Na gode don ziyartar Nature.com. Sigar burauzar da kuke amfani da ita tana da iyakataccen tallafi ga CSS. Don mafi kyawun ƙwarewa, muna ba da shawarar ku yi amfani da sabunta burauza (ko kashe yanayin dacewa a cikin Internet Explorer) A halin yanzu, don tabbatar da ci gaba da tallafi, za mu nuna rukunin yanar gizon ba tare da salo da JavaScript ba.
Biofilms wani muhimmin bangare ne a cikin ci gaba da cututtuka na kullum, musamman ma lokacin da na'urorin kiwon lafiya ke da hannu.Wannan matsala ta ba da babban kalubale ga al'ummar kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda maganin rigakafi na yau da kullum zai iya kawar da biofilms zuwa iyakacin iyaka.Tsarin samar da biofilm ya haifar da ci gaba da hanyoyi daban-daban da sababbin kayan aiki.These hanyoyin da nufin gashi saman a cikin hanyar da ya hana biofilm wadanda ke dauke da gilashin antimetal musamman ma'anar karfe da gilashin ƙarfe. robial coatings.A lokaci guda, da yin amfani da sanyi SPRAY fasaha ya karu kamar yadda shi ne mai dace hanya don sarrafa zafin jiki-m kayan. Part na manufar wannan binciken shi ne don samar da wani labari antibacterial film karfe gilashin hada da ternary Cu-Zr-Ni ta amfani da inji alloying dabaru.The spherical foda cewa ya sa har karshe samfurin da ake amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa da karfe fesa da karfe surface da aka yi amfani da a matsayin albarkatun kasa na karfe da karfe fesa cokali. rage samuwar biofilm da akalla 1 log idan aka kwatanta da bakin karfe.
A cikin tarihin ɗan adam, kowace al'umma ta sami damar tsarawa da haɓaka gabatarwar kayan tarihi waɗanda suka cika takamaiman buƙatunta, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen aiki da matsayi a cikin tattalin arziƙin duniya1.A koyaushe ana danganta shi da ikon ɗan adam don haɓaka kayan aiki da ƙirƙira kayan aiki da ƙira don ƙirƙira kayan ƙirƙira da ƙirƙira don cimma nasarori a fannin lafiya, ilimi, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, al'adu da sauran fagage daga wata ƙasa ko yanki zuwa wani yanki ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban ƙasa ko yanki ba.2 Domin shekaru 60, masana kimiyyar kayan aiki sun ba da lokaci mai yawa don mayar da hankali kan babban damuwa guda ɗaya: bin littattafai da kayan aiki.Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali kan inganta inganci da aikin kayan da ake ciki, da kuma haɗawa da ƙirƙira gaba ɗaya sababbin nau'ikan kayan.
Bugu da kari na alloying abubuwa, da gyare-gyare na abu microstructure, da kuma aikace-aikace na thermal, inji ko thermo-mechanical sarrafa dabaru sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin inji, sinadaran da kuma jiki Properties na iri-iri daban-daban kayan. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu unheard mahadi da aka samu nasarar harhada a wannan batu.These m kokarin sun tara wani sabon iyali da aka sani da Materinopartial kayan da innovastally. icles, nanotubes, dige ƙididdiga, sifili-dimensional, amorphous ƙarfe gilashin, da high-entropy alloys ne kawai wasu misalai na ci-gaba kayan gabatar a cikin duniya tun tsakiyar karni na karshe.Lokacin da masana'antu da kuma tasowa sabon gami da m Properties, ko dai a cikin na karshe samfurin ko a cikin matsakaicin matakai na ta samar, da matsalar kashe-ma'auni, wani sau da yawa da aka ƙara da fasaha sabon masana'anta da za'ayi daga saba masana'anta. An gano na'urorin da za a iya daidaita su, da aka sani da gilashin ƙarfe.
Ayyukansa a Caltech a 1960 ya kawo juyin juya hali a cikin ra'ayi na karfe gami lokacin da ya hada glassy Au-25 at.% Si alloys ta hanzari ƙarfafa ruwa a kusan digiri miliyan daya a sakan daya. haɗin MG alloys, kusan dukkanin gilashin ƙarfe an samar da su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da ɗayan hanyoyi masu zuwa;(i) saurin ƙarfafa narkewar narke ko tururi, (ii) rikicewar atomic na lattice, (iii) halayen amorphization mai ƙarfi tsakanin abubuwan ƙarfe mai tsafta, da (iv) ƙaƙƙarfan juzu'i na juzu'i masu daidaitawa.
