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Biofilms wani muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban cututtukan cututtuka na yau da kullun, musamman idan ya zo ga na'urorin likitanci.Wannan matsala tana ba da babban ƙalubale ga ƙungiyar likitocin, saboda daidaitattun ƙwayoyin cuta na iya lalata ƙwayoyin halitta kawai zuwa iyakacin iyaka.Rigakafin halittar biofilm ya haifar da haɓaka hanyoyin sutura da sabbin abubuwa.Wadannan fasahohin suna nufin suturta saman ta yadda zai hana samuwar biofilm.Gilashin ƙarfe masu ƙarfi, musamman waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙarfe da ƙarfe na titanium, sun zama kayan kwalliyar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.A lokaci guda, amfani da fasahar feshin sanyi ya karu saboda hanya ce mai dacewa don sarrafa kayan zafin jiki.Wani bangare na makasudin wannan bincike shine samar da sabon gilashin fim na kashe kwayoyin cuta wanda ya hada da Cu-Zr-Ni ternary ta hanyar amfani da dabarun hada kayan aiki.Ana amfani da foda mai nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) don fesa bakin karfe a ƙananan zafi.Gilashin ƙarfe da aka lulluɓe substrates sun sami damar rage haɓakar halittar biofilm da aƙalla log 1 idan aka kwatanta da bakin karfe.
A cikin tarihin ɗan adam, kowace al'umma ta sami damar haɓakawa da haɓaka ƙaddamar da sabbin kayayyaki don biyan takamaiman buƙatunta, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka haɓakawa da matsayi a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya1.A kodayaushe ana danganta shi ne ga iyawar dan Adam wajen kera kayan aiki da na'urorin kera kayayyaki, da kuma kera da kuma siffanta kayan don cimma lafiya, ilimi, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, al'adu da sauran fannoni daga wannan kasa ko yanki zuwa wancan.Ana auna ci gaba ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko yanki2.Shekaru 60 da suka wuce, masana kimiyyar kayan sun ba da lokaci mai yawa ga babban aiki guda ɗaya: neman sabbin abubuwa da ci gaba.Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali kan inganta inganci da aikin kayan da ake da su, da kuma haɗawa da ƙirƙira sabbin nau'ikan kayan gabaɗaya.
Bugu da ƙari na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, gyare-gyare na ƙananan kayan aiki da aikace-aikace na thermal, inji ko thermomechanical hanyoyin magani sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin kayan aikin injiniya, sunadarai da kayan jiki na kayan daban-daban.Bugu da kari, har zuwa yanzu an samu nasarar hada abubuwan da ba a san su ba.Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na ci gaba sun haifar da sabon dangi na sabbin kayayyaki waɗanda aka fi sani da Advanced Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dige, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, da high-entropy alloys, wasu misalan kayan ci-gaba ne da suka bayyana a duniya tun tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata.A cikin ƙira da haɓaka sabbin kayan haɗin gwiwa tare da ingantattun kaddarorin, duka a cikin samfurin ƙarshe da kuma a cikin matsakaicin matakan samar da shi, ana ƙara matsalar rashin daidaituwa sau da yawa.Sakamakon bullo da sabbin fasahohin masana'antu wadanda ke ba da damar karkata daga ma'auni, an gano wani sabon nau'in gami da karafa, wanda aka fi sani da gilashin karfe.
Aikinsa a Caltech a 1960 ya kawo sauyi ga ra'ayin karfen allo lokacin da ya hada Au-25 a.% Si gilasai ta hanyar karfafa ruwa da sauri a kusan digiri miliyan daya a sakan daya.4 Binciken Farfesa Paul Duves ba wai kawai ya nuna farkon tarihin gilashin ƙarfe ba (MS), amma kuma ya haifar da sauyi a cikin yadda mutane ke tunani game da kayan ƙarfe.Tun da sosai farkon majagaba bincike a cikin kira na MS gami, kusan duk karfe gilashin da aka samu gaba daya ta amfani da daya daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin: (i) m solidification na narkewa ko tururi, (ii) atomic lattice cuta, (iii) m-jihar amorphization halayen tsakanin tsarki karfe abubuwa da (iv) m lokaci mika mulki na metastable bulan.
