Nīnau: Ua hoʻomaka koke mākou e hana i kekahi mau hana e pono ai e hana mua ʻia kekahi mau mea mai 304 stainless steel, i hoʻopili ʻia iā ia iho a me ke kila māmā.Ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau pilikia me ka weld cracking ma waena o ke kila kila a me ke kila kila a hiki i ka 1.25 ″ mānoanoa.Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he haʻahaʻa ko mākou pae ferrite.Hiki iā ʻoe ke wehewehe he aha ia a pehea e hoʻoponopono ai?
A: He nīnau maikaʻi kēlā.ʻAe, hiki iā mākou ke kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ferrite haʻahaʻa a pehea e pale aku ai.
ʻO ka mea mua, e nānā kākou i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kila kila (SS) a me ka pili ʻana o ka ferrite i nā hui welded.Loaʻa i ka hao ʻeleʻele a me nā alloys ma luna o 50%.Loaʻa kēia i nā mea kalapona a me nā kila kila, a me kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe.ʻAʻole i loko o ka alumini, ke keleawe, a me ka titanium ka hao, no laila, he mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa ia o nā mea hao ʻole.
ʻO nā mea nui o kēia huila he kalapona kalapona me kahi mea hao o ka liʻiliʻi o 90% a me ke kila kila me kahi mea hao o 70 a 80%.No ka helu ʻia ʻana he SS, pono e hoʻohui ʻia he 11.5% chromium.ʻO nā pae Chromium ma luna o kēia paepae liʻiliʻi e paipai i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni chromium oxide ma nā ʻili kila a pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka oxidation e like me ka ʻōpala (iron oxide) a i ʻole ka hoʻouka ʻana i ke kino.
Ua māhele ʻia ke kila kila i ʻekolu pūʻulu: austenitic, ferritic a me martensitic.ʻO ko lākou inoa mai ka hale aniani i ka lumi wela kahi i haku ʻia ai.ʻO kekahi hui maʻamau ʻo ka duplex stainless steel, ʻo ia ke kaulike ma waena o ka ferrite a me ka austenite i loko o ka hale aniani.
ʻO nā māka Austenitic, 300 series, loaʻa iā 16% a 30% chromium a me 8% a 40% nickel, e hana ana i kahi ʻano kristal austenitic ka nui.Hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻokūpaʻa e like me nickel, carbon, manganese, a me ka nitrogen i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana kila e kōkua i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ratio austenite-ferrite.ʻO kekahi mau māka maʻamau ʻo 304, 316 a me 347. Hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi;hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka meaʻai, kemika, lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana cryogenic.ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ferrite e hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa i nā wela haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ka Ferritic SS he 400 series grade i piha i ka magnetic, loaʻa iā 11.5% a 30% chromium, a he ʻano aniani ka ferritic.No ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka ferrite, nā stabilizers e komo i ka chromium, silicon, molybdenum a me ka niobium i ka wā hana kila.Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia mau ʻano SS i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopau kaʻa a me nā powertrains a ua kaupalena ʻia nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe.Nui nā ʻano maʻamau: 405, 409, 430 a me 446.
ʻO nā māka Martensitic, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka moʻo 400, e like me 403, 410, a me 440, he magnetic, loaʻa ka 11.5% a i ka 18% chromium, a loaʻa kahi ʻano kristal martensitic.ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana ka mea gula haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumu kūʻai.Hāʻawi lākou i kahi pale corrosion, ikaika ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka papa ʻaina, nā niho a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki, nā mea kuke, a me nā ʻano mea hana.
Ke wili ʻoe i ke kila kila, ʻo ke ʻano o ka substrate a me kāna noi i ka lawelawe e hoʻoholo i ka metala hoʻopiha kūpono e hoʻohana ʻia.Inā ʻoe e hoʻohana nei i kahi kaʻina hana kinoea pale, pono paha ʻoe e nānā kūikawā i ka pale ʻana i nā hui kinoea e pale ai i kekahi mau pilikia pili i ka wili.
No ke kūʻai aku i ka 304 iā ia iho, pono ʻoe i kahi electrode E308/308L.ʻO "L" kahi kalapona haʻahaʻa, e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻino intergranular.ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kalapona o kēia mau electrodes ma mua o 0.03%, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia waiwai, piʻi ka pilikia o ka waiho ʻana o ke kalapona ma nā palena o ka palaoa a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka chromium e hana i ka chromium carbide piʻi, e hōʻemi pono i ka pale ʻana o ke kila.E ʻike ʻia kēia inā hiki ke ʻino i loko o ka ʻāpana wela (HAZ) o nā wili kila kila.ʻO kekahi manaʻo ʻē aʻe no ke kila kila kila ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikaika tensile i nā mahana hana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā māka kila kuhiliʻole pololei.
