Editor's Note: Annually.Mining Engineering nta Industrial Minerals Review.Muaj ntau tus neeg uas tau nqis peev ntau lub sij hawm tsim cov khoom siv rau qhov teeb meem no, thaum tseem ua lawv tus kheej ua haujlwm.Ua tsaug rau cov neeg kho tshiab ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txhua Xyoo ntawm Industrial Minerals, Lub Rooj Sib Tham thiab Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Lag Luam Minerals thiab Aggregates Division, thiab cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Rajesh Raitani yog SME tus tswv cuab ntawm Cytec Industries Inc. thiab ua tus thawj coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm rau Kev Lag Luam Minerals thiab Aggregates Division.
Lawv cov kev pab tau ua rau lub Xya Hli Ntuj Kev Lag Luam Minerals qhov teeb meem.Rau kuv cov neeg nyeem, cov neeg kho ua tsaug rau lawv.
Plaub lub tuam txhab - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. thiab Unimin Corp. - Mined pob av nplaum nyob rau hauv plaub lub xeev xyoo 2013.Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej, kev tsim khoom yog 1 metric ton (1.1 lab luv tons) nrog kwv yees tus nqi ntawm $ 47 lab.Production nce 7 3 3 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov nqi ntawm 12 lab tons. $ 45.1 lab.Tennessee yog tus thawj coj tsim khoom, suav txog 64% ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev, tom qab ntawd Texas.Mississippi thiab Kentucky.Hais txog 67% ntawm tag nrho cov av nplaum tsim tawm yog huab cua flotation, 22% yog ntxhib los yog crushed av nplaum, thiab 11% yog dej slurry.
Hauv xyoo 2013, cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev tau muag av nplaum rau cov lag luam hauv qab no: ceramic pem teb thiab phab ntsa vuas (44%);export (21%);khoom noj khoom haus (18%);lwm yam ceramics (9%);los ntawm qhov kawg siv nyob rau hauv 2012 hom thiab tam sim no kev lag luam, fillers, extenders thiab binders thiab unspecified siv (4% txhua).Lwm kev lag luam account rau tsawg tshaj li 1% ntawm cov seem pob av nplaum muag los yog siv.Sale qhia rau kev tsim cov fiberglass los yog feem ntau muab tub lim, muab tub lim thiab binder daim ntaub ntawv yog feem ntau yog kaolin av nplaum mined los yog yuav los ntawm cov khoom.
Raws li kev soj ntsuam ua ntej ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom siv pob av nplaum, tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm cov av nplaum hauv tsev yog nyob ib puag ncig US $ 47 / t ($ 43 / t) hauv xyoo 2013, piv rau US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) hauv xyoo 2012.Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xa tawm thiab xa tawm pob av nplaum yog $ 126 / t ($ 114 / st) thiab $ 373 / st ($ 113 / st) piv rau $ 373. 2 / t ($ 56 / st) thiab $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) hauv xyoo 2013) hauv xyoo 2012, feem.Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xa tawm feem ntau tau nce xyoo 2013, thiab kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom qis, cov nqi siab tshaj tawm ob npaug rau xyoo 2013 piv rau 2012 tus nqi qis hauv kev xa tawm. 2013 suav txog qhov nce ntawm tus nqi ntshuam.
Raws li US Census Bureau, 4,681 tons (516 tons) pob av nplaum tau raug xa tawm hauv xyoo 2013, muaj nuj nqis ntawm $ 174,000, piv rau 436 tons (481 tons) muaj nqis txog $ 137,000 hauv xyoo 2012.Cov pob av nplaum feem ntau tau tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.US Census Bureau tau tshaj tawm tias kev xa tawm xyoo 2013 yog 52.2 carats (57,500 luv tonnes) muaj nqis txog $ 6.6 lab, piv nrog 74 carats (81.600 tons) hauv xyoo 2012, Tus nqi ntawm $ 4.58 lab.Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau exported pob av nplaum yog nqis los, Belgium, peb lub teb chaws loj transships. ntawm US pob av nplaum exports.US cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau tshaj tawm ob mus rau peb zaug ntau qhov kev xa tawm raws li US Census Bureau.Raws li kev xa tawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Mexican Ministry of Economy, xa tawm pob av nplaum ntawm ntau tons xa los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas mus rau Mexico tuaj yeem muab cais ua kaolin.
