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I loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka corrosion o ke kalapona a me nā kila kila. Ua mālama ʻia kahi haʻawina luʻu pahu wai maʻemaʻe he 22 mahina ma ʻaneʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻeiwa māka o ke kila. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe wikiwiki ʻia i nā kila kalapona a me chromium a me ka hao hoʻolei ʻia, ʻoiai ma ke kila kila ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka corrosion ma hope o 22 mau mahina. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi o ke kaiāulu microbial i ka wā o ka corrosion maʻamau, ua hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Fe(II) -oxidizing bacteria i ka wā mua o ka corrosion, Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, ma ke kahua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka corrosion, a me ka bacteria hoʻemi i ka sulfate, ma ke kahua corrosion. pae i ka pae hope o ka corrosion huahana. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka bacteria Beggiatocaea i ke kila me 9% Cr i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka corrosion localized. He ʻokoʻa hoʻi kēia mau ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial mai nā mea i loko o ka wai a me nā laʻana sediment lalo. No laila, i ka holomua ʻana o ka corrosion, hoʻololi nui ke kaiāulu microbial, a hoʻokumu ʻia ka ikehu microbial e pili ana i ka hao i kahi kaiapuni e hoʻonui ai i nā microorganism ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i nā metala ke hōʻino a ʻinoʻino ma muli o nā ʻano ʻano kūlohelohe kino a me nā kemika e like me ka pH, ka mahana a me ka ʻona. ʻO nā kūlana acidic, nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka chloride e pili pono i ka ʻino o nā metala1,2,3. Hoʻopili pinepine nā microorganisms i loko o nā wahi kūlohelohe a kūkulu ʻia i ka ʻaʻahu a me ka ʻino o nā metala, kahi ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma ka microbial corrosion (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka MIC i nā kaiapuni e like me nā paipu i loko a me nā pahu mālama, ma nā ʻāpana metala, a ma ka lepo, kahi i ʻike koke ʻia a ulu wikiwiki. No laila, paʻakikī loa ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā MIC, no laila e hana mau ʻia ka loiloi MIC ma hope o ka corrosion. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hihia MIC he nui i loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa sulfate (SRB) i nā huahana corrosion9,10,11,12,13. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā hāʻawi nā SRB i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka corrosion, no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ko lākou ʻike ʻana ma ka nānā ʻana i ka post-corrosion.
I kēia mau lā, ma waho aʻe o ka iodine-oxidizing bacteria21, ua hōʻike ʻia nā microorganisms hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hao, e like me ka SRB14, methanogens15,16,17, nitrate-reducing bacteria18, iron-oxidizing bacteria19 a me acetogens20. Ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic a i ʻole microaerobic laboratory, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e hoʻopau i ka hao-valent a me ke kila kalapona. Eia kekahi, ke hōʻike nei kā lākou hana ʻino i ka hao-corrosive methanogens a me nā SRBs e hoʻoikaika i ka corrosion ma o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā electrons mai ka hao null-valent me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrogenases extracellular a me nā cytochromes multiheme, kēlā me kēia22,23. Māhele ʻia nā MIC i ʻelua ʻano: (i) MIC kemika (CMIC), ʻo ia ka ʻino ʻole e nā ʻano microbially i hana ʻia, a (ii) uila MIC (EMIC), ʻo ia ka corrosion pololei ma ka hoʻopau ʻana o electron o ka metala24. He hoihoi nui ka EMIC e ka extracellular electron transfer (EET) no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻino ʻana o nā microorganisms me nā waiwai EET ma mua o nā microorganism non-EET. ʻOiai ʻo ka pane palena palena o CMIC ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic ʻo ia ka hana H2 ma o ka hōʻemi proton (H+), hoʻomaka ka EMIC ma o ka metabolism EET, kahi kūʻokoʻa o ka hana H2. ʻO keʻano o ka EET i loko o nā microorganisms e pili ana i ka hanaʻana o ka microbial cellular fuel a me ka electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. No ka mea ʻokoʻa nā kūlana moʻomeheu no kēia mau microorganism corrosive mai nā mea i loko o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā ʻike ʻia kēia mau kaʻina hana ʻino microbial i ka corrosion ma ka hana. No laila, paʻakikī ke nānā aku i ka mīkini MIC i hoʻokomo ʻia e kēia mau microorganism corrosive i loko o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana sequencing DNA ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kikoʻī o nā kaiāulu microbial i nā wahi kūlohelohe a me nā mea kūlohelohe, no ka laʻana, microbial profiling e pili ana i ka 16S rRNA gene sequence me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā sequencers hanauna hou i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kahua o ka microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Nui nā haʻawina MIC i paʻi ʻia i nā kaiāulu microbial kikoʻī i ka ʻāina a me nā kai moana13,33,34,35,36. Ma waho aʻe o ka SRB, hoʻonui i ka Fe(II) -oxidizing (FeOB) a me ka nitrifying bacteria i loko o nā laʻana corrosion, e laʻa me FeOB, e like me Gallionella spp. a me Dechloromonas spp., a me nā bacteria nitrifying, e like me Nitrospira, ua hōʻike pū ʻia. spp., i ka Carbon a me ke keleawe-haawe kila ma ka lepo media33. Pēlā nō, i loko o ke kai moana, ua ʻike ʻia ka wikiwiki ʻana o ka hao-oxidizing bacteria o nā papa Zetaproteobacteria a me Betaproteobacteria no kekahi mau pule ma ke kila kalapona 36. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili i ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia mau microorganism i ka pala. Eia naʻe, i loko o nā haʻawina he nui, ua kaupalena ka lōʻihi a me nā hui hoʻokolohua, a ʻike liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka dynamics o nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wā o ka corrosion.
