Hoʻohana mākou i nā kuki e hoʻomaikaʻi i kou ʻike.Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana i kēia pūnaewele, ʻae ʻoe i kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā kuki.ʻIke hou aku.
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana lāʻau mahu maʻemaʻe a i ʻole maʻemaʻe e loaʻa nā mea hana, nā kīwaha hoʻokele, nā paipu hoʻohele a i ʻole nā ​​paipu, thermodynamic a i ʻole equilibrium thermostatic traps, nā ana kaomi, nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa puʻupuʻu, nā kiwi palekana, a me nā mea hoʻonui volumetric.
Hana ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻāpana me 316 L stainless steel a loaʻa nā gasket fluoropolymer (maʻamau polytetrafluoroethylene, ʻike ʻia ʻo Teflon a i ʻole PTFE), a me nā mea semi-metal a i ʻole nā ​​mea elastomeric ʻē aʻe.
Pilikia kēia mau ʻāpana i ka ʻino a i ʻole ka hōʻino ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka pono o ka Clean Steam (CS) pono.Ua loiloi ka papahana i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala i nā hiʻohiʻona kila kuhiliʻole mai ʻehā CS system case study, loiloi i ka pilikia o nā hopena ʻino i ke kaʻina hana a me nā ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi, a hoʻāʻo ʻia no nā ʻāpana a me nā metala i loko o ka condensate.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana o nā paipu ʻino a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā huahana ʻino.9 No kēlā me kēia hihia kikoʻī, ua loiloi ʻia nā kūlana o ka ʻili.No ka laʻana, ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻulaʻula maʻamau a me nā hopena corrosion.
Ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻili o nā laʻana kuhikuhi no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waihona ʻulaʻula me ka nānā ʻana, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) a me X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Hiki i kēia mau ʻano ke hōʻike i nā waiwai kino a me nā atomic o ka corrosion a me nā waihona, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā kumu koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā waiwai o nā wai ʻenehana a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana hopena.ʻekahi
Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano mea ʻino o ke kila kila, e like me ka papa carmine o ka hao oxide (ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha) ma ka ʻili ma lalo a i ʻole ma luna o ka papa o ka hao oxide (ʻeleʻele a hina paha)2.Hiki ke neʻe i lalo.
Hiki ke mānoanoa ka ʻāpana hao (ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele) i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ​​waiho ʻana i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻili o ke keʻena sterilization a me nā lako a i ʻole nā ​​pahu ma hope o ka sterilization mahu, aia ka neʻe.Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopuehu o ka ʻōpala a me ka nui o nā metala hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai CS.ʻehā
ʻOiai he nui nā kumu o kēia ʻano, ʻo ka mea hoʻomohala CS ka mea maʻamau.He mea maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hao ʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula (ʻulaʻula/ʻulaʻula) ma luna o nā ʻili a me ka hao oxide (ʻeleʻele/hina) i nā puka makani e neʻe mālie ana ma o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha CS.6
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha CS he hoʻonohonoho lālā me nā helu hoʻohana he nui e pau ana ma nā wahi mamao a i ʻole ma ka hope o ke poʻo nui a me nā subheaders lālā like ʻole.Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hoʻokomo i kekahi mau mea hoʻoponopono e kōkua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kaomi/mehana ma nā wahi kikoʻī o ka hoʻohana ʻana i hiki ke lilo i nā wahi corrosion.
Hiki ke ʻino i loko o nā pahele hoʻolālā maʻemaʻe i waiho ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana no ka wehe ʻana i ka condensate a me ka ea mai ke kahe ʻana o ka mahu maʻemaʻe ma o ka pahele, ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe i lalo a i ʻole ke poʻo condensate.
I ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana paha kahi e ulu ai nā waihona ʻōpala ma luna o ka pahele a ulu i uka i loko a ma waho aʻe o nā paipu pili a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hōʻiliʻili wahi hoʻohana;Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻōpala i loko o nā pahele a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻē aʻe i uka o ke kumu me ka neʻe mau ʻana i lalo a i uka.