Ana bambanta MGs ta hanyar rashin tsari na atomic na dogon lokaci da ke hade da lu'ulu'u, wanda shine ma'anar ma'anar lu'ulu'u.A duniyar zamani, an sami babban ci gaba a fannin gilashin ƙarfe.Waɗannan su ne sabon kayan da ban sha'awa kaddarorin da suke da ban sha'awa ba kawai ga m jihar kimiyyar lissafi, amma kuma ga metallurgy, surface sunadarai, fasaha, ilmin halitta, da kuma sauran wurare.Wannan sabon nau'in kayan yana da kaddarorin da suka bambanta da ƙananan ƙarfe, yana mai da shi ɗan takara mai ban sha'awa don aikace-aikacen fasaha a fannoni daban-daban.Suna da wasu mahimman kaddarorin: (i) babban ductility na inji da ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, (ii) babban ƙarfin maganadisu, (iii) ƙarancin ƙarfi, (iv) juriyar lalata, (v) yancin kai na zafin jiki.Gudanarwa 6.7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 wata sabuwar hanya ce, wacce aka fara gabatar da ita a cikin 19839 ta Farfesa KK Kok da abokan aikinsa.Sun samar da amorphous Ni60Nb40 foda ta hanyar nika cakuda abubuwa masu tsafta a yanayin yanayi kusa da zafin dakin.Yawanci, ana aiwatar da amsawar MA tsakanin haɗin kai na foda mai amsawa a cikin reactor, yawanci daga bakin karfe, cikin injin niƙa.10 (Hoto 1a, b).Tun daga nan, wannan mechanically jawo m jihar dauki hanya da aka yi amfani da shirya sabon amorphous / karfe gilashin gami powders ta yin amfani da low (Fig. 1c) da kuma high makamashi ball Mills da sanda mills11,12,13,14,15,16.Musamman, an yi amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya tsarin da ba a iya amfani da shi ba kamar Cu-Ta17 da kuma manyan abubuwan narkewa kamar Al-transition karfe (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb da Ta) 18,19 da Fe-W20 tsarin., wanda ba za a iya samu ta amfani da hanyoyin dafa abinci na al'ada ba.Bugu da kari, MA an dauke daya daga cikin mafi iko nanotechnological kayayyakin aiki, ga masana'antu sikelin samar da nanocrystalline da nanocomposite foda barbashi na karfe oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, kazalika da m stabilization ta amfani da saman-saukar m.1 da matakan metastable.
Tsarin tsari yana nuna hanyar ƙirƙira da aka yi amfani da shi don shirya murfin gilashin ƙarfe na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 a cikin wannan binciken.(a) Shiri na MC alloy powders tare da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, da 40 a.%) ta amfani da hanyar milling mai ƙarancin kuzari.(a) Ana ɗora kayan farawa a cikin silinda kayan aiki tare da ƙwallan ƙarfe na kayan aiki da (b) an rufe su a cikin akwatin safofin hannu mai cike da yanayi.(c) Samfurin fasinja na jirgin nika mai nuna motsin ƙwallon yayin niƙa.Samfurin foda na ƙarshe da aka samu bayan sa'o'i 50 an yi amfani da shi don sanyin fesa suturar SUS 304 (d).
Lokacin da ya zo ga filaye masu yawa (substrates), injiniyan saman ya ƙunshi ƙira da gyare-gyare na saman (sabust) don samar da wasu kayan aikin jiki, sinadarai, da fasaha waɗanda ba su cikin ainihin babban kayan.Wasu daga cikin kaddarorin da za a iya inganta su yadda ya kamata ta hanyar jiyya ta sama sun haɗa da abrasion, oxidation da juriya na lalata, ƙima na gogayya, bioinertness, kaddarorin lantarki da rufin thermal, kawai don suna kaɗan.Ana iya inganta ingancin saman ta hanyar ƙarfe, inji ko hanyoyin sinadarai.A matsayin sanannen tsari, ana bayyana shafi kawai azaman ɗaya ko fiye da yadudduka na kayan da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar wucin gadi zuwa saman babban abu (substrate) da aka yi daga wani abu.Don haka, ana amfani da sutura a wani ɓangare don cimma abubuwan da ake buƙata na fasaha ko kayan ado, da kuma kare kayan daga sinadarai da ake tsammani da hulɗar jiki tare da muhalli23.
Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da dabaru iri-iri don amfani da matakan kariya masu dacewa daga ƴan micrometers (ƙasa da 10-20 micrometers) zuwa fiye da 30 micrometers ko ma da yawa milimita a cikin kauri.Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba hanyoyin shafi zuwa kashi biyu: (i) hanyoyin suturar rigar, gami da electroplating, electroplating, da galvanizing mai zafi mai zafi, da (ii) hanyoyin busassun busassun, gami da soldering, hardfacing, gurɓataccen tururi (PVD).).