Maʻaneʻi, ke noiʻi nei mākou i nā MIC o ke kila kalapona, ke kila chromium, ke kila kila, a me ka hao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻawina immersion i loko o kahi kaiapuni wai aerobic me ka mōʻaukala o nā hanana MIC. Lawe ʻia nā laʻana ma 1, 3, 6, 14 a me 22 mau mahina a ua aʻo ʻia ka helu corrosion o kēlā me kēia metala a me ka microbial. Hāʻawi kā mākou mau hopena i ka ʻike i ka dinamika lōʻihi o nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wā corrosion.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1, ʻeiwa mau metala i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia haʻawina. He ʻumi mau laʻana o kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi loko wai hou. Penei ka maikaʻi o ka wai: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm a me pH 7.4. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen (DO) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o ke alapiʻi hōʻike ma kahi o 8.2 ppm a ʻo ka mahana o ka wai mai 9 a 23°C i kēlā me kēia kau.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 1, ma hope o 1 mahina o ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka ASTM A283, ASTM A109 Kūlana #4/5, ASTM A179, a me ASTM A395 i hoʻolei ʻia i ka hao kaiapuni, ʻike ʻia nā huahana corrosion brown ma ka ʻili kalapona i ke ʻano o ka corrosion generalized. Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka poho kaumaha o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona me ka manawa (Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 1) aʻo ka nui o ka corrosion he 0.13-0.16 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Fig. 2). Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka corrosion maʻamau i nā kila me ka haʻahaʻa Cr maʻiʻo (1% a me 2.25%) me ka nui o ka corrosion ma kahi o 0.13 mm/yr (Nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ke kila me 9% Cr e hōʻike ana i ka corrosion localized i hana ʻia ma nā āpau i hana ʻia e nā gaskets. ʻO ka nui o ka corrosion o kēia hāpana ma kahi o 0.02 mm / makahiki, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila me ka corrosion maʻamau. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā ʻanoʻino kuhili ʻole ʻano-304 a me -316, me ka nui o ka corrosion o <0.001 mm y−1. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano kila kuhili ʻole ʻano-304 a me -316, me ka nui o ka wikiwiki o <0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорозить корость коррозии мм/год. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo nā ʻano 304 a me 316 stainless steels ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻinoʻino, me ka helu ʻino ʻana o <0.001 mm/yr.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢没有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢没有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии коррозии <0,000 ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻano 304 a me -316 stainless steels i hōʻike ʻole i ka corrosion ʻike ʻia me ka helu corrosion design o <0.001 mm/yr.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi macroscopic o kēlā me kēia laʻana (ke kiʻekiʻe 50 mm × ākea 20 mm) ma mua a ma hope o ka wehe ʻana. 1 mika, 1 mahina; 3 mika, 3 mahina; 6 mika, 6 mahina; 14 mika, 14 mahina; 22 mika, 22 mahina; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, kūlana 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, kila 1% Cr; 3C kila, 2.25% Cr kila; kila 9C, kila 9% Cr; S6, 316 kila kila; S8, ʻano 304 kila kila.
Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka corrosion me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pohō kaumaha a me ka manawa kaiapuni. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, paʻakikī 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, kila 1% Cr, 3 C, kila 2.25% Cr, 9 C, kila 9% Cr, S6, ʻano 316 kila kila; S8, ʻano 304 kila kila.
Ma ka fig. Hōʻike pū ʻo 1 i nā huahana corrosion o ke kila kalapona, ke kila Cr haʻahaʻa a me ka hao hoʻolei e ulu hou ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana no 3 mahina. Ua emi mālie ka nui o ka corrosion i 0.07 ~ 0.08 mm / makahiki ma hope o 22 mau mahina (Figure 2). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka corrosion rate o 2.25% Cr steel ma mua o nā mea hoʻohālikelike ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana e hiki iā Cr ke kāohi i ka corrosion. Ma waho aʻe o ka corrosion maʻamau, e like me ka ASTM A179, ua ʻike ʻia ka corrosion kūloko ma hope o 22 mau mahina me ka hohonu o ka corrosion ma kahi o 700 µm (Fig. 3). ʻO ka nui o ka pōʻino kūloko, i helu ʻia me ka hohonu o ka corrosion a me ka manawa immersion, he 0.38 mm/yr, ʻo ia hoʻi he 5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka corrosion maʻamau. Hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka nui o ka corrosion o ka ASTM A395 alloy no ka mea ʻaʻole e hoʻopau loa nā huahana corrosion i ka pālākiō ma hope o 14 a 22 mau mahina o ka hoʻoinu wai. Eia naʻe, he mea liʻiliʻi ka ʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā lua liʻiliʻi he nui i loko o ke kila chromium haʻahaʻa i ʻino ʻia.
ʻO ke kiʻi piha (paʻa pālākiō: 10 mm) a me ka corrosion i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (ka pā unahi: 500 µm) o ASTM A179 a me 9% Cr kila ma ka hohonu loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope laser nānā 3D. ʻO nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula i ke kiʻi piha e hōʻike ana i ke ana ʻia ʻana o ka corrosion localized. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike piha o ke kila 9% Cr mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ma ke Kiʻi 1.
E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig. 2, no ke kila me ka 9% Cr, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka corrosion i loko o 3-14 mau mahina, a ʻo ka helu corrosion ua aneane ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka corrosion kūloko ma hope o 22 mau mahina (Figure 3) me ka helu corrosion o 0.04 mm/yr i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaumaha kaumaha. ʻO 1260 µm ka hohonu o ka pōʻino kūloko i manaʻo ʻia me ka hohonu o ka corrosion a me ka manawa kaiapuni (22 mahina) he 0.68 mm/yr. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka wahi kikoʻī i hoʻomaka ai ka corrosion, ʻoi aku paha ka nui o ka corrosion.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻohe ʻino i ʻike ʻia ma ke kila kila ma hope o 22 mau mahina o ka hoʻoinu ʻana. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻili ma mua o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana (Fig. 1), ua hoʻopili palupalu ʻia lākou a ʻaʻole nā ​​​​huahana ʻino. No ka mea e puka hou ana ka metala ma ka ʻili kila ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka unahi, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole ka nui o ka ʻino.
