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ʻO nā asteroids ʻano C-type kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka wai ma ka Honua. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi ka carbon-bearing chondrites i ka manaʻo maikaʻi loa o kā lākou haku mele, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā meteorites: ʻo nā ʻano lōʻihi wale nō ke ola i ke komo ʻana i ka lewa a laila e launa pū me ka honua. Eia mākou e hōʻike nei i nā hopena o kahi noiʻi volumetric a me microanalytical kikoʻī o ka ʻāpana Ryugu mua i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Honua e ka mokulele Hayabusa-2. Hōʻike nā ʻāpana Ryugu i kahi pili pili i ka haku mele ʻana me nā chondrites CI (Iwuna-type) i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wai, i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i kahi pilina spatial paʻakikī ma waena o nā mea ola aliphatic waiwai a me nā silicates layered a hōʻike i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 30 °C i ka wā o ka wai. Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka nui o ka deuterium a me ka diazonium e kūlike me kahi kumu extrasolar. ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu ka mea i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i aʻo ʻia a kūpono loa i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar.
Mai Iune 2018 a Nowemapa 2019, ua alakaʻi ʻo Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Hayabusa2 spacecraft i kahi noiʻi mamao loa o ka asteroid Ryugu. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili mai ka Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) ma Hayabusa-2 e haku ʻia ʻo Ryugu me kahi mea like me nā chondrites carbonaceous thermally a/a i ʻole shock-metamorphic carbonaceous chondrites. ʻO ka pāʻani kokoke loa ʻo CY chondrite (ʻano Yamato) 2. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka albedo haʻahaʻa o Ryugu ma ke alo o ka nui o nā mea waiwai kalapona, a me ka nui o ka particle, porosity, a me nā hopena spatial weathering. Ua hana ka mokulele Hayabusa-2 i ʻelua pae ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili hoʻohālike ma Ryuga. I ka pae mua ʻana ma Pepeluali 21, 2019, ua loaʻa nā mea ʻili, i mālama ʻia i loko o ke keʻena A o ka pahu hoʻihoʻi, a i ka lua o ka pae ʻana ma Iulai 11, 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea ma kahi kokoke i kahi lua i hana ʻia e kahi mea hoʻokele liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau laʻana ma Ward C. ʻO ka hōʻike mua ʻole o ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ka Stage 1 i loko o nā keʻena kūikawā, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a maʻemaʻe hoʻi i nā keʻena i mālama ʻia e JAXA i hōʻike ʻia e like loa nā ʻāpana Ryugu me CI4 chondrites a hōʻike ʻia "nā pae like ʻole"3. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Ryugu, e like me CY a i ʻole CI chondrites, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e ka kikoʻī isotopic, elemental, a me ka mineralogical characterization o Ryugu particles. Hāʻawi nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi i kumu paʻa no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka mea o kēia mau wehewehe mua ʻelua no ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa o ka asteroid Ryugu.
ʻEwalu Ryugu pellets (ma kahi o 60mg total), ʻehā mai Chamber A a ʻehā mai Chamber C, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Phase 2 e hoʻokele i ka hui Kochi. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano, ke kumu a me ka mōʻaukala evolutionary o ka asteroid Ryugu, a e kākau i nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia e like me chondrites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) a me nā comets hoʻi. Nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka misionari Stardust a NASA.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike mineralogical kikoʻī o ʻelima mau hua Ryugu (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 a me C0068) i ka nui o nā phyllosilicates maikaʻi a me ka coarse-grained (~ 64-88 vol.%; Fig. 1a, b, Supplementary Fig. 1). a me ka papa 1). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he pinnate aggregates (a hiki i ʻumi microns ka nui) i loko o nā matrices maikaʻi, waiwai waiwai phyllosilicate (emi iho ma mua o kekahi mau microns ka nui). ʻO nā ʻāpana silicate i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he serpentine-saponite symbionts (Fig. 1c). Hōʻike pū ka palapala ʻāina (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe i ka nui o ka papa silicate matrix he haku waena ma waena o ka serpentine a me ka saponite (Fig. 2a, b). Aia ka phyllosilicate matrix i nā minela carbonate (~ 2-21 vol.%), nā mineral sulfide (~ 2.4-5.5 vol.%), a me ka magnetite (~ 3.6-6.8 vol.%). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻāpana i nānā ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina (C0009) he wahi liʻiliʻi (~ 0.5 vol.%) o nā silicates anhydrous (olivine a me pyroxene), hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu kumu i hana ʻia ai ka pōhaku Ryugu5. He mea kakaikahi kēia silicate anhydrous i nā pellets Ryugu a ua ʻike maikaʻi wale ʻia ma C0009 pellet. Aia nā kalapona i loko o ka matrix ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana (ma lalo o kahi mau haneli microns), ka nui o ka dolomite, me ka liʻiliʻi o ka calcium carbonate a me ka brinell. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Magnetite ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana kaʻawale, framboids, plaques, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana spherical. Hōʻike nui ʻia nā Sulfides e ka pyrrhotite ma ke ʻano o nā prisms hexagonal / papa a i ʻole nā ​​laths. Loaʻa i ka matrix ka nui o ka submicron pentlandite a i ʻole i hui pū ʻia me ka pyrrhotite. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi a pau i ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi a pau i ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate. Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) встречаются повсеместно в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ma nā wahi a pau i ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate.富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。富含碳的相（尺寸<10 µm）普遍存在于富含层状硅酸盐的基质中。 Богатые углеродом фазы (размером <10 мкм) преобладают в богатой филлосиликатами матрице. ʻO nā māhele waiwai kalapona (<10 µm ka nui) ka mea nui i loko o ka matrix waiwai nui o ka phyllosilicate.Hōʻike ʻia nā mineral ancillary ʻē aʻe ma ka Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 1. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā minela i hoʻoholo ʻia mai ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike X-ray o ka hui ʻana o C0087 a me A0029 a me A0037 e kūlike loa me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka CI (Orgueil) chondrite, akā ʻokoʻa loa mai ka CY a me CM (Mighei type) chondrites chondrites (Figurmentary type) chondrites. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kiko'ī o Ryugu grains (A0098, C0068) ua kūlike pū me ka chondrite 6 CI (kaʻikepili hoʻonui, Fig. 2 a me ka Papa Hoʻohui 2). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, hoʻopau ʻia nā chondrites CM i nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, ʻoi aku ka Mn a me Zn, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea refractory7. ʻOkoʻa loa ka manaʻo ʻana o kekahi mau mea, ʻo ia paha ka hōʻike ʻana o ka heterogeneity o ka hāpana ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana pākahi a me ka hopena sampling bias. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona petrological, mineralogical a me elemental e hōʻike ana he like loa nā kīʻaha Ryugu me nā chondrites CI8,9,10. ʻO kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ʻo ka nele o ka ferrihydrite a me ka sulfate i loko o nā kīʻaha Ryugu, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau minela i loko o CI chondrites e ka ʻili honua.
