Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Peb tshaj tawm cov pov thawj ntawm cov dej hiav txwv nce siab thiab cov pa pa tawm ob peb mais ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv los ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Naples (Ltalis).Pockmarks, mounds thiab craters yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm seafloor.Cov formations sawv cev rau saum cov pob zeb ntiav, suav nrog cov vaj tse, qhov txhaum thiab cov folds uas cuam tshuam rau seabed hnub no.Lawv tau kaw cov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide. melts thiab crustal pob zeb.Cov gases no yuav zoo ib yam li cov uas pub lub hydrothermal systems ntawm Ischia, Campi Flegre thiab Soma-Vesuvius, tawm tswv yim ib tug mantle qhov chaw tov nrog crustal kua hauv qab lub Gulf of Naples.Subsea expansion thiab rupture tshwm sim los ntawm cov roj lifting thiab pressurization txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ib tug overpressure ntawm 2-3 gases, saflomissions thiab safestation. Tsis yog-volcanic upheavals uas yuav herald eruptions hiav txwv thiab / los yog hydrothermal explosions.
Dej hiav txwv hydrothermal (dej kub thiab roj) tso tawm yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm mid-dej hiav txwv ridges thiab convergent phaj margins (xws li submerged qhov chaw ntawm cov kob arcs), whereas txias paug ntawm cov roj hydrates (chlatrates) feem ntau yog yam ntxwv ntawm continental txee thiab passive margins1, 2,3,4, 5. reservoirs) nyob rau hauv lub continental crust thiab / los yog mantle.Cov kev tso tawm no yuav ua ntej lub ascent ntawm magma los ntawm lub Uppermost txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust thiab culminate nyob rau hauv lub eruption thiab nyob rau hauv-chaw ntawm volcanic seamounts6.Yog li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas ntawm (a) morphologies txuam nrog active seabeds (cov dej hiav txwv volcanic deformation). thaj tsam ntawm Naples hauv Ltalis (~ 1 lab tus neeg nyob hauv) yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas qhov ua tau volcanoes.Shallow eruption.Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum morphological nta cuam tshuam nrog dej hiav txwv sib sib zog nqus hydrothermal lossis hydrate gas emissions kuj paub zoo vim lawv cov geological thiab lom cov khoom, qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov dej morphological cuam tshuam nrog rau cov dej ntws sib sib zog nqus. peb nthuav tawm tshiab bathymetric, seismic, dej kem, thiab geochemical cov ntaub ntawv rau ib tug underwater, morphologically thiab structurally complex cheeb tsam cuam tshuam los ntawm gas emissions nyob rau hauv lub Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), kwv yees li 5 km ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Naples.Cov ntaub ntawv no tau sau thaum lub sij hawm lub SAFE_2014 (Lub yim hli ntuj 2014. Peb lub nkoj subscription. qhov twg muaj cov pa emissions tshwm sim, tshawb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm cov kua venting, txheeb xyuas thiab cim cov txheej txheem uas tswj cov roj nce thiab cuam tshuam deformation, thiab sib tham txog kev cuam tshuam volcanology.
Lub Gulf of Naples tsim cov Plio-Quaternary western margin, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW ntawm Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) thiab Soma-Ves (ca. mus rau sab qaum teb AD) 15, thaum sab qab teb ciam teb rau Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a).Lub Gulf of Naples raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov NE-SW thiab theem nrab NW-SE qhov txhaum loj (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei thiab Somma-Vesuvius yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej ntws, thiab cov dej tsis sib haum 16. Piv txwv li, qhov xwm txheej ntxhov siab ntawm Campi Flegrei hauv 1982-1984, nrog kev nce siab ntawm 1.8 m thiab ntau txhiab av qeeg). Tsis ntev los no cov kev tshawb fawb 19,20 qhia tias tej zaum yuav muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov dynamics ntawm Soma-Vesuvius thiab ntawm Campi Flegre, tejzaum nws cuam tshuam nrog 'maj sib sib zog nqus' kev ua si nyob rau hauv ib theem zuj zus. ntawm Campi Flegrei thiab 18 ka ntawm Somma Vesuvius tswj lub sedimentary system ntawm Gulf of Naples.The low sea level at the last glacial maximum (18 ka) coj mus rau qhov regression ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv-ntub sedimentary system, uas tau tom qab sau los ntawm cov xwm txheej txhaum cai thaum lub sij hawm Late Pleistocene-Holoce ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv tau ntes cov kob. ntawm Campi Flegre thiab ze Mount Soma-Vesuvius (Fig.1b).
