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He mea koʻikoʻi ka biofilms i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea lapaʻau.He pilikia nui kēia pilikia i ke kaiāulu olakino, no ka mea, hiki i nā lāʻau antibiotic maʻamau ke luku wale i nā biofilms i kahi palena palena loa.ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana uhi like ʻole a me nā mea hou.Ke manaʻo nei kēia mau ʻenehana e uhi i nā ʻili i kahi ʻano e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm.ʻO nā ʻāpana metala vitreous, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā metala keleawe a me ka titanium, ua lilo i mau pale antimicrobial maikaʻi loa.I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu no ka mea he ala kūpono ia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea wela.ʻO kahi o ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi aniani kiʻiʻoniʻoni antibacterial hou i haku ʻia me Cu-Zr-Ni ternary me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe mechanical.Hoʻohana ʻia ka pauda spherical e hana i ka huahana hope ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke anuanu o nā mea kila kila ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Ua hiki i nā substrate i uhi ʻia me ke aniani metala ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka biofilm ma ka liʻiliʻi o 1 log i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila.
I loko o ka mōʻaukala kanaka, ua hiki i kēlā me kēia hui ke hoʻomohala a hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hou e hoʻokō ai i kāna mau koi kikoʻī, e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana a me ke kūlana i ka hoʻokele honua1.Ua pili mau ia i ka hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻolālā i nā mea hana a me nā lako hana, a me nā hoʻolālā e hana a hōʻike i nā mea e hoʻokō ai i ke olakino, hoʻonaʻauao, ʻoihana, ʻoihana waiwai, moʻomeheu a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe mai kekahi ʻāina a i kekahi ʻāina.Ana ʻia ka holomua me ka nānā ʻole i ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina2.No nā makahiki he 60, ua hāʻawi ka poʻe ʻepekema waiwai i ka manawa nui i hoʻokahi hana nui: ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou a holomua.Ua nānā ka noiʻi hou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā mea i loaʻa, a me ka synthesizing a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano mea hou loa.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka microstructure o ka mea a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano lapaʻau thermal, mechanical a thermomechanical paha i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ka mechanical, chemical and physical properties o nā mea like ʻole.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia nā pūhui i ʻike ʻole ʻia.ʻO kēia mau hana hoʻomau i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi ʻohana hou o nā mea hou i kapa ʻia ʻo Advanced Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, and high-entropy alloys he mau hiʻohiʻona wale nō ia o nā mea holomua i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua mai ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala.I ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻāpana hou me nā waiwai i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, ma ka huahana hope loa a ma nā pae waena o kāna hana ʻana, ua hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka pilikia o ke kaulike ʻole.Ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā ʻenehana hana hou e ʻae ai i nā deviations nui mai ke kaulike, ua ʻike ʻia kahi papa hou o nā mea hoʻohui metastable, i kapa ʻia ʻo nā aniani metala.
ʻO kāna hana ma Caltech i ka makahiki 1960 ua hoʻololi i ka manaʻo o nā mea hao i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai ʻo ia i ka Au-25 ma.% Si i nā aniani aniani ma ka hoʻopaʻa wikiwiki ʻana i nā wai ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi miliona degere kekona.4 ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o Polofesa Paul Duves ʻaʻole wale i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā aniani metala mōʻaukala (MS), akā ua alakaʻi pū ʻia i kahi hoʻololi paradigm i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe e pili ana i nā mea hao.Mai ka noiʻi paionia mua loa i ka synthesis o MS alloys, aneane ua loaʻa piha nā aniani metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi o kēia mau ʻano: (i) hoʻopaʻa paʻa wikiwiki o ka heheʻe a i ʻole ka mahu, (ii) ka maʻi atomic lattice, (iii) nā hopena amorphization solid-state ma waena o nā mea metala maʻemaʻe a me (iv) ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae paʻa o nā pae metastable.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā MG ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kauoha atomika lōʻihi e pili ana i nā kristal, kahi ʻano wehewehe o nā kristal.I ke ao hou, ua holomua nui ma ka hana aniani metala.He mau mea hou kēia me nā waiwai hoihoi i hoihoi ʻia ʻaʻole wale no ka physics state solid, akā no ka metallurgy, surface chemistry, technology, biology, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe he nui.Loaʻa i kēia ʻano mea hou nā waiwai ʻokoʻa mai nā metala paʻakikī, e lilo ia i moho hoihoi no nā noi ʻenehana ma nā ʻano āpau.Loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau waiwai nui: (i) kiʻekiʻe mechanical ductility a me ka ikaika hua, (ii) kiʻekiʻe magnetic permeability, (iii) haʻahaʻa coercivity, (iv) kūʻokoʻa i ka corrosion kūʻokoʻa, (v) kūʻokoʻa wela.Ka hoʻokō 6.7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 he ano hou loa, i hoopuka mua ia ma 19839 e Prof. KK Kok a me kona mau hoa.Ua hana lākou i nā pauka amorphous Ni60Nb40 ma o ka wili ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā mea maʻemaʻe i ka mahana ambient kokoke loa i ka wela lumi.