Sharuɗɗan gwaji daban-daban (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) suna da hanyoyin da suka dace da aikin a ƙarƙashin gwaji.Gwargwadon Rockwell T ya dace don bincika bututun bangon haske ta hanyar yanke bututu mai tsayi da gwada bangon daga diamita na ciki maimakon diamita na waje.
A yau, yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan da ake samu suna ba masu siye damar keɓance abin hawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban - launuka na ciki da na waje, fakitin datsa ciki, zaɓin salo na waje, zaɓin powertrain, da tsarin sauti wanda kusan ya yi hamayya da tsarin nishaɗin gida.Ba da duk waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan, abin hawa ba zai iya gamsuwa ba.
Karfe bututu ne kawai cewa. Yana da dubban zaɓuɓɓuka ko ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Baya ga girma, ƙayyadaddun ya lissafa sunadarai da kayan aikin injiniya da yawa irin su ƙarfin ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa (MYS), ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi na ƙarshe (UTS), da ƙarancin haɓakawa kafin gazawar. Duk da haka, da yawa a cikin masana'antu-injiniya, masu saye, da masana'antun-yin amfani da gajerun hanyoyin masana'antu da aka yarda da su waɗanda ke buƙatar amfani da "nau'i mai wuyar gaske da kuma spipec" kawai.
Gwada yin odar mota ta hanyar sifa guda ɗaya ("Ina buƙatar mota tare da watsawa ta atomatik") kuma ba za ku yi nisa da mai siyarwa ba.Dole ne ya cika takardar tsari tare da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa.Bugu shine kawai - don samun bututun da ya dace don aikace-aikacen, mai yin bututu yana buƙatar ƙarin bayani fiye da kawai taurin.
Ta yaya taurin ya zama sanannen maye gurbin sauran kayan aikin injiniya? Wataƙila ya fara ne da mai samar da bututu.Saboda gwajin gwagwarmaya yana da sauri, mai sauƙi, kuma yana buƙatar kayan aiki marasa tsada, masu siyar da bututu sukan yi amfani da gwajin ƙarfi don kwatanta bututu biyu. Don yin gwajin taurin, duk abin da suke buƙata shine tsayin tsayin bututu da tsayawar gwaji.
Taurin Tube yana da alaƙa da UTS, kuma a matsayin ƙa'idar babban yatsa, kaso ko jeri na kashi suna taimakawa wajen ƙididdige MYS, don haka yana da sauƙi a ga yadda gwajin taurin zai iya zama wakili mai dacewa ga sauran kaddarorin.
Har ila yau, wasu gwaje-gwajen suna da rikitarwa. Yayin da gwajin gwagwarmaya yana ɗaukar minti ɗaya kawai ko makamancin haka akan na'ura guda ɗaya, MYS, UTS da gwajin elongation yana buƙatar shirye-shiryen samfuri da babban saka hannun jari a cikin manyan kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.A matsayin kwatanta, yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa don ma'aikacin injin bututu don yin gwajin ƙarfi da sa'o'i don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana'antar ƙarfe don yin gwajin gwaji.
Wannan ba yana nufin cewa masana'antun bututu na injiniya ba sa amfani da gwajin tauri. Yana da lafiya a ce yawancin mutane suna yin, amma saboda suna yin gage repeatability da reproducibility kimantawa a kan duk kayan aikin gwajin su, suna da masaniya game da iyakokin gwajin.Mafi yawan amfani da taurin tube a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin samarwa, amma ba sa amfani da shi don ƙididdige kaddarorin bututu.
Me yasa kuke buƙatar sani game da MYS, UTS da ƙaramar elongation? Suna nuna yadda bututun zai kasance a cikin taro.
MYS ita ce mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin da ke haifar da nakasu na dindindin na kayan. Idan kuna ƙoƙarin lanƙwasa madaidaiciyar waya (kamar rataye gashi) kaɗan kuma ku saki matsa lamba, ɗayan abubuwa biyu zai faru: zai dawo zuwa yanayinsa (daidai) ko kuma ya kasance a lanƙwasa. Idan har yanzu madaidaiciya ne, ba ku wuce MYS ba.
Yanzu, yi amfani da pliers don matsa duka iyakar waya. Idan za ku iya tsaga waya zuwa guda biyu, kuna kan UTS. Kuna sanya damuwa mai yawa akan shi kuma kuna da wayoyi guda biyu don nuna ƙoƙarin ku na ɗan adam. Idan ainihin tsayin waya ya kasance 5 inci, kuma tsayin biyu bayan gazawar ƙara har zuwa 6 inci, an shimfiɗa waya ta hanyar 1 inch, ko kuma duk abin da aka gwada a cikin inch 2 inch, ko kuma duk abin da aka gwada a cikin inch 2. ra'ayin ja na waya yana kwatanta UTS.
