Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Peb tshaj tawm cov pov thawj ntawm cov dej hiav txwv nce siab thiab cov pa pa tawm ob peb mais tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv los ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Naples (Ltalis).Pockmarks, mounds thiab craters yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm seafloor.Cov formations sawv cev rau cov saum toj ntawm cov pob zeb ntiav, suav nrog cov tuam tsev, kev ua txhaum thiab cov quav uas cuam tshuam rau cov seabed hnub no.Lawv kaw cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm mantle melts thiab crustal pob zeb.Cov gases no yuav zoo ib yam li cov uas pub cov hydrothermal systems ntawm Ischia, Campi Flegre thiab Soma-Vesuvius, tawm tswv yim ib tug mantle qhov chaw tov nrog crustal kua hauv qab lub Gulf of Naples.Subsea expansion thiab rupture tshwm sim los ntawm cov roj lifting thiab pressurization txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ib tug overpressure ntawm MP3. emissions yog manifestations ntawm non-volcanic upheavals uas yuav heralds hiav txwv eruptions thiab/los yog hydrothermal explosions.
Dej hiav txwv hydrothermal (dej kub thiab roj) tso tawm yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm mid-dej hiav txwv ridges thiab convergent phaj margins (xws li submerged qhov chaw ntawm cov kob arcs), whereas txias paug ntawm cov roj hydrates (chlatrates) feem ntau yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm continental txee thiab passive margins1, 2,3,4,5 nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv dej ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Thaum tshav kub kub qhov chaw (magma reservoirs) nyob rau hauv lub continental crust thiab/los yog mantle.Cov kev tso tawm no yuav ua ntej lub ascent ntawm magma los ntawm lub Uppermost txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust thiab culminate nyob rau hauv lub eruption thiab nyob rau hauv-chaw ntawm volcanic seamounts6.Yog li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas ntawm (a) morphologies nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no crust thiab culminate nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm volcanic seamounts6. Cov chaw ntug dej hiav txwv xws li thaj tsam roob hluav taws ntawm Naples hauv tebchaws Ltalis (~ 1 lab tus neeg nyob) yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas qhov ua tau hluav taws xob.Shallow eruption. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum cov yam ntxwv morphological cuam tshuam nrog dej hiav txwv tob hydrothermal lossis hydrate gas emissions kuj paub zoo vim lawv cov geological thiab biological yam ntxwv, tshwj tsis yog cov dej muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom siv lom neeg, cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv cov dej. 12, muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsawg heev.Ntawm no, peb nthuav tawm tshiab bathymetric, seismic, dej kem, thiab geochemical cov ntaub ntawv rau ib tug underwater, morphologically thiab structurally complex cheeb tsam cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pa emissions nyob rau hauv lub Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), kwv yees li 5 km ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Naples.Cov ntaub ntawv no tau sau thaum lub sij hawm lub SAFE_04 board R201. Urania.Peb piav qhia thiab txhais cov qauv seafloor thiab subsurface qhov chaw uas cov pa emissions tshwm sim, tshawb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm cov kua venting, txheeb xyuas thiab cim cov txheej txheem uas tswj cov roj nce thiab cuam tshuam deformation, thiab sib tham txog kev cuam tshuam volcanology.
Lub Gulf of Naples tsim cov Plio-Quaternary western margin, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW ntawm Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) thiab Somaf-Ves (ca. confines lub bay mus rau sab qaum teb AD) 15, thaum sab qab teb ciam teb rau Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a).Lub Gulf ntawm Naples yog cuam tshuam los ntawm lub prevailing NE-SW thiab theem nrab NW-SE tseem ceeb faults (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei thiab Somma-Vesuvius manifestation, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. seismicity16,17,18 (piv txwv li, qhov xwm txheej ntxhov siab ntawm Campi Flegrei hauv 1982-1984, nrog kev nce siab ntawm 1.8 m thiab ntau txhiab av qeeg). Tsis ntev los no cov kev tshawb fawb 19,20 qhia tias tej zaum yuav muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov dynamics ntawm Soma-Vesuvius thiab ntawm Campi Flegrei, ib leeg 'possibre'. reservoirs.Volcanic kev ua si thiab dej hiav txwv oscillations nyob rau hauv lub xeem 36 ka ntawm Campi Flegrei thiab 18 ka ntawm Somma Vesuvius tswj lub sedimentary system ntawm lub Gulf ntawm Naples.The low sea level at the last glacial maximum (18 ka) coj mus rau qhov regression ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv-dub sedimentary system, uas yog transgression nyob rau hauv cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej hiav txwv-dub sedimentary system. Pleistocene-Holocene.Submarine gas emissions tau tshawb pom nyob ib ncig ntawm cov kob ntawm Ischia thiab tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Campi Flegre thiab ze Mount Soma-Vesuvius (Daim duab 1b).
