 (Agusta 2014) cruise a kan R / V Urania.We bayyana da kuma fassara da seafloor da kuma iskar gas hanyoyin da za a iya gano da ruwa da kuma samar da iskar gas hanyoyin da za a iya gano da ruwa da kuma gano hanyoyin da ke faruwa a karkashin ruwa. tashin iskar gas da nakasar da ke da alaƙa, da kuma tattauna tasirin volcanology.
The Gulf of Naples form the Plio-Quaternary western margin, the NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW of Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) da kuma Soma-Vesuvius 460 daga arewa zuwa 1m. , yayin da kudu ke iyaka da Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a) Gulf of Naples yana shafar NE-SW da na biyu na NW-SE manyan laifuffuka (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesuvius suna da alamun bayyanar hydrothermal, nakasar ƙasa, da kuma yanayin da ba a sani ba a cikin Campi, 18 a cikin yanayi mai ban sha'awa, 18 F. 982-1984, tare da haɓakar 1.8 m da dubban girgizar ƙasa).Bincike na baya-bayan nan19,20 ya nuna cewa za a iya samun hanyar haɗi tsakanin yanayin Soma-Vesuvius da na Campi Flegre, mai yiwuwa yana hade da 'zurfi' single magma reservoirs.Volcanic ayyuka da kuma teku-matakin oscill3. sarrafa sedimentary tsarin na Gulf of Naples.The low teku matakin a karshe glacial iyakar (18 ka) ya kai ga regression na offshore-m sedimentary tsarin, wanda aka baya cika da m aukuwa a lokacin Late Pleistocene-Holocene.Submarine iskar gas da aka gano a kusa da tsibirin da kuma kashe bakin tekun na Ischi.1 b).
(a) Shirye-shiryen ilimin dabi'a da tsarin tsari na continental shelf da Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Dots su ne manyan cibiyoyin fashewar jirgin ruwa;jajayen layi suna wakiltar manyan kuskure. stic ruwa shafi profiles, da CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 da ROV Frames an ruwaito a cikin siffa 5.The rawaya da'irar alama wurin da samfurin fitar da iskar gas, da abun da ke ciki da aka nuna a Table S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) yana amfani da zane-zane da Surfer® 13 ya samar.
Dangane da bayanan da aka samu a lokacin jirgin ruwa na SAFE_2014 (Agusta 2014) (duba Hanyoyi), sabon Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Dijital (DTM) na Gulf of Naples tare da ƙudurin 1 m an gina shi.DTM ya nuna cewa filin tekun kudancin tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples yana da yanayin gangaren kudu a hankali, yana fuskantar kudu maso gabas ( gangarawa 5 ≤ 3 × 3 × 3 × 3x). wanda aka fi sani da Banco della Montagna (BdM).Siffa.1a,b) BdM yana tasowa a zurfin kimanin mita 100 zuwa 170, 15 zuwa 20 mita sama da gefen tekun da ke kewaye. Gidan BdM dome ya nuna nau'i mai nau'i-nau'i-nau'i saboda 280 subcircular zuwa mounds oval (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, da 30 pits da 30 mafi girma (Fig. 2) . 800 m, daidai da haka. Matsakaicin [C = 4π (yanki / perimeter2)] na tuddai ya ragu tare da ƙara yawan ƙararrawa (Fig. 2b) . Ƙididdigar axial don mounds tsakanin 1 da 6.5, tare da mounds tare da axial rabo> 2 yana nuna N45 ° E + 15 ° da aka fi so da N45 ° E + 15 ° da aka watsar da N45 ° E da kuma karin 15 ° da aka watsar da N45 ° E. . 2c ku).Cones guda ɗaya ko masu daidaitawa suna wanzu akan jirgin BdM kuma a saman tudun (Fig. 3a,b) .Shirye-shiryen conical suna bin tsarin tudun tudun da suke a kan su. Alamomin alƙaluma galibi suna kan tudun ruwa (Fig. 3c) kuma lokaci-lokaci akan tuddai. Abubuwan sararin sararin samaniya na cones da alamun alatu sun nuna cewa iyakokin kudu maso gabas na arewa maso gabas da SWM sun nuna cewa iyakar arewa maso gabas na arewa maso yamma. ni (Hoto 4a,b);Hanyar NW-SE da ba ta da tsawo tana cikin yankin BdM ta tsakiya.
