Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv CSS kev txhawb nqa.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis lov tes taw Compatibility Hom hauv Internet Explorer).Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb yuav ua rau lub xaib tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Biofilms yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov kab mob ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom siv kho mob.Qhov teeb meem no nthuav tawm qhov kev sib tw loj rau cov neeg kho mob, vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsuas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem biofilms mus rau qhov tsawg heev.Kev tiv thaiv ntawm biofilm tsim tau ua rau kev txhim kho ntau yam txheej txheem txheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.Cov txheej txheem no tsom rau cov txheej txheem txheej txheej uas tiv thaiv kev tsim biofilm.Vitreous hlau alloys, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj tooj liab thiab titanium hlau, tau dhau los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo tshaj plaws.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev siv cov tshuab txau txias tau nce ntxiv vim nws yog txoj hauv kev tsim nyog rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv kub.Ib feem ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog los tsim ib qho tshiab antibacterial zaj duab xis hlau iav tsim los ntawm Cu-Zr-Ni ternary siv cov cuab yeej siv tshuab alloying.Cov hmoov spherical uas ua rau cov khoom kawg yog siv los ua cov khoom siv rau kev txau txias ntawm cov hlau tsis huv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.Hlau iav coated substrates muaj peev xwm txo tau biofilm tsim los ntawm tsawg kawg yog 1 cav piv rau stainless hlau.
Thoob plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, txhua lub zej zog muaj peev xwm tsim thiab txhawb nqa cov khoom siv tshiab kom tau raws li nws cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, ua rau muaj kev tsim khoom ntau ntxiv thiab qeb duas hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb 1.Nws ib txwm raug ntaus nqi rau tib neeg lub peev xwm los tsim cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom, nrog rau kev tsim thiab tsim cov khoom siv kom ua tiav kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm, kev lag luam, kev lag luam, kab lis kev cai thiab lwm yam kev lag luam los ntawm ib lub teb chaws lossis cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Kev nce qib yog ntsuas tsis hais lub teb chaws lossis cheeb tsam 2.Tau 60 xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv tau mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm rau ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb: kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab qib siab.Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, nrog rau kev sib txuas thiab tsim cov khoom tshiab tag nrho.
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying, kev hloov kho ntawm microstructure ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev siv thermal, mechanical lossis thermomechanical txoj kev kho tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab, tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv.Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no tsis paub cov tebchaw tau ua tiav tiav.Cov kev siv zog tsis tu ncua no tau ua rau muaj tsev neeg tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab ua ke hu ua Advanced Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, xoom-dimensional, amorphous metallic iav, thiab high-entropy alloys tsuas yog qee cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv siab heev uas tau tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb txij li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.Nyob rau hauv kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab alloys nrog txhim kho cov khoom, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov khoom kawg thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab theem ntawm nws ntau lawm, qhov teeb meem ntawm unbalance yog feem ntau ntxiv.Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev qhia txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshiab uas tso cai rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib npaug, tag nrho cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov hlau nplaum metastable, hu ua iav hlau, tau tshawb pom.
Nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Caltech hauv xyoo 1960 tau hloov pauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov hlau alloys thaum nws ua ke Au-25 ntawm.% Si glassy alloys los ntawm cov kua dej sai sai ntawm ze li ib lab degrees ib ob.4 Xibfwb Paul Duves qhov kev tshawb pom tsis yog tsuas yog cim qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm hlau iav (MS), tab sis kuj tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov neeg xav li cas txog cov hlau alloys.Txij li thaum thawj thawj pioneering kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm MS alloys, yuav luag tag nrho cov hlau iav tau kiag li tau siv ib tug ntawm cov nram qab no txoj kev: (i) sai solidification ntawm yaj los yog vapor, (ii) atomic lattice disorder, (iii) solid-state amorphization tshwm sim ntawm cov ntshiab hlau ntsiab lus thiab (iv) khoom theem hloov ntawm metastable theem.