(a) Morphological thiab structural kev npaj ntawm lub continental txee thiab Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Dots yog loj submarine eruption chaw; Cov kab liab sawv cev rau qhov ua txhaum loj.(b) Bathymetry ntawm Bay of Naples nrog kuaj pom cov kua vents (dots) thiab cov kab ntawm seismic kab (dub kab).Cov kab daj yog cov kab ntawm seismic kab L1 thiab L2 qhia hauv daim duab 6.Cov ciam teb ntawm Banco della Montagna (BdMs) dome dome (a, b).Lub voj voos daj cim qhov chaw ntawm cov acoustic dej kem profiles, thiab CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 thiab ROV thav ntawv tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv daim duab 5.Lub voj voog daj cim qhov chaw ntawm cov pa paug tawm, thiab nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhia hauv Table S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftfers13.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thaum lub sijhawm SAFE_2014 (Lub Yim Hli 2014) caij nkoj (saib Cov Txheej Txheem), tus qauv tshiab Digital Terrain (DTM) ntawm Gulf of Naples nrog 1 m daws teeb meem tau tsim.DTM qhia tau hais tias seafloor sab qab teb ntawm Chaw nres nkoj Naples yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev maj mam nqes hav rau sab qab teb-fab ≤3 ° (slo) 5.3 km dome-zoo li qauv, hauv zos hu ua Banco della Montagna (BdM). 1a,b).BdM tsim nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm li 100 mus rau 170 meters, 15 mus rau 20 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.Lub BdM dome tso tawm ib tug mound-zoo li morphology vim 280 subcircular mus rau oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, thiab 30 mound (qhov siab tshaj plaws). Lub voj voog ntawm 22 m thiab 1,800 m, ntsig txog.Lub voj voog [C = 4π(chaw / perimeter2)] ntawm cov mounds txo nrog nce perimeter (Daim duab 2b).Axial ratios rau mounds ranged ntawm 1 thiab 6.5, nrog mounds nrog ib tug axial ratio> 2 ° dispersed ib tug + N. Dispersed N105°E rau N145°E tawm tsam (Fig. 2c). Ib qho los yog sib npaug cones muaj nyob rau ntawm lub dav hlau BdM thiab nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub mound (Fig. 3a, b).Cov txheej txheem conical ua raws li kev npaj ntawm lub mounds uas lawv nyob.Pockmarks feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub tiaj seabed (Fig. 3c) thiab qee zaus nyob rau mounds.Lub spatial densities ntawm cones thiab pockmarks dlhos qhov preforms. thaj tsam sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm BdM dome (Fig. 4a,b); qhov tsawg dua NW-SE txoj kev nyob rau hauv central BdM cheeb tsam.
(a) Cov qauv qauv (1 m cell loj) ntawm lub dome ntawm Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter thiab roundness ntawm BdM mounds.(c) Axial piv thiab lub kaum sab xis (kev taw qhia) ntawm qhov loj axis ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws-haum ellipse nyob ib ncig ntawm lub mound.Tus qauv yuam kev ntawm Digital Terrain qauv yog 0. Tus qauv tsis raug ntawm perimeter thiab roundness yog 4.83 m thiab 0.01, feem, thiab tus qauv tsis raug ntawm axial piv thiab lub kaum sab xis yog 0.04 thiab 3.34 °, raws li.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cones, craters, mounds thiab pits hauv cheeb tsam BdM muab rho tawm los ntawm DTM hauv daim duab 2.
(a) Kev sib txuas cones ntawm lub tiaj tiaj seabed; (b) cones thiab craters ntawm NW-SE slender mounds; (c) pockmarks ntawm ib qho me me dipped nto.
(a) Spatial faib ntawm cov craters, pits, thiab active pa tawm.(b) Spatial ceev ntawm craters thiab pits qhia nyob rau hauv (a) (number/0.2 km2).
