Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Cov av muaj kuab paug yog ib qho teeb meem loj uas tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no.Qhov spatial faib ntawm cov khoom muaj kuab lom (PTEs) sib txawv nyob rau hauv feem ntau nroog thiab peri-nroog cheeb tsam.Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau spatially kwv yees cov ntsiab lus ntawm PTEs nyob rau hauv xws li av.A tag nrho ntawm 115 cov qauv tau txais los ntawm Frydek Mistek nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej (Czech koom pheej), magnesium (K.Calci). txiav txim siab siv inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.Cov lus teb kuj sib txawv yog Ni thiab cov kwv yees yog Ca, Mg, thiab K.Cov kev sib raug zoo matrix ntawm cov lus teb kuj sib txawv thiab tus kwv yees sib txawv qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus.Qhov kev kwv yees tau pom tias Kev Txhawb Vector Tshuab Regression (SVMR) zoo (square 4) (SVMR). mg/kg) thiab txhais tau tias yuam kev (MAE) (166.946 mg/kg) tau siab dua li lwm txoj kev siv.Mixed qauv rau Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK-MLR) ua tau tsis zoo, raws li pov thawj los ntawm coefficients ntawm kev txiav txim siab tsawg dua 0.1.The Empirical-Bayesian qauv Regression tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws, nrog qis RMSE (95.479 mg / kg) thiab MAE (77.368 mg / kg) qhov tseem ceeb thiab siab coefficient ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2 = 0.637).Cov qauv EBK-SVMR cov qauv tsim tawm yog pom tau siv tus kheej-organizing daim ntawv qhia.Clustered neurons nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm cov qauv hybrid ntau hom MREB-SV hybrid qauv qhia pom tias cov qauv EBK-SVMR yog pom los ntawm kev siv tus kheej daim ntawv qhia. peri-urban av.Cov txiaj ntsig pom tau tias kev sib xyaw EBK thiab SVMR yog cov txheej txheem zoo rau kev kwv yees Ni concentrations hauv nroog thiab hauv nroog cov av.
Nickel (Ni) suav hais tias yog micronutrient rau cov nroj tsuag vim tias nws pab txhawb rau atmospheric nitrogen fixation (N) thiab urea metabolism, ob qho tib si yuav tsum tau rau cov noob germination. Ntxiv rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau noob germination, Ni tuaj yeem ua cov fungal thiab kab mob inhibitor thiab txhawb cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob.Qhov tsis muaj cov npib tsib xee hauv av tso cai rau cov nroj tsuag kom nqus tau cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yuav tsum tau ua rau cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag. -raws li chiv los txhim kho nitrogen fixation2.Txawm hais tias nickel yog ib qho micronutrient rau cov nroj tsuag, nws cov khoom noj ntau dhau hauv cov av tuaj yeem ua rau muaj peev xwm ntawm legumes los txhim kho nitrogen hauv cov av tsis tu ncua ua kom cov nickel concentration hauv cov av.Txawm hais tias nickel yog micronutrient rau cov nroj tsuag, nws cov khoom noj ntau dhau hauv cov av tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li qhov zoo.Qhov toxicity ntawm npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv cov av tsis tu ncua ua kom cov nickel concentration hauv cov av. Raws li Liu3, Ni tau pom tias yog 17 lub ntsiab tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Ntxiv nrog rau npib tsib xee lub luag haujlwm hauv cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, tib neeg xav tau nws rau ntau hom kev siv. ly siv nyob rau hauv chav ua noj, ballroom accessories, khoom noj khoom haus kev lag luam, hluav taws xob, hlau thiab cable, dav hlau turbines, phais implants, textiles, thiab shipbuilding5.Ni-nplua nuj theem nyob rau hauv cov av (xws li, deg av) tau raug ntaus nqi rau ob qho tib si anthropogenic thiab tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw, tab sis feem ntau, Ni yog ib tug natural qhov chaw es. hluav taws kub, thiab cov txheej txheem geological;Txawm li cas los xij, anthropogenic qhov chaw muaj xws li nickel / cadmium roj teeb hauv kev lag luam steel, electroplating, arc vuam, diesel thiab roj roj, thiab atmospheric emissions los ntawm thee combustion thiab pov tseg thiab sludge incineration Nickel accumulation7,8.Raws li Freedman thiab Hutchinson9 thiab Manyiwa.10, lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm topsoil pollution nyob rau hauv tam sim ntawd thiab nyob ib puag ncig yog cov nickel-tooj ​​liab-raws li smelters thiab mines.Cov av saum toj kawg nkaus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Sudbury nickel-tooj ​​liab refinery nyob rau hauv Canada muaj cov qib siab tshaj ntawm nickel contamination ntawm 26,000 mg / kg 11.In contrast los ntawm Russia ntau dua qhov sib piv, av11.Raws li Alms li al.12, tus nqi ntawm HNO3-extractable npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam sab saum toj arable av (nickel ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Russia) ranged ntawm 6.25 mus rau 136.88 mg / kg, sib xws rau ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm 30.43 mg / kg thiab ib tug concentration ntawm 25 mg / kg.Raws li cov kabatasurban fertilizer nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm chiv 11. s thaum lub caij cog qoob loo ua tau zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov av tsis zoo.Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm nickel hauv tib neeg tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav los ntawm mutagenesis, chromosomal puas, Z-DNA tiam, thaiv DNA excision kho, lossis cov txheej txheem epigenetic 13.Nyob hauv kev sim tsiaj, nickel tau pom tias muaj peev xwm ua rau ntau hom qog nqaij hlav, thiab cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav zoo li no.