ʻO ka maʻamau, lawe ʻia ka hopena MA ma waena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā pauka reactant i loko o kahi reactor, i hana mau ʻia me ke kila kila, i loko o ka wili pōleʻa.10 (Fig. 1a, b).Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana hoʻokō paʻa paʻa i hana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pauka aniani amorphous/metala hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa (Fig. 1c) a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe wili pōleʻa a me nā wili koʻokoʻo11,12,13,14,15,16.ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā ʻōnaehana immiscible e like me Cu-Ta17 a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e like me Al-transition metala (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb a me Ta) 18,19 a me Fe-W20 pūnaewele., ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kuke kuke maʻamau.Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo MA kekahi o nā mea hana nanotechnological ikaika loa no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻenehana nanocrystalline a me nā ʻāpana pauka nanocomposite o nā ʻokiʻoki metala, carbide, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, a me ka hoʻomau ākea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala kiʻekiʻe.1 a me nā pae metastable.
E hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka uhi aniani metala Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 i kēia haʻawina.(a) Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pauka huila MC me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole o Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, a me 40 ma.%) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano wili pōlele haʻahaʻa.(a) Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea hoʻomaka i loko o kahi pahu mea hana me nā pōpō kila mea hana a (b) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi pahu mīkina lima i piha i ka lewa He.(c) Ke kŘkohu aniani o ka ipu wili e hoike ana i ka nee ana o ka poepoe i ka wili ana.ʻO ka hua pauka hope loa i loaʻa ma hope o 50 mau hola i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻaʻahu anuanu i ka substrate SUS 304 (d).
I ka wā e pili ana i nā ʻili o nā mea nui (substrates), pili ka ʻenekinia ʻili i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻili (substrates) e hāʻawi i kekahi mau waiwai kino, kemika, a me ka ʻenehana i loaʻa ʻole i ka mea nui kumu.ʻO kekahi o nā waiwai i hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ia ka abrasion, oxidation a me ka corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction, bioinertness, nā waiwai uila a me ka insulation thermal, e inoa wale i kekahi.Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili e ka metallurgical, mechanical a i ʻole kemika.Ma ke ʻano he kaʻina hana i ʻike ʻia, ua wehewehe ʻia ka uhi ʻana ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o nā ʻāpana o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili o kahi mea nui (substrate) i hana ʻia mai kahi mea ʻē aʻe.No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā uhi no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā waiwai ʻenehana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonaninani i makemake ʻia, a me ka pale ʻana i nā mea mai nā mea kemika a me nā pilina kino i manaʻo ʻia me ke kaiapuni23.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻenehana no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā papa pale kūpono mai kekahi mau micrometers (ma lalo o 10-20 micrometers) i ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 micrometers a i ʻole kekahi mau millimeters ka mānoanoa.Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻina hana uhi i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: (i) nā ʻano hana uhi pulu, e like me ka electroplating, electroplating, a me ka hot dip galvanizing, a (ii) nā ʻano hana uhi maloʻo, me ka soldering, hardfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD).), ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mahu (CVD), nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wela, a me nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu hou loa 24 (Figure 1d).
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā biofilms he mau kaiaulu microbial i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i ka ʻili a hoʻopuni ʻia e nā polymers extracellular i hana ponoʻī ʻia (EPS).ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi biofilm makua ʻoi loa e hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pohō nui i nā ʻoihana he nui, me ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka meaʻai, nā ʻōnaehana wai, a me ka mālama olakino.I loko o nā kānaka, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā biofilms, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o nā maʻi microbial (me Enterobacteriaceae a me Staphylococci) paʻakikī ke mālama.Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā biofilms makua he 1000 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau antibiotic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā cell bacteria planktonic, i manaʻo ʻia he luʻu therapeutic nui.ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe antimicrobial i loaʻa mai nā pūhui organik maʻamau.ʻOiai ua loaʻa pinepine ia mau mea i nā mea ʻawaʻawa i hiki ke pōʻino i ke kanaka,25,26 hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea.
