He mea hōʻoluʻolu a pīhoihoi hoʻi i koho ʻia nā hale kiʻi kiʻi ʻo James Payne lāua ʻo Joan Sherwell e pani i ʻekolu mau mea pena kiʻi mai New York i kā lākou Great Cities of Art Explained series.
ʻO kēia mau keonimana ka mea i koho ʻia, ʻoiai hoʻokahi wale nō o nā ʻekolu, ʻo Basquiat, he kamaʻāina ʻo New York.
ʻEkolu mea hōʻikeʻike abstract mai New York - Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning a me Helen Frankenthaler.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia mau wahine i ka neʻe ʻana he mea nui, akā ua hoʻohana ʻo Krasner lāua ʻo de Kooning i ka hapa nui o kā lāua ʻoihana ma ke aka o kā lāua mau kāne kaulana, nā mea hōʻike abstract Jackson Pollock a me Willem de Kooning.
Ua hoʻokahuli ʻo New York Abstract Expressionism iā Paris ma ke ʻano he kikowaena o ka honua noʻeau a lilo i ka neʻe kāne ʻoi loa.Hoʻolohe pinepine ʻo Krasner, Frankenthaler a me Elaine de Kooning i kā lākou hana i kapa ʻia ʻo "feminine", "lyrical" a i ʻole "subtle", ʻo ia hoʻi he haʻahaʻa iki lākou.
ʻO Hans Hofmann he mea hōʻikeʻike abstract nāna e hoʻokele i ke keena ʻo Krasner ma 8th Street, kahi āna i aʻo ai ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana ma Cooper Union, ka Art Student League a me ka National Academy of Design a ua hana ʻo ia no ka WPA Federal Art Project.Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau kiʻi pena, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana, "Maikaʻi ʻaʻole ʻoe e manaʻoʻiʻo na ka wahine ia i hana."
Hōʻike ʻo Penn lāua ʻo Showell pehea ʻo Krasner e puka nei, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka honua kiʻi o New York, kaʻana like i nā pilina koʻikoʻi me Pollock i kā lākou hana, i hōʻike ʻia me nā Picasso, Matisse a me Georges Braque.Ma hope koke iho, ua komo pū ʻo ia me Pollock.Ma kahi hōʻike kiʻi 1942 o nā kiʻi pena Farani a me ʻAmelika ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Macmillan.
Ua male lāua a neʻe i Long Island, akā ʻaʻole i lanakila ʻo Kibosh i kā lākou inu a me nā hana extracurricular.Ua noi ʻo ia i kahi hale ʻai ma ka ʻāina no kāna hale hana, a ua hana ʻo ia me kahi lumi moe.
ʻOiai ua kaulana ʻo Pollock i nā kāwele nui e waiho ana ma ka papahele o ka hale paʻa, ua hana ʻo Krasner i nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi ma ka papaʻaina, i kekahi manawa e hoʻopili pololei i ka pena mai ka paipu.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻo Krasner i nā huaʻōlelo i ka huaʻōlelo Hebera, āna i aʻo ai i kona wā kamaliʻi akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke heluhelu a kākau.ʻO kēlā me kēia hihia, e like me kāna, makemake ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo hōʻailona pilikino e hōʻike ʻole i kekahi ʻano kikoʻī.
Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Pollock i kahi pōpilikia kaʻa ʻona - ua ola kona haku wahine - ua ʻōlelo ʻo Krasner no kāna hana ponoʻī.
He hana hoʻololi kēia.ʻAʻole wale ʻo kāna hana i ʻoi aku ka nui, akā ua hoʻoikaika pū ʻia ʻo ia e nā neʻe kino piha i ke kaʻina hana.
He ʻumi makahiki ma hope mai, loaʻa iā ia kāna hōʻikeʻike solo mua loa ma New York, a ma 1984, ʻeono mahina ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua mālama ʻo MoMA i kahi retrospective nona.
Ma kahi ninaninau hoihoi loa me Inside New York's Art World i ka makahiki 1978, ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Krasner i nā lā mua, ʻaʻole i pili kāna kāne i ka ʻike ʻana o kāna hana.