MGs an bambanta su da rashin da dogon kewayon atomic domin hade da lu'ulu'u, wanda shi ne ma'anar hali na crystals.In a yau duniya, babban ci gaba da aka samu a fagen karfe glass.They ne labari kayan da ban sha'awa Properties da suke da ban sha'awa ba kawai a cikin m-jihar kimiyyar lissafi, amma kuma a metallurgy, surface sunadarai, fasaha, ilmin halitta, da ban sha'awa da sauran filayen da aka nuna a cikin filin karfe gilashi. aikace-aikacen noological a fannoni daban-daban. Suna da wasu mahimman kaddarorin;(i) high inji ductility da yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙarfi, (ii) high Magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) sabon lalata juriya, (v) zazzabi 'yancin kai The conductivity na 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 wata sabuwar dabara ce, wacce aka fara gabatar da ita a shekarar 19839 ta Farfesa CC Kock da abokan aikinsu.Sun shirya amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders ta hanyar nika cakuda abubuwa masu tsafta a yanayin yanayi kusa da zazzabi.Yawanci, da MA dauki ne da za'ayi tsakanin diffusive hada guda biyu na reactant abu powders a cikin wani reactor, yawanci Ya sanya daga bakin karfe a cikin wani ball niƙa 10 (Fig. 1a, b) .Tun sa'an nan, wannan mechanically jawo m-jihar dauki dabara da aka yi amfani da shirya labari amorphous / karfe gilashin gami powders ta yin amfani da low, da makamashi 1 mills 1 mills. 4,15, 16.A musamman, wannan hanya da aka yi amfani da shirya immiscible tsarin irin su Cu-Ta17, kazalika da high narkewa batu gami kamar Al-transition karfe tsarin (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb da Ta) 18,19 da Fe-W20 , wanda ba za a iya samu ta amfani da na al'ada shirye-shirye hanyoyin.Furthermore, MA da iko na daya daga cikin shirye-shirye na al'ada shirye-shirye hanyoyin.Furthermore, MA ne mafi iko ga masana'antu nanocology shirye-shirye. composite foda barbashi na karfe oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, kazalika da m stabilization via a saman-saukar m 1 da metastable matakai.
Schematic yana nuna hanyar ƙirƙira da aka yi amfani da shi don shirya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) gilashin ƙarfe (MG) shafi / SUS 304 a cikin wannan binciken. akwatin cike da Ya yanayi.(c) A m model na nika jirgin kwatanta ball motsi a lokacin nika.A karshe samfurin samu foda samu bayan 50 hours da aka yi amfani da gashi da SUS 304 substrate ta amfani da sanyi fesa hanya (d).
Idan ya zo ga girma kayan saman (substrates), surface injiniya ya shafi zane da gyare-gyare na saman (substrates) don samar da wasu jiki, sunadarai da kuma fasaha halaye ba kunshe a cikin asali girma material.Some Properties cewa za a iya yadda ya kamata inganta da surface jiyya hada da abrasion juriya, hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma lalata juriya, coefficient na gogayya, bio-inertness, lantarki a cikin sunan iya inganta ingancin karfe Properties. , Injiniyan fasaha ko fasaha na sinadarai.A matsayin sanannen tsari, an bayyana sutura ne kawai a matsayin nau'i ɗaya ko nau'i mai yawa na kayan da aka ajiye a jikin wani abu mai girma (substrate) da aka yi da wani abu. Don haka, ana amfani da sutura a cikin wani ɓangare don cimma wasu kayan fasaha da ake so ko kayan ado, da kuma kare kayan daga sinadarai da ake tsammani da kuma hulɗar jiki tare da yanayin da ke kewaye23.
