Loaʻa nā kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo like ʻole (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) i ka papahana ma lalo o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Ua kūpono ka hoʻāʻo ʻo Rockwell T no ka nānā ʻana i nā paipu paia māmā ma o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka paipu i ka lōʻihi a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pā mai ke anawaena o loko ma mua o ke anawaena o waho.
ʻO ke kauoha ʻana i ka paipu ua like ia me ka hele ʻana i ka hale kūʻai kaʻa a me ke kauoha ʻana i kaʻa a i ʻole kaʻa.
ʻO nā paipu kila wale nō ia. He mau kaukani o nā koho a i ʻole nā ​​kikoʻī. Ma waho aʻe o nā ana, ua papa inoa ka kikoʻī i nā mea kemika a me nā mea hana mechanical e like me ka liʻiliʻi yield strength (MYS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), a me ka liʻiliʻi elongation ma mua o ka pau ʻole.
E ho'āʻo e kauoha i kahi kaʻa ma kahi ʻano hoʻokahi ("Pono wau i kahi kaʻa me kahi hoʻouna ʻokoʻa") a ʻaʻole ʻoe e hele mamao loa me kahi mea kūʻai aku. Pono ʻo ia e hoʻopiha i kahi palapala kauoha me nā koho he nui.
Pehea e lilo ai ka paʻakikī i mea pani no nā ʻano mīkini ʻē aʻe? Ua hoʻomaka paha ia me ka mea hana paipu.
Hoʻopili maikaʻi ka paʻakikī o ka paipu me ka UTS, a ma ke ʻano maʻamau, kōkua nā pākēneka a i ʻole nā ​​pae pākēneka i ke koho ʻana i ka MYS, no laila e maʻalahi ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paʻakikī ke lilo i mea koho kūpono no nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.
Eia kekahi, paʻakikī nā ho'āʻo ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka paʻakikī e lawe wale i hoʻokahi minute a i ʻole ma ka mīkini hoʻokahi, pono ka MYS, UTS a me ka hoʻāʻo elongation i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka laʻana a me ka waiwai nui i nā lako hale hana nui. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, lawe kekona no ka mea wili pahu e hana i kahi hoʻāʻo paʻakikī a me nā hola no ka ʻenehana metallurgical ʻoihana e hana i kahi hoʻāʻo tensile.
ʻAʻole kēia no ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā mea hana paipu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
No ke aha ʻoe e ʻike ai e pili ana i ka MYS, UTS a me ka liʻiliʻi elongation?
ʻO MYS ka ikaika liʻiliʻi e hiki ai ke hoʻololi mau ʻia o ka mea.
I kēia manawa, e hoʻohana i nā pliers e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka uea. Inā hiki iā ʻoe ke haehae i ka uea i ʻelua mau ʻāpana, ua hala ʻoe ma luna o kāna UTS. Hoʻokomo ʻoe i ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma luna o ia mea a loaʻa iā ʻoe ʻelua mau uea e hōʻike ai i kāu hoʻoikaika superhuman. , akā ʻo kēlā me kēia mea - hōʻike ka manaʻo uea huki i ka UTS.
Pono e ʻoki ʻia, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, a kālai ʻia nā laʻana kiʻi kiʻi kila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi waiʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa (maʻamau ka waikawa nitric a me ka waiʻona (nitroethanol)) i ʻike ʻia nā hua.
ʻO ka paʻakikī ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pane ʻana o kekahi mea i ka hopena. E noʻonoʻo e hoʻokomo i kahi ʻāpana paipu pōkole i loko o ka vise me nā ʻauwae serrated a hoʻohuli i ka vise e pani.
ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka hoʻāʻo paʻakikī, akā ʻaʻole ia ʻano ʻawaʻawa. ʻO kēia hoʻāʻo ka nui o ka hopena a me ke kaomi ʻana.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ke kila, ʻo Brinell, Vickers, a me Rockwell nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau. Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kona unahi ponoʻī, a he nui nā ʻano hoʻāʻo o kekahi, e like me Rockwell A, B, a me C. 100 kgf. ʻO ka hopena maʻamau no ke kila māmā maʻamau ʻo HRB 60.