a, Kiʻi X-ray Composite o Mg Kα (ʻulaʻula), Ca Kα ('ōmaʻomaʻo), Fe Kα (uliuli), a me S Kα (melemele) pauku poni maloʻo C0068. ʻO ka hakina he silicates papa (ʻulaʻula: ~88 vol%), carbonates (dolomite; ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā: ~1.6 vol%), magnetite (uliuli: ~5.3 vol%) a me nā sulfides (melemele: sulfide = ~2.5% vol. essay. b, kiʻi o ka ʻāpana contour i backscattered electrons ma luna o kahi. Bru – immature; Magneto- ʻaʻole; wai - soapstone; Srp - serpentine c, kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi electron microscopy (TEM) maʻamau o kahi intergrowth saponite-serpentine e hōʻike ana i nā kaula serpentine a me ka saponite lattice o 0.7 nm a me 1.1 nm.
Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka matrix a me ka silicate layered (ma %) o Ryugu A0037 (nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula paʻa) a me C0068 (nā pōʻai polū paʻa) i ka ʻōnaehana ternary (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe. a, Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) nā hopena i hoʻolālāʻia e kū'ē i nā CI chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Alais)16 i hōʻikeʻia i ka hina no ka hoʻohālikelike. b, Nānā i ka TEM (STEM) a me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) i hōʻike ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me Orgueil9 a me Murchison46 meteorites a me IDP47 hydrated. Ua kālailai ʻia nā phyllosilicates i ʻili ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka hao sulfide. Hōʻike nā kaha kiko ma ka a me ka b i nā laina hoʻoheheʻe o ka saponite a me ka nahesa. Ma muli paha o ka submicron iron sulfide grains i loko o nā ʻōpala silicate i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hoʻonā spatial o ka loiloi EPMA. ʻO nā helu ʻikepili me kahi maʻiʻo Si kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ka saponite ma b hiki ke kumu ma muli o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mea waiwai silikoni amorphous nanosized i nā kikowaena o ka papa phyllosilicate. Ka helu o nā kānana: N=69 no A0037, N=68 no EPMA, N=68 no C0068, N=19 no A0037 a me N=27 no C0068 no STEM-EDS. c, palapala 'āina isotope o trioxy particle Ryugu C0014-4 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai chondrite ​​CI (Orgueil), CY (Y-82162) a me ka ʻikepili palapala (CM a me C2-ung) 41,48,49. Ua loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻikepili no nā meteorites Orgueil a me Y-82162. ʻO CCAM kahi laina o nā minerala chondrite carbonaceous anhydrous, ʻo TFL kahi laina hoʻokaʻawale ʻāina. d, Δ17O a me δ18O palapala 'āina o Ryugu particle C0014-4, CI chondrite (Orgueil), a me CY chondrite (Y-82162) (kēia haʻawina). Δ17O_Ryugu: Ka waiwai o Δ17O C0014-1. Δ17O_Orgueil: Awelika Δ17O waiwai no Orgueil. Δ17O_Y-82162: Awelika Δ17O waiwai no Y-82162. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili CI a me CY mai ka palapala 41, 48, 49 no ka hoʻohālikelike.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka loiloi isotope nui o ka oxygen ma kahi laʻana 1.83 mg o nā mea i unuhi ʻia mai ka granular C0014 e ka laser fluorination (Methods). No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua holo mākou i ʻehiku kope o Orgueil (CI) (ka huina nui = 8.96 mg) a me ʻehiku kope o Y-82162 (CY) (ka huina nui = 5.11 mg) (Paʻi Hoʻohui 3).
Ma ka fig. Hōʻike ka 2d i kahi hoʻokaʻawale maopopo o Δ17O a me δ18O ma waena o nā ʻāpana awelika kaumaha o Orgueil a me Ryugu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Y-82162. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Δ17O o ka ʻāpana Ryugu C0014-4 ma mua o ka ʻāpana Orgeil, ʻoiai ke uhi ʻia ma 2 sd. He kiʻekiʻe ka helu Δ17O o Ryugu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Orgeil, e hōʻike ana paha i ka haumia honua o ka mea hope mai kona hāʻule ʻana i ka makahiki 1864. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka honua honua11 pono e hoʻokomo i ka oxygen atmospheric, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka loiloi holoʻokoʻa i ka laina ʻāpana terrestrial (TFL). Ua kūlike kēia hopena me ka ʻikepili mineralogical (i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua) ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kīʻaha Ryugu nā hydrates a i ʻole sulfates, ʻoiai ʻo Orgeil.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili mineralogical i luna, kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i kahi hui ma waena o nā kīʻaha Ryugu a me CI chondrites, akā e hoʻoholo i kahi hui o CY chondrites. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pili ʻia nā kīʻaha Ryugu me CY chondrites, e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona maopopo o ka mineralogy dehydration, he mea kānalua. Hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka orbital o Ryugu ua loaʻa i ka dehydration a no laila ua haku ʻia me nā mea CY. ʻAʻole maopopo nā kumu o kēia ʻokoʻa. Hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi isotope oxygen o nā ʻāpana Ryugu ʻē aʻe i kahi pepa hoa 12. Eia naʻe, ua kūlike nā hopena o kēia pūʻulu ʻikepili hoʻonui me ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana Ryugu a me CI chondrites.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana microanalysis i hoʻohui ʻia (Supplementary Fig. 3), ua nānā mākou i ka puʻunaue spatial o ka carbon organik ma luna o ka ʻili āpau o ka hakina ion beam (FIB) C0068.25 (Fig. 3a–f). ʻO ke kinona X-ray absorption spectra of carbon (NEXAFS) ma ka ʻaoʻao kokoke i ka pauku C0068.25 e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau pūʻulu hana - aromatic a i ʻole C=C (285.2 eV), C=O (286.5 eV), CH (287.5 eV) a me C(=O)O (288.8 eV structure is absent. 3a), ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻololi wela. ʻOkoʻa ka peak CH ikaika (287.5 eV) o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana o C0068.25 mai nā mea hoʻoheheʻe insoluble o nā chondrites carbonaceous i aʻo mua ʻia a ʻoi aku ka like me ka IDP14 a me nā ʻāpana cometary i loaʻa i ka misionari Stardust. ʻO kahi peak CH ikaika ma 287.5 eV a me kahi mea ʻala nāwaliwali loa a i ʻole C=C peak ma 285.2 eV e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o nā pūhui organik i nā pūhui aliphatic (Fig. 3a a me Supplementary Fig. 3a). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic organik i loko o nā phyllosilicates ʻalaʻala, a me nā wahi me kahi ʻano kalapona maikaʻi ʻole (a i ʻole C=C) (Fig. 3c,d). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo A0037,22 (Supplementary Fig. 3) i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā ʻāpana aliphatic carbon-rich. ʻO ka mineralogy lalo o kēia mau kīʻaha he waiwai i nā carbonates, e like me ka chondrite CI 16, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi nui ʻana o ka wai kumu (Supplementary Table 1). ʻO nā kūlana oxidizing e makemake nui i ka nui o ka carbonyl a me nā hui hana carboxyl i loko o nā pūhui organik e pili ana i nā carbonates. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa ka puʻunaue submicron o nā mea olaola me nā hale kalapona aliphatic mai ka puʻunaue ʻana o nā silicates i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Loaʻa nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o nā pūhui aliphatic e pili ana me ka phyllosilicate-OH ma ka meteorite ʻo Tagish Lake. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili microanalytical i hoʻohui ʻia e laha nui paha ka mea olaola i nā pūhui aliphatic i nā asteroids ʻano C a pili pū me nā phyllosilicates. Ua kūlike kēia hopena me nā hōʻike mua o aliphatic/aromatic CHs i nā ʻāpana Ryugu i hōʻike ʻia e MicroOmega, kahi microscope hyperspectral kokoke-infrared. ʻO kahi nīnau koʻikoʻi a ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia inā loaʻa nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o nā aliphatic carbon-rich organic compounds e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina ma ka asteroid Ryugu wale nō.
