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I loko o kēia pepa, ua hoʻolālā ʻia a hōʻoia ʻia kahi paipu hawewe huakaʻi 220GHz broadband high-mana interleaved double-blade traveling wave tube. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia, ʻo 20 ~ 21 kV ka uila uila, a ʻo ka manawa he 2 × 80 mA. Hoʻolālā i nā pahuhopu. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana mask a me ka electrode control i ka pū kī pālua ʻelua, hiki ke kau ʻia nā penikala ʻelua ma ko lākou mau kikowaena me ka lākiō compression o 7, ʻo ka mamao o ka nānā ʻana ma kahi o 0.18mm, a ua maikaʻi ka mamao o ka hoʻolālā electron. am hiki hiki i 45 mm, a me ka noonoo ana o ka magnetic field he 0.6 T, ka mea i lawa e uhi i ka holoʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe alapine nenoai (HFS). A laila, e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka electron-optical nenoaiu a me ka hana ana o ka lohi-hawewe hale, particle cell (PIC) simulations ua hana no hoi ma ka holoʻokoʻa HFS.The hualoaʻa e hōʻike i ka beam-interaction nenoaiu e hiki ke hoʻokō i ka optimized peak2 voltage kokoke i ka peak2 GHz. ʻO 20.6 kV, ʻo 2 × 80 mA ka beam, ʻo ka loaʻa he 38 dB, a ʻo ka bandwidth 3-dB ma mua o 35 dB e pili ana i 70 GHz. ʻO ka hope, hana ʻia ka hana microstructure kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka hana o ka HFS, a ʻo nā hopena e hōʻike ana i ka bandwidth a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻouna i ʻaelike maikaʻi me kēia, ʻo ka mana o ka pepa i manaʻo ʻia. nā kumu hoʻoheheʻe terahertz-band me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ma keʻano he mea uila uila maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka puʻu hawewe huakaʻi (TWT) i nā noi he nui e like me ka radar kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ukali, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lewa1,2,3. Akā naʻe, i ke komo ʻana o ke alapine hana i ka terahertz band, ʻaʻole hiki i ka TWT hui pū ʻia a me ka helical TWT ke hoʻokō i nā kaʻina hana haʻahaʻa, paʻakikī e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana haʻahaʻa. Ua lilo ka hana o ka hui THz i mea hopohopo nui no ka nui o na keʻena noiʻi ʻepekema. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui ma muli o ko lākou mau papa hoʻolālā kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka moʻolelo SDV-SWSs, e like me ka staggered dual-blade (SDV) structures and folded waveguide (FW) structures, i loaʻa i ka nānā nui ʻana ma muli o ko lākou mau hoʻolālā planar maoli, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka moʻolelo SDV-SWS me ka hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia e 80. hana ʻia e nā ʻenehana hana micro-nano e like me ka computer numerical control (CNC) a me UV-LIGA, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka pūʻolo metala āpau ke hāʻawi i ka mana wela nui aʻe me ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka loaʻa, a hiki i ke ʻano like me ke alakaʻi nalu ke hāʻawi i kahi bandwidth hana ākea. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i kēia mau hopena nā āpau i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i nā koi e pili ana i ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka bandwidth ākea i ka band terahertz. kukuna e hooponopono iho.- ʻO ka hauʻoli a me ka oscillation 6,7. I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā koi o ka mana kiʻekiʻe, ka bandwidth ākea a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o THz TWT, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi dual-beam SDV-SWS me ka hana ʻelua-mode i kēia pepa. He ʻuʻuku ka liʻiliʻi ma muli o ke kaohi ʻana o ka nui vertical. Inā kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o kēia manawa, pono e hoʻemi ʻia ke au o ke kukui, e hopena i ka mana puka haʻahaʻa. au tunneling hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻaoʻao kaola.
ʻO ke ʻano o kēia pepa penei. HFS. E hana i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo.
Ma keʻano he mea nui loa o ka TWT, hōʻike nā mea hoʻopuehu o ka hawewe lohi e like me ka wikiwiki o ka electron me ka wikiwiki o ka māhele o ka SWS, a no laila he hopena nui i ka launa pū ʻana o ka beam-wave. ʻO kahi kukui peni pālua e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka mana puka a me ka paʻa o ka hana.I kēia manawa, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka bandwidth hana, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi ʻano ʻelua i ka SWS e hana.