Peb tau txheeb xyuas 37 gaseous emissions nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam BdM los ntawm ROV dej kem echo sounder dluab thiab ncaj qha kev soj ntsuam ntawm seafloor tau txais thaum lub sij hawm SAFE_2014 caij nkoj thaum lub Yim Hli 2014 (Daim duab 4 thiab 5).Qhov acoustic anomalies ntawm cov emissions qhia vertically vertically. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 12 thiab txog 70 m (Fig. 5a).Hauv qee qhov chaw, acoustic anomalies tsim ib qho yuav luag tas mus li "tsheb ciav hlau." Qhov pom npuas plumes sib txawv: los ntawm kev nruam, ntom npuas ntws mus rau qhov tshwm sim luv luv (Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntxiv 1).ROV kev tshuaj xyuas tso cai rau kev pom qhov pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov dej hiav txwv. seabed, qee zaum nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm liab mus rau txiv kab ntxwv sediments (Fig. 5b).Qee zaus, ROV channel reactivate emissions.Lub vent morphology qhia ib ncig qhib nyob rau sab saum toj uas tsis muaj flare nyob rau hauv cov dej kem.Lub pH nyob rau hauv cov dej nyob rau saum toj ntawm qhov paug taw tes qhia ib tug tseem ceeb poob, qhia ntau acidic tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub zos (Daim duab. 5c, m. poob ntawm 8.4 (ntawm 70 m qhov tob) mus rau 7.8 (ntawm 75 m qhov tob) (Fig. 5c), whereas lwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Gulf of Naples muaj pH qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0 thiab 160 m nyob rau hauv qhov tob interval ntawm 8.3 thiab 8.5 (Fig. 5d). Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv thiab sab nraum qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov dej qab ntsev. BdM cheeb tsam ntawm lub Gulf of Naples.Ntawm qhov tob ntawm 70 m, qhov kub thiab txias yog 15 ° C thiab salinity yog hais txog 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d). Kev ntsuas pH, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab salinity qhia: a) kev koom tes ntawm cov kua qaub acidic cuam tshuam nrog BdM degassing cov txheej txheem thiab cov dej ntws qeeb heev. brine.
(a) Lub qhov rais tau txais cov acoustic dej kem profile (echometer Simrad EK60).Vertical ntsuab band sib haum mus rau cov roj flare kuaj pom ntawm EM50 kua paug (kwv yees li 75 m hauv qab dej hiav txwv) nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam BdM; hauv qab thiab seafloor multiplex signals kuj tau qhia (b) sau nrog lub tsheb tswj cov chaw taws teeb hauv cheeb tsam BdM Cov duab ib leeg qhia tau hais tias ib lub qhov dej me me (dub lub voj voog) ncig los ntawm cov xim liab rau cov txiv kab ntxwv sediment.(c,d) Multiparameter sojntsuam CTD cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav siv SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2 parameter ntawm oxygen, thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide).Patterns. kem dej saum cov kua dej tawm EM50 ( vaj huam sib luag c) thiab sab nraum lub vaj huam sib luag Bdm tso tawm (d).
Peb tau sau peb cov qauv roj los ntawm thaj chaw kawm thaum Lub Yim Hli 22 thiab 28, 2014.Cov qauv no tau pom muaj cov khoom sib xws, suav nrog CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), tom qab ntawd cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) thiab H20 mmol / 40 mmol (H20 mmol) thiab H20 mmol. Nws muaj tsawg dua (<0.052 thiab <0.016 mmol / mol, raws li txoj cai) (Daim duab 1b; Table S1, Ntxiv Movie 2). Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm O2 thiab Ar kuj tau ntsuas (txog li 3.2 thiab 0.18 mmol / mol, feem). muaj C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (feem ntau yog benzene), propene thiab sulfur-muaj cov tebchaw (thiophene).Tus nqi 40Ar / 36Ar yog zoo ib yam nrog huab cua (295.5), txawm hais tias tus qauv EM35 (BdM dome) muaj tus nqi ntawm 304, uas qhia ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj li ntawm 415Ar.R. vs. Cua), thaum lub δ13C-CO2 qhov tseem ceeb nyob ntawm -0.93 mus rau 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra qhov tseem ceeb (tom qab kho rau huab cua paug siv 4He/20Ne piv) nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1.66 thiab 1.94, qhia tias muaj cov manbination loj ntawm . CO2 thiab nws cov isotope ruaj khov 22, lub hauv paus ntawm cov emissions hauv BdM tuaj yeem ua kom meej ntxiv.Hauv daim ntawv qhia CO2 rau CO2 / 3He piv rau δ13C (Fig. 6), BdM roj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog piv rau Ischia, Campi Flegrei thiab Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles.Daim duab qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab sib txawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide. BdM roj ntau lawm: yaj mantle-derived melts, organic-nplua nuj sediments, thiab carbonates.Cov qauv BdM poob rau ntawm qhov sib tov kab uas piav qhia los ntawm peb Campania volcanoes, uas yog, sib tov ntawm mantle gases (uas yog assumed me ntsis enriched nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon dioxide txheeb ze rau classical MORBs rau lub hom phiaj ntawm fittings cov ntaub ntawv.