An bayyana Biofilms a matsayin al'ummomin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba za a iya jujjuya su zuwa sama ba kuma suna kewaye da polymers ɗin da ke ƙera kansu (EPS).Samar da wani babban balagagge na biofilm na iya haifar da babbar asara a masana'antu da yawa, gami da sarrafa abinci, tsarin ruwa, da kiwon lafiya.A cikin mutane, tare da samuwar biofilms, fiye da 80% na lokuta na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (ciki har da Enterobacteriaceae da Staphylococci) suna da wuyar magancewa.Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton balagaggen biofilms sun kasance sau 1000 sun fi tsayayya da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da kwayoyin kwayoyin planktonic, wanda ake la'akari da babban kalubalen warkewa.A tarihance, an yi amfani da kayan shafa mai daɗaɗɗen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka samo daga mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta na gama gari.Ko da yake irin waɗannan kayan galibi suna ɗauke da abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke da illa ga ɗan adam, 25,26 wannan na iya taimakawa wajen guje wa watsa ƙwayoyin cuta da lalata kayan.
Yaduwar juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta ga maganin ƙwayoyin cuta saboda samuwar biofilm ya haifar da buƙatar samar da ingantaccen saman mai rufi na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda za'a iya shafa shi lafiya27.Haɓakawa na zahiri ko sinadarai na anti-manne wanda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya ɗaure su ba kuma su samar da biofilms saboda mannewa shine hanya ta farko a cikin wannan tsari27.Fasaha ta biyu ita ce ta samar da suturar da ke isar da sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daidai inda ake buƙata, cikin matsuguni da yawa.Ana samun wannan ta hanyar haɓaka kayan kwalliya na musamman kamar graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 da ZnO30-doped lu'u-lu'u-kamar kayan kwalliyar carbon waɗanda ke da juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fasahar da ke haɓaka haɓakar guba da juriya saboda haɓakar biofilm.Bugu da ƙari, suturar da ke ɗauke da sinadarai na germicidal waɗanda ke ba da kariya ta dogon lokaci daga kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙara samun shahara.Duk da yake duk hanyoyin guda uku suna da ikon aiwatar da ayyukan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a kan rufin rufin, kowannensu yana da nasa iyakokin da ya kamata a yi la'akari yayin haɓaka dabarun aikace-aikacen.
Samfuran da ke kasuwa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar cikas ta rashin lokacin yin nazari da gwada suturar kariya don abubuwan da ke aiki da ilimin halitta.Kamfanoni sun yi iƙirarin cewa samfuran su za su samar wa masu amfani da abubuwan aikin da ake so, duk da haka, wannan ya zama cikas ga nasarar samfuran a halin yanzu a kasuwa.Abubuwan da aka samu daga azurfa ana amfani da su a mafi yawan magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a halin yanzu ga masu amfani.An tsara waɗannan samfuran don kare masu amfani daga yuwuwar bayyanar cutarwa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.Sakamakon jinkirin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da guba na mahadi na azurfa yana ƙara matsa lamba akan masu bincike don samar da madadin mai cutarwa36,37.Ƙirƙirar suturar rigakafi na duniya wanda ke aiki a ciki da waje ya kasance kalubale.Wannan yana zuwa tare da alaƙar lafiya da haɗarin aminci.Gano wani maganin ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ba shi da lahani ga ɗan adam da gano yadda za a haɗa shi a cikin kayan shafa tare da tsawon rai shine abin nema sosai.Sabbin kayan antimicrobial da antibiofilm an tsara su don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a kusa ko dai ta hanyar tuntuɓar kai tsaye ko bayan sakin wakili mai aiki.Za su iya yin hakan ta hanyar hana mannewa na farko na ƙwayoyin cuta (ciki har da hana samuwar Layer na furotin a saman) ko kuma ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da bangon tantanin halitta.
Mahimmanci, rufin ƙasa shine tsarin yin amfani da wani Layer zuwa saman wani sashi don inganta halayen saman.Manufar rufin saman shine don canza ƙananan tsarin da/ko abun da ke ciki na yankin kusa da saman wani sashi39.Ana iya raba hanyoyin shafan saman zuwa hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda aka taƙaita a cikin siffa 2a.Ana iya raba sutura zuwa nau'ikan thermal, sunadarai, na zahiri da na lantarki dangane da hanyar da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar sutura.
(a) Inset wanda ke nuna manyan fasahohin ƙirƙira saman ƙasa, da (b) zaɓaɓɓen fa'idodi da rashin amfanin hanyar fesa sanyi.