(a) Morphological thiab structural kev npaj ntawm lub continental txee thiab Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Dots yog loj submarine eruption chaw;Cov kab liab sawv cev rau qhov ua txhaum loj.(b) Bathymetry ntawm Bay of Naples nrog kuaj pom cov kua vents (dots) thiab cov kab ntawm seismic kab (dub kab).Cov kab daj yog cov kab ntawm seismic kab L1 thiab L2 qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6.Cov ciam teb ntawm Banco della Montagna (BdMs) cov kab daj yog cov cim xiav (BdMs) dome. cov chaw ntawm cov acoustic dej kem profiles, thiab CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 thiab ROV thav ntawv tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv daim duab 5.Lub voj voog daj cim qhov chaw ntawm cov pa paug tawm, thiab nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tau qhia hauv Table S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer.3)
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thaum lub sijhawm SAFE_2014 (Lub Yim Hli 2014) caij nkoj (saib Cov Txheej Txheem), tus qauv tshiab Digital Terrain (DTM) ntawm Gulf of Naples nrog 1 m daws teeb meem tau tsim.DTM qhia tau hais tias lub seafloor sab qab teb ntawm Chaw nres nkoj Naples yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev maj mam nqes hav rau sab qab teb-fab ≤ 5 ° dome (s) -zoo li qauv, hauv zos hu ua Banco della Montagna (BdM).1a,b).BdM loj hlob ntawm qhov tob li ntawm 100 mus rau 170 meters, 15 mus rau 20 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.Lub BdM dome tso tawm ib tug mound-zoo li morphology vim 280 subcircular rau oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 40 mound (3gs.) 22 m thiab 1,800 m, ntsig txog.Lub voj voog [C = 4π(chaw / perimeter2)] ntawm cov mounds txo nrog nce perimeter (Fig. 2b).Axial ratios rau mounds ranged ntawm 1 thiab 6.5, nrog mounds nrog ib tug axial ratio>2 qhia ib tug nyiam + N15 ° dispersed E thiab ntau dua N15 ° dispersed E. 145 ° E tawm tsam (Fig. 2c).Ib qho los yog sib npaug cones muaj nyob rau ntawm lub dav hlau BdM thiab nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub mound (Fig. 3a, b).Cov kev npaj conical ua raws li kev npaj ntawm mounds uas lawv nyob.Pockmarks feem ntau nyob rau ntawm lub tiaj seabed (Fig. 3c) thiab qee zaus nyob rau mounds.Lub spatial densities ntawm cones thiab pockmarks nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj. thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm BdM dome (Fig. 4a,b);qhov tsawg dua NW-SE txoj kev nyob rau hauv central BdM cheeb tsam.
(a) Cov qauv qauv (1 m cell loj) ntawm lub dome ntawm Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter thiab roundness ntawm BdM mounds.(c) Axial piv thiab lub kaum sab xis (kev taw qhia) ntawm qhov loj axis ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws-haum ellipse nyob ib ncig ntawm lub mound.Tus qauv yuam kev ntawm Digital Terrain qauv yog 0.Tus qauv tsis raug ntawm perimeter thiab roundness yog 4.83 m thiab 0.01, feem, thiab tus qauv tsis raug ntawm axial piv thiab lub kaum sab xis yog 0.04 thiab 3.34 °, raws li.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cones, craters, mounds thiab pits hauv cheeb tsam BdM muab rho tawm los ntawm DTM hauv daim duab 2.
(a) Kev sib txuas cones ntawm lub tiaj tiaj seabed;(b) cones thiab craters ntawm NW-SE slender mounds;(c) pockmarks ntawm ib qho me me dipped nto.
(a) Spatial faib ntawm cov craters, pits, thiab active pa tawm.(b) Spatial ceev ntawm craters thiab pits qhia nyob rau hauv (a) (number/0.2 km2).
