Mahalo iā ʻoe no ka kipa ʻana iā Nature.com. ʻO ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele āu e hoʻohana nei he kākoʻo liʻiliʻi no CSS. No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, paipai mākou e hoʻohana ʻoe i kahi polokalamu kele hou (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike i Internet Explorer).
ʻO ke kila 20MnTiB ka mea nui loa i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā alahaka hale kila ma koʻu ʻāina, a ʻo kāna hana he mea nui ia i ka hana palekana o nā alahaka. Ua aʻo ʻia ka pH waiwai a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hopena corrosion i ka hana ʻino koʻikoʻi o 20MnTiB.
ʻO ke kila 20MnTiB ka mea nui i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā alahaka hoʻolālā kila ma koʻu ʻāina, a he mea koʻikoʻi kāna hana i ka hana palekana o nā alahaka.Li et al.1 i nā waiwai o 20MnTiB kila maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka papa 10.9 kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolts i ke kiʻekiʻe wela o 20 ~ 700 ℃, a loaʻa i ka stress-strain curve, yield strength, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation.a me ka huina hoonui.Zhang et al.2, Hu et al.3, etc., ma o kemika haku ho'āʻo, mechanical waiwai ho'āʻo, microstructure ho'āʻo, macroscopic a me ka microscopic ka nānā 'ana o ka ili ili, a me nā hualoaʻa e hōʻike i ke kumu nui o ka haʻihaʻi o kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolts pili i ka thread defects, a me ka hiki mai o ka thread defects Nui koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, māwae piko koʻikoʻi kuʻina a me ka hamama-ea poha kumu a pau e alakai i stress corrosion.
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe no nā alahaka kila no ka manawa lōʻihi i kahi ʻāina haʻahaʻa. I kēia manawa, nui nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hopena o ka ʻino kaiapuni ma ka hana ʻino ʻana o nā mea. Ua loiloi ʻo Agion et al.6 i ka hana corrosion o die-cast magnesium alloy MRI230D ma 3.5% NaCl solution ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paʻakai, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka potentiodynamic polarization a me SSRT. o ka martensitic kila ma ka lumi wela. Chen et al.8 noiʻi i ka stress corrosion 'ano a me ka pohā 'ano o X70 kila i simulated moana mud solution loaʻa SRB ma okoa wela e SSRT.Liu et al.9 ua hoʻohana SSRT e aʻo i ka hopena o ka wela a me ka tensile strain rate ma ke kai kai hoʻopaʻa 'ino o 00Mr25Ni2N. 5 ~ 65 ℃ ʻaʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hana corrosion stress o ke kila kila.Lu et al.10 loiloi i ka lohi haʻihaʻi susceptibility o Eia kekahi laʻana me ka likeʻole tensile ikaika māka e ka haawe make lohi fracture ho'āʻo a me SSRT.It ua manaʻo 'ia i ka tensile ikaika o 20MnTiB kila a me 35VB kila kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolts e hoomaluia ma 1040-1190MPa. rosive kaiapuni, oiai ka hoohana maoli ana o na bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe i oi paʻakikī a he nui influencing kumu, e like me ka pH waiwai o ka bolt.Ananya et al.Ua aʻo ʻo 11 i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana kaiapuni a me nā mea i loko o ke ʻano corrosive ma luna o ka corrosion a me ke koʻikoʻi ka pohā ʻana o ka duplex stainless steels.Sunada et al.12 hana lumi wela stress corrosion māwae nā ho'āʻo ma SUS304 kila i aqueous hāʻina i loaʻa H2SO4 (0-5.5 kmol / m-3) a me NaCl (0-4.5 kmol / m-3) .The hopena o H2SO4 a me NaCl ma nā 'ano corrosion o SUS304 kila, ua hoʻopaʻa 'ia hoʻi ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ke kinoea. kaomi a me ka corrosion manawa ma luna o ka stress corrosion susceptibility o A516 kaomi ipu kila. E hoʻohana ana i ka NS4 solution ma ke ano he groundwater simulating solution, Ibrahim et al.Ua noiʻi ʻo 14 i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana kaiapuni e like me ka bicarbonate ion (HCO), ka pH a me ka mahana ma ke koʻikoʻi corrosion māwae o API-X100 pipeline kila ma hope o ka ʻili ʻana i ka uhi. Shan et al.15 ua aʻo i ka hoʻololi kānāwai o stress corrosion māhā susceptibility o austenitic kuhiliʻole kila 00Cr18Ni10 me ka mahana ma lalo o ka 'okoʻa mahana kūlana (30 ~ 250 ℃) ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka eleele wai mea i loko o simulated lanahu-i-hydrogen mea kanu e SSRT.Han et al.16 characterized ka hydrogen embrittlement fracth. Ua aʻo ʻo hao17 i ka hopena o ka pH, SO42-, Cl-1 i ka hana corrosion koʻikoʻi o GH4080A alloy e SSRT. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai pH, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka corrosion o ka GH4080A alloy. MnTiB kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
I mea e ike ai i na kumu o ka hemahema o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe bolts i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā alahaka, ka mea kākau ua hana i ka moʻo o nā haʻawina. High-ikaika bolt Eia kekahi laʻana, a me na kumu o ka hemahema o keia mau laʻana ua kūkākūkāʻia mai nā kuanaʻike o ka kemikala haku mele, fracture microscopic morphology, metallographic hale a me mechanical waiwai anaana i ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ka Choroq kaiapuni ma ka hoʻokolokolo 'o Choroq i nā makahiki i hala. ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke aniau humid o Chongqing. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua corrosion stress, electrochemical corrosion hoʻokolohua a me ka corrosion fatigue hoʻokolohua o nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma Chongqing simulated humid climate i hoʻokō ʻia. ka nānā ʻana, a me nā huahana corrosion ili.
Aia ʻo Chongqing ma ke komohana hema o Kina, ʻo ka uka o ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze, a he humid subtropical monsoon climate.The makahiki awelika mahana he 16-18 ° C, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka makahiki he 70-80%, ʻo nā hola o ka lā he 1000-1400 hola, a ʻo ka pākēneka o ka lā he 25% wale nō.
Wahi a nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka lā a me ka mahana ambient ma Chongqing mai 2015 a i 2018, ʻo ka awelika o ka mahana o kēlā me kēia lā ma Chongqing he haʻahaʻa e like me 17 ° C a hiki i ka 23 ° C.ʻO ka wela kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke kino alahaka o Chaotianmen Bridge ma Chongqing hiki ke hiki i 50 ° C ° C21,22. No laila, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā pae wela no ka hoʻāʻo corrosion stress ma 25 ° C a me 50 ° C.
Hoʻoholo pololei ka pH waiwai o ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o ka H+, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai pH, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka corrosion. noiʻi23 a me ka pae pH o ka wai ua makahiki ma Chongqing.2010 a 2018.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻona i loko o ka hopena corrosion simulated, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana i nā waiwai waiwai. 0 × kumu hoʻohālikelike hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (20 ×) a me 200 × kumu kumu hoʻohālikelike hoʻonā hoʻonā ʻino (200 ×).
ʻO ke kaiapuni me ka mahana o 25 ℃, pH waiwai o 5.5, a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka hopena corrosion simulated ka mea kokoke loa i nā kūlana hoʻohana maoli o nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe no nā alahaka. ua noiʻi ʻia ka mahana, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a i ʻole ka pH waiwai o ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ka hana ʻino koʻikoʻi o nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe, i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka pae hoʻokolohua o ka hui mana kuhikuhi.