a, NEXAFS carbon spectra normalized i 292 eV i loko o ka aromatic (C=C) waiwai waiwai (ʻulaʻula), ma ka aliphatic waiwai 'āina ('ōmaʻomaʻo), a ma ka matrix (uliuli). ʻO ka laina hina ka Murchison 13 insoluble organic spectrum no ka hoʻohālikelike. au, hui hooponopono. b, Kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi X-ray microscopy (STXM) hoʻoili ʻia o kahi carbon K-edge e hōʻike ana i ka mana o ka ʻāpana e ke kalapona. c, ʻāpana ʻāpana RGB me nā ʻāpana waiwai ʻala (C=C) (ʻulaʻula), nā ʻāpana waiwai aliphatic ('ōmaʻomaʻo), a me ka matrix (uliuli). d, hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻāpana mai nā pahu kiko keʻokeʻo ma b a me c. e, nanospheres nui (ng-1) ma ka wahi i hoonuiia mai ka pahu kiko keokeo ma b a me c. No: pyrrhotite. Pn: nickel-chromite. f, Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12C), and Nitrogen (12C14N) elemental kiʻi, 12C/1H element ratio kiʻi, a kea δD, δ13C, a me δ15N isotope kiʻi – Māhele PG-1: presolar Table 13.
Hiki i nā haʻawina kinetic o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea ola i loko o nā meteorites Murchison ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hāʻawi like ʻole o nā mea ola aliphatic i waiwai i nā kīʻaha Ryugu. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina e hoʻomau ana nā paʻa aliphatic CH i loko o ka mea ola a hiki i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 30°C ma ka makua a/a i ʻole hoʻololi me nā pilina manawa-mehana (e like me 200 makahiki ma 100°C a me 0°C 100 miliona mau makahiki). . Inā ʻaʻole i wela ka precursor i kahi mahana i hāʻawi ʻia no ka manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa, hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hoʻoili mua ʻana o nā aliphatic organics waiwai i ka phyllosilicate. Eia naʻe, hiki i nā loli wai pōhaku kumu ke paʻakikī i kēia wehewehe ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hōʻike ʻo A0037 waiwai i ka carbonate i nā wahi aliphatic waiwai nui e pili ana i nā phyllosilicates. ʻO kēia hoʻololi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pili pono ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka cubic feldspar i loko o nā kīʻaha Ryugu (Paʻi Hoʻohui 1) 20.
Loaʻa i ka hakina C0068.25 (ng-1; Fig. 3a–c,e) kahi nanosphere nui e hōʻike ana i ka ʻono loa (a i ʻole C=C), aliphatic haʻahaʻa, a me nā kikoʻī palupalu o C(=O)O a me C=O. . ʻAʻole kūlike ka inoa o ka carbon aliphatic i ka pūlima o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nui ʻole a me nā nanospheres organik e pili ana me nā chondrites (Fig. 3a) 17,21. Ua hōʻike ʻo Raman a me ka infrared spectroscopic analysis o nā nanospheres ma Lake Tagish i loko o lākou he aliphatic a me ka oxidized organic compounds a me ka polycyclic aromatic organic compounded me kahi hoʻolālā paʻakikī22,23. No ka mea, aia i loko o ka matrix a puni nā mea ola i waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic, ʻo ka pūlima aliphatic kalapona i loko o ka ng-1 he mea hana analytical. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, loaʻa i ka ng-1 nā silicates amorphous i hoʻokomo ʻia (Fig. 3e), kahi ʻano ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia no nā mea ʻokoʻa extraterrestrial. ʻO nā silicates amorphous paha he ʻāpana kūlohelohe o ka ng-1 a i ʻole ka hopena mai ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā silicates aqueous/anhydrous e ka ion a/a i ʻole ke kukui uila i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi ion NanoSIMS o ka ʻāpana C0068.25 (Fig. 3f) i nā loli like ʻole i ka δ13C a me δ15N, koe wale nā ​​hua presolar me ka hoʻonui nui 13C o 30,811 ‰ (PG-1 ma ke kiʻi δ13C ma Fig. 3f) (Paʻa 3f). Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kīʻaha kumu X-ray a me nā kiʻi TEM kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻike kalapona a me ka mamao ma waena o nā mokulele basal o 0.3 nm, e pili ana i ka graphite. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka waiwai o δD (841 ± 394‰) a me δ15N (169 ± 95‰), i hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā mea ola aliphatic e pili ana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained, e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka awelika no ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa C (δD = 1398‰). ‰, δ15N = 67 ± 15 ‰) ma C0068.25 (Paʻi Pākuʻi 4). Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻike ʻana he ʻoi aku ka mua o nā mea ola aliphatic-waiwai i loko o nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā mea ola a puni, no ka mea, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mea hope me ka wai a puni i ke kino kumu. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, pili paha kēia mau hoʻololi isotopic i ke kaʻina hana mua. Ua unuhi ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā silicates papaʻai maikaʻi ma CI chondrites ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau ʻana o nā pūʻulu silicate anhydrous coarse-grained kumu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia paha nā mea olaola waiwai nui o Aliphatic mai nā molekole precursor i loko o ka protoplanetary disk a i ʻole interstellar medium ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar, a laila ua hoʻololi iki ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai o ke kino makua Ryugu (nui). He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui (<1.0 km) o Ryugu no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai e hana i nā minerala hydrous25. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui (<1.0 km) o Ryugu no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai e hana i nā minerala hydrous25. Размер (<1,0 км) Рюгу слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать достаточное внутреннее тепло для водного изменобнихрад минералов25. Ka nui (<1.0 km) He liʻiliʻi loa ʻo Ryugu no ka mālama ʻana i ka wela o loko no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai a lilo i mau minerala wai25. Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矿物。 Ryugu 的尺寸（<1.0 公里）太小，不足以维持内部热量以进行水蚀变形成含水2矿物。 Размер Рюгу (<1,0 км) слишком мал, чтобы поддерживать внутреннее тепло для изменения воды с образованнием мд. He liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o Ryugu (<1.0 km) no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka wela o loko e hoʻololi i ka wai e hana i nā minerala wai25.No laila, koi ʻia ka nui o Ryugu ma mua o ʻumi mau kilomita. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea olaola i waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic i ko lākou ʻano isotope mua ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana me nā phyllosilicates coarse-grained. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano pololei o nā mea lawe kaumaha isotopic ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā mea like ʻole i kēia mau hakina FIB. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i mea waiwai waiwai i nā pūhui aliphatic ma Ryugu granules a i ʻole nā ​​phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi a puni lākou. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka mea organik i loko o nā chondrites carbonaceous a pau (me ka CI chondrites) ma mua o ka phyllosilicates, koe wale nā ​​meteorites CM Paris 24, 26.