Kev pom zoo rau lub pob av nplaum kev lag luam yog kev muag khoom loj hlob raws li Asmeskas kev lag luam tseem pheej rov qab los ntawm kev lag luam.In 2013, kev lag luam kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse yog qhov tseem ceeb rau pob av nplaum muag vim lawv siv hauv kev tsim cov vuas luaj ceramic thiab cov khoom siv huv huv.The US Census Bureau qhia txog 923,000 tus kheej vaj tse nyob pib xyoo 2018, piv nrog 2018 feem pua ​​​​nce 2018, piv rau 2018. Tus nqi ntawm cov tsev nyob thiab cov tsev tsis nyob hauv tsev ua tiav xyoo 2013 tau nce 5 feem pua ​​​​rau $ 898 nphom los ntawm $ 857 nphom hauv 2012. Ntxiv rau, cov teeb meem kev kaw cia tau raug daws nyob rau ntau qhov chaw hauv Tebchaws Meskas, txo cov tsev nyob hauv khw.Txawm tias cov kev txhim kho no, cov vaj tsev pib tseem qis dua ua ntej kev lag luam.
Kev muag khoom ntawm cov av nplaum hauv tsev kuj tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv av nplaum xws li cov vuas thiab cov khoom siv huv huv.In 2013, tus naj npawb ntawm cov vuas tuaj yeem txo los ntawm $ 62.1 lab hauv 5.86 square metres (63.1 lab square feet) xyoo 2012 txog 5.58 square metres (60.1 lab square feet ntawm 60.1 lab tus nqi ntawm Schiffs. ule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Nyob rau hauv nqe lus txiav txim ntawm ntim, Tuam Tshoj (22%);Mexico (21%);Ltalis thiab Qaib Cov Txwv (10% txhua);Brazil (7%);Colombia, Peru thiab Spain (5% txhua).Ntshuam ntawm cov khoom siv huv huv tau nce los ntawm 25.2 lab hauv xyoo 2012 txog 29.7 lab hauv 2013.Tuam Tshoj suav txog 14.7 lab (49%) ntawm Asmeskas cov khoom siv huv huv hauv xyoo 2013, thiab Mexico 11.6 lab (39%) ntawm cov khoom siv ceramics. rau cov neeg tsim khoom siv pob zeb hauv tsev ntau dua li cov neeg tuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj, raws li Asmeskas cov neeg tsim khoom yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov av nplaum rau Mexican ceramic kev lag luam.Qhov kev nce hauv kev tsim kho pom tau hais tias kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev hauv 2014 yuav zoo ib yam li xyoo 2013.*
Yuav luag tag nrho cov bauxite noj nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States yog imported.Alabama, Arkansas, thiab Georgia ua me me ntawm bauxite thiab bauxite av nplaum rau cov uas tsis yog-metallurgical siv.
Metallurgical qib bauxite (coarse qhuav) imports tag nrho 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 lab tus qauv tonnes) nyob rau hauv 2013, ib tug 5% txo los ntawm 2012 imports.Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) thiab Brazil (25%) yog cov khoom lag luam saum toj kawg nkaus rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas hauv 2012, 2014 (120%). luv tons) refractory qib calcined bauxite tau tuaj, nce 58% xyoo-rau-xyoo.
Kev xa tawm ntawm qib refractory calcined bauxite nce ntxiv piv rau xyoo 2012, ua rau cov khoom lag luam ntxiv raws li kev xa tawm ntawm bauxite-based refractory khoom poob qis piv rau xyoo 2012.Cov khoom siv hlau hauv tsev, uas yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm bauxite-based refractory khoom, poob li ntawm 23% ntawm cov khoom lag luam 20,9% thiab 20% ntawm Guina 4%) yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm US refractory-qib calcined bauxite ntshuam.