Wahi a ka 2010-2018 atmospheric environment quality briefing i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, a e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ua i hōʻike ʻia ma Zhang24 a me nā palapala ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma Chongqing, kahi hopena corrosion simulated e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo o SO42- ua hoʻolālā ʻia. ma ka Papa 1:
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ke ʻano kaulike o ka ion ion me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā reagents analytical a me ka wai distilled.
I mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ke aniau humid ma Chongqing, ua hoʻololi kūikawā ʻia a hoʻolālā ʻia ka mea hōʻike paʻakai paʻakai 25. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 1, ʻelua mau ʻōnaehana hoʻokolohua: kahi ʻōnaehana paʻakai a me kahi ʻōnaehana kukui. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao mana he microcomputer, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻāpana spray a me ka ʻāpana induction e hoʻomalu i ke kaʻina hana hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe koʻikoʻi me ka acetone a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ultrasonic mechanical e wehe i nā koena o ka ʻaila, a laila hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila. mea ho'āʻo e simulate i ka corrosion kūlana i loko o humid aniau kaiapuni o Chongqing.According i ka maʻamau NACETM0177-2005 a me ka paʻakai spray ho'āʻo maʻamau GB / T 10,125-2012, i ka mau haawe kaumaha corrosion ho'āʻo manawa i loko o keia haʻawina ua uniformly hooholo e 168 h.Tensile corrosion ho'āʻo ma lalo o ke ao holoʻokoʻa M. mīkini ho'āʻo, a me kā lākou mau waiwai mechanical a me ka fracture corrosion morphology ua kālailai ʻia.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ka macro- a me ka micro-morphology o ka ʻili o ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o nā kūlana corrosion like ʻole.2 a me 3.
Macroscopic morphology o stress corrosion specimens o 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolts ma lalo oʻokoʻa simulated corrosion kaiapuni: (a) ole corrosion;(b) 1 manawa;(c) 20 ×;(d) 200 ×;(e) pH3.5;(f) pH 7.5;(g) 50°C.
Micromorphology o nā huahana corrosion o 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolts i likeʻole simulated corrosion kaiapuni (100×): (a) 1 manawa;(b) 20 ×;(c) 200 ×;(d) pH3.5;(e) pH7 .5;(f) 50°C.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai Fig. 2a ʻo ka ʻili o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ikaika kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka luster metala me ka ʻole o ka corrosion. ʻAʻohe hopena o ka hopena corrosion ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana.He liʻiliʻi ka hopena o nā waiwai waiwai. Akā naʻe, ma lalo o ke kūlana o 20 × kumu kumu hoʻohālikelike corrosion solution concentration (Fig. 2c), ua uhi piha ʻia ka ʻili o ka pahu kino ikaika kiʻekiʻe e ka nui o nā huahana tan corrosion a me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka corrosion brown-ulaʻula. sion solution concentration (Fig. 2d), ua uhi pa'a ka ili o ka la'ana e na mea ho'ohehe'e 'ele'ele, a 'ike 'ia aku na mea 'ele'ele 'ele'ele ma kekahi mau wahi.
I ka emi ʻana o ka pH i 3.5 (Fig. 2e), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huahana ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻili o nā laʻana, a ua exfoliated kekahi o nā huahana corrosion.
Hōʻike ka 2g i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana i 50 °C, ʻo ka maʻiʻo o nā huahana corrosion brown-ulaʻula ma luna o ka ʻili o ka hāpana e hoʻemi nui ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo nā huahana corrosion brown e uhi i ka ʻili o ka hāpana ma kahi ākea.
