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Hōʻike mākou i nā hōʻike o ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana o ke kai a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea he mau kilomita ma waho o ke awa mai ke awa o Naples (Italia). stal rocks.These kinoea ua like paha me ka poe e hanai ana i ka hydrothermal nenoai o Ischia, Campi Flegre a me Soma-Vesuvius, e manao ana i ke kumu kumu i hui pu ia me crustal fluids ma lalo o ke Kaiwa o Naples.Subsea hoonui a me ka rupture ma muli o ke kinoea hoʻokiʻekiʻe a me ka pressurization kaʻina e pono ai i ka overpressure o 2-3 MPa. d ka pele i lalo o ka moana a/a i ʻole nā ​​pahū waithermal.
ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kai hohonu (ka wai wela a me ke kinoea) kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā kuamoʻo waena o ka moana a me nā ʻaoʻao pā convergent (me nā ʻāpana i lalo o nā mokupuni arcs), akā ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea hydrates (chlatrates) he mau hiʻohiʻona o nā papa continental a me nā palena passive1, 2,3,4,5. servoirs) i loko o ka ʻōpala ʻāina a/a ʻaʻahu paha. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana ke hele ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pelemaka ma nā papa luna loa o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua a hoʻopau i ka pele a me ke kau ʻana o nā mauna lua pele6. (~ 1 miliona mau kānaka) he mea koʻikoʻi no ka loiloi ʻana i nā lua pele. ʻO ka hū pāpaʻu. no ka ʻāina i lalo o ka wai, morphologically a structurally complex i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ma ke Kaiwa o Naples (Southern Italia), ma kahi o 5 km mai ke awa o Naples. ʻike i nā ʻano hana e hoʻoponopono ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea a me nā deformation pili, a kūkākūkā i nā hopena o ka lua pele.
ʻO ke Kaiwa o Naples ka Plio-Quaternary ma ke komohana ʻākau, ka NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW o Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) a me Soma-Vesuvius (mai ka palena hema a hiki i ka palena ʻākau a hiki i AD <3460) s ka Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a) .The Gulf of Naples ua pili i ka prevailing NE-SW a me ka lua NW-SE hewa nui (Fig. 1) 14,15. Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius ua ikeia e hydrothermal manifestations, ka honua deformation, a me ka papau seismicity16,18, 18. 84, me ka uplift o 1.8 m a me na tausani o na olai) . Naples.The haʻahaʻa kai 'ilikai ma ka hope glacial maximum (18 ka) alakai i ka regression o ka offshore-papau sedimentary nenoaiu, a ma hope i hoopihaia e transgressive hanana i ka Late Pleistocene-Holocene.Submarine kinoea emissions ua ikeia a puni ka mokupuni o Ischia a ma waho o ke kahakai o Campi Flegre a me.1b).
(a) Nā hoʻonohonoho moʻokalaleo a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka papa ʻāina a me ke Kaiwa o Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. ʻO nā kiko nā kikowaena lua pele nui;ʻO nā laina ʻulaʻula ke kuhi nei i nā hewa nui. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao kolamu wai, a me nā papa CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 a me ROV ma ke kiʻi.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka holo moku SAFE_2014 (ʻAukake 2014) (e ʻike i nā Methods), ua kūkulu ʻia kahi Digital Terrain Model (DTM) hou o ke Kaiwa o Naples me 1 m hoʻonā. , ʻike ʻia ʻo Banco della Montagna (BdM).Fig.1a,b).Ke ulu nei ka BdM ma kahi hohonu ma kahi o 100 a 170 mika, 15 a 20 mau mika ma luna o ke kai a puni. Ua hōʻike ka BdM dome i kahi puʻu-like morphology ma muli o 280 subcircular to oval puʻu (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, a me undFigs.30 pits kiʻekiʻe a me 30 kiʻekiʻe. 22 m a me 1,800 m. Ua emi iho ka circularity [C = 4π(area/perimeter2)] o na puu me ka hoonui ana i ke anapuni (Fig. 2b) .Axial ratios no mounds i waena o 1 a me 6.5, me na puu me ka ratio axial>2 e hoike ana i ka N45°E hoolaha aku i makemakeia a me N45°E. 145°E hahau (Fig. 2c).Aia nā cones hoʻokahi a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka mokulele BdM a ma luna o ka puʻu (Fig. 3a,b). ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho conical e hahai i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā puʻu i loaʻa ai lākou. ka BdM dome (Fig. 4a,b);aia ke alanui NW-SE liʻiliʻi ma ke kikowaena BdM.