Ua hele au i ke kula kiʻekiʻe me nā mea pena wahine wale nō, nā wahine a pau.A laila, aia wau ma Cooper Union, he kula noʻeau no nā kaikamāhine, nā mea pena wahine a pau, a i koʻu wā ma hope o ka WPA, ʻike ʻoe, he mea maʻamau ka lilo ʻana i wahine a lilo i mea pena.Ua hoʻomaka kēia mau mea a pau i ka lohi, ʻoiai ke neʻe nei nā wahi mai ke kikowaena o Paris a hiki i New York, manaʻo wau ua kapa ʻia kēia manawa he abstract expressionism, a loaʻa iā mākou nā hale kiʻi, nā kumukūʻai, ke kālā, ka nānā.Aia a hiki i ia manawa, he ʻano mālie ia.ʻO ia kaʻu iʻike mua ai he wahine wau, a he "kūlana" koʻu.
ʻO Elaine de Kooning he mea pena kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, mea hoʻohewa noʻeau, mea hoʻoikaika politika, kumu, a ʻo "ka mea pena kiʻi wikiwiki loa ma ke kūlanakauhale", akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kēia mau hana i ko Mrs. Willem de Kooning, ʻo ia ka "Abstract Expressionism".hapalua o ka lua.
Hōʻike ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale nui ʻo kāna mau makahiki ʻelua o ka haʻalele ʻana mai William - ua hui pū lākou i kona wā he kanalima - he manawa ia o ka ulu pilikino a me ka noʻonoʻo.Ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana mai nā hakakā pipi āna i ʻike ai i kāna huakaʻi, ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i kāna maka wahine ikaika i nā kāne a ua kauoha ʻia ʻo ia e pena i ke kiʻi kūhelu o Pelekikena Kennedy:
Pono e hana wikiwiki ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi a pau o kona ola, me ka hopu ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana, ʻo ka hapalua o ka memorization, ʻoiai i koʻu manaʻo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo ia i noho mālie.Ma mua o ka nānā 'ana i ka hulahula, ua noho 'o ia e like me ka 'âlapa a i 'ole he haumana kulanui, e lele ana ma kona noho.I ka wā mua, ua hoʻopilikia kēia manaʻo o ka ʻōpio, no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻo ia i noho mālie.
E like me Krasner lāua ʻo Elaine de Kooning, ʻo Helen Frankenthaler kekahi ʻāpana o ka lua gula o nā mea hōʻike abstract, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻoholo e pāʻani i kahi pila lōʻihi i kāna kāne ʻo Robert Motherwell.
ʻOiaʻiʻo ma muli o kāna hoʻomohala mua ʻana i ke ʻano "dip-painting", kahi i ninini ai ʻo ia i ka pena aila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka turpentine ma luna o kahi kāwele i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻia.
Ma ke kipa ʻana i ke keena ʻo Frankenthaler, kahi i ʻike ai i kona mauna a me kona mau kai ma luna, ua hoʻohana pū nā mea pena kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Kenneth Nolan lāua ʻo Maurice Lewis i kēia ʻano hana, me kāna ʻike no ke kala ākea, ʻike ʻia ma hope he gamut.
E like me Pollock, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Frankenthaler ma ka makasina LIFE, ʻoiai e like me kā Art She Says i kuhikuhi ai, ʻaʻole like nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi LIFE a pau:
ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o kēia mau hoʻoili ʻelua me he moʻolelo ia o ka ikehu kāne kāne a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wahine.ʻOiai ʻo ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o Pollock he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o kāna hana noʻeau, ʻo ka pilikia ʻaʻole ʻo ia ke kū nei, ke noho nei ʻo ia.Akā, ma o Pollock hiki iā mākou ke nānā i ka ʻaoʻao pili o kāna hana ʻeha a me ka hana hou.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻoikaika ʻo Frankenthaler Parks i ko mākou manaʻo o nā mea pena wahine e like me ka mea i hana maikaʻi ʻia, nā kiʻi chiselled e like me nā mea hana a lākou i hana ai.ʻOiai ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana he ʻano abstract a me ka visceral, ua manaʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia hahau i kahi manawa i helu ʻia a hala ʻole o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻike.
