Ka Luna Hoʻoponopono: Ua hauʻoli ʻo Pharmaceutical Online e hōʻike i kēia ʻatikala ʻehā ʻāpana e pili ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka paipu bioprocess e ka loea ʻoihana ʻo Barbara Henon o Arc Machines.
ʻO ka wai maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe e like me DI a i ʻole WFI he etchant koʻikoʻi loa no ke kila kila. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka pharmaceutical grade WFI e kaʻa ʻia i ka wela kiʻekiʻe (80 ° C) e mālama ai i ka sterility. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana paipu. ʻO ka lepo a me ka hao oxide nā mea nui, akā aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hao, chromium a me ka nickel.
Hiki i ka welding ke hoʻopilikia i ka corrosion resistance.Hot kala ka hopena o ka oxidizing mea i waiho ʻia ma nā welds a me nā HAZ i ka wā wili, he mea ʻino loa ia, a pili pū me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o rouge i nā ʻōnaehana wai lāʻau. e waiho ana i ka chromium-depleted layer, a hoihoi hou i ka corrosion resistance i nā pae kokoke i nā pae metala kumu. Akā naʻe, ʻo ka pickling a me ka wili ʻana he mea pōʻino i ka hopena o ka ʻili. nickel a me manganese i loaʻa i loko o ka weld a me ka wela wela wahi i ka mua weld state.Naʻe, ka passivation wale pili i ka waho ili papa aʻaʻole e komo ma lalo o 50 angstroms, oiai thermal coloration hiki ke hoonui i 1000 angstroms a oi ma lalo o ka ili.
No laila, i mea e hoʻokomo ai i nā ʻōnaehana paipu pale corrosion kokoke i nā substrates unwelded, he mea nui e hoʻāʻo e kaupalena i ka wili a me ka hana ʻana i ka pōʻino i nā pae i hiki ke hoʻihoʻi nui ʻia e ka passivation. sion resistance.ʻO ka hoʻomaluʻana i ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokōʻana i nā welds kiʻekiʻe a paʻa mau, a me ka mālama ponoʻana i nā paipu kila kila a me nā mea i ka wā o ka hanaʻana i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻohaumiaʻana, he mau koi koʻikoʻi no ka'ōnaehana paipu kiʻekiʻe e kū'ē i ka corrosion a hāʻawi i ka lawelawe huahana lōʻihi.
ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka biopharmaceutical stainless steel pipe system maʻemaʻe i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa corrosion i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. lapaʻau ma hope o ka wela.
I kēia mau lā, ua piʻi aʻe ka hoʻohana ʻana o 316 stainless steel i nā noi paipu hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua like ke ʻano 316 me ka Type 304, akā ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka chromium a me ka nickel alloying mau mea maʻamau i nā mea ʻelua, 316 e pili ana i ka 2% molybdenum, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka 316'spespes 304 a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka 316'spes 304, a me 316L a me ka 316L a me ke kū'ē ʻana. haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kalapona ma mua o ka pae maʻamau (0.035% vs. 0.08%). ʻO kēia hoʻemi ʻana i ke kalapona i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka ua carbide i hiki ke hana ʻia ma muli o ke kuʻi ʻana. ʻO kēia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka chromium carbide, ka mea e hoʻopau ai i nā palena o ka chromium base metala, e hiki ai i ka corrosion. soldering.We hōʻike i ka orbital welding o ka super-austenitic kuhiliʻole kila AL-6XN hāʻawi i ka corrosion kuʻekuʻe welds ma mua o like welds i hanaʻia e ka lima. ʻO kēia no ka mea orbital welding hāʻawi pololei mana o ka amperage, pulsation a me ka manawa, e hopena i ka haʻahaʻa a oi aku ka wela hoʻokomo ma mua o ka manual welding. rosion i loko o nā ʻōnaehana paipu.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela-a-wela o ke kila kila. ʻOiai hiki ke mālama ʻia nā ʻāpana wili a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe i loko o nā ʻae ʻokoʻa, aia nō nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻokomo wela e koi ʻia e wili i ke kila stainless mai ka wela a i ka wela. ʻO ka helu wela ka helu hailona i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hoʻoheheʻe kila kila ma ka hale hana. °C (2800°F), ʻoiai e heheʻe nā metala i hoʻohuihui ʻia i loko o nā ʻano wela, e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia huila a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i loaʻa.