Samfurin photomicrograph na karfe yana buƙatar yanke, gogewa, da ƙirƙira ta amfani da bayani mai ɗanɗano acidic (yawanci nitric acid da barasa (nitroethanol)) don sa hatsin su gani.
Taurin shine gwajin yadda wani abu ke amsawa ga tasiri. Yi tunanin saka wani ɗan gajeren bututu a cikin vise tare da serrated jaws da kuma juya vise don rufe. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙaddamar da bututu, jaws na vise kuma suna barin indentations a saman bututu.
Wannan shine yadda gwajin gwagwarmaya ke aiki, amma ba haka ba ne.Wannan gwajin yana da girman tasiri mai sarrafawa da matsa lamba.Wadannan sojojin sun lalata sararin samaniya, suna haifar da ƙaddamarwa ko ƙaddamarwa. Girman ko zurfin ƙaddamarwa yana ƙayyade ƙarfin ƙarfe.
Domin kimanta karfe, na kowa taurin gwaje-gwaje ne Brinell, Vickers, da kuma Rockwell.Kowane yana da nasa sikelin, da kuma wasu da mahara gwajin hanyoyin, kamar Rockwell A, B, da kuma C. For karfe bututu, ASTM Specification A513 nasso Rockwell B gwajin (abbreviated a matsayin HRB ko RB) .The Rockwell B gwajin auna bambanci a shigar azzakari cikin farji na karfe 111⁄2 karfe da wani kilogiram diamita na farko inch00 karfe diamita na farko-inch00 karfe diamita na farko inch00 karfe diamita na farko kilo 0 da karfe diamita na karfe 0 na karfe 11⁄2 da karfe diamita. f.Sakamako na yau da kullun don daidaitaccen ƙarfe mai laushi shine HRB 60.
Materials masana kimiyya sun san cewa taurin ne linearly alaka da UTS.Saboda haka, a ba tauri iya hango ko hasashen UTS. Hakazalika, tube masana'antun sun san cewa MYS da UTS suna related.For welded bututu, MYS ne yawanci 70% zuwa 85% na UTS.The ainihin adadin dogara a kan aiwatar da yin tube.The taurin na TS 6 murabba'in kilo 0 (600000000 square kilo 6). PSI) da MYS na 80%, ko 48,000 PSI.
Mafi yawan ƙayyadaddun bututu na yau da kullun a cikin masana'anta gabaɗaya shine matsakaicin ƙarfi. Baya ga girman, injiniyan ya damu da ƙayyade bututun welded lantarki welded (ERW) a cikin kewayon aiki mai kyau, wanda zai iya haifar da matsakaicin taurin yuwuwar HRB 60 yana gano hanyarsa akan zanen ɓangaren.Wannan shawarar ita kaɗai take kaiwa zuwa kewayon kayan aikin injin ƙarshe, gami da taurin kanta.
Na farko, taurin HRB 60 ba ya gaya mana da yawa. Karatun HRB 60 shine lambar da ba ta da girma. Kayan da aka kimanta tare da HRB 59 ya fi sauƙi fiye da kayan da aka gwada tare da HRB 60, kuma HRB 61 yana da wuya fiye da HRB 60, amma ta nawa? Ba za a iya ƙididdige shi kamar ƙarar (aunawa a cikin nau'i-nau'i), zuwa matsakaicin matsakaici (aunawa a cikin poundsu). lokaci), ko UTS (aunawa a cikin fam a kowace murabba'in inch) .Karanta HRB 60 ba ya gaya mana wani abu na musamman. Wannan dukiya ce ta kayan abu, amma ba dukiya ta jiki ba.Na biyu, gwajin gwagwarmayar ba ya dace da maimaitawa ko reproducibility. Ƙididdigar wurare biyu a kan gwajin gwaji, koda kuwa wuraren gwajin suna kusa da juna a cikin mawuyacin hali, sau da yawa sakamakon gwaji a cikin mawuyacin hali. Bayan an auna matsayi, ba za a iya auna shi a karo na biyu don tabbatar da sakamakon ba. Maimaita gwaji ba zai yiwu ba.