ʻO ka nui o ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria i ka lāʻau antibiotic ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka biofilm ua alakaʻi i ka pono e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻili i uhi ʻia i ka membrane antimicrobial kūpono e hiki ke hoʻohana me ka palekana27.ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻili anti-adhesive kino a i ʻole kemika kahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā cell bacteria ke hoʻopaʻa a hana i nā biofilms ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana ʻo ia ke ala mua ma kēia kaʻina27.ʻO ka ʻenehana ʻelua, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pale e hāʻawi i nā kemika antimicrobial ma kahi e pono ai lākou, i ka nui o ka nui a i hoʻohālikelike ʻia.Loaʻa kēia ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani kūʻokoʻa e like me graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 a me ZnO30-doped diamond-like carbon coatings i kū i ka bacteria, kahi ʻenehana e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me ke kū'ē ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm.Eia kekahi, ʻo nā uhi i loaʻa i nā kemika germicidal e hāʻawi i ka pale lōʻihi mai ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria e lilo i mea kaulana.ʻOiai hiki i nā kaʻina hana ʻekolu ke hoʻohana i ka hana antimicrobial ma nā ʻaoʻao i uhi ʻia, aia kēlā me kēia me kāna mau palena ponoʻī e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i kahi hoʻolālā noi.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke e ka nele o ka manawa e nānā a hoʻāʻo i nā pale pale no nā mea hana biologically.Manaʻo nā ʻoihana e hāʻawi kā lākou huahana i nā mea hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana i makemake ʻia, akā naʻe, ua lilo kēia i mea pale i ka kūleʻa o nā huahana i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke.Hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui i loaʻa mai ke kālā i ka hapa nui o nā antimicrobial i loaʻa i kēia manawa i nā mea kūʻai.Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau huahana no ka pale ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana mai ka ʻike ʻana i nā micro-organisms.ʻO ka hopena antimicrobial lohi a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa e pili ana i nā pūhui kālā e hoʻonui i ke kaomi ma luna o nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomohala i kahi ala ʻoi aku ka pōʻino36,37.He paʻakikī ka hana ʻana i kahi uhi antimicrobial honua e hana ana i loko a i waho.Hele mai kēia me nā pilikia olakino a palekana.ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kahi lāʻau antimicrobial ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i ke kanaka a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana ia mea i loko o nā pani pani me ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana he pahuhopu nui ia.Hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea antimicrobial a me antibiofilm hou loa e pepehi i ka maʻi bacteria ma kahi kokoke ma o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mea hana.Hiki iā lākou ke hana i kēia ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka adhesion bacterial mua (me ka pale ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi papa protein ma ka ʻili) a i ʻole ma ka pepehi ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria ma ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i ka paia cell.
ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili ke kaʻina o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi papa ʻē aʻe i ka ʻili o kahi mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā ʻano o ka ʻili.ʻO ke kumu o ka uhi ʻilikai ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka microstructure a/a i ʻole ka haku ʻana o ka ʻāpana kokoke i luna o kahi ʻāpana39.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nāʻano o ka uhiʻana o kaʻili i nāʻano likeʻole, i hōʻuluʻuluʻia ma ka Fig. 2a.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana i ka wela, kemika, ke kino a me ka electrochemical ma muli o ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka uhi.
(a) He inset e hōʻike ana i nā ʻenehana hana nui o ka ʻili, a (b) nā pono a me nā hemahema i koho ʻia o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe anu.