Ua ʻike nā mea ʻepekema mea ʻo ka paʻakikī e pili ana i ka UTS. No laila, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke wānana i ka UTS. Pela nō, ʻike nā mea hana paipu e pili ana ka MYS a me ka UTS. a he MYS o 80%, a i ʻole 48,000 PSI.
ʻO ka paipu maʻamau maʻamau i ka hana maʻamau ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe. Ma waho aʻe o ka nui, ua hopohopo ka ʻenekini i ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi paipu welded welded welded welded (ERW) i loko o kahi pae hana maikaʻi, hiki ke hopena i ka paʻakikī loa o HRB 60 e loaʻa i kona ala ma ke kaha kiʻi.
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole haʻi nui ka paʻakikī o HRB 60 iā mākou. ʻO ka heluhelu HRB 60 he helu dimensionless. ʻO ka mea i loiloi ʻia me HRB 59 ʻoi aku ka palupalu ma mua o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia me HRB 60, a ʻo HRB 61 ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o HRB 60, akā pehea ka nui? a i ʻole UTS (ana ʻia i loko o nā paona i kēlā me kēia ʻīniha square). ʻAʻole haʻi mai ka heluhelu ʻana i ka HRB 60 iā mākou i kekahi mea kikoʻī. , ʻAʻole hiki ke ana ʻia i ka lua o ka manawa e hōʻoia i nā hopena. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana hou i ka hoʻāʻo.
ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo he mea maʻalahi ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paʻakikī. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hāʻawi ia i kahi alakaʻi maikaʻi no ka UTS o kahi mea, a he hoʻāʻo wikiwiki a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana.
No ka mea, ʻaʻole i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia ka paipu "maʻamau", i ka wā e pono ai, hoʻokaʻawale pinepine nā mea hana paipu i nā ʻano paipu kila ʻelua a me nā ʻano paipu i ho'ākāka ʻia ma ASTM A513: 1008 a me 1010. ʻOiai ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻano paipu ʻē aʻe, ua ākea nā mea hiki i nā ʻano mechanical o kēia mau ʻano paipu ʻelua.
No ka laʻana, ua wehewehe ʻia kahi paipu he palupalu inā haʻahaʻa ʻo MYS a he kiʻekiʻe ka elongation, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ma ka tensile, deflection a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma mua o ka paipu i wehewehe ʻia he paʻakikī, he kiʻekiʻe ka MYS a haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa elongation.
ʻO ka elongation pono'ī kekahi kumu nui e pili ana i nā noi paipu koʻikoʻi. Hiki i nā paipu me ka elongation kiʻekiʻe ke kū i nā ikaika tensile;ʻO nā mea me ka haʻahaʻa elongation ʻoi aku ka brittle a no laila ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka catastrophic fatigue-type failures. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole pili pono ka elongation i UTS, ʻo ia wale nō ka waiwai mechanical pili pono i ka paʻakikī.
No ke aha i ʻokoʻa ai nā ʻano mechanical o nā paipu? ʻO ka mea mua, he ʻokoʻa ka hui kemika. nā waiwai inā he ultra-haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo kalapona i loko o ke kila. Hōʻike ʻo ASTM 1010 i kahi maʻi kalapona ma waena o 0.08% a me 0.13%. ʻAʻole like kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka nui, akā ua lawa lākou e hoʻololi nui i nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka lua, hiki ke hana ʻia a hana ʻia ka paipu kila a ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ʻehiku mau ʻano hana.
Inā ʻaʻohe hopena o ka haku mele ʻana o ke kila a me nā ʻanuʻu hana paipu i ka paʻakikī o ke kila, he aha ka?