(a) Tsarin ƙasa na dijital (girman cell 1 m) na dome na Banco della Montagna (BdM) .(b) Perimeter da roundness na BdM mounds.(c) Axial rabo da kusurwa (daidaitacce) na babban axis na mafi kyau-fit ellipse kewaye da tudun.Kuskuren daidaitaccen samfurin Digital Terrain shine m0;.daidaitattun kurakurai na kewaye da zagaye sune 4.83 m da 0.01, bi da bi, kuma daidaitattun kurakurai na axial rabo da kusurwa sune 0.04 da 3.34 °, bi da bi.
Cikakkun bayanai na mazugi, ramuka, tuddai da ramuka a cikin yankin BdM da aka ciro daga DTM a cikin Hoto 2.
(a) Daidaita mazugi a kan shimfidar bakin teku;(b) Cones da craters akan slender tudun NW-SE;(c) Alamomin alatu a kan ƙasa mai ɗan ɗanɗano.
(a) Rarraba sarari na ramuka da aka gano, ramuka, da fitar da iskar gas mai aiki.
Mun gano 37 gaseous watsi a cikin BdM yankin daga ROV ruwa shafi echo sounder hotuna da kuma kai tsaye lura da seafloor samu a lokacin SAFE_2014 cruise a watan Agusta 2014 (Figures 4 da 5) The acoustic anomalies na wadannan emissions nuna a tsaye elongated siffofi tasowa daga cikin teku floor (12 m). wasu wurare, acoustic anomalies kafa wani kusan m "jirgin kasa."The lura kumfa plumes bambanta yadu: daga ci gaba, m kumfa gudãna zuwa short-rayu al'amura (Karin Movie 1) ROV dubawa damar ga gani tabbaci na abin da ya faru na seafloor ruwa vents da Highlights kananan pockmarks a kan seabed, wasu lokuta da kunna orange sements (A wasu lokuta, orange sements kewaye). s. Halittar yanayin iska yana nuna buɗewar madauwari a saman ba tare da walƙiya a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa ba.PH a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa kusa da wurin fitarwa ya nuna raguwa mai mahimmanci, yana nuna ƙarin yanayin acidic a cikin gida (Fig.5c, d) .Musamman, pH sama da BdM gas fitarwa a zurfin 75 m ya ragu daga 8.4 (a zurfin 70 m) zuwa 7.8 (a zurfin 75 m) (Fig. 5c), yayin da sauran shafuka a cikin Gulf of Naples suna da ƙimar pH tsakanin 0 da 160 m a cikin zurfin tazara da 8.5. ity aka rasa a biyu sites ciki da wajen BdM yankin na Gulf of Naples. A zurfin 70 m, da zafin jiki ne 15 ° C da kuma salinity ne game da 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d) Ma'auni na pH, zafin jiki, da salinity nuna: a) da hannu na acidic ruwaye hade da Bdmal da ruwa da kuma rage yawan ruwa da aka hade tare da rashin ruwa da Bdmal.
(a) Tagar saye na bayanin martabar ruwa mai acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60) .Tsaye koren band ɗin daidai da walƙiyar iskar gas da aka gano akan fitarwar ruwa na EM50 (kimanin 75 m ƙasa matakin teku) wanda ke cikin yankin BdM;Ana kuma nuna siginar ƙasa da na teku (b) tare da abin hawa mai sarrafa nesa a cikin yankin BdM Hoton guda ɗaya yana nuna ƙaramin rami (da'irar baƙar fata) kewaye da ja zuwa ruwan lemu. EM50 (panel c) da wajen Bdm yanki panel fitarwa (d).