Ua hana ʻia ke ʻano o Amplicon no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka ikaika o nā kaiāulu microbial i ka manawa i nā huahana corrosion a me nā biofilms ma nā ʻili metala, i ka wai a me nā sediments. He 4,160,012 ka heluhelu i loaa, me ka laula he 31,328 a 124,183 heluhelu.
ʻO nā helu Shannon o nā laʻana wai i lawe ʻia mai nā hoʻokomo wai a me nā loko mai ka 5.47 a i ka 7.45 (Fig. 4a). Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka wai kahawai e like me ka wai ʻoihana, hiki ke loli ke kaiāulu microbial i ke kau. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka helu Shannon o nā laʻana sediment lalo ma kahi o 9, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā laʻana wai. Pēlā nō, ua emi iho ka helu ʻana o nā laʻana wai i nā helu Chao1 a nānā i nā ʻāpana ʻauhau hana (OTU) ma mua o nā laʻana sediment (Fig. 4b, c). He koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa (Ho'āʻo ʻo Tukey-Kramer; p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā ʻāpana sediment ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka wai. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa (Ho'āʻo ʻo Tukey-Kramer; p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā ʻāpana sediment ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka wai. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает на то, чобто микро образцах донных отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa (Ho'āʻo Tukey-Kramer; p waiwai <0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana sediment ma mua o ka wai.这些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01，图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂。这些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01 ， 图 4d） 表明 沉积物明 沉积物样 的羮物样 羮中中 的 群落更 . . . . . . . . Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет пимред, полет сообщества в образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. He koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa (Ho'āʻo ʻo Tukey-Kramer; p-value <0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i nā laʻana sediment ma mua o ka wai.No ka mea, e hoʻohou mau ana ka wai i loko o ke kīʻaha kahe a noho ka lepo i lalo o ke kīʻaha me ka ʻole o ka pilikia mechanical, pono e hōʻike kēia ʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa microbial i ka kaiaola i loko o ke kīʻaha.
a Shannon index, b ʻIke ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻauhau hana (OTU), a me c Chao1 uptake index (n=6) a me ke kīʻaha (n=5) Wai, sediment (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (179 (n=5), ASTM A179 (B: n=5), (1% A179 (FC: n=5), ASTM A283 (S: n=5) n=5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) a me 9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-steels, a me ke ʻano 316 (S6: n = 5) a me -304 (S8: n = 5) hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano kila kila ma ke ʻano he pahu pahu a me nā kiʻi whisker. d p-waiwai no nā helu Shannon a me Chao1 i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ANOVA a me Tukey-Kramer i nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike lehulehu. Hōʻike nā kāʻei ʻulaʻula i nā pālua me nā p-waiwai <0.05. Hōʻike nā ʻulaʻula i nā pālua me nā p-values ​​<0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Hōʻike nā ʻulaʻula i nā pālua me nā p-waiwai <0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Hōʻike nā ʻulaʻula i nā pālua me nā p-waiwai <0.05.ʻO ka laina ma waenakonu o ka pahu, luna a me lalo o ka pahu, a me nā ʻumikū e hōʻike ana i ka median, 25th a me 75th percentiles, a me nā waiwai liʻiliʻi a me ka nui.
ʻO nā helu Shannon no ke kila kalapona, ke kila chromium haʻahaʻa, a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia, ua like ia me nā mea hoʻohālike wai (Fig. 4a). ʻO ka mea likeʻole,ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hōʻailona Shannon o nā hōʻailona kila kila ma mua o nā kila i hoʻopiliʻia (p-values ​​<0.05, Fig. 4d) a like me nā mea o ka lepo. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hōʻailona Shannon o nā ʻāpana kila kila ma mua o nā kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (p-values ​​​​< 0.05, Fig. 4d) a like me nā mea o nā sediments. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей , з0. и аналогичны индексам отложений. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hōʻailona Shannon o nā mea kila kila ma mua o nā kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (p-values ​​​​<0.05, Fig. 4d) a ua like me ka waiho ʻana i nā helu.相比之下，不锈钢样品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图4d），与沉积物相似。E Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем у корродированной стали (p.0,500) как и у отложений. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu Shannon o nā mea kila kila ma mua o ke kila ʻino (p waiwai <0.05, Fig. 4d), e like me ka waihona.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka helu Shannon no nā kila me 9% Cr mai 6.95 a 9.65. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau waiwai i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia ma 1 a me 3 mau mahina ma mua o nā mea ʻino i 6, 14 a me 22 mahina (Fig. 4a). Eia kekahi, ua oi aku ka nui o na huahelu Chao1 a me na OTU o na kila 9% Cr ma mua o na mea i hooheheeia a me ka wai a emi iho ma mua o ko na mea i hoohuoi ole ia a me ka sediment samples (Fig. 4b, c), a he nui na okoa (p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā helu Chao1 a me nā OTU i ʻike ʻia o nā kila 9% Cr ma mua o ka poʻe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā laʻana wai a haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia a me ka sediment samples (Fig. 4b, c), a he nui nā ʻokoʻa (p-values ​​​​< 0.01, Fig. 4d).Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Chao1 a me ka OTU o nā kila me ka 9% Cr ma mua o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia a me ka wai a haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka poʻe o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole a me ka sedimentary (Fig. 4b, c), a he nui nā ʻokoʻa.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (p-waiwai <0.01, Fig. 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀样品和水样，低于未腐蚀样品和沉积物样品（图4b，c），差异具有义具有石0.01， 4d）.此外 ， 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察 的 的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 ， 低于 腐蚀 样品 样品LIKE LIKE LIKE Кроме того, индекс Chao1 и наблюдаемые OTU стали с содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированныхци во,бижеци чем у некорродированных и осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), a разница была статистически значимой (p- значение, < 0,014г ). Eia hou, o ka Chao1 index a me ka ike OTU o 9% Cr kila ua oi aku mamua o ka poe o ka corroded a me ka wai laʻana a emi ma mua o ka uncorroded a me ka sedimentary samples (Fig. 4b, c), a me ka likeʻole i helu helu (p-waiwai <0.01, Fig. 4d).Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻokoʻa microbial i nā huahana corrosion ma mua o nā biofilms ma nā metala uncorroded.