He mea maʻamau ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu me nā ʻenehana wela maʻamau.Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau waiwai kumu nui e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe anu a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe anu.ʻO ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu aia nō i kona wā kamaliʻi, akā maikaʻi kona wā e hiki mai ana.I kekahi mau hihia, hāʻawi nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o ka pulupulu anu i nā pōmaikaʻi nui, e lanakila ana i nā palena o nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wela maʻamau.Ua lanakila ʻo ia i nā palena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wela kahiko, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka pauka e waiho ʻia ma kahi substrate.ʻIke loa, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia kaʻina hana kuʻuna no nā mea wela loa e like me nā nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous a me nā aniani aniani40, 41, 42. Eia kekahi, loaʻa mau nā mea hoʻoheheʻe thermal i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka porosity a me nā oxides.ʻO ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu he nui nā pōmaikaʻi nui ma mua o ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wela, e like me (i) hoʻokomo wela liʻiliʻi i ka substrate, (ii) maʻalahi i ke koho ʻana i ka uhi ʻana o ka substrate, (iii) ʻaʻohe hoʻololi manawa a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, (iv) ikaika pipili kiʻekiʻe1 .39 (Fig. 2b).Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūpaʻa corrosion, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, ka conductivity uila kiʻekiʻe a me ka density kiʻekiʻe41.ʻOiai nā mea maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe anu, aia kekahi mau hemahema i kēia ʻano, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 2b.I ka uhi ʻana i nā pauka seramika maʻemaʻe e like me Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe anu.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pauka ceramic / metala composite e like me nā mea maka no ka uhi.Pēlā nō i nā ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe wela.ʻO nā ʻili paʻakikī a me nā ʻaoʻao o loko o ka paipu paʻakikī ke kāpī ʻia.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka hana i kēia manawa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pauka metala vitreous i mea hoʻomaka no ka uhi ʻana, ua maopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe wela maʻamau no kēia kumu.ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā pauka vitreous metala ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe1.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana meaʻai i hana ʻia mai nā austenitic stainless steel alloys (SUS316 a me SUS304) me ka chromium content o 12 a 20 wt.% no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana.Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metala chromium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā ʻāpana kila hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā mea hao maʻamau.ʻAʻole loaʻa nā waiwai antimicrobial koʻikoʻi38,39 i nā ʻāpana kila kila, ʻoiai ko lākou kūpaʻa corrosion kiʻekiʻe.ʻOkoʻa kēia me ko lākou kūpaʻa corrosion kiʻekiʻe.Ma hope o kēlā, hiki ke wānana i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi a me ka mumū, ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o ka adhesion bacterial a me ka colonization ma ka ʻili o nā biomaterials stainless steel.Hiki ke ala mai nā pilikia nui ma muli o nā pilikia nui e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka maʻi bacteria a me nā ala hoʻokumu biofilm, hiki ke alakaʻi i ke olakino maikaʻi ʻole, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hopena he nui i hiki ke hoʻopili pololei a i ʻole ke kino kanaka.
ʻO kēia haʻawina ka pae mua o kahi papahana i kākoʻo ʻia e ka Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), ʻaelike no.2010-550401, e noiʻi i ka hiki o ka hana ʻana i nā pauka ternary Cu-Zr-Ni metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana MA (papa).1) No ka hana ʻana o SUS304 antibacterial surface protection film / coating.ʻO ka papa ʻelua o ka papahana, e hoʻomaka ana i Ianuali 2023, e aʻo kikoʻī i nā ʻano corrosion galvanic a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana.E hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua microbiological kikoʻī no nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole.
Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ka hopena o ka Zr alloy content ma ke aniani hoʻokumu i ka hiki (GFA) ma muli o nā ʻano morphological a me ke ʻano.Eia kekahi, ua kūkākūkā pū ʻia nā waiwai antibacterial o ka pauka i uhi ʻia me ke aniani metala / SUS304 composite.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana e noiʻi ai i ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia o nā pauka aniani metala i ka wā e hoʻopuʻi ʻia ana i loko o ka ʻāpana wai supercooled o nā ʻōnaehana aniani metala.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana aniani metala Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke ʻano he mau laʻana i kēia haʻawina.
Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i nā loli morphological i nā pauka o ka elemental Cu, Zr a me Ni i ka wā wili kinipōpō haʻahaʻa.ʻElua mau ʻōnaehana like ʻole me Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 e hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā laʻana.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana MA i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana kaʻawale, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka metallographic characterization o ka pauka i loaʻa i ka pae wili (Fig. 3).
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona metallographic o nā pauka o nā huila mechanical (MA) i loaʻa ma hope o nā pae like ʻole o ka wili kinipōpō.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) kiʻi o MA a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 pauda i loaʻa ma hope o ka haʻahaʻa ikehu poepo wili no 3, 12 a me 50 hola i hōʻike 'ia ma (a), (c) a me (e) no ka Cu50Zr20Ni30 nenoaiu, oiai ma ka ia MA.Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kūpono o ka ʻōnaehana Cu50Zr40Ni10 i lawe ʻia ma hope o ka manawa ma (b), (d), a me (f).