Wannan ba yana nufin cewa gwajin taurin ba ya da kyau. A gaskiya ma, yana ba da jagora mai kyau ga UTS na kayan aiki, kuma gwaji ne mai sauri da sauƙi don aiwatarwa. Duk da haka, duk wanda ke da hannu wajen ƙayyadewa, sayan da masana'anta tubes ya kamata su san iyakokinsa a matsayin gwajin gwaji.
Domin "al'ada" bututu ba a da kyau ayyana, a lokacin da ake bukata, bututu masana'antun sau da yawa kunkuntar da shi zuwa ga biyu da aka fi amfani da karfe bututu da bututu iri da aka ayyana a ASTM A513: 1008 da kuma 1010. Ko da bayan kawar da duk sauran tube iri, da yiwuwa a cikin sharuddan inji Properties na wadannan biyu tube iri ne fadi da budewa.
Alal misali, an kwatanta bututu a matsayin mai laushi idan MYS yana da ƙananan kuma elongation yana da girma, wanda ke nufin cewa yana aiki mafi kyau a cikin juzu'i, karkatarwa da saita fiye da bututu da aka kwatanta da wuya, wanda yana da ƙananan MYS mai girma da ƙananan elongation.Wannan yana kama da bambanci tsakanin waya mai laushi da wuya, irin su masu rataye gashi da drills.
Tsawaita kanta wani abu ne wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aikace-aikacen bututu mai mahimmanci. Tubes tare da tsayi mai tsayi na iya jure wa dakarun da ke da ƙarfi;kayan da low elongation ne mafi gaggautsa sabili da haka ya fi yiwuwa ga bala'i gajiya-nau'in kasawa.Duk da haka, elongation ba kai tsaye alaka da UTS, wanda shi ne kawai inji dukiya kai tsaye alaka da taurin.
Me ya sa da inji Properties na tubes bambanta sosai? Na farko, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki ne daban-daban. Karfe ne m bayani na baƙin ƙarfe da carbon da sauran muhimman alloys.For sauki, za mu kawai magance carbon percentages here. Carbon zarra maye gurbin wasu daga cikin baƙin ƙarfe zarra, forming da crystal tsarin steel.ASTM 1008 ne wani duk-wanda ya kunshi carbon zuwa matakin farko na 100% na musamman. s musamman kaddarorin lokacin da carbon abun ciki a cikin karfe ne matsananci-low.ASTM 1010 ƙayyadadden carbon abun ciki tsakanin 0.08% da 0.13%.Wadannan bambance-bambance ba ze girma, amma sun yi girma isa su yi babban bambanci a sauran wurare.
Na biyu, ana iya ƙirƙira bututun ƙarfe ko ƙirƙira sannan a sarrafa shi a cikin tsarin masana'antu daban-daban guda bakwai.ASTM A513 mai alaƙa da samar da bututun ERW ya lissafa nau'ikan nau'ikan guda bakwai:
Idan matakan sinadarai na karfe da matakan kera bututu ba su da tasiri a kan taurin karfe, menene? ​​Amsa wannan tambayar yana nufin yin nazari kan cikakkun bayanai.
Cikakkun bayanai game da hatsin da ke cikin karfe shine amsa ta farko.Lokacin da aka yi ƙarfe a masana'antar ƙarfe ta farko, ba ta yin sanyi a cikin wani katon shinge tare da siffa guda ɗaya.Yayin da ƙarfen ya yi sanyi, ƙwayoyin ƙarfe suna tsarawa a cikin maimaita alamu (crystals), kama da yadda dusar ƙanƙara ta kasance. Kwayoyin suna tunawa da hatsi. Duk wannan yana faruwa ne a matakin ƙananan ƙananan saboda matsakaicin girman ƙwayar karfe yana da kusan 64 µ ko 0.0025 inci fadi. Yayin da kowane hatsi ya yi kama da na gaba, ba su da iri ɗaya. Suna bambanta dan kadan a girman, daidaitawa da abun ciki na carbon. The interface tsakanin hatsi ana kiransa iyakar hatsi, a lokacin da karfe ya kasa kasawa tare da hatsi.
Yaya nisan da za ku duba don ganin hatsi masu ganewa? Girman 100x, ko 100x hangen nesa na mutum, ya isa. Duk da haka, kawai kallon karfe ba tare da magani ba sau 100 ikon ba ya bayyana da yawa. An shirya samfurin ta hanyar goge samfurin da etching surface tare da acid (yawanci nitric acid da barasa) da ake kira nitroethanol da dai sauransu.