Nā ʻāpana o ka leo δD a me δ15N o nā ʻāpana FIB i loaʻa no A0002.23 a me A0002.26, A0037.22 a me A0037.23 a me C0068.23, C0068.25 a me C0068.26 mau ʻāpana FIB (ka huina o ʻekolu mau ʻāpana FIB hoʻohālikelike o ʻekolu mau ʻāpana FIB) hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana lā ma ka fig. 4 (Paʻi Pākuʻi 4)27,28. ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana o ka leo ma δD a me δ15N ma nāʻaoʻao A0002, A0037, a me C0068 e kūlike me nā mea i loko o ka IDP, akāʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka CM a me CI chondrites (Fig. 4). E hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o nā waiwai δD no ka laʻana Comet 29 (-240 a i 1655‰) ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ko Ryugu. ʻO nā puke δD a me δ15N o nā profiles Ryukyu, ma ke ʻano he lula, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka awelika no nā comets o ka ʻohana Jupiter a me ke ao Oort (Fig. 4). Hiki i nā koina δD haʻahaʻa o nā CI chondrites ke hōʻike i ka mana o ka hoʻopōʻino honua i kēia mau laʻana. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea like ma waena o Bells, Lake Tagish, a me IDP, ʻo ka heterogeneity nui ma δD a me δN waiwai ma nā ʻāpana Ryugu e hōʻike i nā loli i nā inoa isotopic mua o nā haku mele a me ka wai i ka ʻōnaehana solar mua. ʻO nā loli isotopic like ma δD a me δN ma Ryugu a me nā ʻāpana IDP e hōʻike ana ua hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea ʻelua mai ke kumu like. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā IDP mai nā kumu cometary 14 . No laila, loaʻa paha iā Ryugu nā mea like me ka comet a / a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōnaehana solar waho. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia ma mua o kā mākou e ʻōlelo nei ma muli o (1) ka hui ʻana o ka spherulitic a me ka wai waiwai D ma ke kino makua 31 a me (2) ka ratio D/H o ka comet ma ke ʻano he hana o ka hana cometary 32 . Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo loa ke kumu o ka heterogeneity o ka hydrogen a me ka nitrogen isotopes i loko o nā ʻāpana Ryugu, ma muli o ka palena palena o nā loiloi i loaʻa i kēia lā. ʻO nā hopena o nā ʻōnaehana isotope hydrogen a me ka nitrogen e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki ke loaʻa iā Ryugu ka hapa nui o nā mea mai waho o ka Pūnaehana Solar a no laila ke hōʻike nei i kahi like me nā comets. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao Ryugu i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o δ13C a me δ15N (Paʻi Hoʻohui 4).
Hoʻopili ʻia ka H a me N isotopic o nā ʻāpana Ryugu (nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula: A0002, A0037; nā pōʻai polū: C0068) me ka nui o ka lā 27, ka ʻohana Jupiter mean (JFC27), a me Oort cloud comets (OCC27), IDP28, a me nā chondrules carbonaceous. Hoʻohālikelike o meteorite 27 (CI, CM, CR, C2-ung). Hāʻawi ʻia ka haku mele isotopic ma ka Papa Pākuʻi 4. ʻO nā laina kikoo ka waiwai isotope terrestrial no H a me N.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (e laʻa me ka mea ola a me ka wai) i ka Honua he mea hopohopo 26,27,33. ʻO ka submicron organic mea pili me nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi i loko o nā ʻāpana Ryugu i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina he kumu nui ia o nā volatiles. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻia ʻana o nā mea olaola i loko o nā phyllosilicates koʻikoʻi mai ka hōʻino ʻia16,34 a me ka palaho35 ma mua o nā mea ola i loko o nā matrices maikaʻi. ʻO ka hana isotopic ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hydrogen i loko o nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole paha ʻo lākou wale nō ke kumu o nā volatiles i lawe ʻia i ka Honua mua. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻāpana me kahi haku mele hydrogen isotopic māmā, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ke kuhiakau o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai makani makani i loko o nā silicates.
Ma kēia haʻawina, hōʻike mākou i nā meteorites CI, ʻoiai ko lākou koʻikoʻi geochemical ma ke ʻano he mau ʻelele o ka hui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar, ʻo 6,10 nā laʻana i hoʻohaumia ʻia ma ka honua. Hāʻawi pū mākou i nā hōʻike pololei no ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea ola aliphatic waiwai a me nā minela hydrous kokoke a manaʻo e loaʻa iā Ryugu nā mea extrasolar37. Hōʻike maopopo nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka laʻana pololei o nā protoasteroids a me ka pono e lawe i nā laʻana i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana inert a sterile. Hōʻike nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻo Ryugu particles ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea pono ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana solar i loaʻa no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hale hana, a ʻo ke aʻo hou ʻana i kēia mau laʻana makamae e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i nā kaʻina hana o ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu ka hōʻike maikaʻi loa o ka hui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka microstructure paʻakikī a me nā waiwai kemika o nā ʻāpana submicron scale, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography (SR-XCT) a me SR X-ray diffraction (XRD) -CT, FIB-STXM-NEXAFS-NanoSIMS-TEM kānana. ʻAʻohe degradation, pollution ma muli o ka lewa o ka honua, a ʻaʻohe pōʻino mai nā ʻāpana maikaʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohālike mechanical. I kēia manawa, ua hana mākou i ka nānā ʻana volumetric systematic me ka scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -EDS, EPMA, XRD, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), a me ka laser oxygen isotope fluorination lako. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo ma ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3 a ua wehewehe ʻia kēlā me kēia hōʻike ma nā ʻāpana aʻe.