Fasahar feshin sanyi tana da kamanceceniya da dabarun feshin zafi na gargajiya.Koyaya, akwai kuma wasu mahimman kaddarorin da ke sanya tsarin feshin sanyi da kayan feshin sanyi musamman na musamman.Fasahar feshin sanyi har yanzu tana cikin ƙuruciyarta, amma tana da kyakkyawar makoma.A wasu lokuta, ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin feshin sanyi suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa, shawo kan ƙayyadaddun dabarun fesa thermal na al'ada.Ya shawo kan gagarumin gazawar fasahar fesa zafin jiki na gargajiya, wanda dole ne a narke foda don a ajiye shi a kan wani abu.Babu shakka, wannan al'ada shafi tsari bai dace da sosai zafin jiki m kayan kamar nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous da karfe gilashin40, 41, 42. Bugu da kari, thermal fesa shafi kayan ko da yaushe suna da babban matakin porosity da oxides.Cold fesa fasahar yana da yawa gagarumin abũbuwan amfãni a kan thermal fesa fasahar, kamar (i) kadan zafi shigar da substrate, (ii) sassauci a zabar da substrate shafi, (iii) babu lokaci canji da hatsi girma, (iv) high m ƙarfi1 .39 (Fig. 2b).Bugu da kari, sanyi fesa shafi kayan da high lalata juriya, high ƙarfi da taurin, high lantarki watsin da high yawa41.Duk da fa'idar tsarin feshin sanyi, wannan hanyar har yanzu tana da wasu kurakurai, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2b.Lokacin shafa foda mai tsabta kamar Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, da sauransu, ba za a iya amfani da hanyar fesa sanyi ba.A gefe guda kuma, yumbu / ƙarfe mai hade foda za a iya amfani da shi azaman albarkatun ƙasa don sutura.Haka yake ga sauran hanyoyin fesa thermal.Wuraren saman da bututun ciki har yanzu suna da wahalar fesa.
Idan akai la'akari da cewa aikin yanzu yana nufin yin amfani da foda na ƙarfe na ƙarfe a matsayin kayan farawa don sutura, a bayyane yake cewa ba za a iya amfani da feshin thermal na al'ada ba don wannan dalili.Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa foda na ƙarfe na vitreous suna yin crystallize a yanayin zafi mai girma1.
Yawancin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a masana'antar likitanci da abinci an yi su ne daga austenitic bakin karfe gami (SUS316 da SUS304) tare da abun ciki na chromium na 12 zuwa 20 wt.% don samar da kayan aikin tiyata.An yarda da cewa yin amfani da ƙarfe na chromium azaman abin haɗakarwa a cikin kayan haɗin ƙarfe na iya haɓaka juriya na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe na yau da kullun.Bakin karfe gami, duk da babban juriyar lalata su, ba su da mahimman kaddarorin antimicrobial38,39.Wannan ya bambanta da babban juriyar lalata su.Bayan haka, yana yiwuwa a yi hasashen ci gaban kamuwa da cuta da kumburi, waɗanda galibi saboda mannewar ƙwayoyin cuta da mulkin mallaka a saman abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfe ba.Matsaloli masu mahimmanci na iya tasowa saboda manyan matsalolin da ke tattare da mannewar kwayoyin cuta da hanyoyin samar da biofilm, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamako masu yawa wanda zai iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.
Wannan binciken shine kashi na farko na aikin da Gidauniyar Kuwait don Ci gaban Kimiyya (KFAS), kwangila mai lamba No.2010-550401, don bincika yiwuwar samar da gilashin ƙarfe na ƙarfe Cu-Zr-Ni ternary foda ta amfani da fasahar MA (tebur).1) Domin samar da SUS304 antibacterial surface kariya film / rufi.Kashi na biyu na aikin, wanda zai fara a watan Janairu 2023, zai yi nazari dalla-dalla game da halayen lalata galvanic da kaddarorin injina na tsarin.Za a yi cikakken gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri.
Wannan labarin yayi magana akan tasirin abun ciki na alloy na Zr akan ikon samar da gilashi (GFA) dangane da halaye da halaye.Bugu da ƙari, an kuma tattauna abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta na foda mai rufin gilashin karfe / SUS304 composite.Bugu da kari, an ci gaba da gudanar da aiki don bincikar yuwuwar canjin tsari na foda na gilashin ƙarfe da ke faruwa yayin feshin sanyi a cikin yankin ruwa mai sanyi na ƙirar gilashin ƙarfe.Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 an yi amfani da allo na gilashin ƙarfe a matsayin misalai na wakilci a cikin wannan binciken.
Wannan sashe yana gabatar da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin foda na elemental Cu, Zr da Ni yayin miryar ƙwallon ƙarancin kuzari.Tsarukan daban-daban guda biyu da suka ƙunshi Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 za a yi amfani da su azaman misalai.Za'a iya raba tsarin MA zuwa matakai daban-daban guda uku, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar sifofin metallographic na foda da aka samu a matakin niƙa (Fig. 3).