Ntshuam ntawm non-refractory qib calcined bauxite tag nrho 455 carats (501,500 luv tonnes) nyob rau hauv 2013, ib tug 40% nce tshaj 2012 imports.Qhov kev loj hlob yog ntaus nqi mus rau nce siv bauxite nyob rau hauv cov cement, cov roj kev lag luam raws li ib tug proppant rau hydraulic fracturing lub teb chaws Australia (20%) thiab steel (20%) (2%), Australia. qhov chaw.
Hauv xyoo 2013, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau xa tawm 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory qib calcined bauxite, nce 40% tshaj li xyoo 2012 xa tawm, nrog Canada (72%) thiab Mexico (7%) cov chaw tseem ceeb. Hauv xyoo 2013, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau xa tawm ib qho tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov khoom tsis yog-refractory, kwv yees li 1 kg ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj refractory. 300 luv tons) hauv 2012.Coarse qhuav bauxite exports tag nrho ze li ntawm 4,000 tonnes (4,400 luv tons), ib tug 59% txo los ntawm 2012 exports, nrog Canada (82%) lub ntsiab lo lus uas peb.
Kev tsim cov alumina hauv tsev tau kwv yees li ntawm 4.1 metric tons (4.6 lab luv tons) hauv xyoo 2013, nqis 7% los ntawm 2012.Qhov kev poob qis yog vim qis qis qis ntawm Ormet Corp.'s 540 t / y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery.Ob feem peb ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj raug kaw. GmbH thiab rov pib dua thaum nruab nrab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis.
Tag nrho alumina ntshuam hauv xyoo 2013 yog 2.05 metric tons (2.26 lab tus qauv tons), nce 8% ntau dua xyoo 2012 alumina imports.Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) thiab Brazil (12%) yog qhov tseem ceeb.Tag nrho alumina xa tawm xyoo 2013 yog 2.25 metric.2% metric tons (2013) exports. Ntawm lawv, Canada (35%), Tim lyiv teb chaws (17%) thiab Iceland (13%) yog cov chaw tseem ceeb.
Tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev (raws li qhov sib npaug qhuav qhuav) hauv xyoo 2013 tau kwv yees li ntawm 9.8 mt (10.1 lab tus qauv tons), 2% siab dua li xyoo 2012.Qhov no, kwv yees li 8.8 metric tons (9.1 lab tus qauv tons) tau siv los tsim cov alumina.6% qis dua li xyoo dhau los. nrog rau hauv kev lag luam roj, kev tsim steel thiab kev kho dej.
Tag nrho cov khoom siv alumina hauv tsev ntawm kev lag luam txhuas hauv xyoo 2013 yog 3.89 metric tons (4.29 lab tus qauv tons), txo qis ntawm 6% los ntawm 2012.In 2013, lwm cov lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau siv txog 490 kilotons (540,000 tus qauv tons) ntawm alumina, ib qho 1012% alumina, txo qis los ntawm kev siv cov cement. ceramics thiab chemicals.
Tus nqi rau cov khoom siv thiab xa tawm bauxite sib txawv los ntawm qhov chaw, qhov chaw thiab qib.Unit cov nqi rau cov qib refractory qib calcined bauxite los ntawm cov peev txheej loj hauv xyoo 2013 yog $813/t ($737/st) los ntawm Brazil (nce 5%) thiab $480/t ($435/st) los ntawm Tuam Tshoj ($ 440/st) los ntawm Tuam Tshoj ($ 440yst) thiab down me ntsis ($ 440/st) los ntawm Tuam Tshoj ($ 440/st)
Cov nqi rau cov qib tsis-refractory calcined bauxite tuaj los ntawm cov chaw loj yog li ntawm $ 56 / t ($ 51 / st) hauv Australia (qis 20%) mus rau $ 65 / t ($ 59 / st) hauv tim Nkij teb chaws (nce 12%) hauv xyoo 2013 .Qhov nruab nrab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv ntxhib qhuav qhuav yog $ 201 / 3st ($ 201 / 3 st) .Qhov nruab nrab tus nqi ntawm alumina imported nyob rau hauv 2013 yog $396/t ($359/st), 3% qis tshaj nyob rau hauv 2012 2012. Tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm alumina exported los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas poob los ntawm 11% rau $400 hauv 2013 piv rau 2012 nqi / t ($363/st).
