Cov khoom noj khoom haus tau txais thiab kev faib ua ke ua ke cov kab foraging thiab lub neej keeb kwm zoo.Yuav kom them nyiaj rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov as-ham ntawm lub neej sib txawv, kab tuaj yeem tau txais cov as-ham los ntawm kev pub mis ntxiv, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev pub mis rau vertebrate secretions nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem hu ua puddles.Cov yoov tshaj cum Anopheles arabiani zoo nkaus li rau ob qho tib si, yog li ntawd, cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig thiab kev noj qab haus huv. txoj kev tshawb no yog los soj ntsuam seb An. arabiensis agitation ntawm nyuj tso zis rau cov khoom noj khoom haus txhim kho lub neej keeb kwm yam ntxwv.
Xyuas kom tseeb tias nws muaj kev nyab xeeb.arabiensis tau ntxim nyiam rau cov ntxhiab tsw tshiab, 24-teev, 72-teev, thiab 168-teev laus nyuj tso zis, thiab tus tswv tsev-nrhiav thiab ntshav pub (48-teev tom qab noj ntshav) cov poj niam tau ntsuas hauv Y-tube olfactometer, thiab cov poj niam cev xeeb tub tau soj ntsuam cov tshuaj physiotherapy. Tom qab ntawd siv los txheeb xyuas cov bioactive compounds nyob rau hauv nyuj tso zis ntawm tag nrho plaub lub hnub nyoog chav kawm.Synthetic mixs ntawm bioactive compounds raug soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv Y-tube thiab teb trials.To soj ntsuam nyuj cov zis thiab nws lub ntsiab muaj nitrogen-muaj compound urea raws li muaj peev xwm ntxiv cov khoom noj rau malaria vectors, pub tsis tau thiab lub neej keeb kwm yam ntxwv raug ntsuas. Kev soj ntsuam.Tom qab pub mis, cov poj niam raug soj ntsuam txog kev muaj sia nyob, kev sib tw khiav, thiab kev yug me nyuam.
Nrhiav rau tus tswv tsev cov ntshav thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus.Nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam thiab cov kev tshawb fawb, Arabs tau kos rau lub ntuj thiab hluavtaws tsw ntawm cov nyuj tshiab thiab cov laus tso zis. Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub tsis xav txog cov lus teb rau nyuj tso zis ntawm qhov chaw spawning.Host-nrhiav thiab ntshav nqus cov poj niam no nquag nqus nyuj cov zis thiab cov kev pab cuam lub neej ashurea. muaj nuj nqi ntawm physiological xeev rau ya, ciaj sia taus, los yog kev loj hlob.
Anopheles arabinis tau txais thiab kev faib tawm ntawm nyuj cov zis rau kev txhim kho lub neej keeb kwm yam ntxwv.Kev pub mis ntxiv ntawm cov zis nyuj cuam tshuam rau vector muaj peev xwm ncaj qha los ntawm kev ua kom muaj sia nyob txhua hnub thiab vector ntom, thiab tsis ncaj los ntawm kev hloov pauv kev ua si thiab yuav tsum yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab hauv cov qauv yav tom ntej.
Kev tau txais cov khoom noj thiab kev faib khoom sib xyaw ua ke cov kab foraging thiab lub neej keeb kwm yam ntxwv [1,2,3].Cov kab muaj peev xwm xaiv thiab tau txais zaub mov thiab ua cov khoom noj khoom haus raws li cov zaub mov muaj thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus [1, 3].Kev faib cov as-ham nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev sib txawv rau kev noj haus zoo thiab ntau theem ntawm lub neej [1, 3]. rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb, kab tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom noj los ntawm kev pub mis ntxiv, xws li hauv av nkos, ntau yam excrement thiab secretions ntawm vertebrates, thiab carrion, txheej txheem hu ua puddles [2].Txawm hais tias muaj ntau hom npauj npaim thiab npauj hom tau piav qhia, cov dej no kuj tshwm sim hauv lwm yam kab rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv. life-history traits [2, 4, 5, 6] ,7].Tus kab mob malaria yoov tshaj cum Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) tshwm sim raws li ib tug neeg laus 'malnourished' [8], yog li watering tej zaum yuav plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws lub neej keeb kwm yam ntxwv, tab sis qhov kev coj cwj pwm no kom deb li deb tau neglected .Qhov kev siv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsov rog. tseem ceeb epidemiological txim.
Nitrogen kom tsawg rau cov poj niam laus Anopheles yoov tshaj cum yog txwv vim tsis tshua muaj caloric reserves nqa los ntawm lub larval theem thiab siv tsis tau cov ntshav mov [9].Cov poj niam Ann.gambiae sl feem ntau compensates rau qhov no los ntawm supplementing nrog supplemental ntshav mov [10, 11], yog li muab ntau tus neeg nyob rau hauv kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob, thiab muaj feem xyuam rau tus kab mob. yoov tshaj cum tuaj yeem siv kev pub mis ntxiv ntawm vertebrate excreta kom tau txais nitrogenous compounds uas txhim kho kev yoog thiab ya davhlau maneuverability, raws li pom los ntawm lwm yam kab [2].Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, qhov muaj zog thiab txawv attraction ntawm ib tug ntawm cov kwv tij hom nyob rau hauv An.The Gambian sl hom complex, Anopheles arabinis, tshiab thiab 13 xyoo cow nthuav.Anopheles arabinis yog opportunistic nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim nyiam thiab paub los koom nrog thiab pub rau nyuj.Noj zis yog ib qho chaw nplua nuj nyob rau hauv nitrogenous tebchaw, nrog urea accounting rau 50-95% ntawm tag nrho cov nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov zis tshiab [15, 16].As nyuj tso zis muaj hnub nyoog 4 cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob. Sijhawm [15] .Nrog qhov nce sai hauv ammonia, cuam tshuam nrog kev poob ntawm cov organic nitrogen, alkalophilic microorganisms (ntau yam uas tsim cov tshuaj lom rau yoov tshaj cum) vam meej [15], uas tej zaum yuav yog poj niam Ann.arabiensis nyiam nyiam cov zis hnub nyoog 24 teev lossis tsawg dua [13, 14].