Metallographic halaye na powders na inji gami (MA) samu bayan daban-daban matakai na ball nika.Hotunan sikanin sikanin lantarki na fili (FE-SEM) na MA da Cu50Zr40Ni10 foda da aka samu bayan ƙarancin kuzarin ƙwallon ƙafa na 3, 12 da 50 ana nuna su a (a), (c) da (e) don tsarin Cu50Zr20Ni30, yayin da suke kan MA guda ɗaya.Hotunan da suka dace na tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka ɗauka bayan lokaci ana nuna su a (b), (d), da (f).
A lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙarfin motsa jiki mai tasiri wanda za'a iya canjawa wuri zuwa foda na karfe yana shafar haɗuwa da sigogi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 1a.Wannan ya hada da karo tsakanin bukukuwa da foda, matsa lamba na foda da ke makale tsakanin ko tsakanin kafofin watsa labaru na nika, tasirin fadowa daga ƙwallayen fadowa, juzu'i da lalacewa ta hanyar jawo foda tsakanin jikin motsi na injin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, da girgizar girgizar da ke wucewa ta faɗowar ƙwallan da ke yaduwa ta hanyar al'adun da aka ɗora (Fig. 1a). Эlementarnыe poroshky Cu, Zr da Ni были сильно деформировANы ванию крупных частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). Fuskokin Cu, Zr, da Ni sun lalace sosai saboda walƙar sanyi a farkon matakin MA (3 h), wanda ya haifar da samuwar manyan ƙwayoyin foda (> 1 mm a diamita).Waɗannan manyan ɓangarorin da aka haɗa suna da alaƙa da samuwar abubuwa masu kauri (Cu, Zr, Ni), kamar yadda aka nuna a fig.3 a,b ku.Ƙarawa a cikin lokacin MA zuwa 12 h (tsakiyar mataki) ya haifar da karuwa a cikin makamashin motsa jiki na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya haifar da ƙaddamar da ƙwayar foda a cikin ƙananan foda (kasa da 200 μm), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 3c, birni.A wannan mataki, ƙarfin ƙarfi da aka yi amfani da shi yana kaiwa ga samuwar wani sabon ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da bakin ciki na Cu, Zr, Ni, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 3c, d.A sakamakon nika na yadudduka a mu'amala da flakes, m-lokaci halayen faruwa tare da samuwar sababbin matakai.
A Karshe na Tsarin Ma (Bayan 50 h), flake setallogography ba a lura (Figra 3e, an lura da Mataimakin Midline na foda.Wannan yana nufin cewa an kammala tsarin MA kuma an ƙirƙiri lokaci guda ɗaya.Abubuwan da aka tsara na yankuna da aka nuna a cikin Fig.3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) an ƙaddara ta amfani da sikanin sikanin sikandirin lantarki (FE-SEM) a haɗe da makamashi mai watsawa X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
A cikin tebur.2 na farko na abubuwan da aka haɗa ana nuna su azaman kashi na jimlar yawan kowane yanki da aka zaɓa a cikin fig.3e, f.Kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon tare da farkon abubuwan ƙirƙira na Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka bayar a cikin Tebuli 1 yana nuna cewa abubuwan haɗin waɗannan samfuran ƙarshe guda biyu suna da kusanci sosai da abubuwan ƙima.Bugu da kari, da dangi dabi'u na aka gyara ga yankunan da aka jera a cikin siffa 3e, f ba bayar da shawarar gagarumin tabarbarewar ko bambanci a cikin abun da ke ciki na kowane samfurin daga wannan yanki zuwa wani.Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa babu wani canji da aka samu daga wannan yanki zuwa wancan.Wannan yana nuna samar da foda na gama gari iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 2.
FE-SEM micrographs na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) foda samfurin ƙarshe an samo su bayan lokutan 50 MA, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 4a-d, inda x yake 10, 20, 30 da 40 a.%, bi da bi.Bayan wannan mataki na niƙa, foda yana haɗuwa saboda tasirin van der Waals, wanda ke haifar da samuwar manyan abubuwan da suka ƙunshi ultrafine barbashi tare da diamita na 73 zuwa 126 nm, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 4.
Halayen ilimin lissafi na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) foda da aka samu bayan 50-hour MA.Don tsarin Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, hotunan FE-SEM na foda da aka samu bayan 50 MA ana nuna su a (a), (b), (c), da (d), bi da bi.
Kafin loading da powders a cikin sanyi fesa feeder, an farko sonicated a analytical sa ethanol for 15 minutes sa'an nan kuma bushe a 150 ° C. 2 hours.Dole ne a dauki wannan mataki don samun nasarar magance agglomeration, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da matsaloli masu yawa a cikin tsarin sutura.Bayan kammala tsarin MA, an ci gaba da nazarin binciken da aka yi a cikin nau'i na foda.A kan fig.5a-d yana nuna micrographs FE-SEM da madaidaitan hotunan EDS na Cu, Zr da Ni alloying abubuwan na Cu50Zr30Ni20 gami da aka ɗauka bayan sa'o'i 50 M, bi da bi.Ya kamata a lura cewa foda da aka samu bayan wannan matakin sun yi kama da juna, saboda ba sa nuna wani canji na abun da ya wuce matakin nanometer, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 5.