I ka wili poepoe, pili ka ikehu kinetic e hiki ke hoololi i ka pauda metala e ka hui ana o na palena, e like me ka hoike ana ma ka Fig. 1a.ʻO kēia ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā pōpō a me nā pauka, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pauda i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena a ma waena paha o ka media wili, nā hopena mai ka hāʻule ʻana o nā pōleʻa, ka ʻako a me ka ʻaʻahu ma muli o ka huki pauda ma waena o nā kino e neʻe ana o ka wili pōleʻa, a me ka nalu haʻalulu e hele ana ma waena o nā pōpō hāʻule e hoʻolaha ana ma o ka moʻomeheu ukana (Fig. 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч) х частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). ʻO nā mea ʻeleʻele Cu, Zr, a me Ni pauka i hoʻopōʻino nui ʻia ma muli o ke kuʻi ʻana i ke anuanu ma kahi hoʻomaka mua o MA (3 h), i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana pauda nui (> 1 mm ke anawaena).Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana hui nui e ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā papa mānoanoa o nā mea hoʻohuihui (Cu, Zr, Ni), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka fig.3a,b.ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka manawa MA i ka 12 h (intermediate stage) i alakaʻi i ka piʻiʻana o ka ikehu kinetic o ka wili poepoe, i alakaʻiʻia i ka decomposition o ka pauka hui i loko o nā pauka liʻiliʻi (emi iho ma mua o 200 μm), e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma Fig. 3c, kūlanakauhale.Ma kēia pae, alakaʻi ka ikaika ʻāwili i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻili metala hou me nā papa kuhikuhi Cu, Zr, Ni, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 3c, d.Ma muli o ka wili ʻana o nā papa ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā flakes, hiki mai nā hopena solid-phase me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pae hou.
Ma ka piko o ke kaʻina hana MA (ma hope o 50 h), ʻike ʻole ʻia ka metallography flake (Fig. 3e, f), a ʻike ʻia ke aniani metallography ma ka ʻili poni o ka pauka.'O ia ho'i, ua ho'opau 'ia ke ka'ina hana MA a ua ho'okumu 'ia kahi pae ho'ololi.ʻO ka haku mele ʻana o nā ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig.Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo 3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahua emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) i hui pū ʻia me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Ma ka papaʻaina.Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kumu 2 o nā mea hoʻohuihui ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ka nui o kēlā me kēia māhele i koho ʻia ma ka fig.3e, f.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia mau hopena me nā haku inoa inoa mua o Cu50Zr20Ni30 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka Papa 1 e hōʻike ana ua pili loa nā haku o kēia mau huahana hope ʻelua i nā haku inoa inoa.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai pili o nā ʻāpana no nā ʻāpana i helu ʻia ma Fig. 3e,f i ka hōʻino nui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka haku ʻana o kēlā me kēia laʻana mai kekahi ʻāina a i kekahi.Hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe loli o ka haku mele ʻana mai kekahi ʻāina a i kekahi.Hōʻike kēia i ka hana ʻana o nā pauka huila like ʻole e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 2.
FE-SEM micrographs o ka Cu50(Zr50-xNix) pauda huahana hope loa i loaʻa ma hope o 50 MA manawa, e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig. 4a-d, kahi x he 10, 20, 30 a me 40 ma.%, pakahi.Ma hope o kēia kaʻina wili, hoʻohui ka pauda ma muli o ka hopena van der Waals, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana ultrafine me ke anawaena o 73 a 126 nm, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 4.
Nā hiʻohiʻona morphological o Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50-hola MA.No nā pūnaewele Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi FE-SEM o nā pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50 MA i (a), (b), (c), a me (d), i kēlā me kēia.
Ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pauka i loko o ka mea hānai anuanu, ua sonicated mua lākou i ka analytical grade ethanol no 15 mau minuke a laila maloʻo ma 150 ° C. no 2 mau hola.Pono e hana i kēia kaʻina no ka hakakā maikaʻi ʻana i ka agglomeration, ka mea e hoʻokau pinepine ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana uhi.Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana MA, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā noiʻi hou e noiʻi i ka homogeneity o nā pauka alloy.Ma ka fig.5a–d hōʻike i nā micrographs FE-SEM a me nā kiʻi EDS e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui Cu, Zr a me Ni o ka huila Cu50Zr30Ni20 i lawe ʻia ma hope o 50 h manawa M.Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo nā pauka huila i loaʻa ma hope o kēia ʻanuʻu he homogeneous, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike i nā loli o ka haku mele ma mua o ka pae sub-nanometer, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5.