Hōʻike pū kekahi mau ʻāpana kila kila i nā ʻano like ʻole a kiʻekiʻe o nā hale metala, me ka delta ferrite.Manaʻo ʻia nā kristal ferrite e hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ʻoiai aia lākou ma kahi liʻiliʻi e like me 1-5%.
ʻAʻole kū like ʻo Ferrite i ka corrosion e like me ka austenitic crystal structure, no laila e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka corrode.Hiki ke ʻike pololei ʻia nā ferrite me ka ferrite probe a me ka semi-accurate me ka magnet, akā aia nā palena nui.
Mai ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana, ma o ka hoʻomaka ʻana, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi mea hoʻomohala CS hou a me ka hoʻohele ʻana i ka paipu, aia kekahi mau mea e hoʻopili ai i ka corrosion:
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hiki i nā mea ʻino e like me kēia ke hana i nā huahana corrosion ke hui, hui, a uhi ʻia me nā hui ʻana o ka hao a me ka hao.ʻIke mua ʻia ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i loko o ka mīkini hana, a laila ʻike ʻia i loko o ka paipu hoʻokuʻu generator a ma hope o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha CS.
Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana SEM e hōʻike i ka microstructure o nā huahana corrosion e uhi ana i ka ʻili āpau me nā kristal a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.ʻO ke kāʻei kua a i ʻole ka ʻili lalo kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa mai nā pae like ʻole o ka hao (Fig. 1-3) a hiki i nā laʻana maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka silica/iron, sandy, vitreous, homogeneous deposits (Fig. 4).Ua kālailai pū ʻia nā ʻūhā pahele mahu (Fig. 5-6).
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻo AES kahi ʻano analytical i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka kemika ʻili o ke kila kila a ʻike i kona kūpaʻa corrosion.Hōʻike pū ia i ka pōʻino o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive a me ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka chromium i loko o ke kiʻi passive e like me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻili ma muli o ka corrosion.
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻili o kēlā me kēia laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mākaʻikaʻi AES (nā ʻike kikoʻī o nā mea ʻili ma luna o ka hohonu).
Ua koho pono ʻia kēlā me kēia pūnaewele i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o SEM e hāʻawi i ka ʻike mai nā wahi maʻamau.Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia haʻawina i ka ʻike mai nā papa molecular liʻiliʻi loa (i manaʻo ʻia ma 10 angstroms [Å] no kēlā me kēia papa) a hiki i ka hohonu o ka hao hao (200–1000 Å).
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui o ka hao (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), oxygen (O) a me carbon (C) ma nā wahi āpau o Rouge.Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili AES a me nā hopena ma ka ʻāpana noiʻi hihia.
Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa AES holoʻokoʻa no nā kūlana mua e hiki mai ana ka oxidation ikaika ma nā laʻana me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o Fe a me O (iron oxides) a me ka haʻahaʻa Cr ma ka ʻili.Hoʻopuka kēia waihona ʻulaʻula i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻāpana hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ka huahana a me nā wahi e pili ana i ka huahana.
Ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula, ua hōʻike nā laʻana "passivated" i ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive, me ka Cr e piʻi ana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o Fe, me ka Cr:Fe ʻili o ka ili mai ka 1.0 a i ka 2.0 a me ka nele o ka hao oxide.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻili ʻāʻī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka XPS/ESCA no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano kumu a me nā mokuʻāina ʻokiʻoki ʻia o Fe, Cr, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), a me C (papa A).
Aia kahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i ka ʻike Cr mai nā waiwai kokoke i ka papa passivation a i nā waiwai haʻahaʻa i loaʻa maʻamau i nā alloys base.ʻO nā pae o ka hao a me ka chromium i loaʻa ma ka ʻili e hōʻike ana i nā mānoanoa like ʻole a me nā māka o nā waihona rouge.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua XPS i ka piʻi ʻana o Na, C a i ʻole Ca ma nā ʻili ʻiliʻili i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā papa i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.