Ma ka fig. Hōʻike ʻo 5a i kahi Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka mamao unweighted UniFrac no nā laʻana a pau, me ʻekolu hui nui i nānā ʻia. ʻOkoʻa loa nā kaiāulu microbial i nā laʻana wai mai nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o ka sediment kekahi i komo pū me nā kaiāulu kila kuhiliʻole, ʻoiai lākou i laha ʻia i loko o nā laʻana corrosion. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua māhele ʻia ka palapala ʻāina o ke kila me 9% Cr i nā ʻōpala ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. No laila, ʻokoʻa loa nā kaiāulu microbial ma nā ʻili metala a me nā huahana corrosion mai ka wai.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā hoʻonohonoho kumu (PCoA) ma muli o nā mamao UniFrac i kaupaona ʻole ʻia ma nā laʻana āpau (a), wai (b), a me nā metala (c). Hōʻike nā pōʻai i kēlā me kēia hui. Hōʻike ʻia nā trajectories e nā laina e hoʻopili ana i nā manawa hoʻohālike ma ka moʻo. 1 mika, 1 mahina; 3 mika, 3 mahina; 6 mika, 6 mahina; 14 mika, 14 mahina; 22 mika, 22 mahina; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, kūlana 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, kila 1% Cr; 3C kila, 2.25% Cr kila; kila 9C, kila 9% Cr; S6, 316 kila kila; S8, ʻano 304 kila kila.
I ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka manawa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻāpana PCoA o nā ʻano wai i kahi hoʻonohonoho pōʻai (Fig. 5b). Hōʻike paha kēia hoʻololi pōʻaiapuni i nā loli kau.
Eia kekahi, ʻelua mau pūʻulu (ʻino a me ka ʻole) i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana PCoA o nā mea metala, kahi (koe ka 9% chromium steel) i ʻike pū ʻia kahi hoʻololi o ke kaiāulu microbial mai 1 a 22 mahina (Fig. 5c). Eia kekahi, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā laʻana i hoʻopili ʻia ma mua o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, aia ka pilina ma waena o nā loli i nā kaiāulu microbial a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka corrosion. I loko o nā mea kila me ka 9% Cr, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻelua ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial: nā helu ma 1 a me 6 mahina, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kila kila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (3, 14, a me 22 mahina), aia ma nā wahi kokoke i ke kila corroded. 1 mahina a me nā coupons i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hōʻiliʻili DNA ma 6 mahina ʻaʻole i ʻino ʻia, aʻo nā coupons ma 3, 14 a me 22 mau mahina i corroded (Supplementary Figure 1). No laila, ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka poʻe i loko o ka wai, sediment, a me nā mea ʻino ʻole a hoʻololi ʻia i ka holomua ʻana o ka corrosion.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā kaiāulu microbial i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā ʻano wai ʻo Proteobacteria (30.1–73.5%), Bacteroidetes (6.3-48.6%), Planctomycetota (0.4-19.6%) a me Actinobacteria (0 –17.7%), ʻokoʻa ka nui o kā lākou pili mai ka hāpana i ka laʻana (Fig. 6). i loko o ka wai abstract. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa e ka manawa noho o ka wai i loko o ka pahu kahe. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano i loko o nā laʻana sediment o lalo, akā ʻokoʻa ka nui o ko lākou nui me ka nui o ka wai. Eia kekahi,ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pilina o Acidobacteriota (8.7-13.0%), Chloroflexi (8.1-10.2%), Nitrospirot (4.2-4.4%) a me Desulfobacterota (1.5-4.4%) %) ma mua o ka wai. Ma muli o ka kokoke o nā ʻano Desulfobacterota a pau he SRB37, pono e anaerobic ke kaiapuni o ka lepo. ʻOiai ʻo Desulfobacterota hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka ʻino, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ka nui o kā lākou pili i loko o ka wai puna he <0.04%. ʻOiai ʻo Desulfobacterota hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka ʻino, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ka nui o kā lākou pili i loko o ka wai puna he <0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относилените воде бассейна составляет <0,04%. ʻOiai he hopena paha ka Desulfobacterota i ka ʻinoʻino, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ka nui o kā lākou waiwai i loko o ka wai puna he <0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因为它们在池水中的相对中的相对中的相对中。 <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus может влиять на коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительноеж содеб составляет <0,04%. ʻOiai hiki i ke ʻano Desulfobacillus ke hoʻololi i ka ʻino, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau he <0.04%.
Hōʻike ʻo RW a me Air i nā laʻana wai mai ka hoʻokomo wai a me ke kīʻaha, kēlā me kēia. ʻO Sediment-C, -E, -W he mau laʻana sediment i lawe ʻia mai ke kikowaena o lalo o ke kīʻaha, a mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina a me ke komohana. 1 mika, 1 mahina; 3 mika, 3 mahina; 6 mika, 6 mahina; 14 mika, 14 mahina; 22 mika, 22 mahina; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, kūlana 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, kila 1% Cr; 3C kila, 2.25% Cr kila; kila 9C, kila 9% Cr; S6, 316 kila kila; S8, ʻano 304 kila kila.
Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe aʻe (6-19%) o nā bacteria unclassified no ka ʻohana Trichomonadaceae, a me Neosphingosine, Pseudomonas, a me Flavobacterium, i nā kau āpau. Ma ke ʻano he mea nui liʻiliʻi, ʻokoʻa kā lākou mau ʻāpana (Fig. 1). . 7a a me b). I nā kahawai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o Flavobacterium, Pseudovibrio, a me Rhodoferrobacter i ka hoʻoilo. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike kiʻekiʻe o Pseudovibrio a me Flavobacterium i ka wai hoʻoilo o ke kīʻaha. No laila, ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wai ma muli o ke kau, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā loli nui i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana.
a Wai komo, b Wai ʻauʻau, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 wela #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, a me i 9% Cr kila , j Type-316 a me ke kila kila K-304.
ʻO Proteobacteria ka mea nui i loko o nā laʻana a pau, akā, ua emi ka nui o ko lākou nui i loko o nā mea ʻino i ka wā e piʻi ai ka corrosion (Fig. 6). Ma nā laʻana ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr, ua emi mai ka nui o ka proteobacteria mai 89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84%. , 83.8% he 43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% a me 31.3%. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, piʻi mālie ka nui o ka Desulfobacterota mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% me ka piʻi ʻana o ka corrosion. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, piʻi mālie ka nui o ka Desulfobacterota mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% me ka piʻi ʻana o ka corrosion. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota постепенно увеличивается с <0,1% a hiki i 12,5–45,9% по мере развроизиик. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, piʻi mālie ka nui o Desulfobacterota mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% i ka wā e piʻi ai ka corrosion.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность Desulfobacillus постепенно увеличивалась с <0,1% a hiki i 12,5–45,9% по мере развизтия корроро. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ua piʻi mālie ka nui pili o Desulfobacillus mai <0.1% a i ka 12.5–45.9% i ka holomua ʻana o ka corrosion.No laila, i ka holomua ʻana o ka corrosion, ua pani ʻia ʻo Proteobacteira e Desulfobacterota.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo nā biofilms ma ke kila kuhili ʻole i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana like o nā bacteria like ʻole. Proteobacteria (29.4-34.1%), Planctomycetota (11.7-18.8%), Nitrospirot (2.9-20.9%), Acidobacteriota (8.6-18.8%), Bacteroidota (3.1-9.2%) a me Chloroflexi (2.1-8.8%). Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui mālie ʻia ka hapa o Nitrospirot i loko o nā mea kila kila (Fig. 6). Ua like kēia mau lakio me nā mea i loko o nā laʻana sediment, e pili ana i ka ʻāpana PCoA i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 5a.
I loko o nā mea kila i loaʻa i ka 9% Cr, ʻelua ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial i ʻike ʻia: 1-mahina a me 6-malama microbial kaiaulu i like me ka poʻe i loko o nā laʻana sediment lalo, ʻoiai ka nui o ka proteobacteria i nā hōʻailona corrosion 3, 14, a me 22 i hoʻonui nui ʻia. mahina Eia hou, ua pili keia mau kaiaulu microbial elua i ka 9% Cr kila me ka mahele puulu ma ka papa PCoA i hoikeia ma Fig. 5c.
Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo >2000 OTU i loaʻa i ka bacteria i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia a me archaea. Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo >2000 OTU i loaʻa i ka bacteria i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia a me archaea.Ma ka pae genus, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000 mau OTU i ʻike ʻia i loaʻa i nā bacteria i ʻike ʻole ʻia a me nā archaea.Ma ka pae genus, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000 mau OTU i ʻike ʻia i loaʻa i nā bacteria a me archaea ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia. Ma waena o lākou, ua kālele mākou i 10 OTU me ka heluna kanaka kiʻekiʻe i kēlā me kēia laʻana. Hoʻopili kēia i ka 58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-46.8% a me 17.5-46.8%. A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% a me 9% Cr kila a me Type 316 a me -304 mau kila kila.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o nā monoliths dechlorinated me nā waiwai oxidizing Fe(II) i loko o nā hōʻailona corrosion e like me ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 a me nā kila me 1% a me 2.25% Cr. ka wā mua o ka ʻino (1 mahina a me 3 mahina, Fig. 7c-h). Ua emi iho ka hapa o Dechloromonas i ka manawa, e like me ka emi ana o Proteobacteria (Fig. 6). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o Dechloromonas i loko o nā biofilms ma nā laʻana non-corroded he <1%. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o Dechloromonas i loko o nā biofilms ma nā laʻana non-corroded he <1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o Dechloromonas i loko o nā biofilms ma nā specimens uncorroded he <1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o Dechloromonas i loko o ka biofilm o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia he <1%.No laila, ma waena o nā huahana corrosion, hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻo Dechloromonas i ka wā mua o ka corrosion.
I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ma ASTM A179, ASTM A109 tempered #4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 a me nā kila me 1% a me 2.25% Cr, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hapa o nā ʻano SRB Desulfovibrio ma hope o 14 a me 22 mau mahina (Fig. 7c–h). He haʻahaʻa loa ka Desulfofibrion a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i ka wā mua o ka corrosion, i nā ʻano wai (Fig. 7a, b) a me nā biofilms non-corroded (Fig. 7j, j). Manaʻo ikaika kēia e makemake ʻo Desulfovibrio i ke kaiapuni o nā huahana corrosion i hana ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e pili i ka corrosion i ka wā mua o ka corrosion.
Loaʻa ka Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (RRB), e like me Geobacter a me Geothrix, i loko o nā huahana corrosion ma nā pae waena o ka corrosion (6 a me 14 mau mahina), akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hapa o nā pae hope (22 mahina) o ka corrosion. ʻano haʻahaʻa (Fig. 7c, eh). ʻO ka ʻano ʻano Sideroxydans me Fe(II) mau waiwai hoʻohāhā i hōʻike i kahi ʻano like (Fig. 7f), no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hapa o FeOB, IRB, a me SRB i nā mea ʻino. Hōʻike ikaika kēia i ka pili ʻana o nā loli i kēia mau kaiāulu microbial me ka piʻi ʻana o ka corrosion.