Yana da hatsi da lattice na ciki wanda ke ƙayyade ƙarfin tasiri, MYS, UTS da elongation wani karfe zai iya jurewa kafin gazawar.
Matakan ƙera ƙarfe, kamar mirgina mai zafi da sanyi na tsiri, sanya damuwa a cikin tsarin hatsi;idan sun canza siffar har abada, wannan yana nufin cewa damuwa yana lalata hatsi. Sauran matakan sarrafawa, irin su nada karfe a cikin coils, kwance shi, da kuma lalata hatsin karfe ta hanyar injin tube (don samar da girman tube) .Cold zane da bututu a kan mandrel kuma yana sanya matsin lamba akan kayan, kamar yadda matakan masana'antu irin su ƙarewa da kuma lankwasawa. Canje-canje a cikin tsarin da ake kira hatsi.
Matakan da ke sama sun lalata ductility na karfe, wanda shine ikonsa na jure wa damuwa (jawo-bude) damuwa.Ta yaya Karfe ya zama gaggautuwa, wanda ke nufin yana da yuwuwar karyewa idan kun ci gaba da yin aiki akan shi. Tsawaitawa shine ɗayan ɓangaren ductility (compressibility shine wani) .Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa gazawar galibi yana faruwa a lokacin damuwa mai ƙarfi, ba matsawa ba. matsa lamba - yana da ductile - wanda shine amfani.
Kankare yana da babban ƙarfin matsawa amma ƙananan ductility idan aka kwatanta da siminti.Waɗannan kaddarorin sun saba wa waɗanda na ƙarfe. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa simintin da ake amfani da shi don hanyoyi, gine-gine da hanyoyin tafiya sau da yawa ana saka su tare da rebar.Sakamakon shine samfurin tare da ƙarfin kayan aiki guda biyu: ƙarƙashin tashin hankali, ƙarfe yana da ƙarfi, kuma ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, kankare.
A lokacin aikin sanyi, yayin da ductility na karfe ya ragu, ƙarfinsa yana ƙaruwa.duk da haka, yana iya zama hasara tun lokacin da aka kwatanta taurin tare da raguwa. Wato, yayin da karfe ya yi ƙarfi, ya zama ƙasa da na roba;don haka yana yiwuwa ya gaza.
A wasu kalmomi, kowane mataki mataki cinye wasu daga cikin bututu ta ductility.It samun wuya a matsayin part aiki, kuma idan yana da ma wuya shi ne m m. Hardness ne brittleness, da kuma gaggautsa tube mai yiwuwa ya kasa a lokacin da amfani.
Shin masana'anta suna da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin wannan yanayin? A takaice, a. Wannan zaɓin yana daɗaɗawa, kuma yayin da ba sihiri bane, yana kusa da sihiri kamar yadda zaku iya samu.
A cikin sharuddan layman, annealing yana kawar da duk tasirin danniya na jiki akan karfe.Wannan tsari yana zafi da karfe zuwa yanayin zafi-matsala ko recrystallization, don haka ya kawar da raguwa.Ya danganta da takamaiman zafin jiki da lokacin da ake amfani da shi a cikin tsari na annealing, tsarin ta haka yana mayar da wasu ko duk ductility.
Annealing da sarrafawa sanyaya inganta hatsi growth.This yana da amfani idan makasudin shi ne don rage brittleness na abu, amma uncontrolled hatsi girma iya laushi da karfe da yawa, ma'anar da shi unusable domin ta nufi amfani.Stopping da annealing tsari ne wani kusa-sihiri abu.Quenching a dama zafin jiki tare da dama sauri quenching wakili a daidai lokacin kawo da dawo da kaddarorin.
Ya kamata mu sauke da taurin ƙayyadaddun? no. Hardness halaye suna da daraja da farko a matsayin tunani batu a lokacin da kayyade karfe bututu.A amfani gwargwado, taurin ne daya daga cikin da dama halaye da ya kamata a kayyade a lokacin da oda tubular abu da kuma bari a kan samu (kuma ya kamata a rubuta tare da kowane kaya) .Lokacin da taurin dubawa ne na dubawa misali, ya kamata a yi dace sikelin dabi'u da kuma iko jeri.
Duk da haka, ba gwaji na gaskiya ba ne don cancanta (karɓa ko ƙin yarda) abu. Baya ga taurin, masana'antun yakamata su gwada jigilar kayayyaki lokaci-lokaci don tantance wasu kaddarorin da suka dace, kamar MYS, UTS, ko ƙaramar elongation, dangane da aikace-aikacen bututu.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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