Morphology a me ka mahele kūloko o nā mea i loko o MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 pauka i loaʻa ma hope o 50 MA e FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM a me X-ray EDS kiʻi o (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, a me (d) Ni-Kα.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike X-ray o Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 i loaʻa ma hope o 50-hola MA ma Fig.6a–d, kēlā me kēia.Ma hope o kēia wili ʻana, ua loaʻa i nā laʻana āpau me nā manaʻo Zr ʻokoʻa nā hale amorphous me nā hiʻohiʻona halo diffusion ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 6.
X-ray diffraction patterns o Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), a me Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) pauda ma hope o MA no 50 h.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano halo-diffusion i nā laʻana āpau me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa, e hōʻike ana i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi pae amorphous.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka microscopy electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe no ka nānā ʻana i nā hoʻololi ʻana a hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano kūloko o nā pauka i loaʻa mai ka wili pōleʻa i nā manawa MA like ʻole.Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi o nā pauka i loaʻa ma ke ʻano FE-HRTEM ma hope o ka wā mua (6 h) a me waena (18 h) o ka wili ʻana i nā pauka Cu50Zr30Ni20 a me Cu50Zr40Ni10 i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig.7a, pakahi.Wahi a ke kiʻi ʻālohilohi (BFI) o ka pauda i loaʻa ma hope o 6 h o MA, aia ka pauda i nā hua nui me nā palena i wehewehe pono ʻia o nā mea fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, a me fcc-Ni, a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pae pane, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 7a.Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa i koho ʻia (SADP) i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻāpana waena (a) i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokiʻoki (Fig. 7b) e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o nā crystallites nui a me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi pae reactive.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kūloko o ka pauka MA i loaʻa ma hope o ka wā mua (6 h) a me ka waena (18 h).(a) High resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) a me (b) pili i koho ʻia diffractogram (SADP) o Cu50Zr30Ni20 pauka ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā MA no nā hola 6.Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi FE-HRTEM o Cu50Zr40Ni10 ma hope o 18 mau hola MA i (c).
E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig.7c, he hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o MA a hiki i 18 h alakaʻi i nā hemahema lattice koʻikoʻi i hui pū ʻia me ka deformation plastic.Ma kēia pae waena o ke kaʻina hana MA, ʻike ʻia nā hemahema like ʻole i loko o ka pauka, me nā hewa hoʻopaʻa ʻana, nā hemahema lattice, a me nā hemahema kiko (Fig. 7).ʻO kēia mau hemahema ke kumu o ka māhele ʻana o nā ʻano hua nui ma nā palena o ka palaoa i loko o nā subgrains liʻiliʻi ma mua o 20 nm ka nui (Fig. 7c).
ʻO ka hoʻolālā kūloko o ka pauka Cu50Z30Ni20 i kāwili ʻia no 36 h MA ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā nanograins ultrafine i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix thin amorphous, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 8a.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi kūloko o ka EMF i nā nanoclusters i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig.Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo 8a me nā hui pauka Cu, Zr a me Ni i mālama ʻole ʻia.ʻO ka maʻiʻo o Cu i loko o ka matrix i hoʻololi ʻia mai ~32 at.% (poor zone) i ~74 at.% (rich zone), e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā huahana heterogeneous.Eia hou, o na SADP e pili ana i na pauka i loaa ma hope o ka wili ana ma keia anuu, e hoike mai ana i na apo halo-diffusion amorphous amorphous kumumua a me ka lua e uhi ana me na kiko oi e pili ana i keia mau mea hoohuihui i hooponopono ole ia, e like me ka hoike ana ma Fig. 8b.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā kūloko o Nanoscale o Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 pauka.(a) Kiʻi kahua mālamalama (BFI) a me (b) SADP o Cu50Zr30Ni20 pauka i loaʻa ma hope o ka wili ʻana no 36 h MA.