(a) Kikohoʻe terrain kŘkohu (1 m cell nui) o ka dome o Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter a me ka poepoe o BdM puʻu.(c) Axial ratio a me ka huina (orientation) o ka nui axis o ka maikai-pono ellipse puni i ka puu.O ka hewa maʻamau o ka Digital Terrain kükohu mea 0.004 m;ʻo nā hewa maʻamau o ke anapuni a me ka poepoe he 4.83 m a me 0.01, a ʻo nā hewa maʻamau o ka ratio axial a me ka huina he 0.04 a me 3.34°, kēlā me kēia.
Nā kikoʻī o nā cones i ʻike ʻia, nā lua, nā puʻu a me nā lua ma ka ʻāina BdM i unuhi ʻia mai ka DTM ma ke Kiʻi 2.
(a) E hoʻolikelike i nā cones ma ke kai palahalaha;(b) nā cones a me nā lua ma nā puʻu slender NW-SE;(c) pockmarks ma kahi ʻili māmā.
(a) Māhele ākea o nā lua i ʻike ʻia, nā lua, a me nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ʻeleu.
Ua ʻike mākou i 37 mau kinoea hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka ʻāina BdM mai ROV wai kolamu echo sounder kiʻi a me ka nānā pono ʻana o ke kai i loaʻa i ka holo SAFE_2014 i ʻAukake 2014 (Nā Kiʻi 4 a me 5). coustic anomalies i hana 'ane'ane hoomau "kaahi." Ua 'ano like 'ole ka 'ike 'ana i ka 'ahu'ula: mai ka ho'omau 'ana, kahe 'ana o ka ohu a hiki i ka manawa pōkole (Supplementary Movie 1). ROV inspection allow for visual verification of seafloor fluid vents and highlights liʻiliʻi pockmarks on the seabed, some times honi e red to alani.diments. Hōʻike ka morphology i kahi puka pōʻai ma luna me ka ʻole o ka lapalapa i ke kolamu wai. ʻO ka pH i loko o ke kolamu wai ma luna pono o ka wahi hoʻokuʻu i hōʻike i kahi hāʻule nui, e hōʻike ana i nā kūlana acidic hou aʻe ma ka ʻāina (Fig.5c,d).Ma ​​keʻano nui, ʻo ka pH ma luna o ka hoʻokuʻu kinoea BdM ma 75 m hohonu i emi mai ka 8.4 (ma ka 70 m hohonu) a i ka 7.8 (ma ka 75 m hohonu) (Fig. 5c), aʻo nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ke Kaiwa o Naples he pH ign ma waena o 0 a me 160 m ifica ma waena o 0 a me 160 m ifica ma waena o 0 a me 160 mifica. Ua nele nā ​​loli i ka mahana o ke kai a me ka paʻakai ma nā wahi ʻelua ma loko a ma waho o ka BdM wahi o ke Kaiwa o Naples. Ma kahi hohonu o 70 m, ʻo ka mahana he 15 ° C a ʻo ka paʻakai ma kahi o 38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d). ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā wai wela a me ka brine.
(a) Loaʻa pukaaniani o ka acoustic water column profile (echometer Simrad EK60).hōʻike pū ʻia nā hōʻailona multiplex lalo a me ka papahele (b) hōʻiliʻili ʻia me kahi kaʻa kaʻa mamao ma ka ʻāina BdM ʻO ke kiʻi hoʻokahi e hōʻike ana i kahi lua liʻiliʻi (poʻe ʻeleʻele) i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka ʻulaʻula a i ka sediment ʻalani. EM50 (panel c) a ma waho o ka Bdm discharge area panel (d).
Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i ʻekolu mau kinoea laʻana mai ka wahi aʻo ma waena o ʻAukake 22 a me 28, 2014. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻohālike i nā haku mele like ʻole, i hoʻomalu ʻia e CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), a ukali ʻia e nā ʻāpana kūpono o N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) a me H2S / mmol / mol4 a me ka H2S / mmol / mol4, a me H2S / mmol/mol. <0.052 a me <0.016 mmol / mol, pakahi) (Fig. 1b; Papa S1, Hoʻohui Kiʻiʻoniʻoni 2). Ua ana pū ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o O2 a me Ar (hiki i ka 3.2 a me 0.18 mmol / mol, kēlā me kēia). e), propene a me sulfur-i loko o nā pūhui (thiophene) . Ka 40Ar / 36Ar waiwai kulike me ka ea (295.5), oiai hāpana EM35 (BdM dome) i ka waiwai o 304, e hōʻike ana i ka oi iki o 40Ar. Ka δ15N lākiō ua kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ea (a hiki i ka δ 1,98 ka waiwai o ka ea). 93 i ka 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra waiwai ​​(ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana no ka pollution ea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ratio 4He/20Ne) ma waena o 1.66 a me 1.94, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hapa nui o ka ʻaʻahu He. 2/3He kūʻē iā δ13C (Fig.6), ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hui kinoea BdM me ka Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Hōʻike pū ʻo Figure 6 i nā laina hui like theoretical ma waena o ʻekolu kumu kalapona like ʻole e pili ana i ka hana kinoea BdM: dissolved mantle-derived melts, organic-rich sediments, and carbonates.The BdM mixing line samples. ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā kinoea mantle (i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻonui iki ʻia i ka carbon dioxide e pili ana i nā MORB maʻamau no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻikepili) a me nā hopena i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka crustal decarbonization ʻO ka pōhaku kinoea i loaʻa.
Hōʻike ʻia nā laina ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka haku mele a me nā lālā hope o ka limestone a me nā sediment organik no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana. ʻO nā pahu e hōʻike ana i nā wahi fumarole o Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Aia ka BdM sample i ke ʻano huikau o ka lua pele Campania.
Hōʻike nā ʻāpana Seismic L1 a me L2 (Fig. 1b a me 7) i ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o BdM a me nā kaʻina stratigraphic distal o ka Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) a me Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) nā wahi lua pele. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo BdM i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ʻelua seism nui a me PSel. nā mea hoʻomanaʻo o ka amplitude kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻomau lateral (Fig. 7b, c). Aia kēia papa i nā sediments moana i huki ʻia e ka Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ʻōnaehana a me ke one a me ka pālolo23. ʻO ka papa PS lalo (Fig. 7b–d) ua ʻike ʻia e kahi chaotic a maopopo i ke ʻano o nā kolamu a i ʻole ka hola o ka PS7. ʻO kēia mau geometries e like me diapir e hōʻike ana i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻikea PS i loko o nā waihona MS kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka uplift ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pelu a me nā hewa e pili ana i ka papa MS a me nā sediments i kēia manawa o ka papa BdM (Fig. 7b–d). nā pae o ke kaʻina MS (Fig.7a) ʻO nā ʻumekaumaha i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma luna o ka BdM e pili ana i ka papa seismic akaka e hōʻike ana ʻo ka 40 knm kiʻekiʻe loa he one i waiho ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa;) 24,25 a me nā ʻāpana pumice mai ka pele pahū o Campi Flegrei o "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano alohilohi o ka papa PS ma nā kaʻina hui hui wale nō, no ka mea, ʻo nā ʻāpana chaotic e pili ana i ka ʻāina, kahe ʻana o ka lepo a me nā kahe pyroclastic i loaʻa ma waho o ka BdM2 con2. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka BdM PS seismic facies a me ka hiʻohiʻona o ka subsea outcrop PS layer (Fig. 7d) e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea maoli.