Aluminium nqi txuas ntxiv rau xyoo 2013 mus txog rau lub quarter thib ib ntawm 2014. Cov nqi txhuas qis thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob siab tau raug suav tias yog vim li cas rau kev kaw ntawm ib lub tsev thawj aluminium smelter hauv 2013 thiab tshaj tawm ntawm kev kaw lwm thawj aluminium smelter nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm 2014.Tshiab Zog Thaum kawg ntawm 2013 thiab qhov pib ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, 2 lub tswv yim aluminium melters, 2 lub tswv yim pib thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. s.Txawm li cas los xij, cov tswv ntawm ob lub smelters tab tom sim sib tham txog cov nqi hluav taws xob kom txo nqi hluav taws xob.
Txawm hais tias cov nqi txhuas tau ruaj khov nyob rau thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm 2014, alumina thov yuav nyob ntawm qhov kev cog lus tshiab fais fab nrog qee cov smelters.Thaum US cov nqi roj av tau nce ntxiv rau xyoo dhau los, tus nqi qis yuav tsum txuas ntxiv muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev hauv 2014.
Ntshuam ntawm refractory-qib calcined bauxite yuav tsum nyob ntawm seb steel ntau lawm, tab sis hloov steel nrog txhuas los ntawm automakers nrhiav kev txhim kho roj efficiency yuav txo tau cov kev thov rau steel thiab refractory khoom rau steelmaking.Qhov kev noj ntawm non-refractory qib calcined bauxite yuav tsum nce nyob rau hauv 2014 kev lag luam.
Hauv 2013, kev lag luam bentonite tseem tsis hloov pauv los ntawm 2012.Tag nrho Asmeskas cov khoom tsim thiab muag yog 4.95 metric tons (5.4 lab kab), piv rau 4.98 metric tons (5.5 lab kab) hauv 2012.Qhov kev tsim cov bentonite nthuav dav yog dominated los ntawm Wyoming, ua raws los ntawm Color.Bfornias. thiab Montana. Xyoo 2011, kev rov qab los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab ntiaj teb kev poob qis (2007-2009) tau tshwm sim ua tiav ntau.Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev siv cov bentonite muaj feem xyuam thaum kawg pib rov zoo.In North America (Asmeskas thiab Canada), o sodium bentonite dominates non-o calcium bentonite, accounting rau tag nrho bentonite kev ua lag luam. issippi, Arizona, California thiab Nevada.Qhov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov bentonite tsis nthuav dav yog cov xuab zeb binders, kev kho dej thiab kev pom.
Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, cov neeg tsim khoom tseem ceeb ntawm sodium activated bentonite yog Greece.China, Egypt thiab India.AMCOL (yav tas los American Colloid Co.) tseem yog tus thawj coj sodium bentonite tsim muaj txog 40% kev ua lag luam, thaum BPM Minerals LLC (ib lub koom haum Halliburton) muaj txog 30% US market share.Lwm cov khoom loj sodium bentonite. bentonite producers pib tsim nyob rau hauv 2013.Wyo-Ben Inc. qhib ib lub mine tshiab nyob ze Thermopolis, Wyoming.Cov deposits reserves yuav kav ntev li ntawm 10 mus rau 20 xyoo.Raw cov nqi tseem ruaj khov, thaum lub tsheb thauj khoom tus nqi tsis hloov nyob rau hauv 2013.
Drilling-qib bentonite rau roj thiab roj drilling thiab rov qab yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav dav bentonite nyob rau hauv 2013, ua tau kwv yees li 1.15 metric tons (1.26 lab luv tons).Tus naj npawb ntawm cov rigs nquag txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo 2013, lees paub qhov rov qab los ntawm cov roj thiab roj drilling.Tshwj xeeb, kab rov tav bentonite ntau lawm.