E like me nā koi mana, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka paipu holoʻokoʻa me ka volta hoʻokele o 20 kV a me kahi ʻāpana lua o 2 × 80 mA. I mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka volta e like me ka hiki i ka bandwidth hana o ka SDV-SWS, pono mākou e helu i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa p. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka volta beam a me ka manawa ma ka hoohalike (1)10:
Ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae i ka 2.5π ma ke alapine waena o 220 GHz, hiki ke helu ʻia ka manawa p he 0.46 mm. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 2a i nā waiwai hoʻopuehu o ka cell unit SWS. Ua pili maikaʻi ka beamline 20 kV i ka bimodal curve. Hiki i nā hui alapine like ʻole ke hōʻea ma kahi o 70 GHz-2.20GHz (6530 GHz) a me 210 GHz. GHz (even mode). Hōʻike ka Figure 2b i ka awelika hoʻohui impedance, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 0.6 Ω mai 210 a 290 GHz, e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hana i nā pilina ikaika i ka bandwidth hana.
(a) Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻopuehu o ka SDV-SWS ʻano ʻelua me ka 20 kV electron beamline.
Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he ʻokoʻa pū ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole, a ke kuhikuhi pinepine nei mākou i kēia ʻāpana band e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 2a. 0.1 GHz. He mea paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo inā he kumu oscillations kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. No laila, e noiʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa o ka hana a puni ka band hoʻomaha ma ka ʻāpana simulation PIC ma hope nei e nānā ai inā hiki mai nā oscillations makemake ʻole.
Hōʻike ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka HFS holoʻokoʻa ma ka Figure 3. Aia i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu o SDV-SWS, i hoʻopili ʻia e Bragg reflectors. ʻO ka hana o ka reflector e ʻoki i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka hōʻailona ma waena o nā ʻanuʻu ʻelua, e kāohi i ka oscillation a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā ʻano hana ʻole e like me nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao luna a me lalo, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka laina o waho. e hoʻohui i ka SWS i kahi alakaʻi nalu maʻamau WR-4. ʻO ka coefficient o ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pae ʻelua e ana ʻia e kahi mea hoʻoponopono manawa i ka polokalamu simulation 3D. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka hopena maoli o ka terahertz band ma ka mea, ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia ka mea o ka envelopp i ke keleawe, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka conductivity i 2.25 × 127 S / 127.
Hōʻike ka Figure 4 i nā hopena hoʻoili no ka HFS me ka ʻole o ka laina tapered couplers. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hopena liʻiliʻi o ka mea hoʻohui i ka hana hoʻoili o ka HFS holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka poho hoʻihoʻi (S11 < - 10 dB) a me ka poho hoʻokomo (S21 > - 5 dB) o ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa i ka 207 ~ 280 GHz hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona ākea ākea HFS.
E like me ka mana lako o vacuum uila mea, ka electron pu pololei hoʻoholo inā hiki i ka mea hiki ke hoʻohua i lawa ka mana. Hoʻohuiʻia me ka nānā 'ana o HFS i ka pauku II, he dual-beam EOS pono e hoʻolālā e hoʻolako i ka mana lawa.2, ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia ka uila uila Ua o nā kukuna electron i 20 kV, ʻo nā au o nā kuʻi electron ʻelua he 80 mA, a ʻo ke anawaena beam dw o nā kukuna electron he 0,13 mm. n beam he 603 A/cm2, a he 86 A/cm2 ka mānoanoa o ka cathode i kēia manawa, hiki ke ho'okō 'ia e kēia me ka ho'ohana 'ana i nā mea cathode hou. E like me ka mana'o ho'olālā 14, 15, 16, 17, hiki ke 'ike 'ia kahi pu electron typical Pierce.