Ua hōʻike pū ka hoʻāʻo XPS i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o C i ka ʻulaʻula hao (ʻeleʻele) ʻulaʻula a me Fe (x) O (y) (iron oxide) i ka ʻulaʻula.ʻAʻole pono ka ʻikepili XPS no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻili i ka wā o ka corrosion no ka mea loiloi ia i ka metala ʻulaʻula a me ka metala kumu.Pono nā ho'āʻo XPS hou me nā laʻana nui e loiloi pono i nā hopena.
Ua paʻakikī hoʻi nā mea kākau mua i ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻikepili XPS.10 Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mākaʻikaʻi kahua i ka wā o ka wehe ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona a hoʻoneʻe pinepine ʻia e ka kānana i ka wā e hana ai.ʻO nā micrograph SEM i lawe ʻia ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wrinkle e hōʻike ana i ka pōʻino o ka ʻili i hana ʻia e kēia mau waihona, me ka lua a me ka porosity, e pili pono ana i ka corrosion.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena XPS ma hope o ka passivation i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka Cr:Fe maʻiʻo ma luna o ka ʻili i ka wā i hana hou ʻia ai ke kiʻi passivation, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka corrosion a me nā hopena ʻino ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻili.
Ua hōʻike nā laʻana coupon i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka ratio Cr:Fe ma waena o ka ʻili "e like me" a me ka ʻili passivated.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā lākiō mua Cr:Fe ma ka laulā o ka 0.6 a i ka 1.0, ʻoiai ka nui o ka passivation ma hope o ka mālama ʻana mai 1.0 a 2.5.ʻO nā waiwai no nā kila kila kila electropolished a passivated ma waena o 1.5 a me 2.5.
Ma nā laʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma hope o ka hana ʻana, ʻo ka hohonu kiʻekiʻe o ka ratio Cr:Fe (hoʻokumu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā AES) mai 3 a 16 Å.Hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi lākou me ka ʻikepili mai nā haʻawina mua i paʻi ʻia e Coleman2 a me Roll.9 Ua loaʻa i nā ʻili o nā laʻana a pau nā pae maʻamau o Fe, Ni, O, Cr, a me C. Ua loaʻa pū nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o P, Cl, S, N, Ca, a me Na i ka hapa nui o nā laʻana.
ʻO kēia mau koena he mea maʻamau o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kemika, wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a i ʻole electropolishing.Ma ka nānā hou ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano kino silika ma ka ʻili a ma nā pae like ʻole o ke aniani austenite ponoʻī.ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ia ka ʻike silica o ka wai/mahu, nā poli mīkini, a i ʻole nā ​​aniani ʻike i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i kālai ʻia paha i loko o ka cell generation CS.
Hōʻike ʻia nā huahana corrosion i loaʻa i nā ʻōnaehana CS he ʻokoʻa loa.ʻO kēia ma muli o nā kūlana like ʻole o kēia mau ʻōnaehana a me ke kau ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole e like me nā valves, nā pahele a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hiki ai ke alakaʻi i nā kūlana corrosive a me nā huahana corrosion.
Eia kekahi, hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā mea pani i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ʻaʻole i passivated pono.Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia nā huahana corrosion e ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka generator CS a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai.ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o nā mea hana generator he reboilers a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he tubular flashers.Hoʻohana maʻamau nā mea hana CS i nā pale hope e wehe i ka makū mai ka mahu maʻemaʻe, aʻo nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i nā baffles a i ʻole nā ​​ʻino.
Hoʻopuka kekahi i kahi paina hao kokoke paʻa i loko o ka paipu hoʻohele a me ka hao ʻulaʻula e uhi ana.Hoʻokumu ka poloka ʻāwili i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hao ʻeleʻele me kahi ʻāpana hao hao ma lalo a hana i kahi ʻano lua o luna ma ke ʻano o kahi ʻulaʻula sooty i maʻalahi ke holoi ʻana i ka ʻili.