ʻO SEM o 316L paipu orbital welds ma AOD paipu (luna) a me EBR mea (lalo) hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa nui i ka maʻalahi o ka weld bead.
ʻOiai hiki ke hana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻokahi no ka hapa nui o nā wela me ka OD like a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia, pono kekahi mau wela i ka amperage a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka amperage ma mua o ka maʻamau.
Sulfur pilikia.ʻO ka sulfur elemental he mea haumia e pili ana i ka hao i hoʻopau nuiʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. +VAR), ua hiki ke hana i nā kila kūikawā ma kēia mau ʻano. ʻO kā lākou hui ʻana.
Ma nā haʻahaʻa sulfur haʻahaʻa (0.001% - 0.003%), ʻoi aku ka laulā o ke komo ʻana o ka puddle weld i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā welds like i hana ʻia ma nā mea waiwai sulfur maʻamau. e hana i ka weld piha piha. 'O kēia ka mea i 'oi aku ka pa'akikī o ka weld i nā mea me ka sulfur ma'i'o ha'aha'a loa, 'o ia ho'i me nā pā mānoanoa. Ma ka hopena ki'eki'e o ka sulfur ho'opa'a 'ia ma 304 a i 'ole 316 kuhili 'ole, ka weld bead makemake e emi wai i ka helehelena a rougher ma mua o waena mea sulfur. ma ASTM A270 S2 no ka paipu maikaʻi lāʻau.
Ua ʻike nā mea hana o ka paipu kila kila electropolished ʻoiai nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur i 316 a i ʻole 316L stainless steel e paʻakikī i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono o kā lākou semiconductor a me nā mea kūʻai biopharmaceutical no ka maʻemaʻe, lua-ʻole i loko surfaces. ) "nā stringers" i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka wā electropolishing a waiho i nā hakahaka ma ka laulā 0.25-1.0 micron.
Ke alakaʻi nei nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolako o nā paipu electropolished i ka mākeke i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea sulfur ultra-haʻahaʻa e hoʻokō ai i kā lākou mau koi hoʻopau.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka weldability o ke kila kila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi sulfur e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability. ʻO ka hopena, makemake nā mea hana a me nā mea hana e koho i nā mea ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka pae o ka sulfur i ʻōlelo ʻia. s, lilo ka komo i ka hohonu ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa-sulfur ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe-sulfur, ʻo ia ka mea e kū'ē i ka mea e hana ai i ka wā e hoʻopili ai i nā paipu me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka sulfur concentrations. , ka Carpenter Steel Division of Car-penter Technology Corporation o Pennsylvania ua hoʻokomo i kahi sulfur haʻahaʻa (0.005% max) 316 bar stock (Type 316L-SCQ) (VIM + VAR) ) no ka hana ʻana i nā mea pono a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia e welded i nā paipu sulfur haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka pono e loaʻa i nā ʻili o loko o ka ipu hao maʻemaʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a me ka electropolishing he mea nui i ka ʻoihana semiconductor a me ka ʻoihana biotech / pharmaceutical, SEMI, i ke kākau ʻana i ka ʻoihana semiconductor kikoʻī, i kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo 316L tubing no ke kaʻina hana ʻana o nā laina kinoea e pono e loaʻa i kahi 0.004 o ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā laina kinoea. ʻO kā lākou ASTM 270 kikoʻī e hoʻokomo i nā paipu lāʻau lapaʻau e kaupalena ana i ka ʻike o ka sulfur i kahi ākea o 0.005 a 0.017%. E hopena kēia i nā pilikia wili liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā sulfurs haʻahaʻa. E nānā ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Solder ma waena o ka hoʻomehana ʻana.
ʻO nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea e pili ana i ka sulfur, oxygen, aluminika, silicon a me ka manganese e hoʻopili i ke komo ʻana.
ʻO nā hopena o nā mea likeʻole he kumulative, no laila, hiki i ka loaʻaʻana o ka oxygen ke hoʻopau i kekahi o nā hopena sulfur haʻahaʻa. Hiki i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka alumini ke pale i ka hopena maikaʻi i ke komoʻana o ka sulfur. Hoʻololi ka Manganese i ka wela welding a waiho i loko o ka'āpana wela. 316L mau mea e pale ai i kēia nalowale o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Hōʻike ʻia nā mokupuni Slag i kekahi manawa ma ka bead stainless steel no kekahi mau wela. He pilikia maoli kēia, akā i kekahi manawa e hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana kuʻi ʻana i hiki ke hōʻemi i kēia, a i ʻole nā ​​loli i ka hui argon/hydrogen hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka weld. .5%. Eia naʻe, i ka Al / Si ratio ma luna o keia pae, spherical slag hiki ke hana ma mua o ka plaque type.This type of slag can leave pit after electropolishing, which is uncceptable for high-purity applications.