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, tus tswv tsev thiab cov ntshav pub Ans tau saib rau.Thaum nws thawj lub voj voog gonadotropin, arabiensis raug soj ntsuam rau kev nrhiav tau cov nitrogenous tebchaw, suav nrog urea, los ntawm cov zis sib xyaw.Tom ntej no, ntau qhov kev sim tau ua los soj ntsuam seb cov poj niam yoov tshaj cum faib cov peev txheej zoo li no rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntxiv. Cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov nyuj tshiab thiab cov laus laus tau raug tshuaj xyuas los txiav txim seb cov no puas muab cov ntsiab lus txhim khu kev qha rau tus tswv tsev thiab cov ntshav pub An.Nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom noj muaj peev xwm no, arabiensis tau tshawb pom cov tshuaj sib raug zoo tom qab pom qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv.Synthetic odor mixtures ntawm volatile organic compounds (VOCs) tau txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv cov hnub nyoog 24-hnub ntxiv cov txiaj ntsig. tau nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob thiab qhia tau hais tias cov nyhuv ntawm bovine tso zis tsw ntawm txawv physiological xeev. yoov tshaj cum attraction.Cov txiaj ntsig tau lees paub tias An. arabiensis tau txais thiab faib cov tshuaj nitrogenous uas muaj nyob hauv cov zis vertebrate los cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub neej.Cov txiaj ntsig no tau tham txog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam txog kev kis kab mob thiab yuav ua li cas lawv tuaj yeem siv rau vector soj ntsuam thiab tswj.
Anopheles arabicans (Dongola hom) tau khaws cia ntawm 25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 5% RH thiab 12: 12 h lub teeb: tsaus nti.Larvae tau muab tso rau hauv cov tais yas (20 cm × 18 cm × 7 cm) ntim nrog dej distilled thiab pub Meletramin® cov khoom noj, peb sau cov ntses. nyob rau hauv 30 ml khob (Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) thiab ces pauv mus rau Bugdorm tawb (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) tso cai rau cov neeg laus tshwm sim. Cov neeg laus tau muab 10% sucrose tov ad libitum mus txog rau 4 hnub tom qab kev tshwm sim ntawm tus poj niam tam sim ntawd (dpe), kev noj zaub mov kom zoo rau tus tswv tsev. los yog tau tshaib plab ib hmos nrog dej distilled ua ntej qhov kev sim, raws li tau piav qhia hauv qab no.Cov poj niam siv rau kev sim davhlau ya davhlau tau tshaib plab tsuas yog 4-6 teev nrog dej ad libitum.Rau npaj cov yoov nqus ntshav rau cov bioassays tom ntej, 4 dpe cov poj niam tau muab cov ntshav yaj cov ntshav defibrotic (Håtunalab, kev ua haujlwm, Bro, SE) Accrington.
Kev soj ntsuam pub mis yog siv los ntsuas cov zis thiab urea noj hauv cov neeg laus An.Arab poj niam.Host-nrhiav thiab cov poj niam noj ntshav tau muab cov zaub mov uas muaj 1% diluted tshiab thiab laus nyuj tso zis, ntau qhov ntau ntawm urea, thiab ob qho kev tswj hwm (10% sucrose thiab dej) rau 48 h.Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev noj zaub mov - 1 mg FF colours. 2650-17-1; Sigma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) tau ntxiv rau cov khoom noj thiab muab tso rau hauv 4 × 4 matrix hauv 250 µl microcentrifuge tubes (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Daim duab 1A) Sau rau ntawm ntug (~ 300). 10 yoov tshaj cum nyob rau hauv ib lub tais loj Petri (12 cm inch thiab 6 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab; Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Daim duab 1A) nyob rau hauv tag nrho tsaus ntuj ntawm 25 ± 2 cm ° C thiab 65 ± 5% txheeb ze humidity.Cov kev sim no tau rov ua dua 5 mus rau 10 zaug.Tom qab raug yoov tshaj cum 2 ° C rau kev noj haus.
Saib bovine zis thiab urea absorbed los ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab cov ntshav nqus cov poj niam Anopheles arabianus.Nyob rau hauv kev sim pub mis (A), cov yoov tshaj cum poj niam tau muab cov zaub mov uas muaj cov zis tshiab thiab cov laus laus, ntau qhov ntau ntawm urea, sucrose (10%), thiab cov dej distilled (H2O).Bost-seefing (cov poj niam) absorbed ntau dua (Host-seefing). lwm yam kev noj zaub mov kuaj.Nco ntsoov tias cov poj niam nrhiav tswv yim nqus 72-teev nyuj tso zis tsawg dua 168-teev nyuj tso zis (B).Qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus nitrogen tag nrho (± tus qauv sib txawv) ntawm cov zis yog sawv cev rau hauv inset.Host-seeking (D, F) thiab nqus ntshav (E, G) cov poj niam nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ntim ntawm me me. (D, E) nrog cov npe ntawv sib txawv tau sib txawv ntawm ib leeg (ib-txoj kev ANOVA siv Tukey's post hoc tsom xam; p < 0.05). Cov kab ntawv yuam kev sawv cev tus qauv kev ua yuam kev ntawm qhov txhais tau tias (BE). Cov kab ncaj nraim sawv cev rau kab-linear regression kab (F, G)
Txhawm rau tso cov khoom noj uas nqus tau, yoov tshaj cum tau muab tso rau hauv 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes uas muaj 230 µl ntawm cov dej distilled thiab cov ntaub so ntswg raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv cov pestle pov tseg thiab cordless lub cev muaj zog (VWR International, Lund, SE), tom qab ntawd centrifugation ntawm 10 krpm rau 10 min (20 µl) superwell hloov mus rau 10 min. microplate (Sigma-Aldrich) thiab absorbance (λ620) tau txiav txim siab siv lub spectrophotometer-based microplate nyeem ntawv (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). Tsis tas li ntawd, yoov tshaj cum tau hauv av hauv 1 ml ntawm dej distilled, 900 µl ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsom xam (UV 600 μl) rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm 0. 1800, Shimadzu, Kista, SE).Yog xav paub txog kev noj zaub mov kom tsawg, tus qauv nkhaus tau npaj los ntawm serial dilution kom tawm los ntawm 0.2 µl mus rau 2.4 µl ntawm 1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide.Tom qab ntawd, qhov pom kev ntom ntom ntawm cov xim dyes paub meej yog siv los txiav txim qhov nyiaj ntawm txhua qhov yoov tshaj cum.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntim tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv ib txoj kev tsom xam ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVA) ua raws li Tukey's post hoc pairwise kev sib piv (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989–2007).Linear regression analyses piav txog concentration-dependent urea kings intakes thiab cov lus teb. (GraphPad Prism v8.0.0 rau Mac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, US).
Kwv yees li 20 µl ntawm cov zis kuaj los ntawm txhua pab pawg hnub nyoog raug khi rau ntawm Chromosorb® W/AW (10 mg 80/100 mesh, Sigma Aldrich) thiab muab ntim rau hauv tin capsules (8 mm × 5 mm).Capsules tau muab tso rau hauv lub combustion chamber ntawm 00r2 CHNS / O. Kev tshawb fawb, Waltham, MA, US) los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus nitrogen hauv cov zis tshiab thiab hnub nyoog raws li cov chaw tsim khoom raws tu qauv.Tag nrho cov nitrogen (g N l-1) tau ntsuas raws li paub txog urea concentrations siv raws li tus qauv.