Ua loaʻa mai nā ʻāpana mai ka asteroid Ryugu mai ka Hayabusa-2 reentry module a hāʻawi ʻia i ka JAXA Control Center ma Sagamihara, Iapana, me ka hoʻohaumia ʻole i ka lewa o ka Honua4. Ma hope o ka hōʻike mua ʻana a me ka hoʻopōʻino ʻole ma kahi hale mālama ʻia e JAXA, e hoʻohana i nā ipu hoʻololi i waena o ka pūnaewele a me nā ʻeke capsule hāpana (10 a 15 mm paha ke anawaena sapphire crystal a me ke kila kila, e pili ana i ka nui o ka laʻana) e pale i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ke kaiapuni. kaiapuni. y a/a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohaumia ʻāina (e laʻa me ka mahu wai, hydrocarbons, nā kinoea lewa a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi) a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana ma waena o nā laʻana i ka wā hoʻomākaukau hoʻohālike a me ka lawe ʻana ma waena o nā kula a me nā kulanui38. No ka pale ʻana i ka degradation a me ka pollution ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa o ka honua (ka wai a me ka oxygen), ua lawe ʻia nā ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana (me ka chipping me ka tantalum chisel, e hoʻohana ana i ka uea daimana kaulike (Meiwa Fosis Corporation DWS 3400) a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka epoxy) no ka hoʻokomo ʻana) ua lawe ʻia i loko o ka glovebox ma lalo o ka maloʻo maʻemaʻe N2 (a hiki i ka dew point ~00 °C: -80 °C). Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea āpau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi me ka hui pū ʻana o ka wai ultrapure a me ka ethanol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hawewe kani ultrasonic o nā alapine like ʻole.
Maanei mākou e aʻo ai i ka hōʻiliʻili meteorite National Polar Research Institute (NIPR) o ka Antarctic Meteorite Research Center (CI: Orgueil, CM2.4: Yamato (Y) -791198, CY: Y-82162 a me CY: Y 980115).
No ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā mea kani no SR-XCT, NanoSIMS, STXM-NEXAFS a me TEM ka nānā ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka mea paʻa hōʻailona ultrathin āpau i wehewehe ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua38.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi SR-XCT o ​​nā laʻana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana CT integrated BL20XU/SPring-8. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana CT i hoʻohui ʻia he mau ʻano ana like ʻole: ākea ākea a me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (WL) no ka hopu ʻana i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka hāpana, ke kahua haiki a me ke ʻano hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (NH) no ke ana pololei ʻana o ka wahi hāpana. hoihoi a me nā radiographs e kiʻi i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka leo o ka hāpana, a hana i ka XRD-CT no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kiʻi 2D o nā ʻāpana minerale mokulele i loko o ka hāpana. E hoʻomaopopo e hiki ke hana ʻia nā ana a pau me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana i kūkulu ʻia e wehe i ka mea paʻa hāpana mai ke kumu, e ʻae ai i nā ana CT a me XRD-CT pololei. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka mea ʻike maka X-ray mode WL (BM AA40P; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi kāmeʻa 4608 × 4608 pixel metala-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) (C14120-20P; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi scintillator nona ka 10 lutetium aluminum garnet µm hoʻokahi mānoanoa: 23C µm. lekiō. ʻO ka nui pika ma ke ʻano WL ma kahi o 0.848 µm. No laila, ʻo ke kahua o ka ʻike (FOV) ma ke ʻano WL ma kahi o 6 mm ma ke ʻano o ka offset CT. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka mea ʻike maka X-ray mode NH (BM AA50; Hamamatsu Photonics) me kahi 20 µm mānoanoa gadolinium-aluminum-gallium garnet (Gd3Al2Ga3O12) scintillator, kahi pahu pahu CMOS (C11440-22CU) me ka hoʻonā o 2048 × 2048 pika; Hamamatsu Photonics) a me kahi lens ×20. ʻO ka nui pika ma ke ʻano NH he ~0.25 µm a ʻo ke kahua o ka nānā ʻana he ~0.5 mm. ʻO ka mea ʻike no ke ʻano XRD (BM AA60; Hamamatsu Photonics) ua hoʻolako ʻia me kahi scintillator i loaʻa i kahi 50 µm mānoanoa P43 (Gd2O2S:Tb) pale pauka, he 2304 × 2304 pixel resolution CMOS kamera (C15440-20UP; Hamamatsu Photonics) a me kahi re Photonics. He 19.05 µm ka nui o ka mea ʻike maka a he 43.9 mm2 ka nui o ka ʻike. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka FOV, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi kaʻina CT offset ma ke ʻano WL. ʻO ke kiʻi māmā i hoʻouna ʻia no ka hana hou ʻana o CT, aia kekahi kiʻi ma ka laulā o 180 ° a 360 ° i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ākea a puni ke axis o ka rotation, a me kahi kiʻi ma ka laulā o 0 ° a 180 °.
Ma ke ʻano XRD, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kukuna X-ray e kahi pā wahi Fresnel. Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻonoho ʻia ka mea ʻike ma hope o 110 mm ma hope o ka hāpana a ʻo ka pahu kukui he 3 mm ma mua o ka mea ʻike. Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa ma ka 2θ mai 1.43° a i 18.00° (grating pitch d = 16.6–1.32 Å) me ka wahi X-ray i kālele ʻia ma lalo o ke kahua o ka ʻike. Ke neʻe kū pololei ka laʻana i nā manawa maʻamau, me ka hapalua o ka huli ʻana no kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu hoʻopaʻa hiʻohiʻona. Inā māʻona nā ʻāpana mineral i ke kūlana Bragg ke hoʻololi ʻia e 180 °, hiki ke loaʻa ka diffraction o nā ʻāpana mineral i ka mokulele ākea. A laila hoʻohui ʻia nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi kiʻi no kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu kaʻina hiʻona. ʻO nā kūlana ho'āʻo SR-XRD-CT ua aneane like me nā mea no ka SR-XRD assay. Ma ke ʻano XRD-CT, hoʻonoho ʻia ka mea ʻike ma hope o 69 mm ma hope o ka hāpana. ʻO nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa ma ka laulā 2θ mai ka 1.2° a i ka 17.68° (d = 19.73 a i ka 1.35 Å), kahi e ku pono ai ka kukuna X-ray a me ka mea palena kukuna me ke kikowaena o ke kahua o ka ʻike. E ʻimi i ka hāpana ma ka ʻaoʻao a hoʻohuli i ka hāpana 180°. Ua kūkulu hou ʻia nā kiʻi SR-XRD-CT me ka ikaika o ka mineral kiʻekiʻe e like me nā waiwai pixel. Me ka nānā ʻana i ke aniani, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka hāpana ma 500-1000 mau ʻanuʻu.