Ilimin ilimin halitta da rarraba abubuwan gida a cikin MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda da aka samu bayan 50 MA ta FE-SEM / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM da X-ray EDS Hoton na (b) Cu-KA, (c) Zr-LA, da (d) Ni-KA.
Hanyoyin rarrabawar X-ray na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, da Cu50Zr20Ni30 foda da aka samu bayan 50-hour MA ana nuna su a cikin Figs.6a-d, bi da bi.Bayan wannan mataki na niƙa, duk samfuran da ke da nau'o'in nau'in Zr daban-daban suna da sifofin amorphous tare da halayen yaduwa na halo wanda aka nuna a cikin siffa 6.
X-ray diffraction alamu na Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), da Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) powders bayan MA na 50 h.An lura da tsarin yaduwa-halo a cikin duk samfurori ba tare da togiya ba, yana nuna samuwar lokaci na amorphous.
An yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iskar da iska mai ƙarfi (FE-HRTEM) don lura da canje-canjen tsari da fahimtar tsarin gida na foda wanda ya haifar da milling ball a lokuta daban-daban na MA.Hotunan foda da aka samu ta hanyar FE-HRTEM bayan farkon (6h) da matsakaici (18 h) matakan niƙa Cu50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 foda suna nunawa a cikin Figs.7a, ku.Bisa ga hoto mai haske (BFI) na foda da aka samu bayan 6 h na MA, foda ya ƙunshi manyan hatsi tare da ƙayyadaddun iyakoki na fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, da fcc-Ni abubuwa, kuma babu alamun samuwar lokaci na amsawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 7a.Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar ƙirar yanki da aka zaɓa (SADP) da aka ɗauka daga yankin tsakiya (a) ya bayyana wani nau'i mai mahimmanci (Fig. 7b) yana nuna kasancewar manyan crystallites da kuma rashin lokacin amsawa.
Halayen tsarin tsarin gida na MA foda da aka samu bayan farkon (6 h) da matsakaici (18 h) matakan.(a) Babban ƙuduri filin watsawar watsawar microscopy (FE-HRTEM) da (b) daidaitaccen yanki diffractogram (SADP) na Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda bayan MA magani na 6 hours.Hoton FE-HRTEM na Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka samu bayan awa 18 MA ana nunawa a cikin (c).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.7c, karuwa a cikin tsawon lokacin MA zuwa 18 h ya haifar da lahani mai tsanani a hade tare da lalata filastik.A wannan tsaka-tsakin mataki na tsarin MA, nau'i-nau'i daban-daban suna bayyana a cikin foda, ciki har da kurakurai masu ɗorewa, lahani na lattice, da lahani (Fig. 7).Wadannan lahani suna haifar da rarrabuwa na manyan hatsi tare da iyakokin hatsi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan 20 nm a girman (Fig. 7c).
Tsarin gida na Cu50Z30Ni20 foda mai niƙa don 36 h MA yana da alaƙa da samuwar ultrafine nanograins da aka saka a cikin matrix na bakin ciki na amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 8a.Wani bincike na gida na EMF ya nuna cewa nanoclusters da aka nuna a cikin Fig.8a suna hade da Cu, Zr da Ni foda gami da ba a kula da su ba.Abubuwan da ke cikin Cu a cikin matrix sun bambanta daga ~ 32 a.% (yankin matalauta) zuwa ~ 74 a.% (yankin mai arziki), wanda ke nuna samar da samfurori iri-iri.Bugu da ƙari, daidaitattun SADPs na foda da aka samu bayan milling a cikin wannan mataki suna nuna na farko da na biyu na halo-diffusion amorphous zamani zobe tare da kaifi da maki hade da wadannan untreated alloying abubuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 8b.
Nanoscale tsarin tsarin gida na Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda.(a) Hoton filin haske (BFI) da daidai (b) SADP na Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda da aka samu bayan milling don 36 h MA.
Zuwa ƙarshen tsarin MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, da 40 a.% foda, ba tare da togiya ba, suna da labyrinthine morphology na zamani amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa.Ba za a iya gano rarrabuwar ma'ana ko ƙayyadaddun tsarin annular a cikin daidaitaccen SADS na kowane abun da ke ciki ba.Wannan yana nuna rashi na ƙarfe na crystalline da ba a kula da shi ba, sai dai samuwar foda mai amorphous.Waɗannan SADPs masu alaƙa da ke nuna alamun yaɗuwar halo kuma an yi amfani da su azaman shaida don haɓaka matakan amorphous a cikin kayan samfur na ƙarshe.