No ka mea ʻo 304 kahi ʻano austenitic o ke kila kila, ʻo ka metala weld e pili ana i ka hapa nui o ka austenite.Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka electrode ponoʻī kahi stabilizer ferrite, e like me ka molybdenum, e hāpai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ferrite i ka metala weld.Hoʻopaʻa pinepine nā mea hana i kahi laulā maʻamau no ka nui o ka ferrite no kahi metala weld.E like me ka mea i haʻi mua ʻia, ʻo ka carbon he mea hoʻopaʻa austenitic ikaika a no kēia mau kumu he mea nui ia e pale aku i kona hoʻohui ʻana i ka metala weld.
Loaʻa nā helu Ferrite mai ka pakuhi Scheffler a me ka pakuhi WRC-1992, e hoʻohana ana i ka nickel a me ka chromium equivalent formula no ka helu ʻana i ka waiwai i ka wā i hoʻolālā ʻia ma ka pakuhi e hāʻawi i kahi helu maʻamau.ʻO ka helu ferrite ma waena o 0 a me 7 e pili ana i ka pākēneka leo o ka hale aniani ferritic i loaʻa i ka metala weld, akā naʻe, ma nā pākēneka kiʻekiʻe, piʻi wikiwiki ka helu ferrite.E hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole like ka ferrite ma SS me ka ferrite kila kalapona, akā he māhele i kapa ʻia ʻo delta ferrite.ʻAʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ke kila kila Austenitic e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana wela kiʻekiʻe e like me ka mālama wela.
Makemake ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Ferrite no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ductile ma mua o ka austenite, akā pono e mālama ʻia.Hiki i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ferrite ke hāʻawi i nā welds me ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa i kekahi mau noi, akā paʻa loa lākou i ka pohā wela i ka wā wili.No ka hoʻohana maʻamau, pono ka helu o nā ferrites ma waena o 5 a me 10, akā makemake paha kekahi mau noi i nā waiwai haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha.Hiki ke nānā maʻalahi i nā ferrites ma kahi hana me kahi hōʻailona ferrite.
Ma muli o kou ʻōlelo ʻana he pilikia kou me ka māhā a me nā ferrite haʻahaʻa, pono ʻoe e nānā pono i kāu metala hoʻopiha a hōʻoia i ka nui o nā ferrites - ma kahi o 8 pono e hana i ka hana.Eia kekahi, inā ʻoe e hoʻohana ana i ka flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), hoʻohana maʻamau kēia mau metala hoʻopiha i ke kinoea pale o 100% carbon dioxide a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o 75% argon a me 25% CO2, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka weld metala e komo i ke kalapona.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe metala (GMAW) a hoʻohana i ka 98% argon/2% oxygen hui e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke waiho ʻia ke kalapona.
I ka wā e wili ai i ke kila kila i ke kila kalapona, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻopihapiha E309L.Hoʻohana kūikawā ʻia kēia metala hoʻopihapiha no ka wili metala like ʻole, e hana ana i kahi nui o ka ferrite ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ke kila kalapona i ka weld.Ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kila kalapona i kekahi kalapona, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ferrite stabilizers i ka metala hoʻopiha e pale aku i ka manaʻo o ke kalapona e hana i ka austenite.E kōkua kēia i ka pale ʻana i ka pohā wela i ka wā wili.
I ka hopena, inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻoponopono i nā māwae wela i nā welds kila kuhili ʻole austenitic, e nānā no ka lawa ʻana o ka metala hoʻopiha ferrite a hahai i ka hana wili maikaʻi.E hoʻomau i ka hoʻokomo wela ma lalo o 50 kJ/in, e mālama i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa inter-pass, a e hōʻoia i ka maʻemaʻe o nā hui solder ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana.E hoʻohana i kahi ana kūpono e nānā i ka nui o ka ferrite ma ka weld, e kuhikuhi ana i 5-10.
ʻO WELDER, i kapa mua ʻia ʻo Practical Welding Today, e hōʻike ana i ka poʻe maoli e hana i nā huahana a mākou e hoʻohana ai a hana pū me kēlā me kēia lā.Ke lawelawe nei kēia nūpepa i ke kaiāulu wiliwili ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau no nā makahiki he 20.
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