Kev ntsuam xyuas cov kab mob hauv av tau vam meej nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no vim muaj ntau yam teeb meem ntsig txog kev noj qab haus huv uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm av-cog, av thiab av kev sib raug zoo, kev puas tsuaj ntawm ecological degradation, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig.Tam sim no, spatial kwv yees ntawm tej yam muaj kuab lom (PTEs) xws li Ni hauv av tau ua haujlwm hnyav thiab siv sij hawm-siv nws cov kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub no. av daim ntawv qhia (PSM).Raws li Minasny thiab McBratney16, kev kwv yees av daim ntawv qhia (DSM) tau ua pov thawj tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm av.Lagacherie thiab McBratney, 2006 txhais DSM li "kev tsim thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv av spatial los ntawm kev siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab cov kev soj ntsuam tsis-Bratney. al.17 piav qhia tias DSM tam sim no lossis PSM yog cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kwv yees lossis daim ntawv qhia txog kev faib tawm ntawm PTEs, hom av thiab cov khoom siv hauv av.Geostatistics thiab Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) yog DSM qauv qauv uas tsim cov duab kos duab nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoos phis tawj siv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab tsawg heev.
Deutsch18 thiab Olea19 txhais geostatistics raws li "kev sau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lej uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sawv cev ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw, feem ntau yog siv cov qauv stochastic, xws li lub sij hawm series tsom xam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cev."Feem ntau, geostatistics cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas ntawm variograms, uas tso cai rau Quantify thiab txhais cov kev vam meej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua qhov dataset20.Gumiaux li al.20 piav qhia ntxiv tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm variograms hauv geostatistics yog ua raws li peb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, suav nrog (a) xam qhov ntsuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txheeb, (b) txheeb xyuas thiab xam cov anisotropy hauv dataset disparity thiab (c) ntxiv rau Ntxiv rau qhov ntxiv rau kev coj mus rau hauv qhov kev ua yuam kev ntawm qhov kev ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam hauv cheeb tsam, cov txheej txheem sib cais ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no kuj muaj. s yog siv nyob rau hauv geostatistics, nrog rau cov dav dav kriging, co-kriging, zoo tib yam kriging, empirical Bayesian kriging, yooj yim kriging txoj kev thiab lwm yam zoo-paub interpolation cov tswv yim los qhia los yog kwv yees PTE, av yam ntxwv, thiab hom av.
Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) yog cov txheej txheem tshiab uas siv cov ntaub ntawv loj dua uas tsis yog-linear cov chav kawm, siv los ntawm cov algorithms feem ntau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv mining, txheeb xyuas cov qauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab rov siv dua rau kev faib tawm hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li av kev tshawb fawb thiab rov qab ua haujlwm.Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb cia siab rau MLA qauv, xws li Tan.22 (random forests rau hnyav hlau kwv yees nyob rau hauv cov av ua liaj ua teb), Sakizadeh li al.23 (kev ua qauv siv kev txhawb nqa vector tshuab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob neural networks) av kuab paug ) Tsis tas li ntawd, Vega li al.24 (CART rau qauv hnyav hlau tuav thiab adsorption hauv av) Sun et al.25 (daim ntawv thov cubist yog qhov faib ntawm Cd hauv av) thiab lwm yam algorithms xws li k-ze ze ze ze, generalized boosted regression, thiab boosted regression Ntoo kuj siv MLA los kwv yees PTE hauv av.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm DSM algorithms hauv kev kwv yees lossis daim duab qhia ntsib ntau qhov kev sib tw.Muaj ntau tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias MLA yog qhov zoo tshaj rau geostatistics thiab vice versa.Txawm hais tias ib qho zoo dua li lwm tus, kev sib xyaw ntawm ob pab txhim kho qib ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab qhia lossis kev kwv yees hauv DSM15.Woodcock thiab Gopal26 Finke27;Pontius thiab Cheuk28 thiab Grunwald29 tawm tswv yim txog qhov tsis zoo thiab qee qhov yuam kev hauv kev kwv yees av mapping.Soil cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim ntau hom kev ua kom zoo dua qub, qhov tseeb, thiab kev kwv yees ntawm DSM daim ntawv qhia thiab kev kwv yees.Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb thiab kev pov thawj yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam sib txawv ua ke rau hauv DSM thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub.15 piav qhia tias tus cwj pwm siv tau thiab qhov tsis paub tseeb qhia los ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev tsim thiab kev kwv yees yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj ntawm nws tus kheej los txhim kho daim ntawv qhia zoo.Qhov kev txwv ntawm DSM yog vim thaj av tawg mus rau qhov zoo, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsis paub meej;Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis muaj qhov tseeb hauv DSM tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau qhov kev ua yuam kev, xws li covariate yuam kev, qauv yuam kev, qhov chaw yuam kev, thiab kev txheeb xyuas yuam kev 31.Modelling inaccuracies induced in MLA thiab geostatistical processes txuam nrog tsis muaj kev nkag siab, thaum kawg ua rau oversimplification ntawm cov txheej txheem tiag tiag. d rau cov qauv tsis, kev twv ua lej qauv, lossis kev sib cuam tshuam33.Tsis ntev los no, ib qho kev hloov tshiab DSM tau tshwm sim uas txhawb nqa kev sib koom ua ke ntawm geostatistics thiab MLA hauv kev kos duab thiab kev kwv yees.Muaj ntau cov kws tshawb fawb hauv av thiab cov kws sau ntawv, xws li Sergeev li al.34;Subbotina et al.35;Tarasov et al.36 thiab Tarasov et al.37 tau siv qhov tseeb zoo ntawm geostatistics thiab kev kawm tshuab los tsim cov qauv sib xyaw uas txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev kwv yees thiab daim ntawv qhia.Zoo.Qee yam ntawm cov qauv hybrid los yog ua ke algorithm yog Artificial Neural Network Kriging (ANN-RK), Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging (MLP-RK), Generalized Regression Neural Network Residual Kriging (GR- NNRK) 36, Artificial Neural Network Kriging-Multi-Kriging-7-Multi (thiab MLK) ian Txheej Txheem Regression38.