Peb tau txheeb xyuas 37 gaseous emissions nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam BdM los ntawm ROV dej kem echo sounder dluab thiab ncaj qha kev soj ntsuam ntawm seafloor tau txais thaum lub sij hawm lub SAFE_2014 caij nkoj thaum lub Yim Hli 2014 (Daim duab 4 thiab 5).Qhov acoustic anomalies ntawm cov emissions qhia vertically vertically 2014 vertically. Txog 70 m (Fig. 5a).Nyob rau qee qhov chaw, acoustic anomalies tsim ib tug yuav luag tas mus li "tsheb ciav hlau." Cov pom npuas plumes sib txawv: los ntawm nruam, ntom npuas ntws mus rau luv-lived phenomena (Supplementary Movie 1).ROV kev soj ntsuam qee zaum tso cai rau kev pom tseeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov paj txiv kab ntxwv ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv me me, cov dej hiav txwv liab thiab dej hiav txwv. ments (Fig. 5b).Qee zaum, ROV channels reactivate emissions.Lub vent morphology qhia ib ncig qhib nyob rau sab saum toj uas tsis muaj flare nyob rau hauv cov dej kem.Lub pH nyob rau hauv cov dej kem cia li saum toj no lub discharge point qhia ib tug tseem ceeb poob, qhia ntau acidic tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub zos (Fig.5c, d).Tshwj xeeb, pH saum toj no BdM roj tawm ntawm 75 m qhov tob txo los ntawm 8.4 (ntawm 70 m qhov tob) mus rau 7.8 (ntawm 75 m qhov tob) (Daim duab 5c), whereas lwm qhov chaw hauv Gulf of Naples muaj pH qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 0 thiab 160 m. 5 hauv qhov tob ntawm . Kev hloov pauv hauv dej hiav txwv kub thiab ntsev tsis muaj nyob ntawm ob qhov chaw sab hauv thiab sab nraud BdM cheeb tsam ntawm Gulf of Naples.Thaum qhov tob ntawm 70 m, qhov kub thiab txias yog 15 ° C thiab salinity yog li ntawm 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d). Kev ntsuas pH, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab salinity flu qhia tias: a) cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cov kua qaub ntawm B. ence los yog qeeb heev ntawm thermal kua thiab brine.
(a) Lub qhov rais tau txais cov acoustic dej kem profile (echometer Simrad EK60).Vertical ntsuab band sib haum mus rau cov roj flare kuaj pom ntawm EM50 kua paug (kwv yees li 75 m hauv qab dej hiav txwv) nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam BdM;hauv qab thiab seafloor multiplex signals kuj tau qhia (b) sau nrog lub tsheb tswj chaw taws teeb hauv cheeb tsam BdM Daim duab ib leeg qhia tau hais tias ib lub qhov me me (dub lub voj voog) ncig los ntawm liab mus rau txiv kab ntxwv sediment.(c,d) Multiparameter sojntsuam CTD cov ntaub ntawv ua tiav siv SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2 parameters ntawm cov dej ntws saum toj no). id tso tawm EM50 ( vaj ​​huam sib luag c) thiab sab nraum lub vaj huam sib luag Bdm tso tawm (d).
Peb tau sau peb cov qauv roj los ntawm thaj chaw kawm thaum Lub Yim Hli 22 thiab 28, 2014.Cov qauv no tau pom muaj cov khoom sib xws, suav nrog CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), tom qab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) thiab H20 mmol / mol (0.2 mmol) thiab H20 mmol / mol. undant (<0.052 thiab <0.016 mmol/mol, ntsig txog) (Daim duab 1b; Table S1, Ntxiv Movie 2). Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm O2 thiab Ar kuj tau ntsuas (txog 3.2 thiab 0.18 mmol/mol, raws li). kanes, aromatics (feem ntau yog benzene), propene thiab sulfur-muaj cov tebchaw (thiophene).Tus nqi 40Ar / 36Ar yog zoo ib yam nrog huab cua (295.5), txawm hais tias cov qauv EM35 (BdM dome) muaj tus nqi ntawm 304, qhia me ntsis ntau tshaj ntawm 40Ar.The δ15C piv rau huab cua ntau dua + 1.9% piv rau δ15N txog + Piv txwv li ntawm -0.93 mus rau 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra qhov tseem ceeb (tom qab kho cov pa phem siv 4He/20Ne ratio) nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1.66 thiab 1.94, qhia tias muaj ib feem loj ntawm mantle He.By combining cov e2 lub hom phiaj ntawm helium thiab helium. BdM tuaj yeem nthuav dav ntxiv.Hauv daim ntawv qhia CO2 rau CO2 / 3He piv rau δ13C (Fig.6), BdM roj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muab piv rau cov Ischia, Campi Flegrei thiab Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles.Daim duab 6 kuj qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm peb qhov sib txawv carbon uas yuav koom nrog hauv BdM roj ntau lawm: yaj mantle-derived melts, organic-nplua nuj sediments, thiab carbonates.The BdMs kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kab sib xyaw ua ke, qhov sib txawv ntawm peb qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide. ing ntawm mantle gases (uas yog xav tias yuav tsum tau me ntsis enriched nyob rau hauv carbon dioxide txheeb ze rau classical MORBs rau lub hom phiaj ntawm haum cov ntaub ntawv) thiab tshwm sim los ntawm crustal decarbonization Lub resulting roj pob zeb.