Hybrid kab ntawm mantle muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kawg cov tswv cuab ntawm limestone thiab organic sediments raug tshaj tawm rau kev sib piv.Boxes sawv cev rau thaj chaw fumarole ntawm Ischia, Campi Flegrei thiab Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61.Cov qauv BdM yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm Campania volcano.The endmember ntawm cov roj av ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kab sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv roj av. carbonate cov zaub mov.
Seismic seem L1 thiab L2 (Fig. 1b thiab 7) qhia qhov kev hloov ntawm BdM thiab lub distal stratigraphic sequences ntawm lub Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) thiab Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) volcanic regions.BdM yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si nyob rau sab saum toj. ib tug (MS) qhia subparallel reflectors ntawm siab mus rau nruab nrab amplitude thiab lateral continuity (Fig. 7b, c).Cov txheej no muaj xws li marine sediments dragged los ntawm lub xeem Glacial Maximum (LGM) system thiab muaj cov xuab zeb thiab av nplaum23.Cov hauv paus PS txheej (Fig. 7b–d) yog characterized los ntawm ib tug chaotic nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los yog transparency. sediments tsim seafloor mounds (Fig. 7d).Cov diapir-zoo li geometries qhia qhov intrusion ntawm PS pob tshab cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv lub Uppermost MS deposits.Uplift yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tsim ntawm folds thiab faults uas cuam tshuam rau MS txheej thiab overlying tam sim no-hnub sediments ntawm lub BdM seag 7 ti straicloor (MS). kom meej meej delaminated nyob rau hauv ENE ib feem ntawm L1 seem, thaum nws whitens ntawm BdM vim muaj ib tug gas-saturated txheej (GSL) npog los ntawm ib co sab hauv theem ntawm MS sequence (Fig. 7a).Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus cores sau nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm BdM sib thooj rau lub pob tshab seismic txheej rau 40 tam sim no cov xuab zeb deposits; ) 24,25 thiab pumice fragments los ntawm kev tawg tawg ntawm Campi Flegrei ntawm "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26.Cov txheej txheem pob tshab ntawm PS txheej tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ib leeg, vim tias cov txheej txheem chaotic cuam tshuam nrog av tawg, av nkos thiab cov pyrocust Blows sab nraud ntawm cov pa tawm ntawm cov pa. opaque21,23,24.Peb xaus lus tias qhov pom BdM PS seismic facies nrog rau cov tsos ntawm subsea outcrop PS txheej (Fig. 7d) qhia txog lub uplift ntawm natural gas.
(a) Ib leeg-khiav seismic profile L1 (navigation kab nyob rau hauv daim duab 1b) qhia ib columnar (pagoda) spatial arrangement.Lub pas dej muaj chaotic deposits ntawm pumice thiab xuab zeb.The gas-saturated txheej uas muaj nyob rau hauv qab lub pagoda tshem tawm cov continuity ntawm lub ntxaum formations.(b) ib leeg-channel seismic profile L2. incision thiab deformation ntawm seafloor mounds, marine (MS), thiab pumice xuab zeb deposits (PS).(c) Cov ntsiab lus deformation hauv MS thiab PS tau tshaj tawm hauv (c,d). Piv txwv tias qhov nrawm ntawm 1580 m / s hauv cov av qis tshaj plaws, 100 ms sawv cev txog 80 m ntawm qhov ntsug.