No nā hoʻokolohua āpau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ikehu X-ray ma 30 keV, no ka mea ʻo kēia ka palena haʻahaʻa o ke komo ʻana o X-ray i nā meteorites me ke anawaena o kahi o 6 mm. ʻO ka nui o nā kiʻi i loaʻa no nā ana CT a pau i ka wā o ka huli ʻana o 180° he 1800 (3600 no ka polokalamu CT offset), a ʻo ka manawa hōʻike no nā kiʻi he 100 ms no ke ʻano WL, 300 ms no ke ʻano NH, 500 ms no XRD, a me 50 ms. ms no XRD-CT ms. ʻO ka manawa hoʻohālike maʻamau ma kahi o 10 mau minuke ma ke ʻano WL, 15 mau minuke ma ke ʻano NH, 3 mau hola no XRD, a me 8 mau hola no SR-XRD-CT.
Hoʻokumu hou ʻia nā kiʻi CT e ka convolutional back projection a maʻamau no ka laina attenuation coefficient mai 0 a 80 cm-1. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu Slice e kālailai i ka ʻikepili 3D a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu muXRD e kālailai i ka ʻikepili XRD.
ʻO nā ʻāpana Ryugu paʻa epoxy (A0029, A0037, C0009, C0014 a me C0068) i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mālie ʻia ma ka ʻili a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni daimana 0.5 µm (3M) ma lalo o nā kūlana maloʻo, e pale ana i ka mea e pili ana i ka ʻili i ka wā o ka polishing. Ua nānā mua ʻia ka ʻili i poni ʻia o kēlā me kēia laʻana e ka microscopy māmā a laila backscattered electrons no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mineralogy a me nā kiʻi kikokikona (BSE) o nā laʻana a me nā mea NIPR qualitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi JEOL JSM-7100F SEM i lako me ka ikehu dispersive spectrometer (AZtec). ikehu) kiʻi. No kēlā me kēia laʻana, ua nānā ʻia ka ʻike o nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microanalyzer electron probe (EPMA, JEOL JXA-8200). E noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana phyllosilicate a me ka carbonate ma 5 nA, nā kūlana kūlohelohe a me ka synthetic ma 15 keV, sulfides, magnetite, olivine, a me pyroxene ma 30 nA. Ua helu ʻia nā māka kumu mai nā palapala ʻāina a me nā kiʻi BSE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ImageJ 1.53 me nā paepae kūpono i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia no kēlā me kēia mineral.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi isotope Oxygen ma ke Kulanui Open (Milton Keynes, UK) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana fluorination laser infrared. Hāʻawi ʻia nā laʻana Hayabusa2 i ka Open University 38 i loko o nā pahu piha nitrogen no ka hoʻoili ʻana ma waena o nā hale hana.
Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka laʻana i loko o kahi pahu mīkina nitrogen me kahi pae oxygen i nānā ʻia ma lalo o 0.1%. No ka hana analytical Hayabusa2, ua hana 'ia kekahi mea ho'opa'a la'ana Ni hou, 'elua wale no puka la'ana (diameter 2.5 mm, hohonu 5 mm), hookahi no Hayabusa2 particles a me kekahi no ka obsidian internal standard. I ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ua uhi ʻia ka pūnāwai i loko o ka mea Hayabusa2 me ka puka aniani BaF2 i loko ma kahi o 1 mm mānoanoa a me 3 mm ke anawaena e paʻa ai ka hāpana i ka wā o ka hopena laser. Ua mālama ʻia ke kahe BrF5 i ka hāpana e kahi ʻoki kinoea hui ʻana i ʻoki ʻia i loko o ka mea hoʻopaʻa hāpana Ni. Ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia ke keʻena laʻana i hiki ke wehe ʻia mai ka laina hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a wehe ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima piha i ka nitrogen. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke keʻena ʻelua me kahi sila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke keleawe a me kahi kaulahao kaulahao EVAC Quick Release CeFIX 38. ʻO ka puka aniani BaF2 3 mm mānoanoa ma luna o ke keʻena e hiki ai ke nānā like i ka hāpana a me ka wela laser. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka hāpana, e hoʻopili hou i ke keʻena a hoʻopili hou i ka laina fluorinated. Ma mua o ka nānā ʻana, ua hoʻomehana ʻia ke keʻena laʻana ma lalo o ka momi ma kahi o 95 ° C i ka pō e hoʻoneʻe i ka makū adsorbed. Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka pō, ua ʻae ʻia ke keʻena e maʻalili i ka lumi wela a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka laʻana me ʻekolu aliquots o BrF5 e wehe i ka makū. ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka laʻana Hayabusa 2 i ka lewa a ʻaʻole i haumia ʻia e ka makū mai ka ʻāpana o ka laina fluorinated i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana.
ʻO Ryugu C0014-4 a me Orgueil (CI) nā mea hoʻohālike i kālailai ʻia ma ke ʻano "hoʻokahi" mode42 i hoʻololi ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo Y-82162 (CY) ka nānā ʻana i hana ʻia ma kahi pā hoʻokahi me nā pūnāwai hoʻohālike he nui41. Ma muli o kā lākou hana anhydrous, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana i kahi ala hoʻokahi no CY chondrites. Ua hoʻomehana ʻia nā laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi laser CO2 infrared Photon Machines Inc. ka mana o 50 W (10.6 µm) i kau ʻia ma ka XYZ gantry i mua o BrF5. Mālama ka ʻōnaehana wikiō i kūkulu ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hopena. Ma hope o ka fluorination, holoi ʻia ka O2 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau pahele naikokene cryogenic a me kahi moena wela o KBr e wehe i nā fluorine keu. Ua kālailai ʻia ka haku mele isotopic o ka oxygen i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma ka Thermo Fisher MAT 253 lua-kanal mass spectrometer me kahi hoʻonā nui ma kahi o 200.
I kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ka nui o ke kinoea O2 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka hopena o ka hāpana ma lalo o 140 µg, ʻo ia ka palena kokoke o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāmeʻa bellows ma ka MAT 253 mass spectrometer. I kēia mau hihia, e hoʻohana i nā microvolume no ka nānā ʻana. Ma hope o ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻāpana Hayabusa2, ua fluorina ʻia ke kūlana kūloko obsidian a ua hoʻoholo ʻia kona ʻano isotope oxygen.