Hybrid kab ntawm Mantle muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chaw fumania yog cov roj etvius yog nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke, uas yog cov roj ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm carbonate Cov ntxhia.
Seismic seem L1 thiab L2 (Fig. 1b thiab 7) qhia qhov kev hloov ntawm BdM thiab lub distal stratigraphic sequences ntawm lub Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) thiab Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) volcanic regions.BdM yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm PS. subparallel reflectors ntawm siab mus rau nruab nrab amplitude thiab lateral continuity (Fig. 7b, c).Cov txheej no muaj xws li marine sediments dragged los ntawm lub xeem Glacial Maximum (LGM) system thiab muaj cov xuab zeb thiab av nplaum23.Lub hauv paus PS txheej (Fig. 7b–d) yog characterized los ntawm ib tug chaotic mus rau lub pob tshab kem nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb thiab av nplaum. s (Fig. 7d).Cov diapir-zoo li geometries no qhia tau hais tias qhov intrusion ntawm PS pob tshab cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv lub Uppermost MS deposits.Uplift yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub tsim ntawm folds thiab faults uas cuam tshuam rau MS txheej thiab overlying tam sim no-hnub sediments ntawm BdM seafloor (Daim duab. 7b ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm Etigraph). , thaum nws whitens ntawm BdM vim muaj cov roj saturated txheej (GSL) uas tau them los ntawm qee theem sab hauv ntawm MS ib ntus (Fig.7a). Lub ntiajteb txawj nqus cores sau nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm BdM sib haum rau cov pob tshab seismic txheej qhia tias lub Uppermost 40 cm muaj cov xuab zeb deposited tsis ntev los no mus rau tam sim no;) 24,25 thiab pumice fragments los ntawm kev tawg tawg ntawm Campi Flegrei ntawm "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26.Lub pob tshab ntawm PS txheej tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm chaotic sib xyaw ua ke ib leeg, vim hais tias cov txheej txheem chaotic cuam tshuam nrog av tawg, av nkos thiab cov pyrocust Blows sab nraud ntawm cov dej ntws tawm. 23,24.Peb xaus lus tias qhov pom BdM PS seismic facies nrog rau cov tsos ntawm subsea outcrop PS txheej (Fig. 7d) qhia txog lub uplift ntawm natural gas.
(a) Ib leeg-khiav seismic profile L1 (navigation kab nyob rau hauv daim duab 1b) qhia ib columnar (pagoda) spatial arrangement.Lub pas dej muaj chaotic deposits ntawm pumice thiab xuab zeb.The gas-saturated txheej uas muaj nyob rau hauv qab lub pagoda tshem tawm cov continuity ntawm lub ntxaum formations.(b) ib leeg-channel seismic profile nyob rau hauv F2. ntawm seafloor mounds, marine (MS), thiab pumice xuab zeb deposits (PS).(c) Cov ntsiab lus deformation hauv MS thiab PS tau tshaj tawm hauv (c, d). Piv txwv tias qhov nrawm ntawm 1580 m / s nyob rau saum toj kawg nkaus sediment, 100 ms sawv cev txog 80 m ntawm txoj kab ntsug.
Lub morphological thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm BdM zoo ib yam li lwm subsea hydrothermal thiab gas hydrate teb thoob ntiaj teb2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 thiab feem ntau txuam nrog uplifts (vaults thiab mounds) thiab gas paug (cones, pits). Daim duab 2 thiab 3).Qhov kev npaj ntawm mounds, pits thiab vents active vents qhia tias lawv tis yog ib feem tswj los ntawm NW-SE thiab NE-SW cuam tshuam fractures (Fig. 4b).Cov no yog cov nyiam ntaus ntawm txhaum systems cuam tshuam rau Campi Flegrei thiab Somma-Vesuvius lub volcanic cheeb tsam. mal tso tawm los ntawm Campi Flegrei crater35.Peb yog li ntawd xaus hais tias faults thiab puas nyob rau hauv lub Gulf of Naples sawv cev rau txoj kev nyiam rau cov pa ya mus rau saum npoo, ib tug feature qhia los ntawm lwm yam structurally tswj hydrothermal systems36,37.Notably, BdM cones thiab pits tsis yog ib txwm txuam nrog mounds (Fig.3a,c).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov mounds no tsis tas sawv cev ua ntej rau qhov tsim, raws li lwm tus kws sau ntawv tau pom zoo rau cov roj hydrate zones32,33.Peb cov lus xaus txhawb qhov kev xav tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm dome seafloor sediments tsis tas yuav ua rau cov pits.