Tsarin gida na samfurin ƙarshe na tsarin Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM da nanobeam diffraction alamu (NBDP) na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, da (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 da aka samu bayan 50 h na MA.
Yin amfani da calorimetry na dubawa daban-daban, an yi nazarin yanayin kwanciyar hankali na zafin canjin gilashin (Tg), yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx) da zafin jiki na crystallization (Tx) dangane da abun ciki na Ni (x) a cikin Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) tsarin amorphous.(DSC) Properties a cikin He gas kwarara.Ƙwayoyin DSC na foda na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, da Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous gami da aka samu bayan MA don 50 h ana nuna su a cikin Figs.10 a, b, e, bi da bi.Yayin da DSC curve na amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 ke nunawa daban a cikin siffa na karni na 10 A halin yanzu, samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 mai zafi zuwa ~ 700 ° C a DSC yana nunawa a cikin siffa 10g.
Tsawon yanayin zafi na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG powders da aka samu bayan MA na sa'o'i 50 an ƙaddara ta yanayin canjin gilashin (Tg), zafin jiki na crystallization (Tx) da yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx).Thermograms na bambancin sikanin calorimeter (DSC) foda na Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), da (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG gami foda bayan MA na tsawon awanni 50.Ana nuna ƙirar rarrabuwar X-ray (XRD) na samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 mai zafi zuwa ~700°C a cikin DSC a cikin (d).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 10, DSC masu lankwasa don duk abubuwan da aka tsara tare da tarin nickel daban-daban (x) suna nuna lokuta daban-daban guda biyu, ɗayan endothermic da sauran exothermic.Na farko endothermic taron yayi dace da Tg, kuma na biyu yana da alaƙa da Tx.Yankin kwancen da ke tsakanin Tg da Tx ana kiransa yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx = Tx – Tg).Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Tg da Tx na samfurin Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Fig. 10a) da aka sanya a 526 ° C da 612 ° C suna canza abun ciki (x) har zuwa 20 a % zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki na 482 ° C da 563 ° C.°C tare da haɓaka Ni (x), bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 10b.Sakamakon haka, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 yana raguwa daga 86°C (Siffa 10a) zuwa 81°C don Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Hoto 10b).Don alloy na MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, an kuma lura da raguwar ƙimar Tg, Tx, da ΔTx zuwa matakan 447°C, 526°C, da 79°C (Hoto 10b).Wannan yana nuna cewa haɓaka abun ciki na Ni yana haifar da raguwa a cikin kwanciyar hankali na thermal na MS gami.Akasin haka, ƙimar Tg (507 °C) na MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 gami da ƙasa da na MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 gami;duk da haka, Tx ɗin sa yana nuna ƙimar kwatankwacinsa (612 ° C).Saboda haka, ΔTx yana da ƙimar mafi girma (87°C) kamar yadda aka nuna a fig.Karni na 10
Tsarin Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MC, ta amfani da Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC gami a matsayin misali, crystallizes ta hanyar kaifi exothermic ganiya zuwa fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, da orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline matakai (Fig. 10c).An tabbatar da wannan canjin lokaci daga amorphous zuwa crystalline ta hanyar nazarin diffraction na X-ray na samfurin MG (Fig. 10d) wanda aka yi zafi zuwa 700 ° C a DSC.
A kan fig.11 yana nuna hotunan da aka ɗauka yayin aikin feshin sanyi da aka yi a cikin aikin na yanzu.A cikin wannan binciken, ƙwayoyin foda na gilashin ƙarfe waɗanda aka haɗa bayan MA na tsawon sa'o'i 50 (ta amfani da Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misali) an yi amfani da su azaman kayan albarkatun ƙasa na ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma farantin karfe (SUS304) an rufe shi da sanyi.An zaɓi hanyar fesa sanyi don yin sutura a cikin jerin fasahar feshin thermal saboda ita ce hanya mafi inganci a cikin jerin fasahar feshin thermal inda za a iya amfani da ita don kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe kamar amorphous da nanocrystalline foda.Ba batun lokaci ba.miƙa mulki.Wannan shi ne babban dalilin zabar wannan hanya.Ana aiwatar da tsarin ƙaddamar da sanyi ta hanyar amfani da ɓangarorin masu saurin gudu waɗanda ke canza kuzarin motsa jiki na barbashi zuwa nakasar filastik, nakasawa da zafi akan tasiri tare da substrate ko ɓangarorin da aka ajiye a baya.