Hoʻopilikia nā Iona o ka ʻāpana NF+ NF3+ i ka lāʻau me ka nuipa 33 (16O17O). No ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēia pilikia pilikia, ua hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā laʻana me nā kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic. Hiki ke hana i kēia ma ka ʻaoʻao mua ma mua o ka nānā ʻana MAT 253 a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he loiloi ʻelua ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kinoea i kālai ʻia i ke kānana molekala kūikawā a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka cryogenic. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale cryogenic e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kinoea i kahi kānana molekala ma ka mahana o ka naikokene wai a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi kānana molekala mua ma kahi mahana o -130°C. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻāʻo nui ʻana e noho mau ana ka NF+ ma ka kānana molekala mua a ʻaʻohe haʻihaʻi koʻikoʻi e hoʻohana ana i kēia ʻano.
Ma muli o ka loiloi pinepine ʻana o kā mākou mau kūlana obsidian kūloko, ʻo ka pololei holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano bellows: ±0.053‰ no δ17O, ±0.095‰ no δ18O, ±0.018‰ no Δ17O (2 sd). Hāʻawi ʻia ka loiloi isotope oxygen ma ka notation delta maʻamau, kahi i helu ʻia ai ka delta18O e like me:
E hoʻohana pū i ka lakio 17O/16O no δ17O. ʻO VSMOW ka pae honua no ka Vienna Mean Sea Water Standard. Hōʻike ka Δ17O i ke kaʻe ʻana mai ka laina hakina ʻāina, a ʻo ke ʻano helu helu: Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Pākuʻi Pākuʻi 3.
Ua unuhi ʻia nā ʻāpana ma kahi o 150 a 200 nm mānoanoa mai nā ʻāpana Ryugu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana Hitachi High Tech SMI4050 FIB ma JAMSTEC, Kochi Core Sampling Institute. E hoʻomaopopo i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana FIB a pau mai nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia o nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia ma hope o ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai nā moku piha piha N2 no ka hoʻoili ʻana i waena o nā mea. ʻAʻole i ana ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana e SR-CT, akā ua hana ʻia me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka lewa o ka honua i mea e pale aku ai i ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke kalapona K-edge spectrum. Ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o kahi papa pale tungsten, ua ʻoki ʻia ka ʻāpana hoihoi (a hiki i 25 × 25 μm2) a hoʻomāliʻi ʻia me ka lāʻau Ga+ ion ma kahi voli wikiwiki o 30 kV, a laila ma 5 kV a me kahi ʻano noiʻi o 40 pA e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻili. A laila ua kau ʻia nā ʻāpana ultrathin ma luna o kahi mesh keleawe i hoʻonui ʻia (Kochi mesh) 39 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi micromanipulator i lako me FIB.
ʻO Ryugu A0098 (1.6303mg) a me C0068 (0.6483mg) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻelua manawa i loko o nā ʻāpana polyethylene maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe maʻemaʻe i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima piha i ka nitrogen ma SPring-8 me ka ʻole o ka launa pū ʻana me ka lewa honua. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka laʻana no JB-1 (he pōhaku kuhikuhi honua i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Geological Survey of Iapana) i hana ʻia ma ke Kulanui ʻo Tokyo Metropolitan.
Hana ʻia ʻo INAA ma ka Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā laʻana i ʻelua mau manawa me nā pōʻai hoʻomālamalama like ʻole i koho ʻia e like me ka hapalua o ke ola o ka nuclide i hoʻohana ʻia no ka quantitation element. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ka hāpana i loko o kahi paipu pneumatic irradiation no 30 kekona. Nā kahe o nā neutron wela a me ka wikiwiki i ka fig. ʻO 3 he 4.6 × 1012 a me 9.6 × 1011 cm-2 s-1, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea o Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V a me Mn. ʻO nā mea kemika e like me MgO (99.99% maʻemaʻe, Soekawa Chemical), Al (99.9% maʻemaʻe, Soekawa Chemical), a me Si metala (99.999% maʻemaʻe, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical) ua hoʻomālamalama pū ʻia e hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā hopena nuklea e like me (n, n). Ua hoʻomālamalama pū ʻia ka hāpana me ka sodium chloride (99.99% pure; MANAC) e hoʻoponopono ai i nā loli i ka neutron flux.
Ma hope o ka neutron irradiation, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pepa polyethylene waho me kahi mea hou, a ua ana koke ʻia ka radiation gamma i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka hāpana a me ka kuhikuhi me kahi mea ʻike Ge. Ua ho'ā hou 'ia nā la'ana like no 4 mau hola i loko o ka paipu ho'ohehe'e pneumatic. 2 ka wela a me ka wikiwiki neutron fluxes o 5.6 1012 a me 1.2 1012 cm-2 s-1, pakahi, no ka hooholo ana Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Content Se, Sb, Os, Ir a me Au. Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia nā laʻana mana o Ga, As, Se, Sb, Os, Ir, a me Au ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huina kūpono (mai 10 a 50 μg) o nā haʻina maʻamau o ka ʻike ʻia o kēia mau mea ma luna o ʻelua mau ʻāpana pepa kānana, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o nā laʻana. Ua hana ʻia ka helu ray gamma ma ka Institute of Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University a me ka RI Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University. ʻO nā kaʻina hana analytical a me nā mea kuhikuhi no ka hoʻoholo nui ʻana o nā mea INAA e like me nā mea i wehewehe ʻia ma kā mākou hana mua.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike o Ryugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike o Ryugu samples A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR. Рентгеновский дифрактометр (Rigaku SmartLab) использовали для сбора дифракционных картин образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг (≤1 мг), A003 C. мг) ma NIPR. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kumu hoʻohālike o Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (≪1 mg), a me C0087 (<1 mg) nā laʻana ma NIPR.使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 刡曍使用X 射线衍射仪(Rigaku SmartLab) 在NIPR 收集Ryugu 样品A0029 (<1 mg)、A0037 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 和C0087 (<1 mg) 刡曍 Дифрактограммы образцов Ryugu A0029 (<1 мг), A0037 (<1 мг) и C0087 (<1 мг) были получены в NIPR с использованием редмкрафем (Rigaku SmartLab). Ua loaʻa nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike X-ray o nā laʻana Ryugu A0029 (<1 mg), A0037 (<1 mg) a me C0087 (<1 mg) ma NIPR me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi diffractometer X-ray (Rigaku SmartLab).Ua wili ʻia nā laʻana a pau a lilo i pauda maikaʻi ma luna o kahi wafer hoʻoheheʻe ʻole silika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pā aniani sapphire a laila hohola like ʻia ma luna o ka wafer non-reflective silicon me ka ʻole o ka wai (wai a waiʻona). ʻO nā kūlana ana penei: Cu Kα X-ray radiation i hana ʻia ma ka volta paipu o 40 kV a me kahi paipu o kēia manawa o 40 mA, ʻo ka palena o ka lōʻihi o ka slit he 10 mm, ʻo ke kihi ʻokoʻa (1/6) °, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka huli ʻana o ka mokulele he 20 rpm, a ʻo ka laulā he 2θ (pālua a me 3gg-8 mau hola) kālailai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā optics Bragg Brentano. ʻO ka mea ʻike he hoʻokahi-dimensional silicon semiconductor detector (D/teX Ultra 250). Ua wehe ʻia nā kukui X o Cu Kβ me kahi kānana Ni. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā laʻana i loaʻa, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ana o ka saponite magnesian synthetic (JCSS-3501, Kunimine Industries CO. Ltd), serpentine (leaf serpentine, Miyazu, Nikka) a me pyrrhotite (monoclinic 4C, Chihua, Mexico Watts) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā peaks a hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili file pauka diffraction data mai ka International DataFDFD Data diffraction. 01-071-1662) a me ka magnetite (PDF 00-019-0629). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻokoʻa mai Ryugu me ka ʻikepili ma nā chondrites carbonaceous hydroaltered, Orgueil CI, Y-791198 CM2.4, a me Y 980115 CY (pae wela III, 500–750 ° C). Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike i nā mea like me Orgueil, akā ʻaʻole me Y-791198 a me Y 980115.