(a) Hoʻokahi-track seismic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) e hōʻike ana i kahi columnar (pagoda). nā puʻu i lalo, ka moana (MS), a me nā waiho one pumice (PS). (c) Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī deformation ma MS a me PS ma (c,d). Ke manaʻo nei he 1580 m / s ka wikiwiki o ka sediment kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo 100 ms e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 80 m ma ka pae kuʻekuʻe.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona morphological a me ka hoʻolālā o BdM e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe subsea hydrothermal a me ke kinoea hydrate mahina ma ka honua2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 a pili pinepine me nā uplifts (vaults a me nā puʻu) a me ke kinoea Discharge (cones, lua). a me 3). ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho spatial o nā puʻu, nā lua a me nā puka makani ikaika e hōʻike ana ua mālama ʻia kā lākou māhele ʻana e ka NW-SE a me NE-SW hopena fractures (Fig. 4b). 35. No laila ke hoʻoholo nei mākou ʻo nā hewa a me nā haʻihaʻi ma ke Kaiwa o Naples e hōʻike ana i ke ala i makemake ʻia no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kinoea i ka ʻili, kahi hiʻohiʻona i kaʻana like ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana hydrothermal i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i hoʻonohonoho ʻia.3a, c). Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole pono kēia mau puʻu e hōʻike i nā precursors i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka lua, e like me ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe no nā zona hydrate gas32,33. Kākoʻo kā mākou mau hopena i ke kuhiakau ʻaʻole i alakaʻi mau ʻia ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana i nā lepo o ka dome i ka hana ʻana o nā lua.
Hōʻike nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ʻekolu i nā hōʻailona kemika maʻamau o nā wai hydrothermal, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o CO2 me ka nui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kinoea (H2S, CH4 a me H2) a me nā hydrocarbons māmā (ʻoi aku ka benzene a me propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, (44, 45), (44, 45) ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i loko o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana i lalo, ma muli paha o ka haumia mai ka ea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai kai e pili ana me nā kinoea i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu plastik i hoʻohana ʻia no ka laʻana, no ka mea, lawe ʻia nā ROV mai ka papakū a hiki i ke kai e kipi. ic kumu, i kulike me ka predominant hydrothermal kumu o keia mau kinoea. Ka hydrothermal-pelepele kumu o ke kinoea BdM ua hooiaio ia e ka CO2 a me He mea i loko a me ko lakou isotopic signatures. Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 mai -0.93% a +0.4%) a me CO2/3He kumu waiwai ​​(mai ka 10.01 × 1.0). ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā kinoea i hana ʻia e ka hopena (Figure 6). ʻO ka mea nui, aia nā ʻāpana kinoea BdM ma ke ʻano hui ʻana ma kahi like me nā wai mai Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Veusivus e pili ana i ka lua pele o ka lua pele. Loaʻa iā Somma-Vesuvius a me Campi Flegrei nā koina 3He/4He kiʻekiʻe (R/Ra ma waena o 2.6 a me 2.9) ma mua o BdM (R/Ra ma waena o 1.66 a me 1.96;Papa S1). Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka radiogenic Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia mai ka puna pelemaka hoʻokahi i hānai i nā lua pele Somma-Vesuvius a me Campi Flegrei.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma luna a me nā hopena mai nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokolohua o nā hale e like me ka dome e pili ana i nā ʻāina waiwai nui o ka moana, hiki i ke kaomi kinoea hohonu ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā domes BdM kilomika. he deformed soft viscous deposit Ka hoʻoneʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe w a me ka mānoanoa h o ka (Supplementary Fig. S1). ʻO Pdef ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nui o ka puʻe a me ke kaomi paʻa pōhaku me ke kaomi wai. Ma BdM, ʻo ka radius ma kahi o 2,500 m, w he 20 m, a ʻo ka h kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao seismic m4. kahi o D ka oolea flexural;Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo D e (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], kahi ʻo E ka modulus o Young o ka waihona, ν ka ratio o Poisson (~0.5)33. No ka hiki ʻole ke ana ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o nā sediments BdM, hoʻonoho mākou i ka E = 140 kPa, he waiwai kūpono ia no nā waiwai one E4 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ed i loko o ka palapala no ka silty clay deposits (300 ʻO ka hele ʻole ʻana o ka pagoda i ka moʻo o kēia lā e hōʻike ana (a) ke piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea a / a i ʻole ka pau ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment, a / a i ʻole (b) hiki ke kahe ʻaoʻao o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i kahi kaʻina overpressure localized. hiki ke pili i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka hui ʻana ma muli o ka nalowale ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kinoea. ʻO nā hopena i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma luna a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka buoyancy-controlled o ka pagoda hiki iā mākou ke koho i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kolamu ea hg. Hāʻawi ʻia ka buoyancy e ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), kahi g ka gravity (9.8 m/s s2 a me ρ ke kinoea. ka huina o ka Pdef i helu mua ia a me ke kaomi lithostatic Plith o ka papa sediment, ie ρsg h, kahi o ρs ka sediment density. I keia hihia, haawiia ka waiwai o ka hg no ka buoyancy i makemakeia e hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g (ρw – ρg)] .Ma ka Pdef = ρg) . = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg mea ole no ka mea ρw ≫ρg.We loaa hg = 245 m, he waiwai e hoike ana i ka hohonu o ka lalo o ka GSL.ΔP he 2.4 MPa, oia ka overpressure e pono ai e uhai i ka.
Ua kūlike ka haku o ke kinoea BdM me nā kumu ʻaʻahu i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā wai e pili ana me nā hopena decarbonization o nā pōhaku crustal (Fig. 6). neʻe ka wai mai ke komohana (Ischia) a i ka hikina (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b a me 6).
Ua hoʻoholo mākou aia ma ke kai kūʻono o Naples, he mau kilomita mai ke awa ʻo Naples, he 25 km2 ākea e like me ka dome i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi kaʻina degassing ikaika a ma muli o ke kau ʻana o nā pagodas a me nā puʻu. e kālailai i ka ulu ʻana o nā hanana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona geochemical a me geophysical e hōʻike ana i nā haunaele magmatic.
Acoustic wai kolamu profiles (2D) ua loaʻa ma ka SAFE_2014 (August 2014) holo moku ma ka R/V Urania (CNR) e ka National Research Council Institute o Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Acoustic laʻana ua hana ia e ka 'epekema beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 hana ma 38 kHz ua hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma ka 38 kHz e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o Acoustic. hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai a wehewehe pono i ko lākou wahi ma ka wahi ohi (ma waena o 74 a me 180 m bsl). E ana i nā ʻāpana kino a me nā kemika i ke kolamu wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā probes multiparameter (conductivity, temperature and depth, CTD). Ua hana ʻia ka ʻike maka o ka moʻo o ke kai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (kaʻa kaʻa mamao) me ʻelua mau pahu kiʻi (haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe).
Ua hana ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili multibeam me ka 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system ( Kongsberg). sition.Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka polokalamu PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) e like me ka International Hydrographic Organization standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) no ka hoʻokele a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kai. beam transducer a loaʻa a hoʻohana i ka manawa maoli ka leo velocity profiles i loko o ke kolamu wai i kēlā me kēia 6-8 hola e hāʻawi i ka wikiwiki kani maoli no ka hoʻokele kukuna kūpono. ʻO ka ʻikepili holoʻokoʻa ma kahi o 440 km2 (0-1200 m hohonu).1a) i hana ʻia me ka ʻikepili ʻāina (> 0 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai) i loaʻa ma ka 20 m grid cell nui e ka Italian Geo-Military Institute.