Ma ke kila me ka 9% Cr corroded ma hope o 3, 14 a me 22 mahina, uaʻikeʻia ka hapa nui o nā lālā o kaʻohana Beggiatoacea (8.5-19.6%), hiki ke hōʻike i nā waiwai sulfur oxidizing, a uaʻikeʻia nā sideroxidans (8.4-13.7%) (Fig. 1). ). 7i) Eia hou, ua loaʻa ʻo Thiomonas, he sulfur oxidizing bacterium (SOB), ma nā helu kiʻekiʻe (3.4% a me 8.8%) ma 3 a me 14 mahina. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻike ʻia ʻo Nitrospira (12.9%) hoʻemi ʻana i ka nitrate i loko o nā mea hoʻohālike i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia he 6 mau mahina. Ua ʻike pū ʻia kahi hapa nui o Nitrospira i loko o nā biofilms ma ke kila kila ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana (Fig. 7j,k). No laila, ʻo nā kaiāulu microbial o 1- a me 6 mau mahina i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia 9% Cr steels ua like ia me nā mea i loko o ke kila kila kila. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial o 9% Cr steel i 3, 14 a me 22 mau mahina mai nā huahana corrosion o ke kalapona a me nā kila chromium haʻahaʻa a me ka hao hao.
ʻOi aku ka lohi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻino i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka wai kai no ka mea e pili ana ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion chloride i ka ʻino o ka metala. Eia naʻe, hiki ke ʻinoʻia kekahi mau kila kila ma nā wahi wai hou38,39. Eia hou, ua manaʻo mua ʻia ʻo MIC no ka mea ua ʻike mua ʻia nā mea ʻino i loko o ka loko wai hou i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi. Ma nā haʻawina kaiapuni lōʻihi, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻino like ʻole, ʻekolu mau ʻano kaiāulu microbial, a me ka loli o nā kaiāulu microbial i nā huahana corrosion.
ʻO ke ʻano wai maʻemaʻe i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ʻana he pahu paʻa no ka wai ʻenehana i lawe ʻia mai kahi muliwai me kahi hui kemika paʻa a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai wela mai 9 a 23 °C. No laila, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manawa i nā kaiāulu microbial i nā ʻano wai me nā loli i ka mahana. Eia hou, ua ʻokoʻa ʻē ke kaiāulu microbial i loko o ka wai loko i ka wai hoʻokomo (Fig. 5b). Hoʻololi mau ʻia ka wai i loko o ka loko ma muli o ke kahe ʻana. No laila, noho ʻo DO ma ~8.2 ppm a hiki i ka hohonu waena ma waena o ka ʻili wai a me lalo. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, he anaerobic ke kaiapuni o ka sediment, no ka mea, noho ʻo ia a noho ma lalo o ka waihona, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka microbial flora i loko (e like me CRP) mai ka microbial flora i ka wai (Fig. 6). Ma muli o ka mamao loa o nā kuponi i loko o ka loko wai, ua ʻike wale ʻia lākou i ka wai maʻemaʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic.
Hiki ke ʻino maʻamau i ke kila kalapona, ke kila chromium haʻahaʻa, a me ka hao hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe (Figure 1) no ka mea, ʻaʻole kū i ka corrosion kēia mau mea. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka corrosion rate (0.13 mm yr-1) ma lalo o nā kūlana wai maʻemaʻe abiotic ma mua o nā haʻawina mua40 (0.04 mm yr-1) a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka corrosion rate (0.02-0.76 mm yr-1) i mua o nā microorganisms 1) E like me nā kūlana wai hou40,41,42. ʻO kēia kaʻina corrosion wikiwiki kahi hiʻohiʻona o MIC.
Eia kekahi, ma hope o 22 mau mahina o ka hoʻoinu ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻino i loko o kekahi mau metala ma lalo o nā huahana corrosion (Fig. 3). ʻO ka mea kūikawā, ʻo ka helu corrosion kūloko i ʻike ʻia ma ASTM A179 ma kahi o ʻelima mau manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka corrosion maʻamau. Ua ʻike pū ʻia kēia ʻano ʻino ʻole a me ka wikiwiki o ka corrosion i ka ʻino e kū ana ma ka mea like. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana i loko o kēia haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka corrosion ma ka hana.
Ma waena o nā metala i aʻo ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kila 9% Cr i ka ʻino ʻino loa, me ka hohonu o ka corrosion o >1.2 mm, ʻo ia paha ka MIC ma muli o ka wikiwiki a me ke ʻano ʻino o ka corrosion. Ma waena o nā metala i aʻo ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kila 9% Cr i ka ʻino ʻino loa, me ka hohonu o ka corrosion o >1.2 mm, ʻo ia paha ka MIC ma muli o ka wikiwiki a me ke ʻano ʻino o ka corrosion. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозтои> 1,2 м, м, является МИК из-за ускоренной коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Ma waena o nā metala i nānā ʻia, ua hōʻike ke kila me ka 9% Cr i ka ʻino ʻino loa me ka hohonu o ka corrosion> 1.2 mm, ʻo ia paha ka MIC ma muli o ka hoʻoneʻe wikiwiki ʻana a me kahi ʻano ʻino o ka pala.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最为严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm，由于加速腐蚀和异常腐蚀形式，很可能是MIC。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мо, скоре, скоре ускоренных и аномальных форм коррозии. Ma waena o nā metala i aʻo ʻia, ua ʻino loa ke kila me ka 9% Cr, me ka hohonu o ka corrosion o >1.2 mm, ʻoi aku ka MIC ma muli o nā ʻano ʻino a me nā ʻano ʻino.No ka mea, hoʻohana ʻia ke kila 9% Cr i nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe, ua aʻo ʻia kona ʻano corrosion ma mua43,44 akā ʻaʻohe MIC i hōʻike mua ʻia no kēia metala. No ka nui o na microorganisms, koe wale no hyperthermophiles, he hana ole i loko o ka wela wela (>100 °C), MIC i 9% Cr kila hiki ke malama ole ia ma ia mau hihia. No ka nui o na microorganisms, koe wale no hyperthermophiles, he hana ole i loko o ka wela wela (>100 °C), MIC i 9% Cr kila hiki ke malama ole ia ma ia mau hihia. Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной колед (>10ред) с 9% Cr в таких случаях можно не учитывать. No ka mea he nui nā microorganisms, koe naʻe nā hyperthermophiles, ʻaʻole hana i kahi ʻano wela kiʻekiʻe (> 100 ° C), hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ka MIC i ke kila me 9% Cr i ia mau hihia.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在这种不情在这种不情又这种不情双跃Cr 钢中的MIC. 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемператных (>1КМ0 °C) в стали с 9% Cr в данном случае можно не учитывать. Ma muli o ka nui o nā microorganisms, koe wale no hyperthermophiles, ʻaʻole hōʻike i ka hana ma nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe (> 100 °C), hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ka MIC i ke kila me 9% Cr i kēia hihia.Eia naʻe, ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila 9% Cr i kahi ʻano wela wela, pono e lawe ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hōʻemi i ka MIC.