E like me ka hoike ana ma ka Figure 3, ma lalo o ka likeʻole corrosion kaiapuni, i ka corrosion huahana ma luna o ka ili o 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolt stress corrosion specimens ua maopopo delaminated, a me ka mānoanoa o ka corrosion papa mahuahua me ka piʻiʻana o ka noonoo ana o ka simulated corrosion solution.Ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka kumu hoʻohālike corrosion 3a hiki ke maheleia i ka papa hoʻohālike. ʻO ka papa o waho o nā huahana corrosion ua māhele like ʻia, akā ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā māwae;ʻO ka ʻāpana o loko he pūpū o nā huahana corrosion. Ma lalo o ke kūlana o 20 × kumu kumu simulated corrosion solution concentration (Fig. 3b), hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka papa corrosion ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana i ʻekolu mau papa: ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o waho ka mea nui i hoʻopuehu ʻia nā huahana corrosion cluster, nā mea wehe a porous, a ʻaʻohe hana pale maikaʻi;ʻO ka papa waena he papa huahana corrosion like ʻole, akā aia nā māwae maopopo, a hiki i nā ion corrosion ke hele i nā māwae a hoʻopau i ka substrate;ʻO ka papa o loko he papa huahana corrosion nui me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā māwae, he hopena maikaʻi ka pale ʻana i ka substrate.Ma lalo o ke kūlana o 200 × kumu kumu hoʻohālikelike corrosion solution concentration (Fig. 3c), hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka papa corrosion ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana i ʻekolu mau papa: ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o waho kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻāpana a me ke ʻano like ʻole;ʻO ka papa waena ka nui o ka petal-shaped a me ka flake-shaped corrosion ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o loko he ʻāpana huahana corrosion me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o nā māwae a me nā lua, he hopena pale maikaʻi i ka substrate.
Hiki ke 'ike 'ia mai Fig. 3d i loko o ka simulated corrosion kaiapuni o ka pH 3.5, aia ka nui o ka flocculent a me ka nila-like corrosion huahana ma luna o ka ili o ka 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolt specimen. It is speculated i keia mau mea corrosion mea nui γ-FeOOH a me ka liʻiliʻi nui o ka α-FeOOH māwae a me ka α-FeOOH māwae.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Fig. 3f i ka wā i piʻi ai ka mahana i 50 °C, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi papa ʻeleʻele o loko i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka corrosion layer, e hōʻike ana he mau āpau ma waena o nā papa corrosion ma 50 °C, kahi i uhi ʻole ʻia ai ka substrate e nā huahana corrosion.Hāʻawi i ka pale mai ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke ʻano corrosion o ka substrate.
Hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 2 nā ʻano mekini o nā kī ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka ukana ma nā wahi ʻino like ʻole.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2 e hoʻokō mau ana nā ʻano mechanical o ka 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolt specimens i nā koi maʻamau ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka corrosion hoʻomaʻamaʻa maloʻo maloʻo i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka corrosion hoʻāʻo i nā ʻano ʻino simulated like ʻole, akā aia kekahi pōʻino i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea uncorroded.sample. ʻO ka hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ua emi nui ka elongation o ka hāpana. Ua like nā ʻano mechanical i nā ʻāpana o 20 × a me 200 × kumu kumu hoʻoheheʻe corrosion. i ka waiwai maʻamau.
Hōʻike ʻia nā morphologies haʻihaʻi o ka 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe ikaika bolt stress corrosion specimens ma lalo o nā ʻano ʻino ʻino like ʻole ma ke Kiʻi 4, ʻo ia ka macro-morphology o ka haʻihaʻi, ka ʻāpana fiber i waenakonu o ka haʻihaʻi, ka lehelehe micro-morphological o ka ʻili ʻili, a me ka ʻili o ka hāpana.
ʻO nā morphologies macroscopic a me ka microscopic fracture o 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolt specimens i hoʻohālikelike like ʻole ʻia (500×): (a) ʻaʻohe corrosion;(b) 1 manawa;(c) 20 ×;(d) 200 ×;(e) pH3.5;(f) pH7.5;(g) 50°C.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Fig. 4 ʻo ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe ikaika bolt stress corrosion specimen ma lalo o nā ʻano ʻino hoʻohālike like ʻole e hōʻike ana i kahi haki kīʻaha maʻamau.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia (Fig. 4a), he liʻiliʻi ka ʻāpana waena o ka māwae fiber.'Oi aku ka nui o ka lehelehe shear. Hōʻike kēia i ka pōʻino loa o nā waiwai mechanical o ka mea ma hope o ka corrosion. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka corrosion solution i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā lua i loko o ka wahi fiber i waenakonu o ka haʻihaʻi, a ua ʻike ʻia nā kuʻina waimaka. ka nui o nā huahana corrosion ma ka ʻili.