Raws li Sergeev et al., kev sib txuas ntau yam qauv qauv muaj peev xwm tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag thiab ua kom cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke ntau dua li tsim nws cov qauv ib leeg. Kriging (EBK) raws li lub hauv paus qauv thiab sib tov nrog Support Vector Tshuab (SVM) thiab Ntau Kab Rov Tav Regression (MLR) qauv.Hybridization ntawm EBK nrog txhua tus MLA tsis paub.Cov ntau hom qauv pom yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov qub, seem, regression kriging, thiab MLA.EBK yog ib qho geostatistical interpolation txheej txheem hauv zos uas tsis yog-spastic astastic txheej txheem. ationary random teb nrog cov lus piav qhia hauv cheeb tsam ntawm thaj chaw, tso cai rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv39.EBK tau siv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas kev faib cov organic carbon nyob rau hauv cov av ua liaj ua teb40, ntsuas av pollution41 thiab daim ntawv qhia cov av 42.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, Self-Organizing Graph (SeOM) yog ib qho kev kawm algorithm uas tau siv rau hauv ntau cov ntawv xws li Li et al.43, Wang et al.44, Hossain Bhuiyan et al.45 thiab Kebonye et al.46 Txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv spatial thiab pab pawg ntawm cov khoom.Wang li al.44 piav qhia tias SeOM yog cov txheej txheem kev kawm muaj zog uas paub txog nws lub peev xwm los pab pawg thiab xav txog cov teeb meem uas tsis yog-linear.Tsis zoo li lwm cov qauv kev lees paub xws li kev tsom xam cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev sib cais tsis sib xws, pawg hierarchical, thiab kev txiav txim siab ntau yam, SeOM zoo dua ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv PTE. Raws li Wang li al.44, SeOM muaj peev xwm spatially pab pawg faib ntawm cov neurons cuam tshuam thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv daws teeb meem pom kev zoo.SeOM yuav pom Ni cov ntaub ntawv twv ua ntej kom tau txais cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws los qhia cov txiaj ntsig rau kev txhais ncaj qha.
Daim ntawv no yog tsim los tsim kom muaj ib qho qauv zoo tshaj plaws nrog qhov tseeb qhov tseeb rau kev kwv yees cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av.Peb xav tias qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm cov qauv uas txuas nrog rau lub hauv paus qauv.Peb lees paub cov kev cov nyom uas ntsib DSM, thiab thaum cov kev cov nyom no tau hais txog ntawm ntau qhov kev sib tw ua ntej thiab cov qauv hauv MLA.Yog li ntawd, peb yuav sim teb cov lus nug tshawb fawb uas yuav ua rau cov qauv sib xyaw.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb npaum li cas yog tus qauv ntawm kev kwv yees lub hom phiaj lub hom phiaj?Thiab, qib ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo raws li kev siv tau thiab qhov raug ntsuas qhov tseeb yog dab tsi?Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog (a) tsim cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke rau SVMR lossis MLR siv cov qauv sib piv (EBK) raws li cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws piv rau cov qauv sib piv (EBK) raws li cov qauv kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws. hauv nroog lossis peri-nroog av , thiab (d) daim ntawv thov ntawm SeOM los tsim ib daim ntawv qhia kev daws teeb meem ntawm nickel spatial variation.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog ua nyob rau hauv Czech koom pheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Frydek Mistek koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Moravia-Silesian cheeb tsam (saib daim duab 1).Lub geography ntawm qhov kev kawm cheeb tsam yog heev rugged thiab feem ntau yog ib feem ntawm Moravia-Silesian Beskidy cheeb tsam, uas yog ib feem ntawm sab ntug ntug ntawm lub Carpathian cheeb tsam 4 ° 19 ° 4 txoj kev kawm. ' 0' E, thiab qhov siab yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 225 thiab 327 m;Txawm li cas los xij, Koppen kev faib tawm rau thaj chaw huab cua hauv cheeb tsam tau ntsuas raws li Cfb = huab cua huab cua huab cua, Muaj dej nag ntau txawm tias nyob rau lub hlis qhuav.Tub kub sib txawv me ntsis thoob plaws lub xyoo ntawm −5 ° C thiab 24 ° C, tsis tshua poob qis dua −14 ° C lossis siab dua 30 ° C, thaum qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 7 mmol / xyoo 6. tag nrho cheeb tsam yog 1,208 square kilometers, nrog 39.38% ntawm cov av cultivated thiab 49.36% ntawm cov hav zoov cover.Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaj tsam siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog hais txog 889.8 square kilometers.In thiab ib ncig ntawm Ostrava, cov steel kev lag luam thiab hlau ua hauj lwm yog heev active.Metal mills, lub steel kev lag luam nyob rau hauv cov hlau tsis muaj zog corrosion (nickel alloys) yog siv nyob rau hauv corrosion ntawm nickel alloys. nce lub zog ntawm cov hlau thaum tuav nws zoo ductility thiab toughness), thiab intensive kev ua liaj ua teb xws li phosphate fertilizer daim ntawv thov thiab cov tsiaj txhu ntau lawm yog kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm ntawm npib tsib xee hauv cheeb tsam (xws li, ntxiv npib tsib xee rau yaj kom nce tus nqi loj hlob hauv cov menyuam yaj thiab cov nyuj uas tsis muaj mis nyuj). Lwm yam kev lag luam siv nickel hauv kev tshawb fawb thaj chaw suav nrog nws siv hauv electroplating, xws li electroplating tsis yooj yim. Cov av xim, qauv, thiab cov ntsiab lus carbonate.Cov av zoo nkauj yog nruab nrab mus rau qhov zoo, muab tau los ntawm niam txiv cov khoom.Lawv yog colluvial, alluvial los yog aeolian nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso.Ib txhia av tshwm mottled nyob rau hauv lub nto thiab subsoil, feem ntau nrog pob zeb thiab bleaching.Txawm li cas los xij, cambisols thiab stagnosols yog cov hom av ntau tshaj plaws hauv thaj tsam 5.5 txog 4.4 txog 48. cambisols dominate lub Czech koom pheej49.