Qhov peb sau gaseous emissions qhia cov tshuaj kos npe ntawm hydrothermal kua, uas yog feem ntau CO2 nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txo cov pa roj (H2S, CH4 thiab H2) thiab lub teeb hydrocarbons (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog benzene thiab propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45s pherices (T. O2), uas tsis xav kom muaj nyob rau hauv submarine emissions, tej zaum yuav yog vim muaj paug los ntawm huab cua yaj nyob rau hauv seawater los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog gases khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv yas siv rau sampling, raws li ROVs yog muab rho tawm los ntawm dej hiav txwv pem teb mus rau lub hiav txwv revolt.Conversely, zoo δ15N qhov tseem ceeb qhia thiab ib tug siab N2/8 Aaturated dej (ntau tshaj SW) qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. 2 yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv huab cua ntxiv, hauv kev pom zoo nrog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hydrothermal ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide.The hydrothermal-volcanic keeb kwm ntawm BdM roj tau lees paub los ntawm CO2 thiab Nws cov ntsiab lus thiab lawv cov isotopic kos npe.Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 los ntawm -0.93% rau +0.4%) thiab CO2. 010) qhia tias cov qauv BdM yog sib xyaw ua ke ntawm fumaroles nyob ib ncig ntawm Gulf of Naples 'mantle kawg cov tswv cuab thiab decarbonization Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Daim duab 6).Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov qauv roj BdM nyob rau ntawm qhov sib xyaw sib xyaw ntawm kwv yees li ntawm tib qhov chaw raws li cov kua dej los ntawm cov kab mob uas nyob ib sab Campi-Volcai ntau dua. ib tug fumaroles, uas yog ze rau qhov kawg ntawm lub mantle.Somma-Vesuvius thiab Campi Flegrei muaj siab dua 3He/4He qhov tseem ceeb (R/Ra ntawm 2.6 thiab 2.9) tshaj BdM (R/Ra ntawm 1.66 thiab 1.96;Table S1).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias ntxiv thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm radiogenic Nws pib los ntawm tib magma qhov chaw uas pub lub Somma-Vesuvius thiab Campi Flegrei volcanoes.Qhov tsis pom cov organic carbon feem ntawm BdM emissions qhia tias cov organic sediments tsis koom nrog hauv BdM degassing txheej txheem.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia saum toj no thiab tau los ntawm kev sim ua qauv ntawm dome-zoo li cov qauv txuam nrog subsea gas-nplua cheeb tsam, sib sib zog nqus pa pressurization tej zaum yuav lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tsim ntawm kilometer-scale BdM domes.To kwv yees lub overpressure Pdef ua rau lub BdM vault, peb siv ib tug nyias-phaj mechanics qauv 33,34 piv txwv li, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yog sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm seicus vaults. ib tug loj dua ib tug deformed mos viscous deposit Qhov siab tshaj plaws hloov chaw w thiab thickness h ntawm lub (Ntxiv daim duab S1).Pdef yog qhov sib txawv ntawm tag nrho cov siab thiab pob zeb zoo li qub siab ntxiv rau cov dej kem siab.At BdM, lub vojvoog yog hais txog 2,500 m, w yog 20 m, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws kwv yees los ntawm cov seismic p4 mef 4 p = 6 p. los ntawm kev sib raug zoo, qhov twg D yog qhov flexural txhav;D yog muab los ntawm (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], qhov twg E yog tus Young's modulus ntawm qhov tso nyiaj, ν yog Poisson tus piv (~ 0.5) 33.Vim cov khoom siv ntawm BdM sediments tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas, peb teeb E = 140 kPa, uas yog ib qho tsim nyog tus nqi rau cov ntug dej hiav txwv 7 M2 tsis zoo ib yam li cov xuab zeb. Tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv rau silty av nplaum deposits (300 < E < 350,000 kPa) 33,34 vim BDM deposits muaj feem ntau ntawm cov xuab zeb, tsis silt los yog silty av nplaum24.Peb tau txais Pdef = 0.3 Pa, uas yog raws li kev kwv yees ntawm seafloor uplift txheej txheem nyob rau hauv 1 pa roj av 0. , nrog cov nqi qis uas sawv cev qis w/a thiab/los yog dab tsi.In BdM, nruj kev txo qis vim cov pa roj hauv zos saturation ntawm cov sediment thiab/los yog cov tsos ntawm cov pob txha uas twb muaj lawm ua ntej kuj yuav ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm thiab cov roj tso tawm, tso cai rau tsim cov kev soj ntsuam qhov cua ntawm cov qauv.Cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov seismic 7 Push. Lub overlying MS marine sediments, ua rau mounds, folds, faults, thiab sedimentary txiav (Fig.7b, c).Qhov no qhia tias 14.8 mus rau 12 ka laus pumice tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas MS txheej los ntawm cov txheej txheem thauj roj nce ntxiv.Lub morphological nta ntawm BdM qauv tuaj yeem pom raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm overpressure tsim los ntawm cov kua paug uas tsim los ntawm GSL.Given tias active tawm tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv 70 mus txog rau ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv. lub GSL tshaj 1,700 kPa.Upward migration ntawm gases nyob rau hauv cov sediments kuj muaj cov nyhuv ntawm scrubbing cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub MS, piav qhia txog lub xub ntiag ntawm chaotic sediments nyob rau hauv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus cores sampled ntawm BdM25.Tsis tas li ntawd, lub overpressure ntawm lub GSL tsim ib tug complex mortar system (polygonalphology .b). stratigraphic kev sib hais haum, hu ua "pagodas" 49,50, yog Ameslikas los ntawm cov teebmeem thib ob ntawm cov qub glacial formations, thiab tam sim no txhais raws li cov teebmeem ntawm rising gas31,33 los yog evaporites50 .At the continental margin of Campania, evaporative sediments are scarce, yam tsawg kawg ntawm qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lub sab saum toj crusts. coj los ntawm cov pa nce hauv cov sediments.Qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov pob tshab seismic facies ntawm lub tuam tsev (Fig.7), nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus raws li tau hais dhau los 24, qhov uas niaj hnub no cov xuab zeb tawg nrog 'Pomici Principali'25 thiab 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Tsis tas li ntawd, PS deposits invaded thiab deformed lub Uppermost MS txheej (Daim duab 7d).Qhov no tsuas yog uprising cov qauv thiab cov kav dej. cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tswj kev tsim ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj: a) qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov xuab zeb mos txo qis thaum cov pa nkag los hauv qab;b) cov pa roj av sib tov nce, uas yog qhov pom folding, faulting thiab tawg ua rau MS deposits (Daim duab 7).Ib yam zoo sib xws tsim mechanism tau npaj rau cov pagodas txuam nrog roj hydrates nyob rau hauv South Scotia Hiav Txwv (Antarctica).BdM pagodas tshwm nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg nyob rau hauv toj roob hauv pes, thiab lawv ntsug li 100W (2 mt) sij hawm mus txawv tebchaws. ).Vim muaj cov MS undulations thiab txiav txim siab lub stratigraphy ntawm BdM lub ntiajteb txawj nqus core, peb infer lub hnub nyoog tsim ntawm lub palaces yuav tsum tsawg tshaj li 14-12 ka. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv no tseem active (Fig. 7d) raws li ib co lub tsev teev ntuj tau invaded thiab deformed hnub no. Bd.
Lub pas dej tsis tau hla lub hiav txwv niaj hnub no qhia tau hais tias (a) roj nce thiab / lossis hauv zos cessation ntawm gas-sediment mixing, thiab/los yog (b) tau lateral flow of gas-sediment mix tsis pub rau localized overpressure process.Raws li diapir theory model52, the lateral flow demonstrate a negative wards of the mud rate of the movd. duction nyob rau hauv tus nqi mov tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau qhov nce nyob rau hauv qhov ntom ntawm qhov sib tov vim qhov ploj ntawm cov khoom siv roj.Cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg saum toj no thiab cov buoyancy-controlled nce ntawm lub pov haum cia peb kwv yees cov huab cua kem qhov siab hg.Qhov buoyancy yog muab los ntawm ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρg), qhov twg g yog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (2, ρw.) thiab cov roj av fwm (9,8 ± 1) m². ΔP yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov kev suav yav dhau los Pdef thiab lithostatic siab Plith ntawm sediment phaj, piv txwv li ρsg h, qhov twg ρs yog sediment density.Qhov no, tus nqi ntawm hg xav tau rau qhov xav tau buoyancy yog muab los ntawm hg = (Pdef + Plith) / [g (ρw. m. Bef 3) thiab peb = ρw. saib saum toj no), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg yog negligible vim ρw ≫ρg.Peb tau hg = 245 m, ib tug nqi sawv cev rau qhov tob ntawm lub hauv qab ntawm GSL.ΔP yog 2.4 MPa, uas yog lub overpressure yuav tsum tau mus ua txhaum lub hiav txwv dej thiab B.
Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov roj BdM zoo ib yam nrog cov khoom siv mantle hloov pauv los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov kua dej cuam tshuam nrog decarbonization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pob zeb crustal (Fig. 6).Rough EW alignments ntawm BdM domes thiab active volcanoes xws li Ischia, Campi Flegre, thiab Soma-Vesuvius, nrog rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj gases hauv qab no. yog tov Ntau thiab ntau cov kua crustal txav ntawm sab hnub poob (Ischia) mus rau sab hnub tuaj (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b thiab 6).
Peb tau txiav txim siab tias nyob rau hauv Bay of Naples, ob peb mais ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Naples, muaj 25 km2 dav dome-zoo li qauv uas cuam tshuam los ntawm cov txheej txheem degassing thiab tshwm sim los ntawm kev tso chaw ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab cov mounds.Tam sim no, BdM kos npe qhia tias tsis yog-magmatic turbulence53 yuav predate embryonic fluma thiab volcanism thaum ntxov. yuav tsum tau siv los soj ntsuam cov evolution ntawm phenomena thiab mus ntes geochemical thiab geophysical signals qhia txog tej yam magmatic teeb meem.
Acoustic water column profiles (2D) tau txais thaum lub sij hawm SAFE_2014 (Lub Yim Hli 2014) caij nkoj ntawm R/V Urania (CNR) los ntawm National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Acoustic sampling tau ua los ntawm scientific beam-splitting echoustic 3.0. ceev ntawm li 4 km.Cov duab echosounder sau tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kua dej tawm thiab txheeb xyuas lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv cheeb tsam sau (nruab nrab ntawm 74 thiab 180 m bsl). ntsuas qhov ntsuas lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg hauv dej kem siv multiparameter probes (conductivity, kub thiab qhov tob, CTD). Cov ntaub ntawv tau sau los ntawm cov txheej txheem SBbeED, 90 Electronics thiab Electronics (9) in32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2).Kev kuaj pom ntawm lub hiav txwv tau ua los ntawm kev siv "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV ntaus ntawv (lub tsheb khiav deb) nrog ob lub koob yees duab (siab thiab siab txhais) lub koob yees duab.
Multibeam cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tau ua tiav siv 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg).Lub kaw lus txuas mus rau qhov sib txawv thoob ntiaj teb qhov chaw ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau tias qhov teeb meem sub-metric yuam kev hauv beam positioning.The acoustic pulse muaj zaus ntawm 100 KHz, ib qho kev sib tw ntawm 05 ° thiab qhib lub suab tag nrho. Kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag thaum tau txais.Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav siv PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) raws li International Hydrographic Organization tus qauv (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) rau navigation thiab tide kho.Noise txo vim kev tsis sib haum xeeb-khiav cov cuab yeej kho kom raug. Kev tshawb nrhiav suab nrov yog ua los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb keel nyob ze ntawm ntau lub teeb hluav taws xob thiab tau txais thiab siv lub sijhawm tiag tiag lub suab tshaj tawm hauv cov kab dej txhua 6-8 teev los muab lub sijhawm lub suab nrov tshaj tawm rau kev coj ncaj ncees beam.Cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho muaj kwv yees li 440 km2 (0-1200 TM cov qauv siv los ntawm qhov tob tob). 1 m daim phiaj cell loj.Qhov kawg DTM (Fig.1a) tau ua tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv struts (> 0 m saum toj no hiav txwv theem) tau txais ntawm 20 m daim phiaj cell loj los ntawm Italian Geo-Military Institute.