Lub morphological thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm BdM zoo ib yam li lwm subsea hydrothermal thiab gas hydrate teb thoob ntiaj teb2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 thiab feem ntau txuam nrog uplifts (vaults thiab mounds) thiab gas paug (cones, pits). tswj permeability (Daim duab 2 thiab 3).Spatial kev npaj ntawm mounds, pits thiab vents active vents qhia hais tias lawv tis yog ib feem tswj los ntawm NW-SE thiab NE-SW cuam tshuam fractures (Daim duab 4b).Cov no yog cov nyiam ntaus ntawm txhaum systems cuam tshuam rau Campi Flegreius thiab Sommacan-Ves cov qauv tshwj xeeb. ntawm cov qub tswj qhov chaw ntawm hydrothermal tso tawm los ntawm Campi Flegrei crater35.Peb yog li ntawd xaus hais tias faults thiab fractures nyob rau hauv lub Gulf of Naples sawv cev rau txoj kev nyiam rau cov pa nkev tsiv teb tsaws mus rau saum npoo, ib tug feature qhia los ntawm lwm yam structurally tswj hydrothermal systems36,37.Notably, BdM cones thiab pits .Qhov no ib txwm qhia tsis tau. mounds tsis tas sawv cev ua ntej rau qhov tsim, raws li lwm tus kws sau ntawv tau pom zoo rau cov pa roj hydrate zones32,33.Our cov lus xaus txhawb qhov kev xav tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm dome seafloor sediments tsis tas yuav ua rau tsim cov pits.
Peb cov pa roj carbon monoxide sau tau qhia cov cim npe tshuaj lom neeg ntawm hydrothermal kua, uas yog feem ntau CO2 nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txo cov pa roj (H2S, CH4 thiab H2) thiab lub teeb hydrocarbons (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog benzene thiab propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45ric muaj nyob ntawm S. gases (xws li O2), uas tsis xav kom muaj nyob rau hauv submarine emissions, tej zaum yuav yog vim muaj paug los ntawm huab cua yaj nyob rau hauv seawater los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog gases khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv yas siv rau sampling, raws li ROVs yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv pem teb mus rau lub hiav txwv kom revolt.Conversely, zoo δ15N qhov tseem ceeb tshaj 280 A thiab nce siab tshaj N. (air-saturated dej) qhia tias feem ntau ntawm N2 yog tsim los ntawm cov chaw hauv huab cua, hauv kev pom zoo nrog cov hydrothermal keeb kwm ntawm cov gases.Lub hydrothermal-volcanic keeb kwm ntawm cov roj BdM tau lees paub los ntawm CO2 thiab nws cov ntsiab lus thiab lawv cov isotopic kos npe.Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 los ntawm -0.9%) thiab cov nqi ntawm -0.9%. (los ntawm 1.7 × 1010 mus rau 4.1 × 1010) qhia tias cov qauv BdM yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm fumaroles nyob ib ncig ntawm Gulf of Naples 'mantle kawg cov tswv cuab thiab decarbonization Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Daim duab 6).Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov qauv BdM gas qauv yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov dej sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Flegrei thiab Somma-Veusivus volcanoes.Lawv muaj crustal ntau dua li Ischia fumaroles, uas yog ze rau qhov kawg ntawm lub mantle.Somma-Vesuvius thiab Campi Flegrei muaj ntau dua 3He / 4He qhov tseem ceeb (R / Ra ntawm 2.6 thiab 2.9) tshaj li ntawm 1.6Ra thiab 1.9Ra. S1).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias ntxiv thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm radiogenic Nws originated los ntawm tib magma qhov chaw uas pub lub Somma-Vesuvius thiab Campi Flegrei volcanoes.Qhov tsis pom cov organic carbon fractions nyob rau hauv BdM emissions qhia tias organic sediments tsis koom nyob rau hauv lub BdM degassing txheej txheem.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia saum toj no thiab tau los ntawm kev sim ua qauv ntawm dome-zoo li cov qauv txuam nrog subsea gas-nplua cheeb tsam, sib sib zog nqus roj pressurization tej zaum yuav lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tsim ntawm kilometer-scale BdM domes.To kwv yees lub overpressure Pdef ua rau lub BdM vault, peb siv ib tug nyias-phaj mechanics model33,34 piv txwv li, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau sau seicMorph. Daim ntawv subcircular ntawm lub vojvoog loj dua li qhov deformed soft viscous deposit Qhov ntsug siab tshaj plaws hloov chaw w thiab thickness h ntawm (Supplementary Fig. S1).Pdef yog qhov sib txawv ntawm tag nrho cov siab thiab pob zeb zoo li qub siab ntxiv rau cov dej kem siab.At BdM, lub vojvoog yog li 2,500 m, w yog 20 m, thiab cov hismic siab tshaj plaws yog kwv yees li ntawm 10 m. 