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā kaiāulu microbial like ʻole a me kā lākou mau hoʻololi ʻana i loko o nā waihona o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia a me nā huahana corrosion i loko o nā biofilms i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wai, me ka hoʻonui ʻia i ka corrosion wikiwiki (Fig. 5-7), me ka manaʻo ikaika he microphone kēia corrosion. Hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi 3-step (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) i loko o kahi kaiaola microbial moana ma luna o 6 mo, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka hydrogen sulfide i hana ʻia e ka SRB i hoʻonui ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka SOB. Hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi 3-step (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o kahi kaiaola microbial moana ma luna o 6 mo, ke hāʻawi hope ʻia ka hydrogen sulfide i hana ʻia e ka SRB hoʻonui lua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka SOB. Ramirez et al.13 сообщают о трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 мескоц сероводород, образующийся при вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. Hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi ʻekolu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o ke kaiaola microbial moana ma kahi o 6 mau mahina, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka hydrogen sulfide mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kula kiʻekiʻe o SRB i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB)，其中二次富集SRB 产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集。Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了 个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 步 说转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) ， 其中 次 察 盆可能 最终 有助于 sob 的富集。 Ramirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 меся сероводород, образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обог SOBще. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi ʻekolu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o ke kaiaola microbial moana ma kahi o 6 mau mahina, kahi i hoʻopuka ʻia ai ka hydrogen sulfide mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lua SRB i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka SOB.Ua hōʻike ʻo McBeth a me Emerson36 i ka hoʻonui mua ʻana ma FeOB. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o FeOB i ka wā mua o ka corrosion ma kēia haʻawina, akā hoʻololi ka microbial me ka holomua o ka corrosion i ʻike ʻia ma ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr steels a me ka hao hao ma luna o 22 mo ka FeOB => IRB = > SRB (Fig. 7 a me 8). Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o FeOB i ka wā mua o ka corrosion ma kēia haʻawina, akā hoʻololi ka microbial me ka holomua o ka corrosion i ʻike ʻia i ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr steels a me ka hao hao ma luna o 22 mo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Fig. 7 a me 8). Точно так же в этом исследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные измронмение коррозии, наблюдаемые в углеродистых и 1% и 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представлобют > ORB. a 8). Like, i loko o keia haʻawina enrichment ma FeOB i ka wā mua o ka corrosion ua malamaia, akā, microbial hoʻololi i ka corrosion progresses, nānā 'ia i loko o carbon a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr steels a hoolei hao ma luna o 22 mahina, he FeOB => IRB => SRB (Figure 7 a me 8).同样，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及越越个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）。同样 ， 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 ， 但 碳 和 和 1% 和 2.25% Cr 2.25% Cr的 铸铁 中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）。 Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиемяч наблюдаемые в углеродистых и 1% и 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (a. 7). Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o FeOB i ka wā mua o ka corrosion ma kēia haʻawina, akā ʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi microbiological i ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr steels a me ka hao hao ma luna o 22 mahina ʻo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Fig. 7 a me 8).Hiki i nā SRB ke hōʻiliʻili maʻalahi i ka wai kai ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ion sulfate, akā ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia kā lākou hoʻonui ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe e ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ion sulfate. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o SRB i ka wai kai10,12,45.
a Organic carbon and nitrogen ma o Fe(II)-dependent energy metabolism iron oxide (ʻulaʻula [Dechloromonas sp.] a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo [Sideroxydans sp.] cell) a me Fe(III) hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hua bacteria (pūnaewele hina [Geothrix sp. a me Geobacter sp. ]) i ka wā mua o ka corrosion, a laila anaerobic sulfate-reducing microorganisms e hoʻemi ana i ka maʻi bacteria (S. ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea olaola i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. b Nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā kaiāulu microbial ma nā metala kūpaʻa ʻole. ʻO ka violet, ka uliuli, ka melemele, a me ke keʻokeʻo e hōʻike ana i ka bacteria mai nā ʻohana Comamonadaceae, Nitrospira sp., Beggiatoacea, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
E pili ana i nā loli i ke kaiāulu microbial a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka SRB, he mea koʻikoʻi ʻo FeOB i ka wā mua o ka ʻino, a hiki i Dechloromonas ke loaʻa i ko lākou ikaika ulu mai ka Fe(II) oxidation. Hiki i nā microorganism ke ola i loko o ka media i loaʻa nā ʻano mea, akā ʻaʻole lākou e ulu nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pūnāwai plunge i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia noiʻi ʻana he kīʻaha overflow, me ke kahe ʻana o 20 m3/h, e hoʻolako mau ana i nā mea i loaʻa i nā ion inorganic. I ka wā mua o ka ʻinoʻino, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ion ferrous mai ke kila kalapona a me ka hao hao, a hoʻohana nā FeOB (e like me Dechloromonas) iā lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu. Pono e loaʻa ka nui o ke kalapona, phosphate a me ka naikokene no ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona i loko o ka wai kaʻina hana ma ke ʻano o nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā mea ʻole. No laila, ma kēia kaiapuni wai piha, hoʻonui mua ʻia ʻo FeOB ma nā ʻili metala e like me ke kila kalapona a me ka hao. Ma hope mai, hiki i nā IRB ke ulu a hoʻohana i nā mea olaola a me nā hao hao e like me nā kumu ikehu a me nā mea hoʻokipa electron terminal, kēlā me kēia. I nā huahana corrosion makua, pono e hana ʻia nā kūlana anaerobic i hoʻonui ʻia me ka nitrogen ma muli o ka metabolism o FeOB a me IRB. No laila, hiki i ka SRB ke ulu wikiwiki a hoʻololi iā FeOB a me IRB (Fig. 8a).