Daim ntawv qhia cheeb tsam kawm [Daim ntawv qhia cheeb tsam kawm tau tsim siv ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, version 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Tag nrho ntawm 115 cov qauv ntawm cov av saum toj kawg nkaus tau txais los ntawm cov av hauv nroog thiab hauv nroog hauv nroog Frydek Mistek.Cov qauv qauv siv yog ib daim phiaj tsis tu ncua nrog cov qauv av sib nrug ntawm 2 × 2 km, thiab cov av saum toj kawg nkaus tau ntsuas qhov tob ntawm 0 mus rau 20 cm uas siv lub tes tuav GPS ntaus ntawv (Leica Zeno 5c cov hnab ntim khoom kom zoo, cov hnab ntim khoom siv GPS, thiab cov khoom siv rau hauv lub hnab ntim khoom, GPS Ziplo. s tau cua qhuav los ua cov qauv pulverized, pulverized los ntawm ib tug neeg kho tshuab system (Fritsch disc mill), thiab sieved (sieve loj 2 hli).Tau 1 gram ntawm qhuav, homogenized thiab sieved av kuaj nyob rau hauv kom meej meej sau npe teflon fwj. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub Teflon hlab ntsha, dispense 7 ml ntawm 35% H 35% H serene rau ib qho kua qaub (35%). npog maj mam thiab tso cai rau cov qauv sawv ntsug ib hmos rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (aqua regia program). Muab lub supernatant rau ntawm lub phaj hlau kub (kub: 100 W thiab 160 ° C) rau 2 h kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem digestion ntawm cov qauv, ces txias.Hloov lub supernatant mus rau 50 ml volumetric hwj thiab dilute mus rau hauv 50 ml ntawm dej lim, dilute 50 ml ntawm supernatant. PVC raj nrog dej deionized.Tsis tas li ntawd, 1 ml ntawm cov tshuaj dilution tau diluted nrog 9 ml ntawm deionized dej thiab lim rau hauv 12 ml raj npaj rau PTE pseudo-concentration.Cov concentrations ntawm PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, Coptical Implementation) scopy) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) raws li cov qauv txheej txheem thiab kev pom zoo.Ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tswj hwm (QA/QC) cov txheej txheem (SRM NIST 2711a Montana II Av).PTEs nrog cov kev txwv tsis pub qis dua ib nrab raug tshem tawm los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.Qhov kev kuaj xyuas qhov txwv ntawm PTE siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog 0.0.0. d los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv.Yuav kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ua yuam kev raug txo qis, kev tshuaj xyuas ob zaug tau ua.
Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) yog ib qho ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem geostatistical interpolation siv hauv kev ua qauv hauv ntau thaj chaw xws li kev tshawb fawb hauv av.Tsis zoo li lwm cov txheej txheem kriging interpolation, EBK txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem kriging ib txwm los ntawm kev xav txog qhov yuam kev kwv yees los ntawm cov qauv semivariogram es.In EBK interpolation ntau dua li cov qauv sib txawv, ntau qhov sib txawv semivariogram dua li cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke. ation cov tswv yim ua txoj hauv kev rau qhov tsis paub meej thiab cov kev pab cuam cuam tshuam nrog qhov kev npaj ntawm lub semivariogram uas yog ib qho nyuaj heev ntawm txoj kev txaus kriging.Cov txheej txheem interpolation ntawm EBK ua raws li peb cov txheej txheem uas tau hais los ntawm Krivoruchko50, (a) tus qauv kwv yees lub semivariogram los ntawm cov tswv yim dataset (b) nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab qhov kev kwv yees raws li qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib nrab (b) cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tau kwv yees qhov chaw. ed los ntawm ib tug simulated dataset.Qhov kev sib npaug ntawm Bayesian yog muab raws li ib tug posterior
Qhov twg \(Prob\left(A\right)\) sawv cev ua ntej, \(Prob\left(B\right)\) marginal probability yog ignored nyob rau hauv feem ntau, \(Prob (B,A)\ ) .Lub semivariogram xam raws li Bayes 'txoj cai, uas qhia tau hais tias lub propensity ntawm kev soj ntsuam Bay datasets 'var var se uas hais tias nws yuav zoo li cas los tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm semivariogram.
Lub tshuab vector txhawb nqa yog lub tshuab kev kawm algorithm uas tsim kom muaj kev sib cais hyperplane kom paub qhov sib txawv tab sis tsis yog linearly ywj siab cov chav kawm.Vapnik51 tsim lub hom phiaj kev faib tawm algorithm, tab sis nws tsis ntev los no tau siv los daws cov teeb meem regression-oriented.Raws li Li thiab al.52, classifiers tau siv ntau yam kev kawm thiab SVM. (Kev txhawb nqa Vector Tshuab Regression - SVMR) tau siv rau hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no.Cherkassky thiab ​​Mulier53 pioneered SVMR raws li cov kernel-raws li regression, cov kev suav uas tau ua los ntawm cov qauv linear regression nrog ntau lub teb chaws spatial functions.John et al54 qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv uas tsis yog SVMR. spatial functions.Raws li Vohland li al.55. dav subset ntawm kev them nyiaj yug vectors.Qhov sib npaug ntawm Vapnik51 yog qhia hauv qab no.
qhov twg b sawv cev rau qhov chaw pib, \(K\left({x}_{,}{x}_{k}\right)\) sawv cev rau kernel muaj nuj nqi, \(\alpha\) sawv cev rau Lagrange multiplier, N sawv cev cov ntaub ntawv tus lej, \({x}_{k}\) sawv cev rau cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim, thiab \(\alpha\) sawv cev rau Lagrange multiplier, \({x}_{k}\) sawv cev rau cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim, thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm OSV. Gaussian radial hauv paus muaj nuj nqi (RBF).RBF kernel yog siv los txiav txim siab qhov zoo tshaj plaws SVMR qauv, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau txais qhov kev nplua nplua tshaj plaws C thiab kernel parameter gamma (γ) rau PTE kev cob qhia cov ntaub ntawv. Ua ntej, peb tau soj ntsuam cov kev cob qhia thiab tom qab ntawd kuaj cov qauv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem validation.Cov txheej txheem siv cov txheej txheem yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Ib tug ntau yam linear regression qauv (MLR) yog ib tug qauv regression uas sawv cev rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus teb kuj sib txawv thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm predator variables los ntawm kev siv linear pooled parameters xam siv tus tsawg squares method.In MLR, ib tug tsawg squares qauv yog ib tug kwv yees muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov av khoom tom qab xaiv cov lus piav qhia sib txawv ntawm cov lus teb. sib txawv los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kev piav qhia sib txawv.Qhov sib npaug MLR yog
qhov twg y yog cov lus teb sib txawv, \(a\) yog qhov cuam tshuam, n yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov kwv yees, \({b}_{1}\) yog ib nrab regression ntawm cov coefficients, \({x}_{i}\) sawv cev rau tus kwv yees los yog piav qhia txawv txav, thiab \({\varepsilon }_{i}\) sawv cev rau tus qauv, uas yog hu ua r.