Domin ya ajiye dace surface kariya yadudduka tare da kauri jere daga 'yan micrometers (a kasa 10-20 micrometers) to a kan 30 micrometers ko ma da 'yan millimeters, da yawa hanyoyin da dabaru za a iya amfani.In general, shafi matakai za a iya raba kashi biyu Categories: (i) rigar shafi hanyoyin, ciki har da electroplating, electroless plating, da zafi-tsoma, electroplating plating, da kuma zafi-tsoma galvaning hanyoyin, da electroplating hanyoyin, ta jiki ta hanyar branizing da kuma bushewa hanyoyin, ta jiki ta amfani da branizing shafi. (PVD), sinadarai tururi jijiya (CVD), dabarun fesa zafi da kuma mafi kwanan nan dabarun fesa sanyi 24 (Fig. 1d).
Biofilms an ayyana su azaman ƙananan al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da su ba tare da jujjuya su ba kuma suna kewaye da abubuwan da aka samar da su na polymers (EPS) .Tsarin haɓakar halittu masu girma da yawa na iya haifar da hasara mai yawa a cikin sassan masana'antu da yawa, gami da masana'antar abinci, tsarin ruwa, da yanayin kiwon lafiya. A cikin mutane, lokacin da biofilms ya samar, fiye da 80% na kamuwa da cuta na microbilobacteria suna shiga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na microbilobacteria. treat.Bugu da ƙari, balagagge biofilms an bayar da rahoton cewa sun zama 1000-ninka mafi juriya ga maganin rigakafi idan aka kwatanta da kwayoyin kwayoyin kwayoyin planktonic, wanda aka yi la'akari da babban kalubale na warkewa.Antimicrobial surface shafi kayan da aka samu daga al'ada kwayoyin mahadi an yi amfani da tarihi.
A tartsatsi juriya na kwayoyin cuta zuwa kwayoyin jiyya saboda biofilm samuwar ya haifar da bukatar samar da wani m antimicrobial membrane-rufi surface da za a iya amince amfani27.The ci gaban da wani jiki ko sinadarai anti-adherent surface to abin da kwayoyin Kwayoyin An hana su ɗaure da kuma gina biofilms saboda mannewa ne na farko m a cikin wannan tsari27.The na biyu coatings da ake bukata da ake bukata da sinadaran da ake bukata don ci gaba da sinadaran da ake bukata a cikin wannan tsari. sosai mayar da hankali da kuma wanda aka kera adadin.Wannan yana samuwa ta hanyar haɓaka kayan shafa na musamman kamar graphene/germanium28, black diamond29 da ZnO-doped lu'u-lu'u-kamar carbon coatings30 waɗanda ke da tsayayya da ƙwayoyin cuta, fasahar da ke haɓaka haɓakar guba da haɓaka juriya saboda samuwar biofilm suna raguwa sosai. ko da yake dukkanin hanyoyin guda uku suna iya haifar da tasirin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta a kan rufin da aka rufe, kowannensu yana da nasa iyakokin da ya kamata a yi la'akari yayin haɓaka dabarun aikace-aikacen.
Kayayyakin da ke kan kasuwa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar cikas ta hanyar rashin isasshen lokaci don yin nazari da gwada suturar kariya don abubuwan da ke aiki da ilimin halitta.Kamfanoni sun yi iƙirarin cewa samfuran su za su samar wa masu amfani da abubuwan aikin da ake so;duk da haka, wannan ya zama wani cikas ga nasarar da kayayyakin a halin yanzu a kasuwa.Compounds samu daga azurfa ana amfani da a cikin mafi yawan antimicrobial hanyoyin da ake amfani da su yanzu samuwa ga masu amfani.These kayayyakin da aka ɓullo da don kare masu amfani daga yiwuwar m effects na microorganisms.The jinkiri antimicrobial sakamako da kuma hade guba na azurfa mahadi ƙara matsa lamba a kan masu bincike don samar da wani m kayan aikin antimicrobial 6. Har yanzu yana tabbatar da zama aiki mai ban tsoro.Wannan shi ne saboda abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗari ga lafiya da aminci.Gano wani wakili na antimicrobial wanda ba shi da cutarwa ga mutane da kuma gano yadda za a haɗa shi a cikin suturar sutura tare da tsawon rai mai tsawo shine babban abin nema-bayan burin38.The latest antimicrobial da anti-biofilm kayan da aka tsara don kashe kai tsaye wakili da aka yi a cikin kewayon da aka yi a cikin kewayon da aka yi amfani da wannan cuta a cikin kewayon. mannewar kwayan cuta (ciki har da magance samuwar furotin a saman) ko ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da bangon tantanin halitta.