NEXAFS spectra me carbon lihi K o nā ʻāpana ultrathin o nā laʻana i hana ʻia mai FIB ua ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahawai STXM BL4U ma ka hale hana synchrotron UVSOR ma ke Institute of Molecular Sciences (Okazaki, Iapana). ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka beam i nānā pono ʻia me kahi pā fresnel zone ma kahi o 50 nm. ʻO ka ʻanuʻu ikehu he 0.1 eV no ka hana maikaʻi o ka ʻāpana lihi kokoke (283.6–292.0 eV) a me 0.5 eV (280.0–283.5 eV a me 292.5–300.0 eV) no nā ʻāpana i mua a i hope. ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka manawa no kēlā me kēia pika kiʻi i 2 ms. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana, ua hoʻopiha ʻia ke keʻena analytical STXM me ka helium ma kahi kaomi o 20 mbar. Kōkua kēia i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka neʻe wela o nā lako optics X-ray i loko o ke keʻena a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa hāpana, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pōʻino hāpana a/a i ʻole ka oxidation. Ua hana ʻia ka NEXAFS K-edge carbon spectra mai ka ʻikepili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu aXis2000 a me ka lako polokalamu hoʻoili ʻikepili STXM. E hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu hoʻoili hāpana a me ka pahu mīkina no ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka haumia.
Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o STXM-NEXAFS, ua kālailai ʻia ka haku mele isotopic o ka hydrogen, carbon, a me ka nitrogen o nā ʻāpana Ryugu FIB me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka isotope imaging me kahi JAMSTEC NanoSIMS 50L. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi kaola kumu Cs+ ma kahi o 2 pA no ka nānā ʻana i ke kalapona a me ka nitrogen isotope a ma kahi o 13 pA no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope hydrogen ua rasterized ma kahi o 24 × 24 µm2 a i 30 × 30 µm2 ma ka laʻana. Ma hope o ka 3-minuke prespray ma kahi ʻano ikaika o ke kukui kumu mua, ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēlā me kēia loiloi ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikaika o ka kukuna lua. No ke kālailai ʻana i nā isotopes kalapona a me ka nitrogen, ua loaʻa i nā kiʻi o 12C–, 13C–, 16O–, 12C14N– a me 12C15N– i ka manawa like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻehiku electron multiplier multiplex detection me kahi hoʻonā nui ma kahi o 9000, ua lawa ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūhui isotopic pili. keakea (ie 12C1H ma 13C a me 13C14N ma 12C15N). No ka nānā 'ana i ka hydrogen isotopes, 1H-, 2D- a me 12C- ki'i i loa'a me ka ho'onā nui ma kahi o 3000 me ka 'ike nui me ka ho'ohana 'ana i 'ekolu electron multipliers. He 30 mau kiʻi scanned o kēlā me kēia kiʻi, me hoʻokahi kiʻi me 256 × 256 pixels no carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis a me 128 × 128 pixels no hydrogen isotope analysis. ʻO ka manawa lohi ʻo 3000 µs no ka pikika no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka isotope carbon a me ka nitrogen a me 5000 µs no ka pixel no ka nānā ʻana i ka isotope hydrogen. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate e like me ka hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen isotope standards e calibrate instrumental mass fractionation45.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hana isotopic silicon o presolar graphite ma ka FIB C0068-25 profile, ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻeono mau mea hoʻonui electron me kahi hoʻonā nui ma kahi o 9000. Aia nā kiʻi he 256 × 256 pixels me ka manawa lohi o 3000 µs i kēlā me kēia pika. Hoʻopili mākou i kahi mea hana hoʻokaʻawale nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wafer silika e like me ka hydrogen, carbon, a me ka silicon isotope standard.
Ua hana ʻia nā kiʻi Isotope me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu kiʻi kiʻi NASA NanoSIMS45. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili no ka manawa make electron multiplier (44 ns) a me nā hopena hōʻea like like. Hoʻopololei scan ʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia kiʻi e hoʻoponopono i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kiʻi i ka wā e loaʻa ai. Hana ʻia ke kiʻi isotope hope ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ion lua mai kēlā me kēia kiʻi no kēlā me kēia pika scan.
Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana o STXM-NEXAFS a me NanoSIMS, ua nānā ʻia nā ʻāpana FIB like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope electron transmission (JEOL JEM-ARM200F) ma kahi uila wikiwiki o 200 kV ma Kochi, JAMSTEC. Ua ʻike ʻia ka microstructure me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi TEM māmā a me kahi TEM kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e nānā ana i kahi kahua ʻeleʻele. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana mineral e ka ʻokoʻa electron diffraction a me ke kiʻi kiʻi lattice band, a ua hana ʻia ka loiloi kemika e EDS me kahi mea ʻike hoʻoheheʻe silicon 100 mm2 a me JEOL Analysis Station 4.30 lako polokalamu. No ka nānā ʻana i ka nui, ua ana ʻia ka ikaika o ka X-ray no kēlā me kēia mea i ke ʻano scanning TEM me kahi manawa loaʻa ʻikepili paʻa o 30 s, kahi ʻāpana scanning beam o ~ 100 × 100 nm2, a me kahi manawa o 50 pA. ʻO ka lakio (Si + Al) -Mg-Fe i loko o nā silicates i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coefficient hoʻokolohua k, hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka mānoanoa, i loaʻa mai kahi maʻamau o ka pyropagarnet maoli.
Loaʻa nā kiʻi a me nā kānana a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina ma ka JAXA Data Archiving and Communication System (DARTS) https://www.darts.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/hayabusa2. Hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i ka ʻikepili kumu.
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