Cov qauv sib xyaw tau txais los ntawm sandwiching EBK nrog SVMR thiab MLR.Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev rho tawm cov txiaj ntsig kwv yees los ntawm EBK interpolation.Qhov kev kwv yees tau txais los ntawm interpolated Ca, K, thiab Mg yog tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem combinatorial kom tau txais cov hloov tshiab, xws li CaK, KM, Cagari thiab cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw ua ke. Muaj peev xwm, CaKMg.Zuag qhia tag nrho, qhov sib txawv tau txais yog Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg thiab CaKMg.Cov kev hloov pauv no tau dhau los ua peb cov kws tshaj lij, pab kwv yees cov nickel concentrations hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av.The SVMR algorithm tau ua nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke kom tau txais ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (VMR) rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ib yam li ntawd, cov kev hloov pauv kuj tseem raug xa mus los ntawm MLR algorithm kom tau txais cov qauv sib xyaw Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK_MLR). Feem ntau, qhov sib txawv ntawm Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg, thiab CaKariban cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog siv cov av. tus qauv tau txais (EBK_SVM lossis EBK_MLR) yuav pom tau siv daim duab qhia tus kheej.Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog qhia hauv daim duab 2.
Siv SeOM tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej nrov rau kev teeb tsa, ntsuas, thiab kev kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev lag luam nyiaj txiag, kev noj qab haus huv, kev lag luam, kev txheeb cais, kev tshawb fawb hauv av, thiab lwm yam.SeOM yog tsim los siv cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov neural thiab cov kev kawm tsis muaj kev saib xyuas rau lub koom haum, kev ntsuam xyuas, thiab kev kwv yees.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, SeOM tau siv los pom Ni concentrations raws li tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ban. n input-dimensional vector variables43,56.Melssen li al.57 piav qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv nkag mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib txuas hauv neural los ntawm ib txheej txheej txheej nkag mus rau qhov tso zis vector nrog ib qho hnyav vector.Cov khoom tsim tawm los ntawm SeOM yog ib daim ntawv qhia ob sab uas muaj cov neurons sib txawv lossis cov nodes woven rau hauv hexagonal, ncig, lossis square topological maps raws li lawv qhov sib thooj.Piv daim duab qhia qhov ntau thiab tsawg raws li tus qauv OMr , nrog 0.086 thiab 0.904, ntsig txog, raug xaiv, uas yog 55-daim ntawv qhia chav tsev (5 × 11).Cov qauv neuron yog txiav txim siab raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov nodes hauv qhov kev ua piv txwv.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog 115 tus qauv.A random mus kom ze yog siv los faib cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xeem (25% rau validation) thiab kev cob qhia cov ntaub ntawv (75% rau calibration).Cov kev cob qhia dataset yog siv los tsim tus qauv regression (calibration), thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam xyuas yog siv los xyuas cov generalization peev xwm 58.Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm ntau yam qauv kev kwv yees siv cov qauv. fold-validation txheej txheem, rov ua dua tsib zaug.Cov kev sib txawv uas tsim los ntawm EBK interpolation yog siv los ua tus kwv yees lossis piav qhia qhov sib txawv los kwv yees lub hom phiaj sib txawv (PTE).Modeling yog tuav hauv RStudio siv cov pob tsev qiv ntawv (Kohonen), tsev qiv ntawv (caret), tsev qiv ntawv (modelr), tsev qiv ntawv ("e1071"), tsev qiv ntawv ("br"") ol spectr ("br") Metrics”).
Ntau qhov kev siv tau siv tau los txiav txim siab tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws uas tsim nyog rau kev kwv yees nickel concentrations hauv av thiab ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm tus qauv thiab nws cov validation.Hybridization qauv tau soj ntsuam siv qhov tseeb tsis raug (MAE), lub hauv paus ntsiab lus square yuam kev (RMSE), thiab R-squared lossis coefficient kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus qauv 2 (R2). .RMSE thiab variance magnitude nyob rau hauv cov kev ntsuas ywj siab piav qhia txog lub zog kwv yees ntawm tus qauv, thaum MAE txiav txim siab qhov muaj nuj nqis tiag tiag.Tus nqi R2 yuav tsum siab los ntsuas cov qauv sib xyaw zoo tshaj plaws uas siv cov kev siv tsis raug, qhov ze ntawm tus nqi yog 1, qhov tseeb dua.Raws li Li et al.59, tus nqi R2 ntawm 0.75 lossis ntau dua yog suav tias yog tus kwv yees zoo;los ntawm 0.5 mus rau 0.75 yog qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv, thiab qis dua 0.5 yog qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm tus qauv.Thaum xaiv tus qauv siv RMSE thiab MAE validation cov txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam, cov nqi qis dua tau txais tau txaus thiab raug suav tias yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws.Cov kab zauv hauv qab no piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem pov thawj.
qhov twg n sawv cev qhov loj ntawm tus nqi pom \({Y}_{i}\) sawv cev rau cov lus teb ntsuas, thiab \({\widehat{Y}}_{i}\) kuj sawv cev rau qhov kwv yees teb tus nqi, yog li ntawd, rau thawj kuv kev soj ntsuam.