Ainihin, rufin rufi shine tsarin sanya wani Layer a saman wani sashi don haɓaka halayen da ke da alaƙa.Maƙasudin rufin rufin shi ne don daidaita microstructure da / ko abun da ke ciki na yankin da ke kusa da sararin samaniya na sassa39. Za'a iya raba fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda aka taƙaita a cikin siffa 2a.Coatings za a iya rarraba su a cikin nau'i-nau'i, hanyar da za a iya amfani da su ta hanyar lantarki, da sinadaran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin nau'i na jiki.
(a) Inset yana nuna manyan fasahohin ƙirƙira da ake amfani da su don saman, da (b) zaɓaɓɓun fa'idodi da rashin amfanin fasahar feshin sanyi.
Cold SPRAY fasaha hannun jari da yawa kamance da na al'ada thermal SPRAY ways.Duk da haka, akwai kuma wasu key muhimmai Properties cewa yin sanyi SPRAY tsari da sanyi SPRAY kayan musamman unique.Cold SPRAY fasaha ne har yanzu a cikin jariri, amma yana da haske future.In wasu aikace-aikace, da musamman Properties na sanyi SPRAY bayar da babbar fa'ida, cin nasara da inherent gazawar na hankula thermal fesa hanyoyin.It samar da wata hanya ta narke a cikin gargajiya foda hanyoyin.It samar da wata hanya ta narke a cikin gargajiya foda hanyoyin. da substrate.Babu shakka, wannan gargajiya shafi tsari bai dace da sosai zafin jiki-m kayan irin su nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous da karfe gilashin40, 41, 42.Bugu da ƙari, thermal SPRAY shafi kayan ko da yaushe nuna high matakan porosity da oxides.Cold SPRAY fasaha yana da yawa gagarumin abũbuwan amfãni a kan thermal substrate da fasaha, fleshi substrate da fasaha. zažužžukan, (iii) rashin canjin lokaci da haɓakar hatsi , (iv) ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa mai girma1,39 (Fig.2b) Bugu da ƙari, kayan shafa mai sanyi suna da tsayayyar lalata, ƙarfin ƙarfi da taurin kai, ƙarfin lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki da yawa41. Sabanin fa'idodin tsarin sanyi na sanyi, har yanzu akwai wasu rashin amfani ga yin amfani da wannan fasaha, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2b.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da yumbu foda mai tsabta kamar Al2O3, TiO2, Zr.me, da dai sauransu, ba za a iya amfani da hanyar sanyi ba, WC. Ana iya amfani da foda osite a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa don sutura.Haka kuma ke kan sauran hanyoyin fesa thermal.Maɗaukakiyar saman da saman bututun ciki har yanzu suna da wahalar fesa.
Ganin cewa aikin na yanzu yana da nufin yin amfani da ƙarfe na gilashin ƙarfe azaman kayan shafa mai kayan aiki, a bayyane yake cewa ba za a iya amfani da spraying na al'ada don wannan dalili ba.Wannan shi ne saboda gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashi a babban yanayin zafi1.
Yawancin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a cikin masana'antu na likitanci da abinci an yi su ne daga austenitic bakin karfe gami (SUS316 da SUS304) tare da abun ciki na chromium tsakanin 12 da 20 wt% don samar da kayan aikin tiyata.An yarda da cewa yin amfani da ƙarfe na chromium a matsayin alloying kashi a cikin gami na ƙarfe na iya haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarfe na ƙarfe ba tare da juriya ba. muhimmanci antimicrobial Properties38,39.Wannan ya bambanta da su high lalata juriya.Bayan wannan, da ci gaban kamuwa da cuta da kumburi za a iya annabta, wanda aka yafi lalacewa ta hanyar kwayan cuta adhesion da kuma mulkin mallaka a saman bakin karfe biomaterials.Mahimmanci matsaloli na iya tasowa saboda gagarumin matsaloli hade da kwayan cuta adhesion da biofilm samuwar hanyoyin, wanda zai iya haifar da kai tsaye a kiwon lafiya sakamakon, wanda zai iya haifar da kai tsaye ga lafiyar mutum.