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntawm tus tswv tsev nrhiav thiab ntshav nqus cov poj niam ciaj sia, yoov tshaj cum tau muab tso rau hauv cov tais loj Petri (12 cm inch thiab 6 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab; Semadeni) nrog ib lub mesh-pob qhov hauv lub hau (3 cm inch) nrog rau qhov cua thiab khoom noj khoom haus. Cov zaub mov tau muab ncaj qha tom qab 4 aged % diluted thiab cov concentration ntawm cov khoom noj tshiab. ntawm urea, thiab ob tswj, 10% sucrose thiab dej.Txhua qhov kev noj haus tau muab tso rau hauv cov hniav tampon (DAB Dental AB, Uplands Väsby, SE) muab tso rau hauv 5 ml syringe (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), lub plunger tshem tawm, thiab muab tso rau saum koj cov zaub mov 1. Hnub.Tsev lub chaw kuaj mob raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no. Cov yoov tshaj cum muaj sia nyob tau suav ob zaug hauv ib hnub, thaum yoov tshaj cum tuag raug muab pov tseg kom txog thaum cov yoov tshaj cum tuag (n = 40 rau ib qho kev kho mob).Siv cov yoov tshaj cum noj ntawm ntau yam zaub mov tau txheeb xyuas siv Kaplan-Meyer survival curves thiab IBM cov kev ntsuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov khoom noj muaj sia nyob. Statistics 24.0.0.0).
Ib qho kev cai yoov tshaj cum ya raws li Attisano et al.[17], ua los ntawm 5 hli tuab ntshiab acrylic panels (10 cm dav x 10 cm ntev x 10 cm siab) tsis muaj pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab panels (Fig. 3: saum).A pivot los ua ke nrog ib tug ntsug raj ua los ntawm ib tug roj chromatography kem (0.25 mm kua nplaum yuav tsum tau L.) raug tshem tawm ntawm ib khub ntawm neodymium hlau nplaum 9 cm sib nrug.Ib kab rov tav raj ua los ntawm tib yam khoom (6.5 cm L) bisected lub ntsug raj los ua ib tug tethered caj npab thiab ib caj npab uas nqa ib tug me me daim ntawm txhuas ntawv ci raws li ib tug teeb liab cuam tshuam.
Cov poj niam tshaib plab 24-teev tau noj cov zaub mov saum toj no rau 30 feeb ua ntej kev txwv. Cov poj niam yoov tshaj cum tau muab tshuaj loog rau ntawm tus kheej rau 2-3 min thiab txuas rau kab pins nrog beeswax (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE. Mill.Revolutions ib lub davhlau tau sau tseg los ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv logger, tom qab ntawd khaws cia thiab tso tawm siv PC-Lab 2000™ software (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE).Lub davhlau zeb tau muab tso rau hauv chav tswj kev nyab xeeb (12 h: 12 h, lub teeb: tsaus, 25 ± 2 ° C, 5 ° C, 6%.
Txhawm rau pom cov qauv ntawm kev ua si hauv davhlau, tag nrho qhov kev ncua deb ya (m) thiab tag nrho cov kev sib law liag sib law liag tau suav ib teev nyob rau lub sijhawm 24-teev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ib tus poj niam tau muab piv rau kev kho mob thiab tshuaj xyuas siv ib-txoj kev ANOVA thiab Tukey's post hoc tsom xam (JMP Pro, v14.0.0), qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev kho mob SAS vari Inc. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov rounds yog xam nyob rau hauv 10-feeb increments.
Txhawm rau soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntawm kev ua me nyuam ntawm An.arabiensis, rau tus poj niam (4 dpe) tau xa ncaj qha mus rau Bugdorm tawb (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) tom qab sau cov ntshav thiab muab cov kev sim noj rau 48 h raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no. Cov zaub mov tau muab tshem tawm thiab cov khob ntim dej (30 ml) ntawm Nolato distil thib peb. Ib hnub rau 48 teev, hloov txhua 24 teev. Rov ua dua txhua txoj kev noj zaub mov 20-50 zaug.Qe tau suav thiab sau tseg rau txhua qhov kev sim tawb.Subsamples ntawm cov qe tau siv los ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov loj thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov qe sib txawv (n ≥ 200 rau ib qho khoom noj) siv Dialux-20 microscope (DM1000, Wetzlarst, Wetzlarst, Wetzlarst, Wetzlarst, Wetzlarst, Wetzlarst. Leica Lub Koob Yees Duab (DFC) 320 R2; Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE).Cov qe seem tau muab khaws cia rau hauv chav tswj kev nyab xeeb raws li cov qauv kev txhawb nqa rau 24 h, thiab ib qho piv txwv ntawm tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim 1st instar larvae (n ≥ 200 ib qho khoom noj) tau ntsuas, raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no.Tus lej ntawm cov qe thiab qhov loj ntawm qe thiab larvae tau muab piv rau ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev kho mob thiab NOMP. Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Headspace volatiles los ntawm tshiab (1 hr post-sampling), 24 hr, 72 hr thiab 168 hr laus zis tau sau los ntawm cov qauv sau los ntawm Zebu nyuj, Arsi haiv neeg.Rau qhov yooj yim, cov zis kuaj tau sau thaum sawv ntxov thaum cov nyuj tseem nyob rau hauv lub barn.Urine kuaj tau sau los ntawm 2 txog 100 ml ntawm txhua tus neeg. polyamide ci hnab (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH thiab Co., Minden, DE) nyob rau hauv 3 l polyamide nrog lub hau Nyob rau hauv vinyl chloride yas nruas.Headspace volatiles los ntawm txhua bovine tso zis qauv tau sau ncaj qha (tshiab) los yog tom qab maturation ntawm chav tsev kub 7 h rau 24 h. tau sawv cev ntawm txhua pab pawg hnub nyoog.
Rau headspace volatiles sau, kaw-voj kaw lus tau siv los ncig lub tshuab ua pa roj carbon lim dej (100 ml min-1) los ntawm lub hnab polyamide mus rau sab adsorption rau 2.5 h los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab nqus tsev diaphragm (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE). Teflon tubing (5.5 cm x 3 mm id) uas muaj 35 mg ntawm Porapak Q (50/80 mesh; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) nruab nrab ntawm iav ntaub plaub plugs. Ua ntej siv, cov kem tau yaug nrog 1 ml redistilled n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt) ntshiab 1 thiab 9 ml C DE. qib, Sigma Aldrich).Cov adsorbed volatiles tau eluted nrog 400 μl ntawm pentane.Headspace collections tau pooled thiab ces khaws cia ntawm -20 ° C kom txog thaum siv rau kev soj ntsuam ntxiv.