Mun tattara samfurori guda uku na gas daga yankin binciken tsakanin Agusta 22 da 28, 2014. Wadannan samfurori sun nuna irin abubuwan da aka tsara, wanda CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol ya mamaye), wanda ya biyo bayan abubuwan da suka dace na N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) da H20S (0.4 mmol) da H20S (0.4 mmol) kasa da yawa (<0.052 da <0.016 mmol/mol, bi da bi) (Fig. 1b; Table S1, Ƙarin Fim 2) .Ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan O2 da Ar kuma an auna su (har zuwa 3.2 da 0.18 mmol / mol, bi da bi) .Jimillar hasken hydrocarbons.200C zuwa 4C zuwa C. alkanes, aromatics (yafi benzene), propene da sulfur-dauke da mahadi (thiophene) .The 40Ar / 36Ar darajar daidai da iska (295.5), ko da yake samfurin EM35 (BdM dome) yana da darajar 304, yana nuna wani dan kadan wuce haddi na 40Ar. The δ15N rabo daga Air zuwa + 2% yayin da sama da + 15N rabo na Air zuwa + 19% (har zuwa + 19). dabi'u daga -0.93 zuwa 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R / Ra dabi'u (bayan gyara ga gurbacewar iska ta amfani da 4He / 20Ne rabo) sun kasance tsakanin 1.66 da 1.94, yana nuna gaban babban juzu'i na mantle He.By hada da helium isotopeotopelar, da kara za a iya zama barga a cikin C2Mote. .A cikin taswirar CO2 don CO2/3He vs δ13C (Fig.6). ingantuwa tsakanin iskar mantle (waɗanda ake zaton za a ɗan wadatar da su a cikin carbon dioxide dangane da MORBs na gargajiya don maƙasudin dacewa da bayanan) da kuma halayen da ke haifar da ɓarkewar ɓarkewar iskar gas da ta haifar.
Hybrid Lines tsakanin alkyabbar abun da ke ciki da kuma karshen mambobi na farar ƙasa da Organic sediments aka ruwaito domin kwatanta.Boxes wakiltar fumarole yankunan Ischia, Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. The BdM samfurin ne a cikin gauraye Trend na Campania volcano.The endmember gas na gauraye tushen da mantburization na iskar gas samar da mantbur.
Seismic sassan L1 da L2 (Figs. 1b da 7) suna nuna sauyi tsakanin BdM da kuma m jerin stratigraphic na Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) da Campi Flegrei (L2, siffa 7b) volcanic yankuna.BdM ne halin da gaban biyu manyan subparagus da Fig.7). reflectors na high zuwa matsakaici amplitude da a kaikaice ci gaba (Fig. 7b, c) .Wannan Layer ya hada da marine sediments ja da Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) tsarin da kunshi yashi da kuma clay23. The underlying PS Layer (Fig. 7b-d) An halin m zuwa m zuwa m lokaci a cikin siffar ginshikan ko saman da sa'o'i na ruwan tabarau na PS Fig. apir-kamar geometries nuna kutsawa na PS m abu a cikin babba MS deposits.Uplift ne da alhakin samuwar folds da kurakurai da suka shafi MS Layer da overlying halin yanzu sediments na BdM seafloor (Fig. 7b-d) .The MS stratigraphic tazara ne a fili delaminated a cikin ENE sashe zuwa ga SLG sashe na gas, yayin da wani farin Layer na L1. ) an rufe shi da wasu matakan ciki na jerin MS (Fig.7a) .Maɗaukakin nauyi da aka tattara a saman BdM daidai da shimfidar ƙasa mai haske yana nuna cewa mafi girman 40 cm ya ƙunshi yashi da aka ajiye kwanan nan zuwa yanzu;)24,25 da pumice gutsuttsura daga fashewar fashewar Campi Flegrei na "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. A m lokaci na PS Layer ba za a iya bayyana ta m hadawa tafiyar matakai kadai, saboda m yadudduka hade da landslides, laka gudana da pyroclaust 2 m, a waje da wani B13 na Gulf 2 kwarara da aka samu a waje da wani B13. 4.Mun kammala cewa abubuwan da aka gani BdM PS seismic facies da kuma bayyanar da subsea outcrop PS Layer (Fig. 7d) yana nuna haɓakar iskar gas.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (trace kewayawa a cikin Fig. 1b) yana nuna alamar shafi (pagoda) tsari na sararin samaniya. Gidan pagoda ya ƙunshi ɗakunan ajiya na pumice da yashi. Gas-cikakken Layer wanda ke ƙasa da pagoda yana kawar da ci gaba da haɓaka mai zurfi. da nakasar tudun ruwa na teku, marine (MS), da kuma ajiyar yashi na pumice (PS).(c) Ana ba da rahoton bayanan nakasar a cikin MS da PS a cikin (c,d) .Tsarin saurin 1580 m / s a cikin mafi girma, 100 ms yana wakiltar kusan 80 m akan sikelin tsaye.