Wannan binciken shi ne kashi na farko na wani aikin da Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), kwangila No. 2010-550401, don bincika yiwuwar samar da karfe gilashin Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders ta amfani da MA fasaha (Table 1) domin samar da antibacterial fim / SUS304 surface na kariya daga cikin Janairu 2, da za a yi nazari na biyu corchemical mataki a cikin Janairu 2019. halaye da kaddarorin inji na tsarin daki-daki.Za a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyin cuta dalla-dalla don nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
A cikin wannan takarda, da sakamako na Zr alloying kashi abun ciki a gilashin kafa ikon (GFA) da aka tattauna dangane da morphological da kuma tsarin halaye.In Bugu da kari, da antibacterial Properties na mai rufi karfe gilashin foda shafi / SUS304 composite da aka kuma tattauna.Bugu da ƙari, halin yanzu aiki da aka za'ayi don bincika yiwuwar tsarin canji na karfe gilashin foda a cikin tsarin da subc da aka fesa da ruwa da kuma karfe gilashin foda a lokacin sanyi yankin. 50Zr30Ni20 da Cu50Zr20Ni30 an yi amfani da allo na gilashin ƙarfe a cikin wannan binciken.
A cikin wannan sashe, an gabatar da sauye-sauye na morphological na elemental Cu, Zr da Ni powders a low energy ball milling.Kamar yadda misalai na misali, za a yi amfani da tsarin daban-daban guda biyu da suka hada da Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 a matsayin misalai na wakilci. Za'a iya raba tsarin MA zuwa matakai daban-daban guda uku, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar metallographic hali na foda da aka samar a lokacin da aka samar da foda.
Metallographic halaye na inji gami (MA) powders samu bayan daban-daban matakai na ball milling time.Field watsi Ana dubawa electron microscopy (FE-SEM) hotuna na MA da kuma Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders samu bayan low makamashi ball milling sau na 3, 12 da 50 h aka nuna a (a), (c) da (e) ga 20NiZr tsarin a yayin da a cikin Cu530 images. Ana nuna tsarin r40Ni10 da aka ɗauka bayan lokaci a cikin (b), (d) da (f).
A lokacin milling mai amfani da makamashi mai amfani wanda za'a iya canjawa zuwa foda na masarufi, da kuma zubar da foda, kuma shukar da ƙarfi, da kuma bugun jini, da kuma cue, zr, Kuma da petders sun lalace sosai saboda walda mai sanyi a farkon matakin Ma (> 1 mm a diamita na abubuwan tunawa da 12 h (Matsakaici) ya haifar da haɓaka makamashi na 12 h (cu) a cikin ƙara yawan ƙwallon ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa. miyar a cikin bazuwar foda na foda cikin foda mai kyau (kasa da 200 μm), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa mai kyau, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan batun, da amfani da shi a kan flakes na faruwa a cikin ketare flakes don samar da sabbin matakai.
A ƙarshen tsarin MA (bayan 50 h), ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abu ne kawai a bayyane (Fig. 3e, f), amma fuskar da aka goge na foda ya nuna metallography na madubi. Wannan yana nufin cewa an kammala tsarin MA kuma an halicci nau'i na nau'i na nau'i guda ɗaya. Abubuwan da ke cikin sassan yankunan da aka nuna a cikin Fig. 3e (I, II, FE), an ƙaddara ta hanyar yin amfani da wutar lantarki (I, II, microscopic). M) haɗe da makamashi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
A cikin Tebu 2, ana nuna abubuwan da aka haɗa na abubuwan alloying a matsayin kashi na jimlar nauyin kowane yanki da aka zaɓa a cikin siffa 3e, f. Lokacin kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon tare da abubuwan da aka fara mara kyau na Cu50Zr20Ni30 da Cu50Zr40Ni10 da aka jera a cikin Teburin 1, ana iya ganin cewa abubuwan haɗin waɗannan samfuran biyu na ƙarshe ba su da ƙimar kamanni. da aka jera a cikin siffa 3e,f ba ya nufin wani gagarumin lalacewa ko canzawa a cikin abun da ke ciki na kowane samfurin daga wannan yanki zuwa wani. Wannan yana tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa babu wani canji a cikin abun da ke ciki daga wannan yanki zuwa wani.