Ma ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, a me 40 at.% pauka, me ka ʻole, loaʻa kahi labyrinthine morphology o ka pae amorphous, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig.ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona annular koi i nā SADS pili o kēlā me kēia haku mele.Hōʻike kēia i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka metala crystalline i mālama ʻole ʻia, akā i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pauka amorphous alloy.Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kēia mau SADP i hoʻopili ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona halo diffusion i mea hōʻike no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pae amorphous i ka mea huahana hope loa.
Hoʻolālā kūloko o ka huahana hope loa o ka ʻōnaehana Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM a correlated nanobeam diffraction kumu (NBDP) o (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, a me (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 loaa ma hope o 50 h o MA.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka calorimetry scanning differential, ua aʻo ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o ke aniani hoʻololi wela (Tg), supercooled wai ʻāina (ΔTx) a me ka crystallization wela (Tx) ma muli o ka ʻike o Ni (x) i ka Cu50(Zr50-xNix) amorphous system.(DSC) waiwai i ka He kinoea kahe.Hōʻikeʻia nā'āpana DSC o nā pauka o Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, a me Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys i loaʻa ma hope o MA no 50 h ma Fig.10a, b, e, kēlā me kēia.ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻokoʻa ʻia ka pihi DSC o Cu50Zr20Ni30 amorphous ma ka Fig.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG pauka i loaʻa ma hope o MA no 50 mau hola e ke aniani hoʻololi wela (Tg), crystallization wela (Tx) a me supercooled wai wahi (ΔTx).Thermograms of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) powders of Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), and (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders after MA no 50 hola.Hōʻike ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike X-ray (XRD) o kahi laʻana Cu50Zr30Ni20 i hoʻomehana ʻia i ~700°C ma DSC i (d).
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10, ʻo nā pihi DSC no nā haku mele a pau me nā ʻano nickel ʻokoʻa (x) e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau hihia like ʻole, hoʻokahi endothermic a me kekahi exothermic.Ua pili ka hanana endothermic mua me Tg, a ua pili ka lua me Tx.Ua kapa ʻia ka ʻāpana ākea ākea ma waena o Tg a me Tx ka ʻāpana wai hoʻoluʻu (ΔTx = Tx – Tg).Hōʻike nā hopena i ka Tg a me Tx o ka laʻana Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Fig. 10a) i kau ʻia ma 526 ° C a me 612 ° C e hoʻololi i ka ʻike (x) a hiki i 20 ma % i ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 482 ° C a me 563 ° C.°C me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻiʻo Ni (x), kēlā me kēia, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 10b.No laila, emi iho ka ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 mai 86 ° С (Fig. 10a) a i 81 ° C no Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).No ka huila MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai o Tg, Tx, a me ΔTx i nā pae o 447 ° C, 526 ° C, a me 79 ° C (Fig. 10b).Hōʻike kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike Ni e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka paʻa wela o ka hui MS.ʻO ka mea'ē aʻe,ʻo ka waiwai o Tg (507 °C) o ka MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy he haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;akā naʻe, hōʻike kona Tx i kahi waiwai e like me ia (612 °C).No laila, ʻoi aku ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe o ΔTx (87°C) e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka fig.kenekulia 10
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC ma ke ʻano he laʻana, crystallizes ma o kahi kiʻekiʻe exothermic koi i fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, a me orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Fig. 10c).Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia hoʻololi ʻana mai ka amorphous a i ka crystalline e ka X-ray diffraction analysis o ka MG sample (Fig. 10d) i hoʻomehana ʻia i 700 ° C ma DSC.
Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ʻo 11 i nā kiʻi i paʻi ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana anu i hana ʻia ma ka hana o kēia manawa.I loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana metala pauka aniani i hoʻohui ʻia ma hope o MA no 50 mau hola (me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Cu50Zr20Ni30 ma ke ʻano he laʻana) ma ke ʻano he mea antibacterial maka, a ʻo kahi pā kila kila (SUS304) i uhi ʻia i ke anuanu.Ua koho ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe anuanu no ka uhi ʻana i ka moʻo ʻenehana wela wela no ka mea ʻo ia ke ʻano kūpono loa i ka moʻo ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wela kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea hoʻonaninani metastable wela e like me nā pauka amorphous a nanocrystalline.ʻAʻole pili i ka pae.nā hoʻololi.ʻO kēia ke kumu nui o ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻano.Hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohuli i ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka deformation plastic, deformation a me ka wela ma ka hopena me ka substrate a i ʻole nā ​​mea i waiho mua ʻia.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi kahua i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu i hoʻohana ʻia no ʻelima hoʻomākaukau ʻana o MG/SUS 304 ma 550°C.