MGs yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov ntev ntawm kev txiav txim siab atomic cuam tshuam nrog cov muaju, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov muaju.Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, kev vam meej tau ua tiav hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov iav hlau.Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nrog cov khoom nthuav dav uas muaj kev txaus siab tsis yog rau cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev physics, tab sis kuj rau metallurgy, chemistry nto, thev naus laus zis, biology, thiab ntau qhov chaw.Cov khoom siv tshiab no muaj cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov hlau tawv, ua rau nws yog ib tus neeg sib tw txaus siab rau kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv ntau qhov chaw.Lawv muaj qee yam khoom tseem ceeb: (i) siab mechanical ductility thiab yield zog, (ii) high magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) txawv corrosion resistance, (v) kub ywj siab.Conductivity 6.7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 yog ib txoj hauv kev tshiab, thawj zaug hauv 19839 los ntawm Prof. KK Kok thiab nws cov npoj yaig.Lawv tsim amorphous Ni60Nb40 hmoov los ntawm kev sib tsoo ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntshiab ntawm ambient kub ze rau chav tsev kub.Feem ntau, MA cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua los ntawm diffusion bonding ntawm reactant hmoov nyob rau hauv lub reactor, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau, mus rau hauv lub pob zeb.10 (Fig. 1a, b).Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov no mechanically induced solid state react method tau siv los npaj tshiab amorphous/metallic iav alloy hmoov siv tsawg (Fig. 1c) thiab siab zog pob mills thiab qws mills11,12,13,14,15,16.Tshwj xeeb, txoj kev no tau siv los npaj cov tshuab immiscible xws li Cu-Ta17 nrog rau cov ntsiab lus siab melting xws li Al-transition hlau (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb thiab Ta) 18,19 thiab Fe-W20 systems., uas tsis tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem ua noj ua haus.Tsis tas li ntawd, MA yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej muaj zog tshaj plaws nanotechnological rau kev lag luam nplai ntawm nanocrystalline thiab nanocomposite hmoov ntawm cov hlau oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, nrog rau dav stabilization siv txoj hauv kev saum toj kawg nkaus.1 thiab metastable theem.
Schematic qhia cov txheej txheem fabrication siv los npaj cov Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) / SUS 304 metallic iav txheej hauv txoj kev tshawb no.(a) Kev npaj ntawm MC alloy hmoov nrog ntau qhov ntau ntawm Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, thiab 40 at.%) siv txoj kev siv lub pob hluav taws xob tsawg.(a) Cov khoom pib yog thauj mus rau hauv lub tog raj kheej nrog rau cov cuab yeej steel pob thiab (b) kaw rau hauv ib lub thawv ntim hnab looj tes hauv Nws.(c) Pob tshab qauv ntawm lub nkoj sib tsoo qhia txog kev txav ntawm lub pob thaum sib tsoo.Cov khoom siv hmoov kawg tau txais tom qab 50 teev tau siv los ua cov tshuaj tsuag txias rau SUS 304 substrate (d).
Thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom siv ntau qhov chaw (substrates), kev tsim vaj tsev hauv qhov chaw muaj kev tsim thiab kev hloov kho ntawm qhov chaw (substrates) los muab qee yam khoom siv lub cev, tshuaj, thiab cov khoom siv uas tsis muaj nyob hauv cov khoom qub.Qee cov khoom uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo los ntawm kev kho saum npoo av suav nrog kev puas tsuaj, oxidation thiab corrosion kuj, coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam, bioinertness, hluav taws xob thiab thermal rwb thaiv tsev, tsuas yog rau npe ob peb.Deg zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm metallurgical, mechanical lossis chemical method.Raws li cov txheej txheem paub zoo, txheej txheej tsuas yog txhais tau tias yog ib lossis ntau txheej txheej ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom loj (substrate) ua los ntawm lwm cov khoom.Yog li, coatings yog siv nyob rau hauv ib feem kom ua tiav cov kev xav tau los yog cov khoom zoo nkauj, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev xav tau tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig23.
Ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem siv los siv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tsim nyog los ntawm ob peb micrometers (hauv qab 10-20 micrometers) mus rau ntau tshaj 30 micrometers lossis txawm ntau millimeters hauv tuab.Feem ntau, txheej txheej txheej tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: (i) txheej txheej ntub dej, suav nrog electroplating, electroplating, thiab kub dip galvanizing, thiab (ii) txheej txheej qhuav, suav nrog soldering, hardfacing, lub cev vapor deposition (PVD).), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray techniques, and more new cold spray techniques 24 (Daim duab 1d).
Biofilms txhais tau tias yog cov zej zog microbial uas tsis tuaj yeem txuas mus rau qhov chaw thiab nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tus kheej tsim tawm extracellular polymers (EPS).Kev tsim cov biofilm superficially paub tab tuaj yeem ua rau poob loj hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam, suav nrog kev ua zaub mov, dej, thiab kev kho mob.Hauv tib neeg, nrog rau kev tsim cov biofilms, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov kab mob microbial (xws li Enterobacteriaceae thiab Staphylococci) yog qhov nyuaj rau kho.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov biofilms paub tab tau tshaj tawm tias muaj 1000 npaug ntau dua los tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob piv rau cov kab mob planktonic, uas yog suav tias yog ib qho kev sib tw loj.Keeb kwm, antimicrobial nto txheej cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm cov organic tebchaw tau siv.Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg, 25,26 qhov no tuaj yeem pab kom tsis txhob kis kab mob thiab cov khoom degradation.
Cov kab mob kis thoob plaws rau kev kho tshuaj tua kab mob vim yog kev tsim biofilm tau ua rau muaj kev xav tau los tsim kom muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob zoo tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo27.Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev los yog tshuaj tiv thaiv cov nplaum nplaum uas cov kab mob tsis tuaj yeem khi thiab tsim biofilms vim adhesion yog thawj txoj hauv kev hauv cov txheej txheem no27.Qhov thib ob thev naus laus zis yog tsim cov coatings uas xa cov tshuaj tua kab mob raws nraim qhov lawv xav tau, hauv cov khoom siv kom zoo thiab tsim kom muaj nuj nqis.Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb xws li graphene / germanium28, dub pob zeb diamond29 thiab ZnO30-doped pob zeb diamond zoo li cov pa roj carbon coatings uas tiv taus cov kab mob, lub tshuab ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm toxicity thiab tsis kam vim biofilm tsim.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov coatings uas muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas muab kev tiv thaiv mus sij hawm ntev ntawm cov kab mob sib kis tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam.Txawm hais tias tag nrho peb cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau ntawm cov chaw coated, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej cov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum tsim lub tswv yim thov.
Cov khoom lag luam tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tsis muaj sijhawm los tshuaj xyuas thiab ntsuas cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv rau cov khoom xyaw lom lom.Tuam txhab uas muag hais tias lawv cov khoom yuav muab cov neeg siv nrog qhov xav tau kev ua haujlwm, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau dhau los ua qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov khoom tam sim no ntawm kev ua lag luam.Cov tshuaj tau los ntawm cov nyiaj yog siv los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tam sim no muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom.Cov khoom no yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov neeg siv los ntawm qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob microorganisms.Cov nyhuv tshuaj tua kab mob qeeb thiab qhov cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov nyiaj sib txuas ua rau lub siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim ib qho kev phom sij tsawg dua 36,37.Tsim lub ntiaj teb no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas ua haujlwm sab hauv thiab sab nraud tseem yog qhov nyuaj.Qhov no los nrog cuam tshuam txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb.Tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas tsis tshua muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg thiab nrhiav seb yuav ua li cas koom nrog hauv txheej txheej substrates nrog lub txee ntev dua yog qhov nrhiav ntau tom qab lub hom phiaj38.Cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob tshiab kawg yog tsim los tua cov kab mob ntawm qhov ze ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha lossis tom qab tso tawm ntawm tus neeg sawv cev.Lawv tuaj yeem ua qhov no los ntawm inhibiting thawj kab mob adhesion (xws li tiv thaiv kev tsim cov txheej txheem protein ntawm qhov chaw) lossis los ntawm kev tua cov kab mob los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes.