FE-SEM micrographs na samfurin ƙarshe na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) foda an samu bayan 50 MA sau, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 4a-d, inda x yake 10, 20, 30 da 40 a.%, bi da bi. s jere daga 73 zuwa 126 nm, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 4.
Halin ilimin lissafi na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) foda da aka samu bayan lokacin MA na 50 h. Domin Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 tsarin, da FE-SEM hotuna na powders samu bayan 50 MA sau), (a nuna girmamawa) (b).
Kafin loading da powders a cikin wani sanyi SPRAY feeder, da aka farko sonicated a analytical sa ethanol for 15 minutes sa'an nan kuma bushe a 150 ° C for 2 hours. Wannan mataki dole ne a dauka don samun nasarar magance agglomeration cewa sau da yawa yakan haifar da yawa gagarumin matsaloli a ko'ina cikin shafi tsari.Bayan da MA tsari da aka kammala, ƙarin characterizations da aka za'ayi don gudanar da bincike homogenes na homogenes na da Allunan-Fed foda. Hotunan DS na Cu, Zr da Ni alloying abubuwan Cu50Zr30Ni20 da aka samu bayan sa'o'i 50 na lokacin M, bi da bi. Ya kamata a lura cewa foda da aka samar bayan wannan matakin sun yi kama da juna kamar yadda ba sa nuna wani juzu'i na haɓakawa fiye da matakin nanometer, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 5.
Ilimin ilimin lissafi da na gida na MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda da aka samu bayan lokutan 50 MA ta hanyar FE-SEM / makamashi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) SEM da X-ray EDS taswirar (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-LA da (d) Ni-Kα hotuna.
Alamu na XRETHE na hannu C50zr40ni10, C50zr00, duk samfurori da aka samu bayan an nuna cewa an nuna cewa Maorphots na Haloxnic da halaye daban-daban da aka nuna a cikin siffa 6.
Hanyoyin XRD na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders bayan MA lokaci na 50 h. Duk samfurori ba tare da togiya ba sun nuna alamar yaduwa na halo, wanda ke nuna samuwar lokaci na amorphous.
An yi amfani da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (FE-HRTEM) don lura da canje-canje na tsarin da kuma fahimtar tsarin gida na foda wanda ya haifar da ball milling a lokuta daban-daban na MA. Bisa ga hoton filin haske (BFI) na foda da aka samar bayan MA, 6 h, foda yana kunshe da manyan hatsi tare da iyakoki masu kyau na abubuwa fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr da fcc-Ni, kuma babu alamar cewa lokacin amsawa ya samo asali, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 7a. Bugu da ƙari, haɗin haɗin da aka zaɓa ya bayyana yanki na tsakiya (SADP) wani yanki na tsakiya (saffra cuffraction) diffra da aka zaba daga yankin diffra diffra. samfurin (Fig. 7b), yana nuna kasancewar manyan crystallites da rashin wani lokaci mai amsawa.
Halin tsarin tsarin gida na MA foda da aka samu bayan farkon (6 h) da matsakaici (18 h) matakan. ).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 7c, ƙaddamar da tsawon lokaci na MA zuwa 18 h ya haifar da lahani mai tsanani tare da lalata filastik. A cikin wannan tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsari na MA, foda yana nuna lahani daban-daban, ciki har da rashin daidaituwa, rashin lahani, da lahani (Figure 7) .Wadannan lahani suna haifar da manyan hatsi don raba tare da ƙananan hatsi tare da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan 7 n .
Tsarin gida na Cu50Z30Ni20 foda milled don 36 h MA lokaci yana da samuwar ultrafine nanograins da aka saka a cikin matrix mai kyau na amorphous, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 8a.Local EDS bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan nanoclusters da aka nuna a cikin Fig. 8a sun haɗu da unprocessed Cu, Zr da Nice 2 abubuwan da ke ciki na lokaci-lokaci. %.
Bayan 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda nanoscale gida fasali fasali.(a) Bright filin image (BFI) da kuma m (b) SADP na Cu50Zr30Ni20 foda samu bayan milling for 36 h MA lokaci.
Kusa da ƙarshen tsarin MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X;10, 20, 30 da 40 a.% powders kullum suna da labyrinthine amorphous zamani ilimin halittar jiki kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa. s kuma an yi amfani da su azaman shaida don haɓaka matakan amorphous a cikin kayan samfur na ƙarshe.