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 los ntawm kev sib raug zoo, qhov twg D yog qhov flexural stiffness; D yog muab los ntawm (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], qhov twg E yog tus Young's modulus ntawm qhov tso nyiaj, ν yog Poisson tus piv (~ 0.5) 33.Vim tias cov khoom siv ntawm BdM sediments tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas, peb teeb E = 140 kPa, uas yog ib qho tsim nyog tus nqi rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv 7 M2 tsis zoo li sedi. Qhov siab dua E qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv rau silty av nplaum deposits (300 < E < 350,000 kPa) 33,34 vim BDM deposits muaj feem ntau ntawm cov xuab zeb, tsis silt los yog silty clay24.Peb tau txais Pdef = 0.3 Pa, uas yog raws li kev kwv yees ntawm seabassin nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj av vitamin. 10-2 mus rau 103 Pa, nrog cov nqi qis uas sawv cev qis w/a thiab/los yog dab tsi.In BdM, nruj kev txo qis vim cov roj hauv zos saturation ntawm cov sediment thiab/los yog cov tsos ntawm cov pob txha uas twb muaj lawm kuj yuav ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm thiab cov pa roj tso tawm, tso cai rau kev tsim cov kev pom zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (Fix) cov qauv uas tau pom. PS sediments tau uplifted los ntawm GSL, thawb lub overlying MS marine sediments, uas ua rau mounds, folds, faults, thiab sedimentary txiav (Fig. 7b, c).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub 14.8 mus rau 12 ka laus pumice tau intruded rau hauv cov yau MS txheej los ntawm ib tug upward gasph txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj mus los. overpressure tsim los ntawm cov kua paug uas tsim los ntawm GSL.Muab tias cov dej ntws tawm tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv mus txog 170 m bsl48, peb xav tias cov kua dej overpressure nyob rau hauv GSL tshaj 1,700 kPa.Upward migration ntawm gases nyob rau hauv cov sediments kuj muaj cov nyhuv ntawm scrubbing nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv gravitational MS. cores sampled ntawm BdM25.Tsis tas li ntawd, lub overpressure ntawm GSL tsim ib tug complex puas system (polygonal txhaum nyob rau hauv daim duab. 7b).Collectively, no morphology, qauv, thiab stratigraphic kev sib hais haum, hu ua "pagodas"49,50, yog Ameslikas txhais los ntawm cov teebmeem thib ob ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov teebmeem qub. gas31,33 los yog evaporites50 .Ntawm lub continental margin ntawm Campania, evaporative sediments yog scarce, tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv lub Uppermost 3 km ntawm lub crust.Yog li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob mechanism ntawm BdM pagodas yog zoo li yuav tswj tau los ntawm cov pa nce nyob rau hauv cov sediments.Qhov kev xaus no yog txhawb los ntawm lub pob tshab ntawm cov seismic 7 cores. cov ntaub ntawv raws li yav dhau los tau tshaj tawm24, qhov uas tam sim no-hnub xuab zeb tawg nrog 'Pomici Principali'25 thiab 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Tsis tas li ntawd, PS deposits invaded thiab deformed lub sab sauv MS txheej (Fig. 7d).Qhov no structural txheej txheem qhia hais tias lub pas dej ua ke tsis yog ib tug loj tus txheej txheem ntawm uprising. kev tsim ntawm lub pas dej: a) qhov ntom ntawm cov pob zeb mos txo qis thaum cov pa nkag los hauv qab; b) cov pa roj av sib tov nce, uas yog qhov pom folding, faulting thiab tawg ua rau MS deposits (Daim duab 7).Ib qho kev tsim zoo sib xws tau npaj rau cov tuam tsev uas cuam tshuam nrog cov roj hydrates hauv South Scotia Hiav Txwv (Antarctica).BdM pagodas tshwm nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg hauv toj roob hauv pes, thiab lawv cov ntsug li ob TW-10 lub sij hawm nruab nrab (Daim duab 7a).Vim muaj cov MS undulations thiab txiav txim siab lub stratigraphy ntawm BdM lub ntiajteb txawj nqus core, peb infer lub hnub nyoog tsim ntawm lub palaces yuav tsum tsawg tshaj li 14-12 ka.Tam sim no, kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv no tseem active (Fig. 7d) raws li ib co lub tsev teev ntuj tau invaded lub hnub thiab cov xuab zeb. 7d ib).