Cov lus teb coj tus cwj pwm ntawm tus tswv tsev nrhiav thiab noj ntshav An.Headspace volatile extracts sau los ntawm cov zis tshiab, 24-h, 72-h, thiab 168-h-hnub nyoog zis tau soj ntsuam rau cov tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm Arabidopsis yoov tshaj cum siv lub khob ncaj qha olfactometer [18]. Kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev.Arab [19].A iav raj olfactometer (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) tau illuminated nrog 3 ± 1 lx ntawm lub teeb liab los ntawm saum toj no.Charcoal filtered thiab humidified cua ntws (25 ± 2 ° C, 65 ± 2% txheeb ze av noo) dhau ntawm 3 ± 1 lx ntawm cov hlau stainless yog dhau los ntawm 3 cm A series- Cov ntxaij vab tshaus, tsim cov laminar ntws thiab cov qauv plume tsis sib xws.Dental tampon dispenser (4 cm × 1 cm; L: D; DAB Dental AB), tshem tawm los ntawm 5 cm coil ntawm windward kawg ntawm lub olfactometer, nrog stimulator hloov txhua 5 feeb.Rau kev tshuaj ntsuam, 10 μl ntawm txhua headspace extract, diluted 1 yog siv raws li ib tug npaum li cas: 1. ib tus tswv tsev-nrhiav lossis nqus cov yoov tshaj cum tau muab tso rau hauv ib tus neeg tso lub tawb 2-3 teev ua ntej pib qhov kev sim.Lub tawb tso tawm tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw qis qis ntawm lub olfactometer, thiab cov yoov tshaj cum raug tso cai rau 1 min, thiab tom qab ntawd tus npauj npaim valve ntawm lub tawb tau qhib los tiv thaiv kev kho mob los yog kev faib ua feem. nrog lub hauv paus hauv 5 feeb ntawm kev tso tawm.Txhua lub taub hau tsis muaj zog tshem tawm thiab tswj tau rov ua dua yam tsawg kawg 30 zaug, thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib hnub twg, tib tus naj npawb ntawm kev kho mob thiab kev tswj hwm tau raug sim rau txhua hnub sim.Nrhiav cov lus teb los ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab cov ntshav pub Ans.Arabic piv rau headspace teev tau soj ntsuam siv nominal logistic regression piv rau cov kev sib piv ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Ib qho lus teb spawning.Headspace extracts los ntawm cov nyuj tshiab thiab laus laus tau soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv Bugdorm tawb (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science).Plastic khob (30 mL; Nolato Hertila) ntim nrog 20 mL ntawm distilled dej muab lub spawning substrate thiab muab tso rau nyob rau hauv ib tug sib sib zog nqus khob, 4 cm. nrog 10 μl ntawm txhua lub taub hau extract ntawm 1: 10 dilution.Ib qho sib npaug ntawm pentane tau siv los kho lub khob tswj. Kev kho thiab tswj khob tau sib pauv ntawm txhua qhov kev sim los tswj rau txoj hauj lwm cuam tshuam.Kaum cov poj niam noj ntshav tau tso rau hauv lub tawb sim ntawm ZT 9-11 thiab cov qe hauv khob tau suav nrog 24 teev tom qab lub qe qe (cov mis laij lej). nyob rau hauv lub khob kho - tus naj npawb ntawm cov qe nteg nyob rau hauv lub khob tswj) / (tag nrho cov qe nteg).Txhua txoj kev kho tau rov 8 zaug.
Gas chromatographic thiab electron antenna pattern detection (GC-EAD) kev soj ntsuam poj niam An.arabiensis tau ua raws li tau piav qhia yav dhau los [20] .Liab, tshiab headspace volatile extracts tau sib cais siv Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) nruab nrog ib kab HP-5 mm 2 (3. μm zaj duab xis thickness, Agilent Technologies). thiab cov zis aging.Hydrogen tau siv los ua lub sijhawm txawb nrog qhov nruab nrab linear flow rate ntawm 45 cm s-1.Txhua tus qauv (2 μl) tau txhaj rau 30 vib nas this hauv splitless hom nrog inlet kub ntawm 225 ° C.GC qhov cub kub yog programmed los ntawm 35 ° C (3 feeb tuav) mus rau 300 ° C) ntawm 1 min. effluent splitter, 4 psi ntawm nitrogen tau ntxiv thiab sib cais 1: 1 hauv Gerstel 3D / 2 tsawg tuag ntim hla (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) nruab nrab ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob ionization ntes thiab EAD.GC effluent capillary rau EAD tau dhau los ntawm Gerstel ODP-2 hloov kab, ntxiv rau 5 ° C qhov cub kub (GC) mm), qhov uas nws tau tov nrog carbon-filtered, humidified huab cua (1.5 l min-1).Lub kav hlau txais xov tau muab tso rau 0.5 cm ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub raj.Txhua tus yoov tshaj cum suav rau ib tug replicate, thiab rau tus tswv tsev nrhiav yoov tshaj cum, tsawg kawg yog peb replicates ntawm cov zis kuaj ntawm txhua hnub nyoog.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov bioactive compounds nyob rau hauv headspace collections ntawm cov tshiab thiab cov laus bovine zis siv ib tug ua ke GC thiab huab hwm coj spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC thiab 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) mus elicit antennal teb nyob rau hauv GC-EAD tsom xam, kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv electron cuam tshuam ionization hom ntawm HP-GC-U. fused silica capillary kem (60 m × 0.25 mm puab txoj kab uas hla, 0.25 μm zaj duab xis thickness) siv helium raws li lub sij hawm mobile nrog ib tug nruab nrab linear ntws tus nqi ntawm 35 cm s-1.A 2 μl qauv raug txhaj tshuaj siv tib lub injector chaw thiab qhov cub kub raws li rau GC-EAD tsom xam.Compounds (raws li lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv) spectra piv rau cov tsev qiv ntawv kev cai thiab NIST14 lub tsev qiv ntawv (Agilent). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau lees paub los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj cov qauv tseeb (Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv 1: Table S2).Rau quantification, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% tshuaj purity, Aldrich) tau txhaj tshuaj raws li tus qauv sab nraud.
Kev ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab hluavtaws uas muaj cov tshuaj bioactive uas pom hauv cov zis tshiab thiab muaj hnub nyoog kom nyiam tus tswv tsev nrhiav thiab nqus ntshav Ans.arabiensis, siv tib lub olfactometer thiab raws tu qauv raws li saum toj no.Synthetic mixtures mimicked muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab proportions ntawm cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv mixed headspace volaourh, 4 tshiab extracts-8. 72-teev, thiab 168-teev cov zis muaj hnub nyoog (Daim duab 5D-G; Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv 1: Table S2).Rau kev soj ntsuam, siv 10 μl ntawm 1: 100 dilution ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, nrog rau tag nrho cov kev tso tawm ntawm kwv yees li ntawm 140-2400 ng h-1, rau kev txaus siab rau cov ntshav siab thiab 1. Cov yoov tshaj cum.Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas yog ua tiav ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua tiav, uas cov sib xyaw sib xyaw ntawm ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov sib xyaw ua tiav raug tshem tawm.Nrhiav cov lus teb los ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab cov ntshav pub Ans.Arab vs hluavtaws thiab rho tawm cov khoom sib xyaw tau txheeb xyuas siv nominal logistic regression ua raws li kev sib piv sib piv rau cov khib nyiab (JMP.0.0), v1.