Hoʻokahi-holo weld me ka pulsation.Standard 'akomi orbital paipu kuʻihao he hookahi pass weld me ka pulsed o keia manawa a me ka hoomau ana o ka wikiwiki rotation.This hana kūpono no ka paipu me waho anawaena mai 1/8″ a i 7″ a me ka paia manoanoa o 0.083″ a malalo. Ma hope o kēia lohi o ka hoʻololi ʻana, huli ka electrode a puni ka hui weld a hiki i ka hui ʻana o ka weld a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻāpana mua o ka weld i ka papa hope o ka welding.
ʻO ke ala kaʻa ("synchronized" welding) .5 a 1.5 kekona, e hoohalikeia me ka umi a i ole haneri o ka manawa pulse lua no ka welding ma'amau. Hiki i keia 'enehana ke weld pono i ka 0.154 ″ a 6 ″ manoanoa 40 ana 40 paipu paia lahilahi me 0.154 ″ a 6 ″ mānoanoa o ka pā. aia paha nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana, kekahi misalignment a i ʻole Material thermal incompatibility. ʻO kēia ʻano kuʻihao e koi ʻia ma kahi o ʻelua manawa arc o ka wili maʻamau a ʻaʻole kūpono i nā noi ultra-high-purity (UHP) ma muli o ka laula a ʻoi aku ka ʻino.
Programmable variables.ʻO ka hanauna o kēia manawa o nā kumu mana welding he microprocessor-based and store programs that specify numerical values ​​​​no welding parameters for a specific diameter (OD) and wall thickness of the pipe to be welded, including purge time, welding current, travel speed (RPM) ), helu o nā papa a me ka manawa ma ka papa, pulse manawa, downhill manawa, etc. amplitude a me ka manawa noho, AVC (arc voltage control to provide constant arc gap), and upslope. No ka hana fusion welding, e hoʻokomo i ke poʻo kuʻihao me ka electrode kūpono a me nā mea hoʻokomo paipu paipu ma ka paipu a hoʻomanaʻo i ka papa kuhikuhi a i ʻole ka papahana mai ka mana hoʻomanaʻo kumu.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi weld maikaʻi mau, pono e mālama pono ʻia nā ʻāpana kuʻihao. ʻae ʻia nā standards.Akā naʻe, pono e mālama pono ʻia kekahi mau kumu a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka welding parameter. ʻO kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako hoʻomākaukau hope maikaʻi, nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi a me ka mālama ʻana, nā ʻae ʻana o ka paipu a i ʻole nā ​​​​wahi ʻē aʻe i welded, ʻano like a me ka nui o ka tungsten, hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa i nā kinoea inert, a me ka nānā pono i nā ʻano mea.
ʻOi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka welding orbital ma mua o ka welding manual.Welded joints for orbital pipe welding is maʻamau square butt joints.
Pono nā wēlau paipu e hui pū i ke poʻo weld i ʻike ʻole ʻia kahi āpau ma waena o nā wēlau o ka hui kīhāhā. e like me nā mea i hana ʻia e Protem, Wachs, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā welds orbital maʻemaʻe i kūpono no ka mīkini ʻoki ʻoki, hacksaws, band saws a me nā mea ʻoki paipu ʻaʻole kūpono no kēia kumu.