ʻO Tang et al. ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻino ʻana o ke kila kila e Geobacter ferroreducens i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe ma muli o ka hoʻololi pololei ʻana o ka electron mai ka hao i ka microbes46. Ke noʻonoʻo nei iā EMIC, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā microorganisms me nā waiwai EET. ʻO SRB, FeOB, a me IRB nā ʻano microbial nui i nā huahana corrosion i kēia haʻawina, pono e loaʻa nā ʻano EET. No laila, hiki i kēia mau microorganisms hana electrochemically ke kōkua i ka corrosion ma o EET, a ke hoʻololi nei ke ʻano o ko lākou kaiāulu ma lalo o ka mana o nā ʻano ionic like ʻole ke hana ʻia nā huahana corrosion. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa ke kaiāulu microbial i ke kila me 9% Cr mai nā kila ʻē aʻe (Fig. 8b). Ma hope o 14 mau mahina, ua hoʻonui pūʻia me ka FeOB, e like me Sideroxydans, SOB47Beggiatoacea, a me Thiomonas (Fig. 7i). He ʻokoʻa loa kēia hoʻololi ʻana mai nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kila kalapona, a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā ion waiwai chromium i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā ʻino. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka Thiomonas nā waiwai sulfur oxidizing wale nō, akā, ʻo Fe(II) hoʻi nā waiwai oxidizing, kahi ʻōnaehana EET, a me ka hoʻomanawanui metala kaumaha48,49. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ma muli o ka hana oxidative o Fe(II) a / a i ʻole ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana i nā electrons metala. Ma kahi noiʻi mua, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka Beggiatoacea i nā biofilms ma Cu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana nānā biofilm hoʻopau ʻole, e hōʻike ana e kūʻē paha kēia mau bacteria i nā metala ʻona e like me Cu a me Cr. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu ikehu e pono ai e Beggiatoacea e ulu i kēia kaiapuni.
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i nā loli i nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wā o ka ʻino ʻana i nā kaiapuni wai. Ma ke kaiapuni like, ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial i ke ʻano metala. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻoia kā mākou mau hopena i ke koʻikoʻi o ka FeOB i ka wā mua o ka ʻino, ʻoiai ʻo ka hao e hilinaʻi ana i ka ikehu microbial metabolism e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano waiwai waiwai i makemake ʻia e nā microorganism ʻē aʻe e like me SRB. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka MIC i nā kaiapuni wai piha, pono e kaupalena ʻia ka FeOB a me IRB.
ʻEiwa mau metala i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina a hana ʻia i mau poloka o 50 × 20 × 1-5 mm (mānoanoa no ASTM 395 kila a me 1%, 2.25% a me 9% Cr: 5 mm; mānoanoa no ASTM A283 a me ASTM A179 : 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 a me Type 304 a me 316 Stainless Steel, mānoanoa: 1mm), me ʻelua mau puka 4mm. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā kila Chromium me ke one a me nā metala ʻē aʻe me ka 600 grit sandpaper ma mua o ke kuʻu ʻana. All laana ua sonicated me 99.5% ethanol, maloʻo a me ke kaumaha. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana he ʻumi o kēlā me kēia metala no ka helu corrosion rate a me ka loiloi microbiome. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia hiʻohiʻona i kahi ala alapiʻi me nā koʻokoʻo PTFE a me nā spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Hoʻohui Fig. 2).
He 1100 cubic mika ka hohonu a me ka hohonu o 4 mika. ʻO 20 m3 h-1 ka nui o ka wai, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kahe, a ʻaʻole i loli ka maikaʻi o ka wai i ke kau (Supplementary Fig. 3). Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke alapiʻi laʻana ma luna o kahi uea kila 3 m i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i waenakonu o ka pahu. Ua wehe ʻia ʻelua mau alapiʻi mai loko mai o ka loko i ka 1, 3, 6, 14 a me 22 mahina. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana mai kahi alapiʻi e ana i ka pohō kaumaha a me ka helu ʻana i nā helu corrosion, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana mai kahi alapiʻi ʻē aʻe no ka nānā ʻana i ka microbiome. Ua ana ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka pahu immersion ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻili a me lalo, a ma waena hoʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi sensor oxygen dissolved (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā huahana corrosion a me nā biofilms ma nā laʻana ma o ka ʻoki ʻana me ka ʻili ʻili a i ʻole ka holoi ʻana me kahi pulupulu, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma 99.5% ethanol me ka ʻauʻau ultrasonic. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana i ka hoʻonā Clark e like me ka ASTM G1-0351. Ua kaupaona ʻia nā laʻana a pau ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka maloʻo ʻana. E helu i ka helu ʻino (mm/yr) no kēlā me kēia hāpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kumu:
kahi K he mau (8.76 × 104), ʻo T ka manawa hoʻolaha (h), ʻo A ka ʻāpana ʻili āpau (cm2), ʻo W ka poho nuipaʻa (g), ʻo D ka mānoanoa (g cm–3).
Ma hope o ke kaupaona ʻana i nā laʻana, ua loaʻa nā kiʻi 3D o kekahi mau laʻana me ka microscope laser ana 3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Iapana).