The morphological da tsarin halaye na BdM ne kama da sauran subsea hydrothermal da gas hydrate filayen duniya2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 da kuma sau da yawa hade da uplifts (vaults da mounds) da gas Discharge (cones, rami). 2 da 3) .Tsarin sararin samaniya na tuddai, ramuka da ramuka masu aiki suna nuna cewa rarraba su yana da ikon sarrafawa ta hanyar raguwar tasiri na NW-SE da NE-SW (Fig. 4b) .Waɗannan sune abubuwan da aka fi so na tsarin kuskuren da suka shafi Campi Flegrei da Somma-Vesuvius volcanic yankunan da Gulf of Naples na musamman da iko da tsarin ruwa na Flu na Naples. 35.Saboda haka mun yanke shawarar cewa kuskure da raguwa a cikin Gulf of Naples suna wakiltar hanyar da aka fi so don ƙaurawar iskar gas zuwa farfajiya, wani fasalin da aka raba ta hanyar sauran tsarin kula da tsarin hydrothermal36,37.Notably, BdM cones da ramukan ba koyaushe suna hade da tuddai (Fig.3a,c) Wannan yana nuna cewa waɗannan tuddai ba lallai ba ne su wakilci precursors don samuwar rami, kamar yadda sauran marubuta suka ba da shawarar ga gas hydrate zones32,33. Ƙirarriyar mu tana goyan bayan hasashen cewa rushewar dome seafloor sediments ba koyaushe yana haifar da samuwar ramuka ba.
Abubuwan da aka tattara na iskar gas guda uku suna nuna sa hannun sinadarai na dabi'a na ruwa mai zafi, wato CO2 tare da babban adadin rage iskar gas (H2S, CH4 da H2) da hydrocarbons mai haske (musamman benzene da propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45ses, 44, 45, 38,39, 43, 44, 45. ba a sa ran zama ba a cikin iskar ruwa na submarine, na iya zama saboda gurbatawa daga iska narkar da a cikin ruwan teku zuwa cikin lamba tare da iskar gas adana a cikin filastik kwalaye amfani da samfurin, kamar yadda ROVs ake cirewa daga teku bene zuwa teku zuwa tawaye.Conversely, tabbatacce δ15N dabi'u da wani high N2 / Ar (har zuwa 480) da aka samar da ruwa mafi girma fiye da N2 / Ar (har zuwa 480) mafi girma daga ruwa - N2. Maɓuɓɓugar mospheric, a cikin yarjejeniya tare da asalin asalin hydrothermal na waɗannan gas. An tabbatar da asalin hydrothermal-volcanic na BdM gas ta CO2 kuma Ya ƙunshi abun ciki da sa hannu na isotopic . dM samfurori kasance a cikin wani gauraye Trend na fumaroles a kusa da Gulf of Naples 'mantle karshen members da kuma decarbonization A dangantaka tsakanin iskar gas samar da dauki (Figure 6) .More musamman, da BdM gas samfurori suna located tare da hadawa Trend a kusan wuri guda a matsayin ruwaye daga m Campi Flegrei da Somma-Veusistal, wanda ya fi kusa da volustala. karshen alkyabbar.Somma-Vesuvius da Campi Flegrei suna da darajar 3He/4He (R/Ra tsakanin 2.6 da 2.9) fiye da BdM (R/Ra tsakanin 1.66 da 1.96;Table S1) .Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙari da tarawa na radiogenic Ya samo asali ne daga tushen magma guda ɗaya wanda ya ciyar da Somma-Vesuvius da Campi Flegrei volcanoes.Rashin gano ƙwayoyin carbon carbon a cikin BdM watsi yana nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta ba su da hannu a cikin tsarin BdM.