E like me ke kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia waihona ferruginous-soot-like ma mua o ka hao-ʻulaʻula, a ʻoi aku ka mobile.Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka oxidation state o ka hao i loko o ka condensate, ʻo ka sludge i hana ʻia i loko o ke kahawai condensate ma lalo o ka paipu hoʻohele ʻia he sludge hao ma luna o ka sludge hao.
Ke hele nei ka ʻūhā hao i loko o ka condensate collector, ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kahawai, a maʻalahi ka ʻili ʻana o ka papa luna mai ka ʻili.He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka maikaʻi o ka wai i ka hana kemika o ka blush.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hydrocarbon maʻiʻo i ka nui loa o ka soot i loko o ka lipstick, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka silica maʻiʻo e loaʻa i ka silica kiʻekiʻe, e hopena i kahi papa lipstick maʻemaʻe a ʻālohilohi paha.E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, hiki i nā aniani ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ke maʻalahi i ka corrosion, e ʻae ana i ka ʻōpala a me ka silica e komo i ka ʻōnaehana.
ʻO ka pū ke kumu e hopohopo ai i nā ʻōnaehana mahu no ka mea hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa mānoanoa e hana i nā ʻāpana.Aia kēia mau ʻāpana ma nā ʻili o ka mahu a i ʻole nā ​​mea hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa mahu.Hōʻike nā paukū ma lalo nei i nā hopena lāʻau.
Hōʻike ka As-Is SEM ma nā Kiʻi 7 a me 8 i ke ʻano microcrystalline o ka papa 2 carmine i ka hihia 1. ʻO kahi matrix paʻa loa o nā kristal hao oxide i hana ʻia ma ka ʻili ma ke ʻano o kahi koena maikaʻi.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻili i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 9 a me 10.
NPP scan ma fig.Hōʻike ʻo 11 i ke kūlana mua o ka ʻili kumu me ka hao hao kaumaha ma luna. Hōʻike ka ʻili i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoneʻe ʻia (Figure 12) i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive kahi maʻiʻo Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka Fe (laina ʻeleʻele) ma > 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Hōʻike ka ʻili i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoneʻe ʻia (Figure 12) i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive kahi maʻiʻo Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka Fe (laina ʻeleʻele) ma > 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенность по сравнению с Fe (черная линия) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. ʻO ka ʻili o ka passivated a me ka de-energized (Fig. 12) e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻi passive i kēia manawa ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike o Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Fe (laina ʻeleʻele) ma ka ratio o Cr: Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线） ，Cr:Fe 。 Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0。 Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет болео высолео выслео я), чем Fe (черная линия), при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. ʻO ka ʻili o ka passivated a me ka wrinkled (Fig. 12) e hōʻike ana i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivated i kēia manawa he ʻoi aku ka Cr maʻiʻo (laina ʻulaʻula) ma mua o Fe (laina ʻeleʻele) ma kahi ratio Cr:Fe > 1.0.
ʻOi aku ka palekana o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni chromium oxide passivating ʻoi aku ka lahilahi (< 80 Å) ma mua o nā haneli o ka angstrom mānoanoa crystalline iron oxide kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai kahi metala kumu a me ka pae unahi me kahi mea hao ma mua o 65%.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke ʻano kemika o ka ʻili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka wrinkled me nā mea i hoʻoliʻi ʻia.ʻO ka sediment i ka hihia 1 he papa 2 sediment hiki ke hana ʻia ma kahi;ʻoiai e hōʻiliʻili ʻia, hana ʻia nā ʻāpana nui e neʻe me ka mahu.
I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole e alakaʻi ka corrosion i nā hemahema koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka hōʻino ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili.ʻO ka wrinkling maʻamau e hoʻemi i ka hopena corrosive ma luna o ka ʻili a hoʻopau i ka hiki ke neʻe ikaika o nā mea i ʻike ʻia.
Ma ka Helu 11, ua hoike mai na hopena AES i na papa manoanoa kokoke i ka ili he mau pae ki'eki'e o Fe a me O (500 Å o ka hao oxide; lemona 'ōma'oma'o a me ka uliuli laina, pakahi), e hoʻololi ana i ka doped pae o Fe, Ni, Cr, a me O. Fe kuʻina (laina uliuli) ua oi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēlā me kekahi metala 'ē aʻe, e piʻi ana mai 35% ma ka ilikai a oi 65%.