He 55-kilomita kiʻekiʻe hoʻonā hoʻokahi-kanal seismic kōpiliʻikepili, i hōʻiliʻiliʻia i ka wā o ka moana holo moana palekana ma 2007 a me 2014, uhi i kahi o kahi o 113 square kilometres, ma ka R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (eg, L1 seismic profile, Fig. 1b) ua loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka bocomer. maran kahi e waiho ai ke kumu a me ka mea hookipa. Aia ka inoa kumu i ka piko maikai hookahi i ikeia ma ke alapinepine 1-10 kHz a hiki ke hooponopono i na reflectors i hookaawaleia e 25 knm. Ua loaa na profile seismic palekana me ka 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark seismic source interfaced with Geotrace software (Geo Marine Surveying System). 400 milliseconds i ka lepo palupalu ma lalo o ke kai, me ka theoretical vertical olelo hooholo o 30 knm. Loaʻa nā mea palekana a me Marsik ma ka lihi o 0.33 kiʻi / sec me ka moku velocity <3 Kn.Data ua hana a hōʻikeʻia me ka hoʻohana 'ana i Geosuite Allworks lako polokalamu me keia workflow: dilation hoʻoponopono, wai-6 kolamu muting KHz.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke kinoea mai ka fumarole ma lalo o ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahu plastik i hoʻolako ʻia me ka diaphragm rubber ma kona ʻaoʻao luna, waiho ʻia i luna e ka ROV ma luna o ka puka makani. ma kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia ʻo One me 20 mL o 5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask) .The main acid gas species (CO2 and H2S) is dissolved in the alkaline solution, oiai ka haʻahaʻa solubility kinoea 'ano (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 a me ka malamalama hydrocarbons) ua mālama 'ia i loko o ka sampling kinoea kinoea sochromographie poo. madzu 15A lako me ka 10 m lōʻihi 5A molecular sieve kolamu a me ka thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54. Argon a me O2 ua kālailai 'ia me ka Thermo Focus kinoea chromatograph lako me ka 30 m lōʻihi capillary molecular sieve kolamu a me TCD. Methane a me ka malamalama hydrocarbons ua hoʻopaʻa 'ia me ka Shimadzu chromatograph chromatograph14A lōʻihi chromatograph chromatograph1. W 80/100 mesh, i uhi 'ia me 23% SP 1700 a me ka lapalapa ahi ionization detector (FID). Ua hoʻohana 'ia ka wai māhele no ka anaana o 1) CO2, e like me, titrated me 0.5 N HCl solution (Metrohm Basic Titrino) a me 2) H2S, e like me, ma hope o ka oxidation me 5 mL chromatO2 (ICO2) (ICO2) me 5 mL. 1) .The analytical error of titration, GC and IC analysis is less than 5%. Ma hope o ka unuhi maʻamau a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe no nā hui kinoea, 13C / 12C CO2 (i hōʻikeʻia e like me δ13C-CO2% a me V-PDB) ua kālailaiʻia me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka Finningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā maʻamau o waho o ka Finningan Delta S i hoʻohanaʻia i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kūlana o waho a me nā kumu kūʻokoʻaʻo 55,56. 9 (ka honua), ʻoiai ʻo ± 0.05% a me ± 0.1% ka helu analytical errors a me reproducibility.
δ15N (i hōʻike ʻia e like me % vs. Air) a me 40Ar/36Ar ua hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Agilent 6890 N kinoea chromatograph (GC) i hui pū ʻia me kahi Finnigan Delta plusXP hoʻomau kahe nui ʻana i ka spectrometer. ʻO ka hewa o ka nānā ʻana ʻo: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<1%, 40 ʻo Rexpress. Ua ana ʻo ia i ka hāpana a ʻo Ra ka ratio like i ka lewa: 1.39 × 10−6)57 i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke keʻena keʻena o INGV-Palermo (Italia) 3He, 4He a me 20Ne ua hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer ʻohi ʻohi ʻelua (Helix SFT-GVI)58 ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o He. <10-14 a me <10-16 mol.
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