Cov lus piav qhia txog kev kwv yees thiab cov lus teb hloov pauv tau nthuav tawm hauv Table 1, qhia qhov txhais tau tias, tus qauv sib txawv (SD), coefficient ntawm kev hloov pauv (CV), yam tsawg kawg nkaus, siab tshaj plaws, kurtosis, thiab skewness.Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab siab tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog txo qis ntawm Mg < Ca < K< Ni thiab Ca < Mg < K < Console ntawm cheeb tsam (feem ntau ntawm cov lus teb) d los ntawm 4.86 mus rau 42.39 mg / kg.Piv txwv ntawm Ni nrog lub ntiaj teb nruab nrab (29 mg / kg) thiab European nruab nrab (37 mg / kg) qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov xam geometric txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub tolerable ntau yam.Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhia los ntawm Kabata-Pendias11, ib qho kev sib piv ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb nickel tam sim no (Nickel concentration tam sim no). wise, qhov nruab nrab concentration ntawm Frydek Mistek nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-nroj av av nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no (Ni 16.15 mg / kg) yog siab tshaj qhov tso cai txwv ntawm 60 (10.2 mg / kg) rau Ni nyob rau hauv Polish nroog cov av qhia los ntawm Różański li al.Ni 16.15 mg / kg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj siab heev (Bretzel) thiab cal. s hauv Tuscany piv rau cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no.Jim62 kuj pom qhov qis nickel concentration (12.34 mg / kg) hauv Hong Kong nroog cov av, uas yog qis dua li cov nickel concentration tam sim no hauv txoj kev tshawb no.Birke et al63 qhia qhov nruab nrab Ni concentration ntawm 17.6 mg / kg nyob rau hauv ib qho qub mining thiab nroog industrial cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv Saxony, 15 kg ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. .15 mg/kg).Tam sim no kev tshawb fawb.Cov nickel cov ntsiab lus ntau dhau ntawm cov av hauv qee lub nroog thiab suburban cheeb tsam ntawm thaj chaw kawm tej zaum yuav yog vim li cas rau kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau thiab hlau kev lag luam.Qhov no zoo ib yam nrog kev kawm los ntawm Khodadoust li al.64 hais tias kev lag luam steel thiab hlau ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob npib tsib xee hauv cov av.Txawm li cas los xij, cov kwv yees kuj muaj li ntawm 538.70 mg / kg txog 69,161.80 mg / kg rau Ca, 497.51 mg / kg txog 3535.68 mg / kg rau K, thiab 680 mg / kg.5 rau 680 mg / kg. vic et al.65 tau tshawb xyuas tag nrho Mg thiab K cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av hauv nruab nrab Serbia.Lawv pom tias tag nrho cov concentrations (410 mg / kg thiab 400 mg / kg, feem) qis dua Mg thiab K concentrations ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.Indistinguishable, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Poland, Orzechowski thiab Smolczynski61 ntawm K soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab ntawm 0 thiab Ca. /kg), Mg (590 mg/kg) thiab K (810 mg/kg) Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov av saum toj kawg nkaus yog qis dua ib lub caij nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.Kev kawm tsis ntev los no los ntawm Pongrac li al.67 tau qhia tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus Ca tau txheeb xyuas hauv 3 qhov sib txawv hauv av hauv Scotland, UK (Mylnefield av, Balruddery av thiab Hartwood av) qhia tias muaj Ca cov ntsiab lus siab dua hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Vim qhov sib txawv ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv piv txwv, cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom nthuav tawm txawv skewness.Qhov skewness thiab kurtosis ntawm cov ntsiab lus ranged ntawm 1.53 txog 7.24 thiab 2.49 txog 54.16, ntsig txog.Txhua lub ntsiab lus suav nrog skewness thiab kurtosis theem saum toj no +1, thuregular cov ntaub ntawv faib tawm. ed.Cov kwv yees CVs ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem qhia tau tias K, Mg, thiab Ni muaj qhov sib txawv nruab nrab, thaum Ca muaj qhov sib txawv heev.Cov CVs ntawm K, Ni thiab Mg piav qhia lawv cov kev faib tawm tsis sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, Ca faib tsis yog-uniform thiab lwm qhov chaw yuav cuam tshuam rau nws qib enrichment.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kwv yees sib txawv nrog cov ntsiab lus teb tau qhia tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus (saib daim duab 3).Qhov kev sib raug zoo qhia tau tias CaK nthuav tawm cov kev sib raug zoo nrog r tus nqi = 0.53, ib yam li CaNi.Txawm tias Ca thiab K qhia kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg, cov kws tshawb fawb.Txawm li cas los xij, Ca thiab Mg yog antagonistic rau K, tab sis CaK correlates zoo.Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim siv cov chiv xws li poov tshuaj carbonate, uas yog 56% siab dua nyob rau hauv poov tshuaj.Potassium yog nruab nrab correlated nrog magnesium (KM r = 0.6 magnesium sulfate). , thiab potash yog siv rau cov av kom nce lawv cov deficiency ntau ntau.Nickel yog nruab nrab correlated nrog Ca, K thiab Mg nrog r qhov tseem ceeb = 0.52, 0.63 thiab 0.55, raws li.Cov kev sib raug zoo uas muaj calcium, magnesium, thiab PTEs xws li npib tsib xee yog complex, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, calcium thiab magnesium inhibits kev cuam tshuam ntawm calcium thiab magnesium. npib tsib xee hauv av.
Correlation matrix rau cov ntsiab lus uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kwv yees thiab cov lus teb (Ceeb Toom: daim duab no suav nrog kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, qib tseem ceeb yog raws li p <0,001).