ʻO nā kikoʻī e pili ana i nā ʻano mea e hana ai i ke kila ka pane mua. Ke hana ʻia ke kila ma ka hale wili kila, ʻaʻole ia e maʻalili i loko o kahi poloka nui me kahi hiʻohiʻona. ʻO nā molekala kila hope loa e hoʻopiliʻia e nā'ōpala. Loaʻa kēia mau mea a pau ma ka microscopic level no ka mea,ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka palaoa kila ma kahi o 64 µ aiʻole 0.0025 iniha ka laulā. ries.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o kāu e nānā ai e ʻike i nā huaʻai i ʻike ʻia? Ua lawa ka 100x magnification, a i ʻole 100x ʻike kanaka. Akā naʻe, ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ke kila i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia ma 100 manawa ʻaʻole hōʻike nui ka mana.
ʻO ia nā kīʻaha a me kā lākou lattice i loko e hoʻoholo ai i ka ikaika hopena, MYS, UTS a me ka elongation hiki i ke kila ke kū ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻole.
ʻO nā ʻanuʻu hana hao, e like me ka ʻōwili wela a me ke anuanu, e hoʻopili i ke koʻikoʻi i loko o ka hale palaoa;inā hoʻololi mau lākou i ke ʻano, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke koʻikoʻi e hoʻololi i ka palaoa. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu hana ʻē aʻe, e like me ka wili ʻana i ke kila i loko o nā coils, uncoiling ia, a me ka deforming i nā hua kila ma o ka wili paipu (e hana a nui i ka paipu).
ʻO nā ʻanuʻu i luna e hoʻopau i ka ductility o ke kila, ʻo ia kona hiki ke kū i ke koʻikoʻi tensile (huki-open. , ke kila deforms maʻalahi ma lalo o compressive stress - he ductile - he mea pono.
He kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika compressive o ka Concrete akā he haʻahaʻa ka ductility i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka concrete.These properties is kū'ē i nā mea o ke kila.'O ia ke kumu i ho'ohana pinepine'ia ai ke ka'a no nā alanui, nā hale a me nā ala hele wāwae.
I ka wā anuanu, e like me ka emi ʻana o ka ductility o ke kila, piʻi ka paʻakikī. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e paʻakikī.akā naʻe, he pōʻino paha ia no ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka paʻakikī me ka brittleness.no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hāʻule.
Ma nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻopau i kekahi o ka ductility o ka paipu. E ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me ka hana ʻana o ka ʻāpana, a inā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, ʻaʻole pono ka paʻakikī.
Loaʻa i ka mea hana nā koho i kēia hihia? ʻO ka pōkole, ʻae. ʻO kēlā koho he annealing, a ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he mea kilokilo, ua kokoke loa ia i ka hana kilokilo e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa.
Ma ka'ōlelo a ka layman, hoʻopau ka annealing i nā hopena a pau o ke kaumaha kino ma luna o ke kaʻina hana.
ʻO ka Annealing a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa. He mea maikaʻi kēia inā ʻo ka pahuhopu e hōʻemi i ka brittleness o ka mea, akā ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa uncontrolled hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka metala nui loa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no kāna hana i manaʻo ʻia.
Pono mākou e hoʻokuʻu i ka kikoʻī o ka paʻakikī? ʻaʻole. He mea nui nā ʻano paʻakikī ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi i ka wā e wehewehe ai i nā paipu kila. ʻO kahi ana kūpono, ʻo ka paʻakikī kekahi o nā ʻano he nui e pono ke kuhikuhi ʻia i ke kauoha ʻana i nā mea tubular a nānā ʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana (a pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kēlā me kēia hoʻouna).
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he hoʻāʻo ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana (ʻae a hōʻole paha). Ma waho aʻe o ka paʻakikī, pono e hoʻāʻo nā mea hana i nā hoʻouna i kekahi manawa e hoʻoholo i nā waiwai kūpono ʻē aʻe, e like me MYS, UTS, a i ʻole elongation liʻiliʻi, ma muli o ke noi o ka paipu.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
Ua lilo ʻo Tube & Pipe Journal i ka makasina mua i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka lawelawe ʻana i ka ʻoihana paipu metala ma 1990. I kēia lā, ʻo ia wale nō ka paʻi ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka ʻoihana a ua lilo i kumu hilinaʻi nui o ka ʻike no nā ʻoihana paipu.
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