Tsarin gida na samfurin ƙarshe na tsarin MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM da haɗin gwiwar nanobeam diffraction patterns (NBDP) na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 da (d1.500)
An bincika kwanciyar hankali na thermal na yanayin canjin gilashin (Tg), yankin ruwa mai sanyi (ΔTx) da zafin jiki na crystallization (Tx) azaman aikin Ni abun ciki (x) na tsarin amorphous Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ta amfani da nau'ikan sikanin calorimetry (DSC) na kaddarorin ƙarƙashin He gas flow.The DSC burbushi na 402Zr03Cu5010C0Ni05030C50505C02C05003C. Ni40 amorphous alloy powders da aka samu bayan MA lokaci na 50 h ana nuna su a cikin siffa 10a, b, e, bi da bi. Yayin da DSC curve na amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 aka nuna dabam a cikin Fig. 10c. A halin yanzu, Cu50Zr30Ni20 samfurin mai tsanani a cikin ~ SC.01.
Thermal kwanciyar hankali na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG powders samu bayan wani lokaci MA na 50 h, kamar yadda indexed ta gilashin mika mulki zafin jiki (Tg), crystallization zafin jiki (Tx), da subcooled ruwa yankin (ΔTx) daban-daban scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms na (a) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b) Cu50Zr0Ni152 (b) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b30Ni150) 0 da (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders bayan MA lokaci na 50 h. Ana nuna alamar X-ray diffraction (XRD) na samfurin Cu50Zr30Ni20 mai zafi zuwa ~ 700 ° C a DSC a cikin (d).
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 10, DSC na duk abubuwan da aka tsara tare da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na Ni (x) suna nuna nau'i-nau'i daban-daban guda biyu, daya endothermic da sauran exothermic. Na farko endothermic taron ya dace da Tg, yayin da na biyu yana da alaka da Tx. Yankin kwance na kwance wanda ke tsakanin Tg da Tx ana kiransa da subcooled ruwa yankin (ΔTx = 5 samfurin nuna Txg0) . (Fig. 10a), wanda aka sanya a 526 ° C da 612 ° C, canza abun ciki (x) zuwa 20 a.% zuwa gefen ƙananan zafin jiki na 482 ° C da 563 ° C tare da ƙara yawan abun ciki na Ni (x), bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 10b.Saboda haka, ΔTx na Cu50Zrs ya ragu daga 8C zuwa 18 ° C zuwa 18 ° C zuwa 18 ° C zuwa ° 18 ° C. 50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b) .Don MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, an kuma lura da cewa ƙimar Tg, Tx da ΔTx sun ragu zuwa matakin 447 ° C, 526 ° C da 79 ° C (Fig. 10b) . Wannan yana nuna cewa raguwar darajar Tg. 7 °C) na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ya yi ƙasa da na MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 gami;duk da haka, Tx ɗinsa yana nuna ƙimar kwatankwacin da ta gabata (612 ° C) .Saboda haka, ΔTx yana nuna darajar mafi girma (87 ° C), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 10c.
Tsarin MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), yana ɗaukar MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy a matsayin misali, crystallizes ta hanyar kaifi exothermic ganiya a cikin crystal bulan fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 da orthorhombic-ZrNi (Fig. 10c) samfurin da aka tabbatar da mika mulki ga XMG. 0d), wanda aka zafi zuwa 700 °C a DSC.
Hoto na 11 yana nuna hotunan da aka ɗauka a lokacin aikin feshin sanyi da aka gudanar a cikin aikin na yanzu.A cikin wannan binciken, ƙwayoyin ƙarfe kamar gilashin foda sun haɗa bayan MA lokacin 50 h (ɗaukar Cu50Zr20Ni30 a matsayin misali) an yi amfani da shi azaman kayan albarkatun ƙasa na ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma farantin karfe (SUS304) an rufe shi ta hanyar fasahar feshin sanyi mai sanyi. za a iya amfani da karfe metastable zafin jiki m kayan kamar amorphous da nanocrystalline powders, wanda ba batun lokaci mika mulki .Wannan shi ne babban factor a zabar wannan hanya.The sanyi SPRAY tsari ne da za'ayi ta yin amfani da high-gugu barbashi da maida da motsi makamashi na barbashi a cikin filastik nakasawa, iri da zafi a kan tasiri tare da substrate ko a baya ajiye barbashi.