Hōʻike ka Figure 5 i nā kiʻi kikoʻī a me ka vertical schematic o ka pū. Ua hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o ka pū electron i ka x-direction he aneane like me ka pu electron sheet-like maʻamau, ʻoiai ma ka ʻaoʻao-y ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana electron ʻelua e ka mask. ʻO nā kūlana o nā cathodes ʻelua aia ma x = 5,0 mm a me x = 5,0 mm. y = 0 mm, i kēlā me kēia. E like me nā koi hoʻolālā o ka lakene kaomi a me ka nui o ka injection electron, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ana o nā papa cathode ʻelua he 0.91 mm × 0.13 mm.
I mea e hana ai i ke kahua uila i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kukuna electron i ka x-direction symmetrical e pili ana i kona kikowaena ponoʻī, pili kēia pepa i ka electrode mana i ka pū electron. i loko o ke kuhikuhi-y, a huli kēlā me kēia kukuna electron i ke kuhikuhi-x ma kona kikowaena pono'ī o ka symmetry, e hōʻike ana i ke kaulike o ka electrode mana i ke kahua uila like ʻole i hana ʻia e ka electrode kālele.
Hōʻike ka Figure 7 i ka envelop kukui ma nā kuhikuhi x a me y. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka mamao o ka mamao o ka mamao o ke kukui uila ma ke kuhikuhi-x he ʻokoʻa ka mamao o ka hoʻolei ʻana ma ka kuhikuhi x ma kahi o 4mm, a ʻo ka mamao hoʻolei ma ka ʻaoʻao y kokoke i 7mm. .6 mm mai ka ili o ka cathode. Hiki ke ike aku i ke ano o ka pauku kea ua kokoke loa i ke kaola electron poai maʻamau. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā kukuna electron ʻelua kokoke i ka 0.31 mm i hoʻolālā ʻia, a ʻo ka radius ma kahi o 0.13 mm, e kū ana i nā koi hoʻolālā. Hōʻike ka Figure 9 i nā hopena simulation o ka beam o kēia manawa. A.
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka fluctuation o ka hoʻokele uila i nā noi kūpono, pono ia e aʻo i ka naʻau uila o kēia kükohu. 0.74 a 0.78 A. No laila, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo ka pū electron i hoʻolālā ʻia i loko o kēia pepa he ʻike maikaʻi i ka uila.
ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka puʻupuʻu uila ma nā envelopes kukuna kuhikuhi x a me y.
ʻO ke kahua hoʻonohonoho magnetic maʻamau he ʻōnaehana hoʻokele mau loa. ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻoili paʻa o ka pahu penikala hoʻokahi18,19, hiki ke helu ʻia ka Brillouin magnetic field value ma ka hoohalike (2). Ma kēia pepa, hoʻohana pū mākou i kēia kūlike e hoʻohālikelike i ka mākēneki o kahi lāʻau penikala ʻelua i hoʻoili ʻia.20, 1.5-2 mau manawa i koho pinepine ʻia ka waiwai i helu ʻia i nā hoʻolālā hana.
Hōʻike ka Figure 12 i ke ʻano o kahi ʻōnaehana mākaʻikaʻi e nānā pono ana. ʻO ka ʻāpana polū ka magnet mau loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kuhikuhi axial. ʻO ke koho ʻana o nā mea waiwai ʻo NdFeB a i ʻole FeCoNi. ʻO ka remanence Br i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka model simulation he 1.3 T a me ka permeability he 1.05. ʻO ka kuhikuhi ʻana o x e hoʻoholo ai inā ʻaʻole like ka transverse magnetic field i ke kahawai beam, e koi ana i ka nui ma ka kuhikuhi x ʻaʻole hiki ke liʻiliʻi loa. 20mm.
Ma 2015, Purna Chandra Panda21 noi aku i ka pou me ka hou stepped puka i loko o ka like me ka magnetic kālele nenoaiu, i hiki ke hoemi hou i ka nui o ka flux leakage i ka cathode a me ka transverse magnetic kahua i hanaia ma ka pole apana lua. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu ʻekolu he 0.5mm, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā puka ʻāpana pole he 2mm, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 13.