Daim duab 4 qhia txog qhov kev faib tawm spatial ntawm cov ntsiab lus.Raws li Burgos thiab al70, daim ntawv thov ntawm spatial faib yog cov txheej txheem siv los txheeb xyuas thiab qhia txog qhov kub thiab txias hauv thaj chaw muaj kuab paug.Cov qib ntawm Ca hauv daim duab 4 tuaj yeem pom nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm spatial faib cov ntawv qhia zaub mov rau sab qaum teb. daim ntawv qhia no yuav yog vim kev siv ceev ceev (calcium oxide) kom txo cov av acidity thiab nws siv hauv steel mills raws li alkaline oxygen nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem steelmaking.Ntawm qhov tod tes, lwm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyiam siv calcium hydroxide hauv cov av acidic kom tsis txhob muaj pH, uas kuj ua rau cov calcium cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av 71.Potassium kuj qhia qhov kub thiab txias tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb. -high qauv ntawm poov tshuaj tej zaum yuav yog vim NPK thiab potash applications.Qhov no zoo ib yam nrog rau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, xws li Madaras thiab Lipavský72, Madaras li al.73, Pulkrabová et al.74, Asare et al.75, leej twg pom tias av stabilization thiab kev kho nrog KCl thiab NPK ua rau cov ntsiab lus siab K.Spatial Potassium enrichment nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev faib tawm tej zaum yuav yog vim kev siv cov poov tshuaj raws li cov chiv xws li potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potash, thiab potash kom cov poov tshuaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av tsis zoo.Zádorová et al.76 and Tlustoš et al.77 tau piav qhia tias daim ntawv thov ntawm K-raws li chiv tau nce K cov ntsiab lus hauv cov av thiab yuav ua rau cov av muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog K thiab Mg qhia qhov chaw kub hauv av.Relatively hotspots nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm daim ntawv qhia thiab sab qab teb ntawm daim ntawv qhia.Colloidal fixation hauv av depletes cov concentration ntawm magnesium nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj chloride. chiv, xws li poov tshuaj magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, thiab Kieserite, kho deficiencies (cov nroj tsuag zoo li ntshav, liab, los yog xim av, qhia magnesium deficiency) nyob rau hauv cov av nrog ib tug ib txwm pH ntau yam 6.Qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm nickel nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av nto tej zaum yuav yog vim anthropogenic kev ua ub no xws li kev ua liaj ua teb thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nickel ntau lawm.
Spatial faib ntawm cov ntsiab lus [spatial faib daim ntawv qhia tau tsim siv ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, Version 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Cov qauv kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo rau cov ntsiab lus siv hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia hauv Table 2. Ntawm qhov tod tes, RMSE thiab MAE ntawm Ni yog ob qho tib si ze rau xoom (0.86 RMSE, -0.08 MAE). Ntawm qhov tod tes, ob qho tib si RMSE thiab MAE qhov tseem ceeb ntawm K yog qhov siv tau.RMSE thiab MAE cov txiaj ntsig tau ntau dua rau cov ntaub ntawv calcium thiab magnesium.Ca. MAE ntawm txoj kev tshawb no siv EBK los kwv yees Ni tau pom tias zoo dua li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm John et al.54 siv synergistic kriging los kwv yees S concentrations nyob rau hauv cov av siv tib cov ntaub ntawv sau.Cov EBK outputs peb kawm correlated nrog cov Fabijaczyk li al.41, Yan et al.79, Ib., et al.80, Adhikary et al.81 thiab John et al.82, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog K thiab Ni.
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus kheej txoj hauv kev rau kev kwv yees cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv (Table 3).Model validation thiab raug ntsuam xyuas tau lees paub tias Ca_Mg_K kwv yees ua ke nrog EBK SVMR qauv yielded qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.Calibration qauv Ca_Mg_svrm-squarei (R). lute error (MAE) yog 0.637 (R2), 95.479 mg/kg (RMSE) thiab 77.368 mg/kg (MAE) Ca_Mg_K-SVMR yog 0.663 (R2), 235.974 mg/kg (RMSE) thiab 166.946 mgreless, we tau zoo mg/kg ​​R. _K-SVMR (0.663 mg/kg R2) and Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (0.643 = R2);lawv cov RMSE thiab MAE cov txiaj ntsig tau siab dua cov Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR (R2 0.637) (saib Table 3). Tsis tas li ntawd, RMSE thiab MAE ntawm Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (RMSE = 1664.64 thiab MAE = 1031.49) qauv yog loj dua 13,49. g_K-EBK_SVMR.Ib yam li ntawd, RMSE thiab MAE ntawm Ca_Mg-K SVMR (RMSE = 235.974 thiab MAE = 166.946) qauv yog 2.5 thiab 2.2 loj dua li cov ntawm Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR RMSE thiab MAE cov ntaub ntawv raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws suav nrog. RSME thiab MAE raug soj ntsuam.Raws li Kebonye li al.46 thiab John et al.54, qhov ze ntawm RMSE thiab MAE yog rau xoom, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo dua.SVMR thiab EBK_SVMR muaj ntau dua quantized RSME thiab MAE qhov tseem ceeb.Nws tau pom tias qhov kev kwv yees RSME tau zoo ib yam siab dua li MAE qhov tseem ceeb, qhia tias muaj cov outliers.Raws li Legates thiab McCabe83, qhov kev pom zoo tshaj li qhov qhia tau tias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg (qhov kev pom zoo) ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm outliers.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ntau heterogeneous cov dataset, qhov siab dua MAE thiab RMSE qhov tseem ceeb.Qhov tseeb ntawm cross-validation kev soj ntsuam ntawm Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR sib xyaw qauv rau kwv yees Ni cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nroog thiab suburban xau yog 63.70%.59, theem ntawm qhov tseeb no yog tus qauv ua tau zoo npaum li cas.Cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no tau muab piv rau kev kawm yav dhau los los ntawm Tarasov li al.36 uas nws tus qauv hybrid tsim MLPRK (Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), muaj feem xyuam rau EBK_SVMR qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb tau tshaj tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, RMSE (210) thiab MAE (167.5) tau siab dua peb cov txiaj ntsig hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no (RMSE 95.4779). .637) with that of Tarasov et al.36 (0.544), nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov coefficient ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2) yog siab dua nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib xyaw no.Cov npoo ntawm qhov yuam kev (RMSE thiab MAE) (EBK SVMR) rau cov qauv sib xyaw yog ob zaug qis dua.Ib yam li ntawd, Sergeev thiab al.34 tau kaw 0.28 (R2) rau cov qauv tsim hybrids (R2) tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hybrid (M. 0.637 (R2).Qhov kev kwv yees qhov tseeb ntawm tus qauv no (EBK SVMR) yog 63.7%, thaum qhov kev kwv yees qhov tseeb tau los ntawm Sergeev li al.34 yog 28%. Daim ntawv qhia zaum kawg (Fig. 5) tsim los siv EBK_SVMR qauv thiab Ca_Mg_K raws li kev kwv yees qhia kev kwv yees ntawm cov chaw kub thiab nruab nrab rau nickel rau tag nrho cheeb tsam kawm.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov concentration ntawm nickel nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam kawm yog feem ntau nruab nrab, nrog ntau dua concentrations nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.