Hotunan filin suna nuna tsarin feshin sanyi da aka yi amfani da shi don shirye-shirye biyar a jere na MG shafi/SUS 304 a 550 °C.
The motsi makamashi na barbashi, kuma ta haka ne lokacin da kowane barbashi a shafi samuwar, dole ne a tuba a cikin wasu nau'i na makamashi ta hanyoyin kamar filastik nakasawa (na farko barbashi da barbashi-barbashi interactions a cikin substrate da barbashi interactions), voids Ƙarfafa, barbashi-barbashi juyawa, iri da kuma kyakkyawan zafi 39.Furthering makamashi ne a cikin wani zafi da sakamakon, idan ba a mayar da makamashi a cikin wani kitse. na roba karo, wanda ke nufin cewa barbashi kawai billa baya bayan tasiri.An nuna cewa 90% na tasiri makamashi amfani da barbashi / substrate abu aka tuba zuwa cikin gida zafi 40 .Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin da tasiri danniya da ake amfani da, high roba iri rates aka samu a cikin lamba barbashi / substrate yankin a cikin wani ɗan gajeren lokaci41,42.
Ana la'akari da nakasar filastik gabaɗaya a matsayin tsari na rushewar makamashi, ko kuma musamman, tushen zafi a cikin yanki na interfacial.Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki a cikin yankin interfacial yawanci bai isa ba don samar da narkewar tsaka-tsaki ko don inganta haɓakar atomic interdiffusion.
BFI na MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 foda foda za a iya gani a cikin siffa 12a, wanda aka rufe a kan SUS 304 substrate (Figs. 11, 12b) . Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga adadi, da rufi foda kula da su na asali amorphous tsarin kamar yadda suke da m labyrinth tsarin da m labyrinth tsarin kamar yadda wani m labyrinth tsarin da aka nuna a cikin wani nau'i na lu'ulu'u. Shawarar da nanoparticles kunshe a cikin MG-rufi foda matrix (Fig. 12a) .Hoto 12c nuna alama nanobeam diffraction juna (NBDP) hade da yankin I (Figure 12a) . Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin 12c. tebur da tetragonal CuO lokaci.The samuwar CuO iya dangana ga hadawan abu da iskar shaka na foda a lokacin da tafiya daga bututun ƙarfe na SPRAY gun zuwa SUS 304 a cikin bude iska karkashin supersonic kwarara.A daya hannun, da devitrification na karfe glassy powders cimma samuwar manyan cubic bulan bayan sanyi feshi magani a 530 ° C.
(a) Hoton FE-HRTEM na MG foda mai rufi a kan (b) SUS 304 substrate (saitin adadi) index NBDP na madauwari alamar da aka nuna a (a) an nuna a (c).
Don tabbatar da wannan yuwuwar hanyar samar da manyan nau'ikan nanoparticles na cubic Zr2Ni, an gudanar da gwaji mai zaman kansa.duk da haka, don bayyana tasirin tasirin foda, an cire su daga SUS304 tsiri da sauri (kimanin dakika 60) .Wani saitin gwaje-gwajen an yi shi ne wanda aka cire foda daga cikin substrate game da 180 seconds bayan sanyawa.
Figures 13a,b nuna duhu filin hotuna (DFI) samu ta Ana dubawa watsa electron microscopy (STEM) na biyu fesa kayan ajiya a kan SUS 304 substrates for 60 s da 180 s, bi da bi.The foda Hoton ajiye for 60 seconds ba shi da wani morphological daki-daki, nuna morphological daki-daki, yana nuna rashin daidaituwa (Fig. 13a ya nuna ta XR) wanda aka tabbatar da foda na gaba ɗaya. ta hanyar babban diffraction na farko da na sakandare maxima wanda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 14a. Waɗannan suna nuna rashin hazo na metastable / mesophase, inda foda ke riƙe da ainihin tsarin amorphous.Ya bambanta, foda ya fesa a cikin zafin jiki guda (550 ° C), amma ya bar a kan substrate don 180 s, ya nuna hazo na nano-sized Fig.