Txhawm rau ntsuam xyuas seb nyuj tso zis puas tuaj yeem ua tus tswv tsev cue rau cov yoov tshaj cum malaria, cov zis nyuj tshiab thiab muaj hnub nyoog, sau raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no, thiab dej tau muab tso rau hauv meshed 3 l thoob (100 ml) thiab muab tso rau hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam. (BG-HDT version; BioGents, Regensburg, DE).Kaum lub ntxiab tso 50 m sib nrug hauv pasture, 400 m los ntawm lub zos zej zog (Silay, Ethiopia, 5° 53´24´´N, 37° 29´24´´E) thiab tsis muaj nyuj, ntawm qhov chaw yug me nyuam mus tas li thiab lub zos muaj cua sov rau tsib lub tsev. unheated.Txhua qhov chaw kho mob yog tig ib hmos rau tag nrho tsib hmos.Yooj yim cov lej ntes tau hauv cov ntxiab uas muaj cov zis ntawm cov hnub nyoog sib txawv tau muab piv nrog cov logistic regression nrog beta binomial faib (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Nyob rau hauv ib lub zos malaria-cov kab mob nyob ze lub nroog Maki, Oromia cheeb tsam, Ethiopia (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81′ 70″ E; Daim duab 6A). Txoj kev tshawb no tau ua nyob rau nruab nrab-Lub yim hli ntuj thiab nruab nrab-September ua ntej lub xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev cov residual txau, nrog rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm los nag. nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub zos raug xaiv rau txoj kev kawm (Fig. 6A).Cov qauv siv los xaiv cov tsev yog: tsis pub tsiaj nyob hauv tsev, tsis muaj kev ua noj sab hauv tsev (kos qhov cub lossis charcoal) raug tso cai (tsawg kawg thaum lub sijhawm sim), thiab cov tsev uas muaj ntau tshaj ob tus neeg nyob, pw hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob. raws li kev kho yoov tshaj cum.Kev pom zoo tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Kev Ncaj Ncees (IRB/022/2016) ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), Addis Ababa University, raws li cov lus qhia tsim los ntawm World Medical Association tshaj tawm ntawm Helsinki.Kev tso cai los ntawm txhua tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zej zog tau txais kev pabcuam ntxiv. koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab pawg ntseeg ('kebele') theem.Qhov kev sim tsim ua raws li 2 × 2 Latin square tsim, uas cov khoom sib xyaw thiab kev tswj tau raug xa mus rau cov tsev nyob rau thawj hmo thiab sib pauv ntawm cov tsev nyob rau yav tom ntej kev sim hmo ntuj.Cov txheej txheem no tau rov ua dua kaum zaug. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau kwv yees cov yoov tshaj cum hauv cov tsev xaiv, CDC cov cuab yeej raug txiav mus rau nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tw ntawm tsib hmo ntuj. sij hawm hnub.
Ib qho hluavtaws sib xyaw uas muaj rau lub tebchaw bioactive tau yaj hauv heptane (97.0% hnyav GC qib, Sigma Aldrich) thiab tso tawm ntawm 140 ng h-1 siv cov paj rwb wick dispenser [20].Lub wick dispenser tso cai rau tag nrho cov tebchaw tso tawm nyob rau hauv tas li proportions thoob plaws hauv 12 teev kev sim. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lub teeb ntxiab (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, US; Daim duab 6A). Cov ntxiab tau dai ntawm 0.8 - 1 m saum av, ze ntawm ko taw ntawm lub txaj, thiab ib tus neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tau pw hauv qab qhov yoov tshaj cum thiab ua haujlwm ntawm 18:00 thiab 06. (tsis pub noj, noj, ib nrab cev xeeb tub, thiab cev xeeb tub [21] tom qab tau tshuaj xyuas siv cov tshuaj polymerase saw tshuaj tiv thaiv (PCR) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov hom morphologically txheeb xyuas raws li A. gambiae sl. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub complex [23]. cov nyhuv taag (JMP® 14.0. 0. SAS Institute Inc.).
Ntsuam xyuas seb nws puas muaj kev nyab xeeb.arabiensis tau tso zis, nws cov ntsiab lus nitrogen, urea, los ntawm kev pub mis ncaj qha, hauv 48 h ntawm kev tswj hwm rau 4 hnub tom qab (dpe) tus tswv tsev-nrhiav thiab ntshav pub poj niam noj kev sim (Daim duab 1A).Ob tus tswv tsev-nrhiav thiab cov poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab cov ntshav nqus cov poj niam absorbed roses ntau tshaj li 4 cov dej (25) suc 20.15, p < 0.0001 thiab F(5,299) = 56.00, p < 0.0001, ntsig txog; Fig. 1B, C). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov poj niam nrhiav tus tswv tsev noj tsawg hauv cov zis ntawm 72 teev piv rau cov zis ntawm 168B teev (Daim duab). absorbed ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm urea ntawm 2.69 mM piv rau tag nrho lwm cov concentrations thiab dej, thaum indistinguishable los ntawm 10% sucrose (F(10,813) = 15.72, p < 0.0001; Daim duab 1D).Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov lus teb ntawm cov ntshav-fed cov poj niam noj cov zaub mov, uas yog heev absorbed cov poj niam cov khoom noj, uas yog heev absorbed. Txawm hais tias tsawg dua 10% sucrose (F(10,557) = 78.35, p < 0.0001; Daim duab 1).1E). Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum sib piv ntawm ob lub xeev lub cev, cov poj niam phlebotomized absorbed urea ntau dua li cov poj niam nrhiav cov poj niam ntawm qhov qis tshaj ntawm cov poj niam uas muaj cov concentrations tsawg tshaj plaws. (F(1,953) = 78.82, p < 0.0001; Fig. 1F, G).Thaum noj los ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj urea zoo nkaus li muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (Fig. 1D,E), cov poj niam hauv ob lub xeev lub cev muaj peev xwm hloov kho tus nqi ntawm urea ntau yam ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov kab noj hniav. 1 F, G). ) Ib yam li ntawd, yoov tshaj cum zoo li tswj lawv cov nitrogen uptake los ntawm kev tswj cov zis nqus, vim tias cov nitrogen hauv cov zis tau cuam tshuam txog qhov nqus tau (Daim duab 1B, C thiab B insets).