Ua ʻike ʻia mai ka Figure 3d aia nā māwae i ʻike ʻia i ka papa corrosion ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana, ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi o ka pale ma ka matrix.Ma ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka pH 3.5 (Figure 4e), ua ʻino loa ka ʻili o ka hāpana, a ʻike ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāpana waena., Aia ka heluna nui o ka waimaka maʻamau ʻole i waenakonu o ka ʻāpana fiber. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka waiwai pH o ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻo ka haʻihaʻi haʻihaʻi i loko o ka ʻāpana fiber i waenakonu o ka haʻihaʻi e emi iho, e emi mālie ka lua, a me ka hohonu o ka lua e emi mālie.
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana i 50 °C (Fig. 4g), ʻo ka ʻāpana lehelehe shear lehelehe o ka haʻihaʻi o ka hāpana ka mea nui loa, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā lua ma ka ʻāpana kikowaena waena, a ua hoʻonui pū ka hohonu o ka lua, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻaoʻao lehelehe a me ka ʻili hoʻohālike.Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā huahana corrosion a me nā lua, i hōʻoia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻino o ka substrate i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig. 3f.
ʻO ka pH waiwai o ka hopena corrosion e hoʻopōʻino i nā waiwai mechanical o 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe ikaika bolts, akā ʻaʻole nui ka hopena. i ka microscopic morphology o ka hāpana haʻihaʻi. Hōʻike kēia i ka hiki o ka hāpana e pale aku i ka deformation e ka ikaika o waho i hoʻemi nui ʻia i loko o kahi ʻakika, a me ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi o ka corrosion tendency o ka mea.
He liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā waiwai mechanical o nā hōʻailona bolt ikaika kiʻekiʻe, akā i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hopena corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i 20 mau manawa ma mua o ka hopena corrosion simulated, ua pōʻino loa nā ʻano mechanical o nā laʻana, a ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻino i loko o ka microstructure fracture.nā lua, nā māwae lua a me ka nui o nā huahana corrosion. I ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka hoʻonāʻana o ka corrosion solution i hoʻohālikelikeʻia mai ka 20 manawa a hiki i ka 200 manawa o ka hoʻonāʻana o ka corrosion solution i hoʻohālikelike muaʻia, ua hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻonāʻana i nā mea mechanical o ka mea.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mahana corrosion he 25 ℃, ʻaʻole loli nui ka hopena o ka ikaika a me ka ikaika tensile o ka 20MnTiB kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolt specimens i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā specimens uncorroded. ka mea nui loa, a he mau dimples i loko o ke kikowaena pulupulu wahi.Significantly hoʻonui, lua hohonu mahuahua, corrosion huahana a me ka corrosion lua. Hōʻike kēia i ka mahana synergistic corrosion kaiapuni i ka mana nui ma luna o ka mechanical waiwai o kiʻekiʻe-ikaika bolt, ka mea i ike ole i ka lumi wela, akā, oi aku koʻikoʻi ke hiki i ka mahana wela 50 °C.
Ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka corrosion i loko o ka hale e hoʻohālikelike ana i ke kaiapuni o ka lewa ma Chongqing, ka ikaika tensile, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikaika, elongation a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe 20MnTiB ua hoʻemi ʻia, a maopopo ka pōʻino o ke kaumaha. i nā bolts ikaika kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻemi i ka hiki ke pale aku i ka deformation e nā mana o waho, a hoʻonui i ke ʻano o ka corrosion stress.
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