ʻO ka ikehu kinetic o nā ʻāpana, a me ka momentum o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka uhi, pono e hoʻololi ʻia i ʻano ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe ma o nā ʻano hana e like me ka deformation plastic (nā ʻāpana mua a me nā pilina interparticle i loko o ka matrix a me nā pilina o nā ʻāpana), nā puʻupuʻu interstitial o nā mea paʻa, ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana, deformation a me nā palena a pau o ka ikehu. ʻO ka ikehu deformation, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hui ʻana o ka elastic, ʻo ia hoʻi, e lele wale ana nā ʻāpana ma hope o ka hopena.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo 90% o ka ikehu hopena i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mea ʻāpana / substrate i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wela kūloko 40 .Eia hou, ke hoʻohana ʻia ke koʻikoʻi hopena, loaʻa ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi plastic kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka ʻāpana pili ʻāpana/substrate i kahi manawa pōkole loa41,42.
Manaʻo pinepine ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastik ma ke ʻano he kaʻina o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ikehu, a i ʻole, ma ke ʻano he kumu wela ma ka ʻāpana interfacial.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma ka ʻāina interfacial no ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻoheheʻe interfacial a i ʻole ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu like ʻana o nā mana.ʻAʻohe paʻi i ʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau i noiʻi i ka hopena o nā waiwai o kēia mau pauka vitreous metala ma luna o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pauka a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe anuanu.
Hiki keʻikeʻia ka BFI o ka MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder ma Fig. 12a, i waihoʻia ma ka SUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b).E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, paʻa nā pauka i uhi ʻia i ko lākou ʻano amorphous kumu no ka mea he ʻano labyrinth maʻalahi me ka ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona crystalline a i ʻole nā ​​hemahema lattice.Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, hōʻike ke kiʻi i ka heleʻana o kahi māhele'ē, e like me kaʻikeʻia e nā nanoparticles i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a).Hōʻike ka Figure 12c i ke kumu hoʻohālike nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) i pili me ka māhele I (Figure 12a).E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig.12c, hōʻike ka NBDP i kahi hiʻohiʻona halo-diffusion nāwaliwali o ka hale amorphous a noho pū me nā kiko ʻoi e pili ana i kahi crystalline cubic metastable Zr2Ni phase me kahi tetragonal CuO phase.Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o CuO ma o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka pauka i ka neʻe ʻana mai ka nozzle o ka pū puhi i SUS 304 ma ka lewa ākea i kahi kahe supersonic.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka devitrification o nā pauka aniani metala ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana cubic nui ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ke anuanu ma 550 ° C no 30 min.
(a) FE-HRTEM kiʻi o MG pauka i waiho ʻia ma (b) SUS 304 substrate (Figure inset).Hōʻike ʻia ka papa kuhikuhi NBDP o ka hōʻailona pōʻai i (a) ma (c).
No ka ho'āʻoʻana i kēia hana kūpono no ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā nanoparticles Zr2Ni cubic nui, ua hanaʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa.Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā pauka mai kahi atomizer ma 550 ° C ma ke kuhikuhi o ka substrate SUS 304;akā naʻe, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hopena annealing, ua wehe ʻia nā pauka mai ka SUS304 strip me ka hikiwawe loa (ma kahi o 60 s).).Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe kahi i wehe ʻia ai ka pauka mai ka substrate ma kahi o 180 kekona ma hope o ka noi.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi 13a, b i ka Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) kiʻi o ʻelua mau mea sputtered i waiho ʻia ma nā substrates SUS 304 no 60 s a me 180 s, kēlā me kēia.ʻO ke kiʻi pauda i waiho ʻia no 60 kekona ʻaʻohe kikoʻī morphological, e hōʻike ana i ka hiʻona ʻole (Fig. 13a).Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia kēia e XRD, i hōʻike ʻia he amorphous ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o kēia mau pauka, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā kiʻekiʻe ʻokoʻa mua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 14a.Hōʻike kēia i ka nele o ka metastable/mesophase precipitates, kahi i paʻa ai ka pauka i kona ʻano amorphous kumu.I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka pauka i waiho ʻia ma ka mahana like (550 ° C) akā waiho ʻia ma ka substrate no 180 s ua hōʻike i ka waiho ʻana o nā hua nanosized, e like me ka hōʻike ʻia e nā pua ma Fig. 13b.