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov zis thiab urea ntawm tus tswv tsev nrhiav thiab nqus cov yoov tshaj cum muaj sia nyob, cov poj niam tau tso zis ntawm tag nrho plaub lub hnub nyoog (tshiab, 24 h, 72 h, thiab 168 h tom qab tso tawm) thiab ntau yam ntawm urea concentrations, nrog rau cov dej distilled thiab 10% a viv ncaus (cov tshuaj sucrose uas muaj sia nyob). Kev noj zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tag nrho cov ciaj sia nyob hauv cov poj niam nrhiav tus tswv tsev (cov zis: χ2 = 108.5, df = 5, p < 0.0001; urea: χ2 = 122.8, df = 5, p < 0.0001; Fig. 2B, C) thiab cov ntshav-fed 3. 5, p < 0.0001; urea: χ2 = 137.9, df = 5, p < 0.0001; Daim duab 2D, E).Nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev sim, cov poj niam tau noj zaub mov ntawm cov zis, urea, thiab dej tau txo qis qis dua piv rau cov poj niam noj sucrose (cov poj niam noj sucrose). Cov zis stale nthuav tawm cov kev ciaj sia sib txawv, nrog rau cov neeg noj 72-h stale tso zis (p = 0.016) muaj qhov muaj sia nyob qis tshaj (Fig. 2B). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov poj niam nrhiav tus tswv tsev pub 135 mM urea ciaj sia ntev dua cov dej tswj (p
Tag nrho qhov kev ncua deb thiab tus naj npawb ntawm qhov ntsuas tau txiav txim siab hauv lub davhlau zeb ntsuas lub sijhawm 24-teev sib txawv ntawm tus tswv tsev nrhiav thiab nqus cov yoov tshaj cum, uas qhia tau tias muaj kev ya davhlau tsawg dua tag nrho (Fig. 3). Cov yoov tshaj cum nrhiav tus tswv tsev uas muab tso zis tshiab thiab muaj hnub nyoog los yog sucrose thiab dej pom cov qauv sib txawv dav dav (daim duab 3) thaum noj zaub mov tshiab (daim duab 3). Cov yoov tshaj cum uas muaj hnub nyoog 24- thiab 168-teev Cov yoov tshaj cum uas pub tso zis tau nthuav tawm cov qauv sib txawv thiab feem ntau yog diurnal.Cov yoov tshaj cum poj niam uas muab sucrose lossis 72-teev tso zis tau pom kev ua si thoob plaws hauv 24-teev, thaum cov poj niam uas muab dej muaj zog ntau dua thaum lub sij hawm sucrose ntawm sucrose. theem ntawm kev ua si thaum tsaus ntuj thiab thaum sawv ntxov ntxov, thaum cov neeg uas noj cov zis 72-teev-teev muaj kev poob qis hauv kev ua haujlwm dhau 24 teev (Daim duab 3).
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov nrhiav ntshav nqus cov poj niam Anopheles arabinis pub rau nyuj tso zis thiab urea.Nyob rau hauv lub davhlau zeb kuaj, cov poj niam yoov tshaj cum noj ntawm cov nyuj tshiab thiab cov laus laus, ntau cov concentrations ntawm urea, sucrose (10%), thiab cov dej distilled (H2O) tau tethered, pub dawb rau horizontal. Tus tswv tsev-nrhiav (sab laug) thiab cov ntshav nqus (txoj cai) poj niam, tag nrho cov kev ncua deb thiab cov davhlau ib teev rau txhua qhov kev noj haus hauv 24-teev tau sau tseg (tsaus: grey; lub teeb: dawb).
Feem ntau, tag nrho cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov poj niam nrhiav tswv yim ua raws li tus qauv zoo ib yam li kev ya davhlau nyob rau lub sijhawm 24-teev.Mean ya davhlau deb tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm kev noj zaub mov noj (F(5, 138) = 28.27, p < 0.0001), thiab cov poj niam nrhiav tus tswv tsev noj 72 xuab moos ntawm kev noj zaub mov ntev dua (piv txwv li kev noj zaub mov ntau dua. 0.0001), thiab sucrose-fed yoov tshaj cum ya ntev dua tshiab (p = 0.022) thiab 24-h-hnub tso zis (p = 0.022)-fed yoov tshaj cum.Thiab rau cov qauv kev ya davhlau uas tau piav qhia los ntawm kev noj zaub mov, urea-fed host-nrhiav cov poj niam muaj hnub nyoog 2 lub sijhawm, Thaum lub sij hawm thib ob ntawm lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj (Fig. 3).Txawm tias cov qauv kev ua si zoo sib xws, cov poj niam nrhiav tus tswv tsev noj urea nce qhov kev ncua deb nyob ntawm qhov absorbed concentration (F(5, 138) = 1310.91, p < 0.0001). Cov poj niam nrhiav cov poj niam noj cov concentration ntawm urea ntau dua li cov poj niam 0.
Zuag qhia tag nrho kev ua si ntawm yoov tshaj cum ntshav tau ruaj khov thiab txhawb nqa ntau dua 24 teev thoob plaws tag nrho cov khoom noj, nrog rau cov zis ntau ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj rau cov poj niam noj dej thiab cov poj niam noj tshiab thiab 24 teev (daim duab 3).Thaum tso zis muaj txiaj ntsig cuam tshuam rau lub davhlau deb ntawm cov poj niam noj ntshav (F(5), 1.38 = 5. 0.0004), urea noj tsis tau (F(5, 138) = 1.36, p = 0.24).nrog rau lwm cov zis thiab tswj kev noj haus (tshiab, p = 0.0091; 72 teev, p = 0.0022; 168 teev, p = 0.001; sucrose, 0.0 p = 0.001; 0.036).
Cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov zis thiab urea pub rau kev ua me nyuam tsis tau raug soj ntsuam hauv cov qe nteg bioassays (Daim duab 4A) thiab tau tshawb xyuas raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov qe nteg los ntawm txhua tus poj niam, qe loj, thiab tshiab hatched thawj instar larvae.Tus naj npawb ntawm cov qe nteg.Urine-fed Arab poj niam varied los ntawm kev noj zaub mov 5,228 (F. 0.0008; Fig. 4B). Cov poj niam tau tso zis 24-teev, cov ntshav pluas noj tau tso cov qe ntau dua li cov poj niam noj lwm cov zis thiab zoo ib yam li cov qe uas tau noj sucrose (Fig. 4B). Ib yam li ntawd, qhov loj ntawm cov qe tso los ntawm cov poj niam noj cov zis muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev noj zaub mov (F2. 0.0001), nrog rau 24-teev tso zis thiab sucrose-fed poj niam nteg qe loj dua cov poj niam noj dej, thaum lub qe ntawm cov poj niam pub nrog 168 h tso zis me me (Fig. 4C). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov zis tso zis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau larval loj (F(5, 70.18) . Cov larvae loj dua uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov qe tso los ntawm cov poj niam uas muaj hnub nyoog 24- thiab 72-teev tso zis ntau dua li ntawm cov qe nteg qe los ntawm cov qe larvae. Dej-pub thiab 168-h tso zis poj niam (Daim duab 4D).
Kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov poj niam Anopheles arabinis pub rau nyuj tso zis thiab urea.Cov poj niam yoov tshaj cum tau noj cov zaub mov uas muaj cov zis tshiab thiab hnub nyoog nyuj, ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm urea, sucrose (10%), thiab dej distilled (H2O) rau 48 teev ua ntej muab tso rau hauv cov qe qe-8 teev. (B, E), qe loj (C, F) thiab larvae loj (D, G) tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm kev noj zaub mov (nqaij tso zis: BD; urea: EG).Txhais rau txhua qhov ntsuas uas siv cov npe sib txawv txawv ntawm ib leeg (ib txoj kev ANOVA siv Tukey's post hoc tsom xam; p < 0.05).
Raws li cov ntsiab lus nitrogenous tseem ceeb ntawm cov zis, urea, thaum muab cov khoom noj rau cov poj niam noj ntshav, cuam tshuam rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub hauv txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb.Tus naj npawb ntawm cov qe tso los ntawm cov poj niam noj urea, tom qab noj ntshav, nyob ntawm urea concentration (F(11, 360) = 4.69; p < 0.0001 thiab 3 µs 4 μs urea), cov poj niam. 1.34 mM nteg qe ntau dua (Daim duab 4E).Cov poj niam pub rau ntawm urea concentrations ntawm 134 µM los yog saum toj no nteg qe loj dua cov poj niam pub rau hauv dej (F(10, 4245) = 36.7; p < 0.0001; Daim duab 4F), thiab larval concentrations ntawm 0 (txawm hais tias muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm 1 leej niam loj, tab sis cuam tshuam los ntawm 1. 3305) = 37.9; p < 0.0001) yog ntau qhov sib txawv (Fig. 4G).
Tag nrho kev nyiam rau tus tswv tsev-nrhiav bovine urine headspace volatile extracts.The arabiensis soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub iav raj olfactometer (Fig. 5A) tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm cov zis hnub nyoog (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; daim duab. 5B stale 4 teev tsom xam). ua rau muaj kev ntxim nyiam ntau dua piv rau lwm yam kev kho mob (72 teev: p = 0.0060, 168 teev: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Tsuas yog cov tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov zis tshiab (p = 0.13; Daim duab 5B).Txawm hais tias tag nrho cov kev nyiam ntawm mosquitoodores tsis txawv (p = 2.2B). 8.78, df = 4, p = 0.067; Fig. 5C), cov poj niam no tau pom tias muaj kev ntxim nyiam ntau dua rau lub taub hau tsis muaj zog ntxiv piv nrog cov zis 72-teev hnub nyoog piv rau kev tswj hwm (p = 0.0066; Daim duab 5C).
Kev coj tus cwj pwm teb rau tej yam ntuj tso thiab hluavtaws nyuj tso zis tsw nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav rau tus tswv tsev thiab cov ntshav pub Anopheles arabianus.Schematic ntawm lub iav raj olfactometer (A).Tshem tawm ntawm headspace volatile extracts los ntawm tshiab thiab laus nyuj tso zis rau tswv tsev (B) thiab ntshav nqus dej (C) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus Tswv tentacles. tshiab (D), 24-teev (E), 72-teev (F), thiab 168-teev (G) cov laus nyuj tso zis tau qhia.Electron kav hlau txais xov (EAD) kab qhia pom qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov lus teb rau bioactive compounds nyob rau hauv lub headspace eluted los ntawm cov roj chromatograph thiab kuaj pom los ntawm ib tug nplaim ionization scale (V) barampli (F). tiv thaiv lub sij hawm tuav (s).Lub zog thiab tso tawm tus nqi (µg h-1) ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg tau tshwm sim.Ib lub hnub qub (*) qhia tau hais tias muaj cov lus teb qis-amplitude.Double asterisks (**) qhia tias cov lus teb tsis zoo.Nrhiav tus tswv tsev (H) thiab cov ntshav nqus dej (Kuv) muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. cov zis odors.Qhov nruab nrab proportions ntawm yoov tshaj cum nyiam rau cov npe ntawv sib txawv txawv ntawm ib leeg (ib-txoj kev ANOVA siv Tukey's post hoc tsom xam; p < 0.05). Cov kab ntawv yuam kev sawv cev rau qhov yuam kev ntawm qhov ntsuas.
Poj niam Ann.arabiensis, 72 h thiab 120 h tom qab ntshav noj, thaum lub sij hawm spawning, tsis muaj kev nyiam rau headspace volatile extracts los ntawm tshiab thiab laus nyuj zis piv nrog pentane tswj (χ2 = 3.07, p > 0.05; Ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv 1: Fig. S1).
Rau cov poj niam Ann.arabiensis, GC-EAD thiab GC-MS kev tshuaj xyuas tau txheeb xyuas yim, rau, peb thiab peb bioactive compounds (Daim duab 5D-G).Txawm hais tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tebchaw uas elicited electrophysiological teb tau pom, feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaw no muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub taub hau volatile extract tau los ntawm cov tshiab thiab cov laus xwb, refore physiine compounds. cov lus teb los ntawm tus poj niam kav hlau txais xov saum toj kawg nkaus tau suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv.
Tag nrho cov volatile tso tawm tus nqi ntawm bioactive compounds nyob rau hauv lub headspace sau tau nce los ntawm 29 µg h-1 nyob rau hauv cov zis tshiab mus rau 242 µg h-1 nyob rau hauv 168-teev cov zis muaj hnub nyoog, feem ntau yog vim p-cresol thiab m-formaldehyde Phenol nce raws li zoo raws li phenol.In contrast, lub tso tawm tus nqi xws li clone-2 thiab lwm yam compounds. decanal, txo qis nrog cov zis muaj hnub nyoog, uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov pom qhov txo qis hauv cov teeb liab siv (ntau) hauv chromatogram (Fig. 5D)-G sab laug vaj huam sib luag) thiab physiological teb rau cov tebchaw (Daim duab 5D-G sab xis vaj huam sib luag).
Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke muaj qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv bioactive uas pom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov zis tshiab thiab hnub nyoog lub taub hau (Fig. 5D–G) thiab tsis tau tshwm sim rau kev thov rov hais dua tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tus tswv tsev (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; moss = 2, Φ- 5; Fig. 4.91, df = 4, p = 0.30; Fig. 5I).Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev sib piv ntawm kev sib piv ntawm kev kho mob pom tau tias cov yoov tshaj cum nrhiav tus tswv tsev tau ntxim nyiam rau cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm 24-h hnub nyoog tso zis piv nrog pentane tswj (p = 0.00586).
Txhawm rau ntsuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kheej cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov zis 24-h-hnub nyoog, rau qhov kev sib cais sib cais tau raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua tiav hauv Y-tube assay, uas ib tus neeg sib xyaw raug tshem tawm.Rau tus tswv tsev nrhiav yoov tshaj cum, rho tawm ib tus neeg sib xyaw los ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua tiav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev coj tus cwj pwm cov lus teb (χ 2 = p 6, 19) 0.0032; Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv 1: Daim duab S2A), tag nrho cov kev sib cais sib cais tau zoo dua li Me me dua li qhov sib xyaw ua ke.Tshwj xeeb, kev tshem tawm cov neeg sib xyaw los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis cuam tshuam rau kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum ntshav (χ2 = 11.38, df = 6, 10), qhov tshwm sim ntawm p7. Cov qib qis dua piv rau qhov sib xyaw ua kom tiav Attraction (p = 0.022; Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv 1: Daim duab S2B).