ʻEkolu mau kumuhana aʻu i makemake ʻole ai e kūkākūkā: koʻu mau male mua, nā mea pena kiʻi a me koʻu mau manaʻo no nā mea hou.
No ka poʻe makemake e aʻo hou e pili ana i kēia mau mea pena kiʻi abstract ʻekolu, hāʻawi ʻo Penn lāua ʻo Schuwell i kēia mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo puke:
ʻO nā wāhine o ke alanui ʻeiwa: ʻo Lee Krasner, ʻo Elaine de Kooning, ʻo Grace Hartigan, ʻo Joan Mitchell, a me Helen Frankenthaler: ʻelima Artists a me ka Movement That Changed Contemporary Art na Mary Gabriel
ʻEkolu mau mea pena kiʻi wahine: Amy von Lintel, Bonnie Roos a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻonui i ka Abstract Expressionism i ke Komohana ʻAmelika.
Wahine Paionia o ka Bauhaus Art Movement: Loaʻa iā Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers a me nā mea hou poina ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kahi mākaʻikaʻi wikiwiki ʻeono mau minuke o nā kiʻi o kēia wā: pehea e hele ai mai ka ʻaina awakea o Manet i ka makahiki 1862 ma ka mauʻu a hiki i ka pena kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Jackson Pollock i ka makahiki 1950.
ʻO Vulgar Nazi ka huhū e kūʻē i nā kiʻi abstract a me ka "Degenerate Art Exhibition" o 1937.
- ʻO Ayun Holliday ke alakaʻi primatologist ma East Village Inky magazine a ʻo ia ka mea kākau o Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto.E hahai iā ia @AyunHalliday.
Makemake mākou e hilinaʻi i kā mākou poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa, ʻaʻole hoʻolaha hoʻolaha.No ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka misionari hoʻonaʻauao o Open Culture, e noʻonoʻo e hāʻawi i kahi hāʻawi.ʻAe mākou iā PayPal, Venmo (@openculture), Patreon a me Crypto!E huli i na koho a pau maanei.Mahalo mākou iā ʻoe!
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia ʻo Alma W. Thomas he wahine ʻeleʻele Abstract Expressionist ʻo ia ka wahine ʻeleʻele mua i komo i ka "kula" o nā manaʻo (Washington School of Color) a me ka mea mua ma Whitby.ʻO kahi wahine ʻeleʻele me kahi hōʻike solo ma Ni, ʻo ka wahine pena kiʻi mua i kūʻai ʻia kāna hana ʻeleʻele e ka Hale Paʻa - ʻakaʻaka a kaumaha, ʻano maʻamau o ka poina ʻana o nā mea pena ʻeleʻele.Ke hoʻopau nei kāna hana i kahi retrospective ma 4 mau hale hōʻikeʻike kūlanakauhale, a ua paʻi ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pōkole e pili ana i kona ola a me kāna hana ma nā ʻoliʻoli he 38 i ka makahiki i hala.https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
E kiʻi i nā kumuwaiwai moʻomeheu a hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa ma ka pūnaewele, e leka uila iā ʻoe i kēlā me kēia lā.ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻouna i ka spam.Wehe i ke kau inoa i kēlā me kēia manawa.
Huli ʻo Open Culture i ka pūnaewele no ka ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa. Loaʻa iā mākou nā papa manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me ka nui o ka mālamalama ma waena. Loaʻa iā mākou nā papa manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me ka nui o ka mālamalama ma waena.Loaʻa iā mākou nā papa manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao he nui.Loaʻa iā mākou nā haʻawina manuahi a me nā puke leo āu e pono ai, nā haʻawina ʻōlelo a me nā wikiō hoʻonaʻauao āu e makemake ai, a me nā toni o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma waena.