Dangane da bayanan da aka ruwaito a sama da kuma sakamakon daga samfuran gwaji na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ke da alaƙa da yankuna masu wadatar iskar gas, zurfin iskar gas na iya zama alhakin samuwar gidaje BdM na sikelin kilomita. Don kimanta overpressure Pdef da ke kaiwa ga BdM vault, mun yi amfani da injinan faranti na bakin ciki model33,34 da zato, daga bayanan da aka tattara a cikin sikelin radish. ya fi girma fiye da nakasa mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsawa w da kauri h na (Ƙarin Fig. S1) .Pdef shine bambanci tsakanin jimlar matsa lamba da matsa lamba na dutse tare da matsa lamba na ruwa. A BdM, radius yana da kusan 2,500 m, w shine 20 m, kuma h iyakar da aka kiyasta daga bayanin martabar seismic shine game da 6P de 6 p de 100. lation, inda D shine taurin sassauci;An ba da D ta (E h3) / [12 (1 - ν2)], inda E shine ma'auni na Matasa na ajiya, ν shine rabon Poisson (~ 0.5) 33. Tun da kayan aikin injiniya na BdM sediments ba za a iya aunawa ba, mun saita E = 140 kPa, wanda shine ma'auni mai ma'ana ga bakin teku mai yashi, ƙimar E4 ba daidai ba ne zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na BdM. ed a cikin wallafe-wallafen don ajiyar yumbu mai laushi (300
A abun da ke ciki na BdM gas ya yi daidai da mantle kafofin canza ta Bugu da kari na ruwa hade da decarbonization halayen na crustal duwatsu (Fig. 6) .Rough EW alignments na BdM domes da kuma aiki volcanoes irin su Ischia, Campi Flegre, da Soma-Vesuvius, tare da abun da ke ciki na iskar gas da aka ba da shawarar mafi yawan gas da aka fitar daga yankin da ke fitowa daga Na'ura mai yawa. ruwan ɓawon burodi yana motsawa daga yamma (Ischia) zuwa gabas (Somma-Vesuivus) (Figs. 1b da 6).
Mun gama da cewa a cikin Bay na Naples, 'yan kilomita daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Naples, akwai 25 km2 m dome-kamar tsarin da aka shafi wani aiki degassing tsari da lalacewa ta hanyar jeri na pagodas da mounds. A halin yanzu, BdM sa hannu yana nuna cewa ba-magmatic tashin hankali53 na iya predate embrymamie da tashin hankali na farko. yakamata a aiwatar da shi don nazarin juyin halitta na abubuwan mamaki da kuma gano siginar geochemical da geophysical da ke nuni da yuwuwar tashin hankali.
An samo bayanan martaba na ruwa na Acoustic (2D) a lokacin jirgin ruwa na SAFE_2014 (Agusta 2014) akan R/V Urania (CNR) ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) .Acoustic Samfur da aka yi ta hanyar kimiyya katako-tsagawa echo sounder Simrad EK8 kHz da aka rubuta wani matsakaicin bayanai na 3. An yi amfani da hotunan echosounder don gano fitar da ruwa da kuma ƙayyade wurin su daidai a cikin wurin tarin (tsakanin 74 da 180 m bsl) .Auna ma'auni na jiki da sinadarai a cikin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da bincike na multiparameter (conductivity, zafin jiki da zurfin, CTD) . An tattara bayanan ta amfani da bincike na CTD 911 (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) . duban gani na gefen teku an yi ta amfani da na'urar "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (abin hawa mai nisa) tare da kyamarori biyu (ƙananan da ma'ana).
Multibeam data saye da aka yi ta yin amfani da 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar tsarin (Kongsberg) .Tsarin yana da nasaba da wani bambanci na duniya sakawa tsarin don tabbatar da sub-metric kurakurai a cikin katako positioning.The acoustic bugun jini yana da mita na 100 kHz, wani harbe-harbe bugun jini na 150s Beamsure da kuma amfani da real lokaci da kuma velo 0 digiri. A lokacin saye.An sarrafa bayanai ta hanyar amfani da software na PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) bisa ga ma'auni na Ƙungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) don kewayawa da gyaran ruwa. Rage amo saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki na bazata da rashin ingancin sauti da aka yi tare da ƙera kayan aiki mara kyau. wanda aka yi ta tashar keel da ke kusa da mai sarrafa katako mai yawa da kuma samowa da kuma amfani da bayanan bayanan saurin sauti na ainihi a cikin ruwa a kowane sa'o'i 6-8 don samar da sautin sauti na ainihi don dacewa da kullun katako. Dukan bayanan ya ƙunshi kusan 440 km2 (0-1200 m zurfin) .An yi amfani da bayanan don samar da babban samfurin TM mai girma na ƙarshe ta hanyar dijital D TM (Figure 1) na ƙarshe. .1a) an yi shi tare da bayanan ƙasa (> 0 m sama da matakin teku) wanda aka samu a girman grid na 20 m ta Cibiyar Geo-Military ta Italiya.