Lub pas dej tsis tau hla lub hiav txwv niaj hnub no qhia tau hais tias (a) roj nce thiab / lossis hauv zos cessation ntawm cov pa roj av sib xyaw, thiab / lossis (b) tuaj yeem ua rau sab nraud ntawm cov roj av sib tov tsis tso cai rau cov txheej txheem hauv cheeb tsam overpressure.Raws li diapir txoj kev xav qauv 52, lub lateral flow demonstrate ib tug tsis zoo tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm lub mud nqi ntawm cov khoom sib tov hauv qab no. upward.Qhov kev txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov sib tov vim qhov ploj ntawm cov khoom siv roj.Cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg saum toj no thiab cov buoyancy-controlled ntawm lub pas dej tso cai rau peb kwv yees cov huab cua kem qhov siab hg.Qhov buoyancy yog muab los ntawm ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρg), qhov twg g.8 mg thiab ρwity (9). Qhov ntom ntawm cov dej thiab cov pa roj, feem.ΔP yog qhov sib npaug ntawm yav dhau los suav Pdef thiab lithostatic siab Plith ntawm cov phaj sediment, piv txwv li ρsg h, qhov twg ρs yog cov sediment ntom.Qhov no, tus nqi ntawm hg xav tau rau qhov kev xav tau buoyancy yog muab los ntawm hg = (Pdef. ρ (-Plith)) Pdef = 0.3 Pa thiab h = 100 m (saib saum toj), ρw = 1,030 kg / m3, ρs = 2,500 kg / m3, ρg yog negligible vim ρw ≫ρg.Peb tau hg = 245 m, tus nqi sawv cev rau qhov tob ntawm lub hauv qab ntawm lub GSL yog qhov yuav tsum tau tawg ΔP. BdM seafloor thiab daim ntawv vents.
Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov roj BdM zoo ib yam nrog cov khoom siv mantle hloov pauv los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov kua dej txuam nrog decarbonization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pob zeb crustal (Fig. 6).Rough EW alignments ntawm BdM domes thiab cov volcanoes xws li Ischia, Campi Flegre, thiab Soma-Vesuvius, nrog rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj gases hauv qab no qhia tias cov txiv neej. volcanic cheeb tsam yog tov Ntau thiab ntau crustal kua txav ntawm sab hnub poob (Ischia) mus rau sab hnub tuaj (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b thiab 6).
Peb tau txiav txim siab tias nyob rau hauv Bay of Naples, ob peb mais ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Naples, muaj 25 km2 dav dome-zoo li qauv uas cuam tshuam los ntawm cov txheej txheem degassing thiab tshwm sim los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab cov mounds.Tam sim no, BdM kos npe qhia tias tsis yog-magmatic turbulence53 yuav predate embryonic magmatic los yog volmaism thaum ntxov. kua dej.Kev soj ntsuam xyuas cov dej num yuav tsum tau muab coj los soj ntsuam cov evolution ntawm phenomena thiab xyuas geochemical thiab geophysical signals qhia txog tej yam magmatic teeb meem.
Acoustic dej kem profiles (2D) tau txais thaum lub sij hawm SAFE_2014 (Lub Yim Hli 2014) caij nkoj ntawm R/V Urania (CNR) los ntawm National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Acoustic sampling tau ua los ntawm scientific beam-splitting echousticerrad EK68 Hz. kaw ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov ceev ntawm li 4 km.Cov duab echosounder sau tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kua dej tawm thiab txheeb xyuas lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv cheeb tsam sau (nruab nrab ntawm 74 thiab 180 m bsl). ntsuas lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tsis muaj nyob hauv dej kem siv multiparameter probes (conductivity, kub thiab qhov tob, CTD). Cov ntaub ntawv tau sau los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob 1. Inc.) thiab ua tiav siv SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2).Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov pom ntawm lub hiav txwv tau ua los ntawm kev siv "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV ntaus ntawv ( tsheb khiav deb) nrog ob lub koob yees duab (qis thiab siab txhais) lub koob yees duab.
Multibeam cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tau ua tiav siv 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg).Lub kaw lus txuas rau qhov sib txawv thoob ntiaj teb qhov chaw ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau tias qhov teeb meem tsis raug hauv kev teeb tsa ntawm lub nqaj.Lub acoustic pulse muaj zaus ntawm 100 KHz, ib qho firing pulse tag nrho ntawm 4 ° thiab 0. beams.Measure thiab siv lub suab tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag thaum tau txais.Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav siv PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) raws li International Hydrographic Organization tus qauv (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) rau navigation thiab tide correction.Noise requalified. nrog band kho thiab de-spiking cov cuab yeej.Nruam lub suab nrawm nrhiav tau ua los ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb keel nyob ze ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab tau txais thiab siv lub sijhawm tiag tiag lub suab nrov tshaj tawm hauv cov dej txhua 6-8 teev kom muab lub suab nrawm nrawm rau lub sijhawm beam steering.Cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv muaj kwv yees li 20 km (0-4). high-resolution digital struts qauv (DTM) tus yam ntxwv los ntawm 1 m grid cell loj.Qhov kawg DTM (Daim duab 1a) tau ua tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv struts (> 0 m saum toj no hiav txwv theem) tau txais ntawm 20 m grid cell loj los ntawm Italian Geo-Military Institute.