Lub khw muag khoom khib nyiab khib nyiab yog qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws kev lag luam rau granular nthuav dav bentonite.Txawm hais tias cov hordes ntawm cov tsiaj khib nyiab mus txog 1.24 metric tons (1.36 lab metric tons) hauv xyoo 2005, nws tau hloov pauv ntawm 1.05 thiab 1.08 metric tons (1.15 thiab 1.15 lab metric xyoo), kev ua lag luam ntau tshaj 1.19 lab tons. lab metric tons) hauv 2013 mt).
Hlau ore pellets rau nthuav bentonite yog qhov thib peb loj tshaj plaws kev lag luam, loj hlob mus rau 550 kilotons (606.000 luv tons) nyob rau hauv 2013 raws li kev thov rau steel nce rau US pib thiab hnyav khoom ntau lawm.
Txij li xyoo 2011, qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev nthuav dav bentonite siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov xuab zeb hauv cov hlau thiab lwm yam hlau ntau tshaj 500 carats (550,000 luv tons).
Kev ua lag luam rau bentonite rau pej xeem engineering daim ntawv thov, cais cais los ntawm 2005, yog 175 carats (192,000 luv tons), qhia tias kev lag luam pib rov qab los ntawm kev lag luam poob qis xyoo 2008.Qhov kev lag luam waterproofing thiab sealing bentonite kev lag luam txuas ntxiv loj hlob nrog kev tsim kho kev lag luam tom qab US kev lag luam poob qis, nce mus txog 150 carats 150,000 lwm yam lag luam. bentonites rau adhesives, tsiaj pub, fillers thiab fillers, thiab lwm yam kev siv feem ntau tsis zoo rov qab los ntawm 2008 kev lag luam.
Ib ntu me me ntawm kev ua lag luam bentonite yog tshwj xeeb hauv dej haus thiab cawv kom meej meej thiab cov khoom siv organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie thiab Elementis Specialties Inc. tab tom nrhiav kev ua lag luam bentonite nanocomposite.Elementis nthuav dav nws cov cog cog qoob loo hauv Newbury Springs, Calif., dhau los ua lub zog ntau xyoo dhau los. tus nqi organoclay cov khoom xws li Bentone 910, Bentone 920 thiab Bentone 990 rau roj-raws li drilling kua.
Txij li thaum lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam poob qis hauv xyoo 2008, tus nqi pauv ntawm US duas tau pab kom o bentonite exports.In 2013, domestic bentonite producers qhia exports ntawm 950 carats (1.05 lab luv tons) ntawm bentonite rau drilling av nkos, foundry xuab zeb binders thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam ntawm Canada.
Bismuth yog ib yam khoom hnyav uas muaj feem xyuam rau antimony.Nws yog ib qho khoom los ntawm cov hlau lead thiab tungsten extraction, thiab tsawg dua tooj liab thiab tin.Antimony yog ib qho khoom siv sib zog.
Bismuth thiab antimony tebchaw thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog-hlau siv account rau feem ntau ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj no.Yam tsis tshua siv los ua hlau los yog alloy.
Cov pab pawg siv ntau tshaj plaws rau bismuth yog pawg tshuaj, uas suav nrog cov tshuaj xws li Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), qhov muag tshuaj pleev ib ce nrog pearlescent nyhuv (bismuth oxychloride), catalysts, thiab lwm yam tshuaj siv xws li xim (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Tom ntej no tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pab pawg neeg siv rau bismuth yog cov metallurgical additive pab pawg neeg, nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tiv thaiv crystallization ntawm graphite los ntawm carbon supersaturated molten hlau, txhawb free machining ntawm hlau, tooj liab thiab txhuas, thiab txhawb cov txheej txheej nyob rau hauv galvanizing.Rau tag nrho cov kev siv ntawm no additive pab pawg neeg, bismuth tsis ua raws li ib tug alloying tus neeg sawv cev, tab sis, theej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog catalyst. xav tau tsuas yog 0.1% bismuth los yog selenium rau kev ua haujlwm zoo.Piv rau cov pab pawg siv kawg no, cov pab pawg bismuth alloy tso nyiaj tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm bismuth thiab yog siv rau hauv cov alloys fusible, lwm yam tsawg melting point alloys, thiab mos txwv.
Kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm antimony yog cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab, feem ntau hauv kev kho cov yas, cov nplaum thiab cov ntaub ntawv.Antimony oxide muaj lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ua cov roj-theem dawb radical quencher hauv nplaim hluav taws, nyob rau hauv ntau yam loj halogenated cov ntaub ntawv siv raws li nplaim retardants.
Lwm chav kawm ntawm cov khoom uas tsis yog xim hlau yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv pigments thiab iav (xws li ceramics). Antimony oxide nyob rau hauv feem ntau iav thiab ceramics ua raws li ib tug opacifier, tab sis antimony nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tsom iav yuav qhia tau meej rau lawv.Cov antimony lead thiab alloy pawg muaj feem ntau ntawm antimony lead siv nyob rau hauv roj av-powered automotive roj teeb.
Recyclability ranges los ntawm yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua (bismuth nyob rau hauv lub plab tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce vim hais tias nws yog kiag li dispersed) kom txo tau cov teeb meem, xws li antimony nyob rau hauv nplaim hluav taws, metallurgical additives thiab bismuth nyob rau hauv galvanizing, antimony nyob rau hauv iav Bismuth hauv Additives thiab Catalysts.Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj txoj kev rov ua dua bismuth hauv fusible alloys thiab lwm yam alloys thiab antimony hauv roj teeb antimony txhuas daim hlau.
Teb Chaws Asmeskas kev xa khoom ntawm bismuth hlau tseem tsis tau hloov pauv ntau xyoo 2012 thiab 2013 ntawm 1,699 tons (1,872 luv tons) thiab 1,708 tons (1,882 luv tons).Antimony oxide, feem ntau tuaj ntawm ntim, yog 20.7 carats (22,800 luv luv tons) thiab 10.2 tons (tag nrho 10.2 carats) hauv 20 tons. ) xyoo 2013, nce me ntsis.Ob lub hlis ntawm 2014 cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias tus qauv no txuas ntxiv mus.Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas Geological Survey (USGS) tsis tshaj tawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj bismuth peb lub hlis twg.
Lub xyoo 2011 (tam sim no luam tawm) txhua xyoo siv tag nrho rau bismuth noj hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog 222 tons (245 tons) rau pawg metallurgical additive thiab 54 tons (59 tons) rau bismuth alloys.Qhov sib npaug yog tsuas yog rau cov tshuaj, 6681 (736 st).
USGS qhov pom tseeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog 21.7 carats (23,900 luv tons) hauv 2012 thiab 24 carats (26,500 luv tons) hauv 2013.
Thaum tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau, cov txiaj ntsig 2013 rau bismuth tau hloov me ntsis.Rau antimony, tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tsawg, kev noj nyob rau hauv 2013 yuav tsum nyob ib ncig ntawm 10% siab dua li xyoo 2012.In 2014, bismuth zoo li yuav nyob twj ywm tsis hloov thiab antimony poob me ntsis.
Plaub cov zaub mov suav txog 90 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov borates siv los ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb - sodium borate, calcium tin, thiab potassium;calcium borate, calcium stearate;thiab calcium sodium borate, colemanite.Borax yog ib qho dawb crystalline tshuaj hu ua sodium tetraborate decahydrate, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntxhia pob zeb tin.Boric acid yog ib tug tsis muaj kob, crystalline khoom muag nyob rau hauv technical, lub xeev cov tshuaj thiab tshwj xeeb zoo qib nyob rau hauv granular los yog hmoov daim ntawv, feem ntau raws li anhydrous boric acid.Borate deposits loj tshaj plaws deposits nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub no. Teb Chaws Asmeskas Mojave Desert ze boron.CA, Alpine Belt ntawm South Asia, Andean Belt ntawm South America.Qhov zoo ntawm cov peev txheej los yog cia yog feem ntau ntsuas raws li nws cov ntsiab lus boron trioxide (B,0,) sib npaug.