Daim ntawv qhia kev twv ua ntej zaum kawg yog sawv cev siv tus qauv EBK_SVMR thiab siv Ca_Mg_K ua tus kwv yees.[Daim ntawv qhia kev faib tawm spatial tau tsim siv RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Muab tso rau hauv daim duab 6 yog PTE concentrations raws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg dav hlau muaj xws li ib tug neeg neurons.Tsis muaj ib tug ntawm cov tivthaiv dav hlau nthuav tawm tib xim qauv raws li qhia.Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb tsim nyog ntawm cov neurons ib daim duab kos yog 55.SeOM yog tsim los siv ntau yam xim, thiab ntau cov xim zoo sib xws, qhov sib piv ntau dua cov khoom ntawm lawv cov qauv, raws li cov xim zoo sib xws. rau ib leeg siab neurons thiab feem ntau cov neurons qis.Yog li, CaK thiab CaMg qhia qee qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov neurons siab heev thiab cov qauv xim qis-rau-nruab nrab.Ob qauv kwv yees qhov concentration ntawm Ni hauv av los ntawm kev nthuav tawm nruab nrab mus rau siab hues ntawm cov xim xws li liab, txiv kab ntxwv thiab daj.KMg qauv qhia ntau xim xim qauv raws li cov qauv meej proportions patches ntawm cov xim qis rau nruab nrab. Cov qauv ntawm cov qauv pom muaj xim zoo nkauj uas qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm concentration ntawm npib tsib xee hauv av (saib daim duab 4).Lub CakMg qauv tivthaiv dav hlau qhia cov xim sib txawv los ntawm qis mus rau siab raws li qhov tseeb xim scale. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus qauv kev twv ua ntej ntawm cov ntsiab lus nickel (CakMg) zoo ib yam li qhov chaw faib khoom ntawm nickel 5 qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov duab qis. Cov av hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog nroog.Daim duab 7 qhia txog cov qauv contour hauv k- txhais tau tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm daim ntawv qhia, muab faib ua peb pawg raws li tus nqi kwv yees nyob rau hauv txhua tus qauv.Cov qauv contour sawv cev rau cov naj npawb zoo ntawm pawg.O ntawm 115 cov qauv av uas tau sau, qeb 1 tau txais cov qauv av feem ntau, 74.C. ponent planar twv ua ke ua ke tau yooj yim kom tso cai rau kev txhais pawg kom raug.Vim muaj ntau yam anthropogenic thiab ntuj txheej txheem cuam tshuam rau cov av tsim, nws yog ib qho nyuaj kom muaj qhov sib txawv pawg qauv hauv daim ntawv qhia SeOM78.
Cov khoom siv dav hlau tso tawm los ntawm txhua qhov Empirical Bayesian Kriging Support Vector Tshuab (EBK_SVM_SeOM) hloov pauv.[SeOM maps tau tsim siv RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Cov khoom sib txawv ntawm pawg sib txawv [SeOM maps tau tsim siv RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia meej txog cov qauv kev ua qauv rau cov nickel concentrations hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av.Cov kev tshawb fawb tau sim cov qauv kev sib txawv, sib txuas cov ntsiab lus nrog cov qauv kev ua qauv, kom tau txais txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los kwv yees cov nickel concentrations hauv av.The SeOM compositional planar spatial nta ntawm cov qauv txheej txheem nthuav tawm cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm cov xim tsis tshua muaj siab. patial faib daim ntawv qhia paub meej txog cov qauv spatial faib ntawm cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm EBK_SVMR (saib daim duab 5).Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov kev txhawb nqa vector tshuab regression qauv (Ca Mg K-SVMR) kwv yees qhov concentration ntawm Ni hauv av raws li ib qho qauv, tab sis qhov kev siv tau thiab qhov tseeb kev soj ntsuam tsis zoo qhia tau hais tias muaj kev ua haujlwm siab heev ntawm cov qauv ntawm Mg K-SVMR. EBK_MLR qauv kuj yog qhov tsis zoo vim qhov qis ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab (R2). Cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo tau siv EBK SVMR thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (CaKMg) nrog qis RMSE thiab MAE yuam kev nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 63.7%. nyob rau hauv av.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias siv Ca Mg K raws li kev kwv yees los kwv yees Ni concentrations hauv thaj chaw kawm tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev twv ua ntej ntawm Ni hauv cov av.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev siv cov nickel-raws li chiv thiab kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov av los ntawm kev lag luam steel muaj kev nyiam ua kom cov concentration ntawm nickel hauv cov av.Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia tias EBK qauv tuaj yeem txo cov qib ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo los yog kev txhim kho patency ntawm cov av. av.Nyob rau hauv dav dav, peb thov kom siv tus qauv EBK-SVMR los soj ntsuam thiab kwv yees PTE hauv av;Tsis tas li ntawd, peb thov kom siv EBK los hybridize nrog ntau lub tshuab kev kawm algorithms.Ni cov ntsiab lus tau kwv yees siv cov ntsiab lus raws li covariates;Txawm li cas los xij, siv ntau covariates yuav ua kom zoo dua qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv, uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tam sim no.Lwm qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog 115.Yog li ntawd, yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem optimized hybridization tuaj yeem txhim kho.
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