Hōʻike ka Figure 14a i ka mahele axial magnetic field ma waena o nā laina waena o nā kukuna electron ʻelua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he like nā ikaika o ka mākēneki ma nā kukuna ʻelua. e pale ana i ka leakage o ka manekini. Hōʻike ka 14b i ka puʻunaue ʻana o ke kahua mākēneki transverse Ma ka ʻaoʻao z ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā kukuna electron ʻelua. Ua hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kahua kuʻekuʻe ma mua o 200 Gs wale nō ma ka lua ʻāpana pole, ʻoiai ma ke kaapuni hawewe mālie, aneane ʻaʻole ka transverse magnetic field. , Pono e aʻo i ka ikaika o ka mākia i loko o nā ʻāpana pole. Hōʻike ka Figure 14c i ka waiwai kūʻokoʻa o ka puʻupuʻu mānoanoa i loko o ka ʻāpana pole. Ua hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka waiwai maoli o ka ikaika o ka mākia ma lalo o 1.2T, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole e hiki mai ka saturation magnetic o ka ʻāpana pole.
Māhele mākēneki ikaika no Br = 1.3 T.(a) Axial māhele māhele.(b) Lateral māhele māhele ma ka z kuhikuhi.(c) waiwai piha o ka mahele kahua i loko o ka pou.
Ma muli o ka CST PS module, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kūlana pili axial o ka pū lua kukui a me ka ʻōnaehana kālele. E like me Ref.9 a me nā simulations, ʻo ka wahi maikaʻi loa kahi e uhi ai ka ʻāpana anode i ka ʻāpana pole mai ka magnet. Akā, ua ʻike ʻia inā ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka remanence i 1.3T, ʻaʻole hiki i ka transmittance o ke kukuna electron ke hiki i 99%. Ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka remanence i 1.4 T, e hoʻonui ʻia ka mākaʻikaʻi mākaʻikaʻi i ka 6500 x Gs. 15. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he maikaʻi ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka lāʻau, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a me ka mamao o ka lawe ʻana ma mua o 45mm.
ʻO nā alahele o nā kaola penikala pālua ma lalo o kahi ʻōnaehana magnetic homogeneous me Br = 1.4 T.(a) xoz plane.(b) yoz mokulele.
Hōʻike ka Figure 16 i ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka lāʻau ma nā kūlana like ʻole mai ka cathode. Ua hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka pauku kaola i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho pono e mālama pono ʻia, a ʻaʻole e loli nui ke anawaena o ka pauku. Hōʻike nā hopena i kēia manawa ma kahi o 2 × 80 mA, kahi i kūlike me ka waiwai i helu ʻia ma ka hoʻolālā pū electron.
Electron beam cross section (me ka ʻōnaehana kālele) ma nā kūlana like ʻole mai ka cathode.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā pilikia e like me nā hewa hui, nā loli uila, a me nā hoʻololi i ka ikaika o ka magnetic field i nā noi hana hoʻokō pono, pono ia e kālailai i ka naʻau o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho. Hōʻike ka hopena i ka nui ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka envelop kukui a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o ka beam. Hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 20. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka envelope beam, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka EOS holoʻokoʻa i nā loli i ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic.
ʻO ka enveloppi kukuna a me nā hopena o kēia manawa ma lalo o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho hoʻokalakupua.
ʻO ka enveloppe beam ma lalo o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike magnetic me ka axial magnetic field fluctuations ikaika mai 0.63 a 0.68 T.
I mea e hiki ai ke hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho i hoʻolālā ʻia ma kēia pepa me HFS, pono e hoʻohui i ka ʻōnaehana kikoʻī a me ka HFS no ka noiʻi. Hōʻike ʻo Figure 21 i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā envelopes beam me ka ʻole o ka HFS i hoʻouka ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena ʻaʻole e loli nui ka envelopp i ka wā e hoʻouka ʻia ai ka HFS holoʻokoʻa.
No ka hōʻoia i ka pololei o ka EOS i manaʻo ʻia ma ka Pauku III a me ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hana o ka 220 GHz SDV-TWT, ua hana ʻia kahi simulation 3D-PIC o ka launa pū ʻana o ka beam-wave. mm.