Hotunan filin sun nuna tsarin feshin sanyi da aka yi amfani da shi don shirye-shirye guda biyar na MG/SUS 304 a 550°C.
The motsi makamashi na barbashi, kazalika da lokacin da kowane barbashi a lokacin samuwar shafi, dole ne a canza zuwa wasu nau'i na makamashi ta hanyar irin wannan inji kamar filastik nakasar (primary barbashi da interparticle hulda a cikin matrix da kuma hulda da barbashi), interstitial kullin daskararru, juyawa tsakanin barbashi, nakasawa da kuma iyakance makamashi a cikin Bugu da kari, idan 39 kine da makamashi deformed. samuwar makamashi, sakamakon zai zama karo na roba, wanda ke nufin cewa barbashi kawai billa kashe bayan tasiri.An lura cewa kashi 90% na tasirin tasirin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan da aka yi amfani da su / substrate an canza su zuwa zafi na gida 40 .Bugu da kari, lokacin da aka yi amfani da danniya mai tasiri, ana samun babban nau'in nau'in filastik a cikin yankin tuntuɓar barbashi / substrate a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci41,42.
Ana ɗaukar nakasar filastik a matsayin tsari na ɓarna makamashi, ko kuma a maimakon haka, azaman tushen zafi a cikin yanki na tsaka-tsakin.Koyaya, haɓakar zafin jiki a cikin yanki na tsaka-tsaki yawanci bai isa ba don faruwar narkewar tsaka-tsakin fuska ko mahimmancin kuzari na yaduwar juna na atom.Babu wani littafin da marubutan suka sani da ya binciki tasirin kaddarorin waɗannan foda na ƙarfe na ƙarfe akan mannewar foda da daidaitawa da ke faruwa yayin amfani da dabarun fesa sanyi.
BFI na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 foda foda za a iya gani a cikin siffa 12a, wanda aka ajiye a kan SUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b).Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga adadi, foda mai rufi yana riƙe da ainihin tsarin amorphous saboda suna da tsarin labyrinth mai laushi ba tare da wani fasali na crystalline ko lahani ba.A gefe guda, hoton yana nuna kasancewar wani lokaci na waje, kamar yadda aka nuna ta nanoparticles da aka haɗa a cikin MG-coated foda matrix (Fig. 12a).Hoto na 12c yana nuna alamar diffraction nanobeam (NBDP) da ke hade da yankin I (Hoto 12a).Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.12c, NBDP yana nuna yanayin yaɗuwar halo mai rauni na tsarin amorphous kuma yana kasancewa tare tare da tabo masu kaifi daidai da babban nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in ƙwayar cuta na Zr2Ni tare da tetragonal CuO lokaci.Samuwar CuO za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar iskar oxygen da foda lokacin motsi daga bututun bututun fesa zuwa SUS 304 a cikin iska mai buɗewa a cikin kwararar supersonic.A daya hannun, karkatar da karfe gilashin foda ya haifar da samuwar manyan cubic matakai bayan sanyi fesa magani a 550 ° C na 30 min.
(a) Hoton FE-HRTEM na MG foda da aka ajiye akan (b) SUS 304 substrate (Hoto inset).Fihirisar NBDP na alamar zagaye da aka nuna a (a) ana nunawa a (c).
Don gwada wannan yuwuwar hanyar samar da manyan nanoparticles Zr2Ni cubic, an gudanar da gwaji mai zaman kansa.A cikin wannan gwaji, an fesa foda daga atomizer a 550 ° C a cikin hanyar SUS 304 substrate;duk da haka, don ƙayyade tasirin annealing, an cire foda daga SUS304 tsiri da sauri (kimanin 60 s).).An gudanar da wani jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka cire foda daga cikin substrate kamar 180 seconds bayan aikace-aikace.
Figures 13a,b suna nuna Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) duhu filin (DFI) hotuna na kayan sputtered guda biyu da aka ajiye akan SUS 304 substrates na 60 s da 180 s, bi da bi.Hoton foda da aka ajiye don 60 seconds ba shi da cikakkun bayanai na ilimin halitta, yana nuna rashin daidaituwa (Fig. 13a).Hakanan an tabbatar da wannan ta XRD, wanda ya nuna cewa tsarin gabaɗayan waɗannan foda ya kasance amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna ta babban kololuwa na farko da na sakandare da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 14a.Wannan yana nuna rashi na metastable/mesophase precipitates, wanda foda ke riƙe da ainihin tsarin amorphous.Sabanin haka, foda da aka ajiye a cikin zafin jiki guda (550 ° C) amma ya bar kan substrate don 180 s ya nuna ƙaddamar da ƙwayar nanosized, kamar yadda aka nuna ta kiban a cikin hoto 13b.