Ma waho aʻe o nā palena wili e hoʻokomo ai i ka mana e wili ai, aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ka welding, akā ʻaʻole lākou he ʻāpana o ke kaʻina hana wili maoli. ʻO kēia ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka tungsten, ke ʻano a me ka maʻemaʻe o ke kinoea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka arc a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loko o ka hui weld, ke kahe kahe o ke kinoea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, ke ʻano o ke poʻo a me ka mana o ka hui ʻana. s a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou ma ka papa hana hoʻoheheʻe. No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ke kinoea he mea hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) no nā kaʻina hana wili e hoʻokō ai i ka ASME Section IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
kuʻi kinoea.Stainless kila ke kū'ē i ka lewa oxygen oxidation ma lumi wela.Ke hoʻomehanaʻia i kona helu hehee (1530°C a i ole 2800°F no ka hao maemae) ua maʻalahi oxidized.Inert argon ua loa hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka pale kinoea kinoea a no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loko welded hui ma o ka orbital o ka oxygen moʻa kinoea kaʻina hana. d discoloration hiki mai ma kahi a kokoke i ka weld ma hope o ka weld. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kinoea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a inā ʻaʻole leak piha ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e like me ka lele ʻana o ka ea liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hiki i ka oxidation ke ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha. maʻemaʻe, ma muli o ka mea hoʻolako, a loaʻa i ka 5-7 ppm o ka oxygen a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe, me H2O, O2, CO2, hydrocarbons, etc., no ka huina o 40 ppm a maximum. hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hōʻemi i nā pae hoʻohaumia i nā ʻāpana o ka piliona (ppb).
ʻO nā hui kinoea e like me 75% helium / 25% argon a me 95% argon / 5% hydrogen hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kinoea pale no nā noi kūikawā. He nui nā pono o ka hui ʻana o ka hydrogen, akā, ʻo kekahi mau hemahema koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻohua ai i kahi puddle wai a me kahi ʻili weld ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, kahi kūpono no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hāʻawi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me ka maʻalahi o ka ʻili i loko e like me ka hiki. hydrogen content. Hoʻohana kekahi i kahi hui argon/hydrogen 95/5% ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaʻemaʻe ID e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka bead weld kūloko.
ʻO ka pahu weld e hoʻohana ana i kahi hui hydrogen no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kinoea pale, koe wale nō ka haʻahaʻa o ka sulfur maʻiʻo o ke kila kila a hoʻohua i ka wela i ka weld ma mua o ka hoʻonohonoho like o kēia manawa me ka argon hui ʻole. No ka mea, ʻokoʻa ka wela i hana ʻia e ka arc me ka hydrogen concentration, pono ka ʻike mau e hoʻokō i nā welds hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a aia nā ʻokoʻa i loko o ke kinoea mua i hui pū ʻia. a pono paha e hoʻololi i ka tungsten ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha welds. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui argon / hydrogen e wili i ke kila kalapona a i ʻole titanium.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o ke kaʻina TIG ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau i nā electrodes. ʻO Tungsten ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o kekahi metala (6098 ° F; 3370 ° C) a he mea hoʻoheheʻe electron maikaʻi, kūpono loa ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he electrode non-consumable. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka tungsten ma GTAW ma muli o nā waiwai maikaʻi o ka cerium tungsten, ʻoi loa no nā noi GTAW orbital. Hoʻohana ʻia ka tungsten Thorium ma mua o ka wā ma mua no ka mea he radioactive lākou.
ʻOi aku ka like o ka nui o nā electrodes me ka hoʻopau poni. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili laulima i ka ʻili a i ʻole ka ʻano like ʻole, no ka mea, ʻo ke kūlike o ka geometry electrode he mea koʻikoʻi no nā hopena kuʻi like ʻole. de tip e hōʻoia i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka geometry tungsten a me ka weld repeatability. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao blunt e hoʻoikaika i ke arc mai ka weld a i kahi hoʻokahi ma ka tungsten. ʻO ke anawaena o ka piko e hoʻomalu i ke ʻano o ke arc a me ka nui o ke komo ʻana i kahi au. ʻo ke āpau no kahi waiwai o kēia manawa e hoʻoholo i ka volta a pēlā ka mana i hoʻopili ʻia i ka weld.
ʻO ka nui o ka electrode a me ke anawaena o kona piko e koho ʻia e like me ka ikaika o ke kuʻi ʻana i kēia manawa. .040″ anawaena electrodes no ka wiliwili liʻiliʻi pololei Nā ʻāpana. No ka hana hou ʻana o ke kaʻina hana kuʻi, ke ʻano tungsten a me ka hoʻopau ʻana, ka lōʻihi, ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ke anawaena, ke anawaena a me ka arc āpau pono e kuhikuhi ʻia a mālama ʻia.
No ka 'ike hou aku, e 'olu'olu e leka uila iā Barbara Henon, Luna Ho'olaha 'Oihana, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331. Kelepona: 818-896-9556. Fax: 818-890-3724.