No ka loaʻaʻana o ka hōʻailona hoʻopuka maikaʻi loa, pono e hoʻonuiʻia ka helu o nā pōʻai. Loaʻa ka mana hoʻopuka maikaʻi loa i ka manawa o ka helu o nā paeʻelua he 42 + 48 mau pōʻaiapuni, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Figure 22a.A 0.05 W hōʻailona hoʻokomo i hoʻonuiʻia i 314 W me ka loaʻa o 38 dB. ʻO ka puka mana Transform maʻemaʻe i loaʻa i ka FFT FourFigure maʻemaʻe (FFT FourFigure 2GHz). Hōʻike ka 2b i ke kūlana axial o ka ikehu electron i ka SWS, me ka hapa nui o nā electrons e nalowale ana i ka ikehu. Hōʻike kēia hopena e hiki i ka SDV-SWS ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu kinetic o nā electrons i nā hōʻailona RF, ma laila e ʻike ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻailona.
SDV-SWS hōʻailona hoʻopuka ma 220 GHz.(a) Ka mana hoʻopuka me ka spectrum i hoʻokomo ʻia. (b) Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ikehu o nā electrons me ka uila uila ma ka hope o ka SWS inset.
Hōʻike ka Figure 23 i ka bandwidth mana hoʻopuka a me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi dual-mode dual-beam SDV-TWT. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka hana o ka puka ʻana ma ka sweeping frequency mai 200 a 275 GHz a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka volta drive. Hōʻike kēia hopena e hiki i ka bandwidth 3-dB ke uhi i ka 205 a hiki i ka 275 GHz, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hana i ka bandwidth nui.
Eia naʻe, e like me ka Fig. 2a, ua ʻike mākou aia kahi pahu hoʻomaha ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā oscillations makemake ʻole. No laila, pono e aʻo ʻia ka paʻa hana a puni nā pani. ʻO ka mana hoʻopuka ua paʻa. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka spectrum ma ke kiʻi 24 pakahi, maʻemaʻe ke kikoʻī.
Pono ka hana ʻana a me ke ana ʻana e hōʻoia i ka pololei o ka HFS holoʻokoʻa. Ma kēia ʻāpana, ua hana ʻia ka HFS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana helu kamepiula (CNC) me ke anawaena mea hana o 0.1 mm a me ka pololei o ka mīkini ʻana o 10 μm. ʻO ka mea no ka hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe e hāʻawi ʻia e ka oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) 6 ka lōʻihi o ka hana keleawe5a0. mm, he 20.00 mm ka laula a me ke ki'eki'e o 8.66 mm. Ua puunaueia na puka pine ewalu a puni ka hale. Hōʻike ka Figure 25b i ka hale ma ka scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hoʻokumu like ʻia nā ʻili o kēia hale a maikaʻi ka ʻili o ka ʻili. hoʻolālā a me nā koi pololei.
Hōʻike ka Figure 26 i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā hopena hoʻokolohua maoli a me nā hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻoili ʻana. ka simulation ua kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka roughness ili ma hope o maoli machining mea poor.Overall, i na hualoaʻa ana i loko o ka maikaʻi aelike me ka simulation hualoaʻa, a me ka hoʻouna bandwidth halawai me ka koi o 70 GHz, e hōʻoia i ka feasibility a me ka pololei o ka manao lua-mode SDV-TWT. No laila, hui me ka maoli, ka hana i hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ka pepa hana dual-alakaʻi kaʻina hana a ho'āʻo i ka ultrabe-DVT. no ka hana ʻana a me nā noi ma hope.
I loko o kēia pepa, hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻolālā kikoʻī o ka mahele planar 220 GHz dual-beam SDV-TWT. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka hana ʻelua-mode a me ka lua-beam excitation e hoʻonui hou i ka bandwidth hana a me ka mana hoʻopuka.ʻO nā hopena ana maoli i ʻaelike maikaʻi me nā hopena hoʻohālikelike. No nā EOS ʻelua-beam i hoʻolālā ʻia, ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kahi ʻāpana mask a me nā electrodes control e hana i kahi kaola penikala ʻelua. hoʻohui piha i ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono mokulele oʻo o kēia manawa, a hōʻike i ka mana nui i nā hōʻailona hana a me ka hana ʻana a me ka hui.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻikepili maka a me nā hiʻohiʻona analytical i loko o kēia haʻawina ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kēia pepa.
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