A 55-kilometer high-resolution single-channel seismic cov ntaub ntawv profile, sau thaum muaj kev nyab xeeb dej hiav txwv cruises nyob rau hauv 2007 thiab 2014, npog thaj tsam ntawm kwv yees li 113 square kilometers, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (piv txwv li, L1 seismic profile, Fig. 1b) tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem KB. Cov khoom tau txais los ntawm chav tsev muaj 2.5 m catamaran nyob rau hauv uas qhov chaw thiab txais tau muab tso.Qhov kev kos npe muaj ib lub ncov zoo uas yog tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv ntau zaus 1-10 kHz thiab tso cai rau daws cov reflectors sib cais los ntawm 25 cm.Safe seismic profiles tau txais los ntawm kev siv 1.4 Kj ntau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm Geotra Geospar (Geismic Geospar). Survey System).Lub kaw lus muaj cov catamaran uas muaj 1–6.02 KHz qhov chaw uas nkag mus txog 400 milliseconds hauv cov xuab zeb mos hauv qab dej hiav txwv, nrog rau kev daws teeb meem ntsug ntawm 30 cm.Txhua yam khoom siv nyab xeeb thiab Marsik tau txais ntawm tus nqi ntawm 0.33 txhaj / sec nrog lub nkoj tshaj tawm.Dua haujlwm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm Gestates. Cov kev ua haujlwm hauv qab no: kev kho dilation, dej kem muting, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR filtering, thiab AGC.
Cov pa roj los ntawm cov dej hauv qab dej fumarole tau sau rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv siv lub thawv yas uas muaj cov roj hmab diaphragm ntawm nws sab sauv, muab tso rau sab saum toj ntawm ROV hla lub qhov cua.Thaum cov huab cua npuas nkag mus rau hauv lub thawv tau hloov tag nrho cov dej hiav txwv, ROV rov qab mus rau qhov tob ntawm 1 m, thiab tus neeg dhia dej hloov cov pa roj los ntawm ob lub iav ua ntej-6 m evacuum. Teflon stopcocks nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tau sau nrog 20 mL ntawm 5N NaOH tov (Gegenbach-hom flask).Lub ntsiab acid gas hom (CO2 thiab H2S) yog yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj alkaline, thaum cov tsis muaj solubility roj hom (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, Nws, Ar, CH4 thiab lub teeb hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv lub raj mis qis). Cov pa roj tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov pa roj chromatography (GC) siv Shimadzu 15A nruab nrog 10 m ntev 5A molecular sieve kem thiab lub thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.Argon thiab O2 tau txheeb xyuas siv Thermo Focus gas chromatograph nruab nrog 30 m ntev capillary molecular sievethan siv ib kem thiab TCD. 14A roj chromatograph nruab nrog 10 m ntev stainless hlau kem ntim nrog Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, coated nrog 23% SP 1700 thiab nplaim taws ionization detector (FID).Cov kua theem yog siv rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm 1) CO2, raws li, titrated nrog 0.5noShm (TiHm, 2 HCl) tom qab kev daws teeb meem (Titrated H2) thiab Basic HCl oxidation nrog 5 mL H2O2 (33%), los ntawm ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761).Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas yuam kev ntawm titration, GC thiab IC tsom xam yog tsawg dua 5%. Finningan Delta S huab hwm coj spectrometer55,56.Cov qauv siv los kwv yees qhov tseeb sab nraud yog Carrara thiab San Vincenzo marble (sab hauv), NBS18 thiab NBS19 (tshuaj thoob ntiaj teb), thaum kev txheeb xyuas qhov yuam kev thiab rov tsim dua yog ± 0.05% thiab ± 0.1%, feem.
δ15N (qhia raws li % vs. Huab cua) qhov tseem ceeb thiab 40Ar / 36Ar tau txiav txim siab siv Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) txuas mus rau Finnigan Delta plusXP nruam ntws huab hwm coj spectrometer.Qhov kev soj ntsuam yuam kev yog: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Arex
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Post lub sij hawm: Lub Xya hli ntuj-16-2022