2013 US zus tau tej cov boron minerals thiab tebchaw tau nce me ntsis los ntawm 2012;Ob lub tuam txhab nyob rau yav qab teb California tsim boron cov zaub mov, feem ntau yog sodium borate.Rio Tinto Borax, ib lub tuam txhab ua lag luam tag nrho ntawm UK-based Rio Tinto Minerals pic, extracts core pob zeb thiab tin-calcium los ntawm qhib qhov mining txoj kev ntawm nws cov kev ua haujlwm hauv Boron, California cov khoom lag luam. nyob ze ntawm lub mine thiab xa los ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau lossis tsheb thauj mus los rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv North America lossis muag thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm Chaw nres nkoj Los Angeles.Specialty borates, xws li kev ua liaj ua teb, ntoo preservative thiab nplaim hluav taws retardant khoom, yog tsim nyob rau hauv Wilmington, CA, nyob rau hauv Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) tsim borax thiab boric acid nws nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej ntawm sodium boric acid. SVM's Trôna thiab Westend cov nroj tsuag, cov brine no tau ua kom zoo rau hauv cov dej tsis muaj dej, decahydrate thiab borax pentahydrate.
Boron cov zaub mov thiab tshuaj feem ntau yog siv nyob rau sab qaum teb nruab nrab thiab sab hnub tuaj hauv Tebchaws Meskas.Qhov kev kwv yees faib cov qauv rau boron tebchaw siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 2013 yog iav thiab ceramics, 80%;xab npum, tshuaj ntxuav tes, thiab tshuaj dawb, 4%;kev ua liaj ua teb, 4%;enamels thiab glazes, 3% thiab lwm yam kev siv, 9% Boron yog siv rau hauv iav raws li ib tug additive los txo thermal expansion;txhim kho lub zog, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kav ntev;thiab muab kev tiv thaiv rau kev co, kub siab, thiab thermal shock.Insulation thiab textile fiberglass yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ib leeg siv borates thoob ntiaj teb.
Boron yog cov khoom siv micronutrient tshaj plaws hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, feem ntau yog los txhawb cov noob qoob loo.Boron chiv feem ntau yog muab los ntawm borax thiab monetite, uas tuaj yeem xa los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag lossis dej dej vim lawv cov dej solubility siab.
US sodium borate exports yog 650 kt (716,000 st) nyob rau hauv 2013, ib tug me ntsis nce los ntawm 646 kt (712,000 st) nyob rau hauv 2012.Boric acid exports tseem unchanged ntawm 190 kt (209,000 st).Tus nqi ntawm boric acid nyob rau hauv US $ 20 16 exports / $ 20. 10/t ($ 740/st) nyob rau hauv 2013.Lub ntsiab tau txais ntawm boric acid exports nyob rau hauv 2013 yog South Kauslim, accounting rau 20 feem pua.Boric acid imports nyob rau hauv 2013 yog 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), kwv yees li 4% qis dua nyob rau hauv 2012.Hais txog 3% boric acid los ntawm 2012 units ntawm qaib ntxhw. Kev xa tawm hauv xyoo 2013 yog $ 687 / t ($ 623 / st), nce ntawm $ 782 / 1 ($ 709 / st) hauv 2012.
Qaib ntxhw thiab lub tebchaws United States coj lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv borate ntau lawm nyob rau hauv 2013. Tsis suav US ntau lawm, tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no borate hnyav tau kwv yees ntawm 4.9 metric tons (5.4 lab luv tons) nyob rau hauv 2013, ib tug 11 feem pua ​​​​nce los ntawm 2012.
Argentina yog ib lub chaw tsim khoom loj ntawm boron ore hauv South America.Qhov tsis ntev los no tau nce hauv borate ntau lawm hauv Argentina, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog boric acid, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau borates los ntawm ceramic thiab iav kev lag luam hauv Asia thiab North America.