A 55-kilomita high-ƙuduri single-tashar seismic data profile, tattara a lokacin aminci teku cruises a 2007 da kuma 2014, rufe wani yanki na kimanin 113 murabba'in kilomita, duka a kan R / V Urania. Marisk profiles (misali, L1 seismic profile, Fig. na 2.5 m catamaran wanda aka sanya tushen da mai karɓa. Sa hannu na tushen ya ƙunshi nau'i mai mahimmanci guda ɗaya wanda aka kwatanta a cikin kewayon mitar 1-10 kHz kuma yana ba da damar warware ma'anar da aka raba ta hanyar 25 cm. An samo bayanan martaba mai aminci ta hanyar amfani da 1.4 Kj Multi-tip Geospark seismic source interfaced tare da tsarin tsarin Geotrace. -6.02 KHz tushen da ke shiga har zuwa 400 milliseconds a cikin laka mai laushi a ƙarƙashin teku, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun 30 cm. Dukansu Safe da Marsik na'urorin sun samu a cikin wani kudi na 0.33 Shots / sec tare da jirgin ruwa gudun <3 Kn.Data da aka sarrafa da kuma gabatar ta hanyar amfani da Geosuite Allworks waterflows software, mupassing waterflows software. tacewa, da AGC.
An tattara iskar gas daga fumarole na karkashin ruwa a kan teku ta amfani da akwatin filastik sanye take da diaphragm na roba a gefensa na sama, wanda ROV ya sanya shi a sama a kan iska. zakara a cikin wanda aka cika da 20 ml na 5N NaOH bayani (Gegenbach-type flask) .Babban nau'in nau'in gas na acid (CO2 da H2S) suna narkar da su a cikin maganin alkaline, yayin da nau'in iskar gas mai sauƙi (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 da haske hydrocarbons) ana adana su a cikin ƙananan sararin samaniya. ) ta amfani da Shimadzu 15A sanye take da 10 m tsawon 5A kwayoyin sieve shafi da kuma thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.Argon da O2 an bincikar su ta amfani da Thermo Focus gas chromatograph sanye take da 30 m dogon capillary kwayoyin sieve shafi da TCD.Methane da haske hydrocarbons da aka yi amfani da wani tabo chromatograph1 m. cushe da Chromosorb PAW 80/100 raga, mai rufi tare da 23% SP 1700 da harshen wuta ionization ganowa (FID) .The ruwa lokaci da aka yi amfani da bincike na 1) CO2, kamar yadda, titrated tare da 0.5 N HCl bayani (Metrohm Basic Titrino) da kuma 2) H2 oxidation 3L chromatography, kamar yadda, 2.5 chromatography, H2 chromatography, da 2. (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Analytical kuskure na titration, GC da IC bincike ne kasa da 5% .Bayan daidaitattun hakar da kuma tsarkakewa hanyoyin da gas gaurayawan, 13C / 12C CO2 (bayyana a matsayin δ13C-CO2% da V-PDB) An bincikar ta amfani da wani Finningan Delta premiter da kuma spectro spectro na waje da aka yi amfani da 5. nzo marmara (na ciki), NBS18 da NBS19 (na kasa da kasa), yayin da kuskuren nazari da maimaitawa sun kasance ± 0.05% da ± 0.1%, bi da bi.
δ15N (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin% vs. Air) dabi'u da 40Ar / 36Ar an ƙaddara ta amfani da Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) guda biyu zuwa Finnigan Delta plusXP ci gaba da kwarara mass spectrometer.Kuskuren bincike shine: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Ar, R<1% R = 40% R. 3Ya / 4Ya auna a cikin samfurin kuma Ra shine rabo ɗaya a cikin yanayi: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 an ƙaddara a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na INGV-Palermo (Italiya) Ne <10-14 da <10-16 mol, bi da bi.
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Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-16-2022