Nyob rau hauv ib lub zos malaria-muaj kab mob hauv Ethiopia, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm 24-teev nyuj tso zis hauv kev nyiam yoov tshaj cum nyob rau hauv thaj chaw raug soj ntsuam rau kaum hmo (Fig. 6A).Muaj tag nrho ntawm 4,861 yoov tshaj cum raug ntes thiab txheeb xyuas, ntawm 45.9% ambiae yog 8.7%. Anopheles pharoensis thiab 35.4% yog Culex spp.(Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv 1: Table S1).Anopheles arabinis yog tib tus tswv cuab ntawm An.Gambian hom complex txheeb xyuas los ntawm PCR tsom xam.Ntawm qhov nruab nrab, 320 yoov tshaj cum raug ntes ib hmos, thaum lub sij hawm cov ntxiab nrog cov yoov tshaj cum sib tov sib xyaw (tsis muaj qhov sib tov sib xyaw ntau tshaj 2. 3196) = 170.0, p < 0.0001) .Cov ntxiab uas tsis muaj cuab yeej raug teeb tsa rau txhua lub tsib hmo tswj thaum pib, nruab nrab, thiab xaus ntawm qhov kev sim.Zoo li cov yoov tshaj cum raug ntes nyob rau hauv txhua khub ntawm cov ntxiab, qhia tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tsev (χ2(0, 160.5 × 165) > p. Tsis muaj cov pejxeem poob qis thaum lub sijhawm kawm.Piv nrog kev tswj cov cuab yeej, cov yoov tshaj cum ntes tau hauv cov ntxiab uas muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tau nce ntxiv: tus tswv tsev nrhiav (χ2(0, 2107) = 138.7, p < 0.0001), kev noj ntshav tsis ntev los no (χ2(0, 650) = <21.20, p. 228).
Kev soj ntsuam teb ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 24-teev hluavtaws nyuj cov zis tsw ntxhiab sib tov.Field trials tau ua nyob rau sab qab teb-central Ethiopia (daim ntawv qhia), nyob ze lub nroog Maki (ntxig), siv Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob (CDC) lub teeb ntxiab (txoj cai) hauv cov tsev ua ke, nrog rau Latin square tsim (aerial duab) . poj niam Anopheles arabesques (B), tab sis tsis yog Anopheles farroes (C), nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv yam, ib tug physiological lub xeev-dependent nyhuv.Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov ntxiab captured ho nce tus naj npawb ntawm tus tswv tsev Culex yoov tshaj cum.(D) Muab piv nrog tswj.Cov tuav nyob rau sab laug sawv cev rau nruab nrab xaiv qhov ntsuas ntawm yoov tshaj cum ntes tau nyob rau hauv khub (Nodoren) thiab tswj (Nodoren) 10), thaum cov tuav ntawm sab xis sawv cev rau qhov nruab nrab xaiv qhov ntsuas hauv ob pawg tswj cuab (qhib; N = 5). ).Asterisks qhia txog qib tseem ceeb (*p = 0.01 thiab ***p < 0.0001)
Peb hom tau raug ntes sib txawv hauv cov ntxiab uas muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke.Nrhiav tus tswv (χ2(1, 1345) = 71.7, p < 0.0001), kev pub ntshav (χ2(1, 517) = 16.7, p < 0.0001) thiab cev xeeb tub (χ2(1, 640 a) = χ2(1, 1801.), .arabiensis tau raug daig hauv lub ntxiab tso cov khoom sib xyaw (Fig. 6B), thaum tus nqi ntawm An tsis txawv.Pharoensis nyob rau hauv txawv physiological xeev tau pom (Daim duab 6C).Rau Culex, tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum nrhiav hosts tau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntxiab baited nrog cov 12.19 (synthetic), sib tov. 0.0004; Fig. 6D), piv nrog cov cuab yeej tswj.
Cov cuab yeej cuab tam nyob sab nraud ntawm cov chaw muaj peev xwm ntawm cov chaw yug me nyuam thiab cov zej zog nyob deb nroog hauv Ethiopia tau siv los tshuaj xyuas seb cov yoov tshaj cum malaria siv nyuj tso zis tsw los ua tus tswv tsev cue.Thaum tsis muaj tus tswv tsev cues, cua sov, thiab nrog los yog tsis muaj nyuj tso zis tsw, tsis muaj yoov tshaj cum raug ntes 1 (Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv, qhov kub thiab txias) nyuj cov zis tsw qab, poj niam malaria yoov tshaj cum tau nyiam thiab ntes, txawm tias muaj tsawg, tsis muaj hnub nyoog tso zis (χ2(5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv 1: Daim duab S3 ).Tshwj xeeb, kev tswj dej tsis tau ntes cov yoov tshaj cum malaria (xws li cov yoov tshaj cum3).
Cov yoov tshaj cum malaria tau txais thiab faib cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj nitrogen los ntawm kev them nyiaj pub rau nyuj tso zis (piv txwv li, puddles) txhawm rau txhim kho lub neej-keeb kwm zoo, zoo ib yam li lwm yam kab [2, 4, 24, 25, 26].Cow tso zis yog ib qho yooj yim muaj peev xwm txuas dua tshiab rau cov kab mob malaria, xws li cov chaw siab thiab cov chaw so. Cov nroj tsuag nyob ze rau cov tsev nyob deb nroog thiab qhov chaw spawning.Cov poj niam yoov tshaj cum nrhiav cov peev txheej no los ntawm kev hnov tsw thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov khoom siv nitrogenous hauv cov zis, suav nrog urea, cov ntsiab lus nitrogenous loj hauv cov zis [15, 16].Raws li poj niam yoov tshaj cum lub cev lub cev, cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv cov poj niam ua haujlwm rau surines. yoov tshaj cum, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ciaj sia thiab kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov neeg noj ntshav thaum lub sij hawm thawj lub voj voog gonadotropic.Yog li ntawd, cov zis sib xyaw ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob malaria uas raug kaw zoo li cov neeg laus uas tsis muaj zaub mov noj [8], vim nws muab cov yoov tshaj cum poj niam nrog lub peev xwm kom tau txais ib qho tseem ceeb nitrogenous compounds-Qhov no muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev. qhov tshwm sim, raws li cov poj niam nce lawv txoj sia nyob, kev ua ub no thiab cov khoom tsim tawm, txhua yam cuam tshuam rau vector peev xwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus cwj pwm no yuav yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj hwm vector yav tom ntej.
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-15-2022