A 55-kilometer high-resolution single-channel seismic cov ntaub ntawv profile, sau thaum muaj kev nyab xeeb dej hiav txwv cruises nyob rau hauv 2007 thiab 2014, npog thaj tsam ntawm kwv yees li 113 square kilometers, ob qho tib si ntawm R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (xws li, L1 seismic profile, Fig. 11b) tau txais los ntawm kev siv qhov system KB. s ntawm ib tug 2.5 m catamaran nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv paus thiab receiver yog muab tso.Qhov kev kos npe muaj ib tug zoo ncov uas yog tus yam ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub zaus ntau 1-10 kHz thiab tso cai rau daws reflectors sib cais los ntawm 25 cm.Safe seismic profiles tau txais siv ib tug 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark seismo system interface (Geospark system). muaj 1–6.02 KHz qhov chaw uas nkag mus txog li 400 milliseconds hauv cov xuab zeb mos hauv qab dej hiav txwv, nrog rau kev daws teeb meem ntsug ntawm 30 cm.Txhua yam kev nyab xeeb thiab Marsik tau txais ntawm tus nqi ntawm 0.33 txhaj / sec nrog lub nkoj tshaj tawm <3 Kn.Data tau ua tiav thiab nthuav tawm tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov dej hauv av, nrog rau kev sib faib ntawm cov khoom siv hauv av, 6. z bandpass IIR filtering, thiab AGC.
Cov pa roj los ntawm cov dej hauv qab dej fumarole tau sau rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv siv lub thawv yas uas muaj cov roj hmab diaphragm rau ntawm nws sab sauv, muab tso rau ntawm ROV hla lub qhov cua.Thaum cov cua npuas nkag mus rau hauv lub thawv tau hloov tag nrho cov dej hiav txwv, ROV rov qab mus rau qhov tob ntawm 1 m, thiab tus neeg dhia dej hloov cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau hauv ob lub iav flange-0 skept. cks nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tau sau nrog 20 mL ntawm 5N NaOH tov (Gegenbach-hom flask).Lub ntsiab acid gas hom (CO2 thiab H2S) yog yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj alkaline, thaum cov roj tsawg solubility hom (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, Nws, Ar, CH4 thiab lub teeb hydrocarbons) yog khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis uas tsis muaj roj. (GC) siv lub Shimadzu 15A nruab nrog 10 m ntev 5A molecular sieve kem thiab lub thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.Argon thiab O2 tau soj ntsuam siv cov Thermo Focus gas chromatograph nruab nrog 30 m ntev capillary molecular sieve kem thiab TCD.Methane thiab lub teeb hydrocarbons 1000 steel hlau ntsuas ntev ntev chromatographs. kem ntim nrog Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, coated nrog 23% SP 1700 thiab nplaim ionization detector (FID).Cov kua theem yog siv rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm 1) CO2, raws li, titrated nrog 0.5 N HCl tov (Metrohm Basic Titrino) thiab 2) H25 H2L 3% oxidation tom qab oxidation, as, (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761).Qhov kev soj ntsuam yuam kev ntawm titration, GC thiab IC tsom xam yog tsawg tshaj li 5%.Tom qab txheem extraction thiab purification cov txheej txheem rau cov roj sib tov, 13C/12C CO2 (qhia raws li δ13C-CO2% thiab V-PDB) tau soj ntsuam siv ib tug 55000000000 nbsp; thiab purification txheej txheem rau cov roj sib tov, 13C / 12C CO2 (qhia raws li δ13C-CO2% thiab V-PDB) tau soj ntsuam siv cov qauv siv 5500000000 nbsp; San Vincenzo marble (sab hauv), NBS18 thiab NBS19 (ntiaj teb), thaum analytical yuam kev thiab reproducibility yog ± 0.05% thiab ± 0.1%, feem.
δ15N (qhia raws li % vs. Huab cua) qhov tseem ceeb thiab 40Ar / 36Ar tau txiav txim siab siv Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) txuas mus rau Finnigan Delta plusXP nruam ntws huab hwm coj spectrometer.Qhov kev soj ntsuam yuam kev yog: δ15N ± 0.1%, 340Arex<a 1%, 36Arex <1%, R yog 3He / 4He ntsuas hauv cov qauv thiab Ra yog tib qhov sib piv hauv huab cua: 1.39 × 10−6)57 tau txiav txim siab ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm INGV-Palermo (Ltalis) 3He, 4He thiab 20Ne tau txiav txim siab siv lub dual collector huab hwm coj spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI) 58 .Neeg 3% tom qab sib cais. rau Nws thiab Ne yog <10-14 thiab <10-16 mol, feem.
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