Ma ka ʻilikai, hele ka pae O (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo) mai kahi kokoke i 50% i loko o ka huila a kokoke i ʻole ma kahi mānoanoa kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide ma mua o 700 Å. He haʻahaʻa loa ka pae Ni (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele) a me Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) ma ka ʻili (< 4%) a hoʻonui i nā pae maʻamau (11% a me 17%, kēlā me kēia) ma ka hohonu o ka alloy. He haʻahaʻa loa ka pae Ni (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele) a me Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) ma ka ʻili (< 4%) a hoʻonui i nā pae maʻamau (11% a me 17%, kēlā me kēia) ma ka hohonu o ka alloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) a me увеличиваются до нормятьь (1%7% ветственно) в глубине сплава. ʻO nā pae o Ni (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele) a me Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) he haʻahaʻa loa ma ka ʻili (<4%) a hoʻonui i nā pae maʻamau (11% a me 17% pakahi) hohonu i loko o ka huila.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加度处增加到正加到正加到正17%）.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加度处增加到歌加到歌加到歌 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) a me увеличиваются (11% a me 17% соответственно). ʻO nā pae o Ni (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele) a me Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) ma ka ʻili he haʻahaʻa loa (<4%) a piʻi aʻe i nā pae maʻamau i ka hohonu o ka alloy (11% a me 17% pakahi).
AES kiʻi ma fig.Hōʻike ka 12 ua wehe ʻia ka ʻāpana rouge (iron oxide) a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke kiʻi passivation.Ma ka papa mua 15 Å, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pae Cr (laina ʻulaʻula) ma mua o ka pae Fe (laina ʻeleʻele), he kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive.I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻo 9% ka maʻiʻo Ni ma ka ʻili, hoʻonui ʻia e 60-70 Å ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe Cr (± 16%), a laila hoʻonui ʻia i ka pae huila o 200 Å.
E hoʻomaka ana ma 2%, hāʻule ka pae kalapona (laina polū) i ʻole ma 30 Å. He haʻahaʻa mua ka pae Fe (< 15%) a ma hope e like me ka pae Cr ma 15 Å a hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana i ka pae alloy ma mua o 65% ma 150 Å. He haʻahaʻa mua ka pae Fe (< 15%) a ma hope e like me ka pae Cr ma 15 Å a hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana i ka pae alloy ma mua o 65% ma 150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), ho'ohana i ka равен уровню. He haʻahaʻa mua ka pae Fe (< 15%), ma hope ua like ia me ka pae Cr ma 15 Å a hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana ma luna o 65% pae alolia ma 150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后来在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过的65%金过。 Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后来在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过的65%金过。 Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиватьсядет увеличиваться 65 % при 150 Å. He haʻahaʻa mua ka maʻiʻo Fe (< 15%), ma hope ua like ia me ka maʻiʻo Cr ma 15 Å a hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana a hiki i ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻike huila ma luna o 65% ma 150 Å.Hoʻonui nā pae Cr i ka 25% o ka ʻili ma 30 Å a hoʻemi i ka 17% i ka huila.
ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe O kokoke i ka ʻili (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā) e emi iho i ka ʻole ma hope o ka hohonu o 120 Å.Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia loiloi i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivation i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia.Hōʻike nā kiʻi SEM ma nā kiʻi 13 a me 14 i ke ʻano ʻano aniani o ka ʻili o ka 1 a me ka 2 iron oxide.Hōʻike ka ʻili wrinkled i ka hopena o ka ʻinoʻino ma luna o kahi ʻili ʻili ʻili (Nā Kiʻi 18-19).
ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ka ʻili o ka passivated a me ka wrinkled i hōʻike ʻia ma nā helu 13 a me 14.Hōʻike nā kiʻi 15 a me 16 i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivation i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma kahi ʻili metala.