Qhov tseem ceeb, txheej txheej saum npoo yog txheej txheem ntawm kev thov lwm txheej rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom siv los txhim kho cov yam ntxwv saum npoo.Lub hom phiaj ntawm txheej txheej yog los hloov cov microstructure thiab / lossis muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm thaj tsam ze ntawm thaj tsam ntawm ib feem 39.Txoj kev txheej txheej saum npoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau txoj hauv kev, uas tau sau tseg hauv daim duab 2a.Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov thermal, tshuaj, lub cev thiab electrochemical pawg nyob ntawm cov qauv siv los tsim cov txheej.
(a) Ib qho khoom siv uas qhia txog cov txheej txheem tsim cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, thiab (b) xaiv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev tshuaj tsuag txias.
Txias tshuab tshuab muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog cov txheej txheem thermal spray.Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj tsuag txias tshwj xeeb.Txias tshuab tshuab tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, tab sis nws muaj lub neej yav tom ntej.Qee qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txau txias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal txau.Nws kov yeej cov kev txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal tshuaj tsuag, uas cov hmoov yuav tsum tau yaj kom muab tso rau ntawm lub substrate.Obviously, txheej txheem txheej txheej no tsis haum rau cov ntaub ntawv kub heev xws li nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous thiab hlau iav 40, 41, 42. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv thermal spray txheej ib txwm muaj qhov siab ntawm porosity thiab oxides.Txias tshuab tshuab muaj ntau yam zoo dua thermal spray technology, xws li (i) tsawg tshav kub input rau lub substrate, (ii) yooj yooj yim rau xaiv lub substrate txheej, (iii) tsis muaj theem transformation thiab grain loj hlob, (iv) siab adhesive zog1 .39 (Fig. 2b).Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv tshuaj tsuag txias muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion, siab zog thiab hardness, siab hluav taws xob conductivity thiab high density41.Txawm hais tias qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias, txoj kev no tseem muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, raws li pom hauv daim duab 2b.Thaum txheej txheej ntshiab ceramic hmoov xws li Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, thiab lwm yam., cov tshuaj tsuag txias tsis tuaj yeem siv.Ntawm qhov tod tes, ceramic / metal composite hmoov tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau txheej txheej.Tib yam mus rau lwm cov txheej txheem thermal txau.Qhov chaw nyuaj thiab cov yeeb nkab sab hauv yog tseem nyuaj rau tshuaj tsuag.
Xav txog tias txoj haujlwm tam sim no raug coj mus rau kev siv cov hmoov hlau vitreous ua cov khoom siv rau txheej txheej, nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov pa thermal txau tsis tuaj yeem siv rau lub hom phiaj no.Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov hmoov metallic vitreous crystallize ntawm qhov kub thiab txias 1.
Feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev kho mob thiab zaub mov kev lag luam yog tsim los ntawm austenitic stainless hlau alloys (SUS316 thiab SUS304) nrog cov ntsiab lus chromium ntawm 12 txog 20 wt.% rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej phais.Nws feem ntau lees txais tias kev siv cov chromium hlau ua cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov hlau alloys tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion kuj ntawm cov qauv hlau alloys.Stainless hlau alloys, txawm tias lawv cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab, tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb 38,39.Qhov no contrasts nrog lawv siab corrosion kuj.Tom qab ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob thiab o, uas yog vim cov kab mob adhesion thiab colonization ntawm stainless hlau biomaterials.Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob adhesion thiab txoj hauv kev tsim biofilm, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo, uas tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam txiaj ntsig uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog thawj theem ntawm qhov project tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), daim ntawv cog lus no.2010-550401, txhawm rau tshawb xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov hlau iav Cu-Zr-Ni ternary hmoov siv MA technology ( rooj).1) Rau zus tau tej cov SUS304 antibacterial nto tiv thaiv zaj duab xis / txheej.Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm txoj haujlwm, yuav pib thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2023, yuav kawm paub meej txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm galvanic corrosion thiab cov khoom siv ntawm lub cev.Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws microbiological kuaj rau ntau hom kab mob yuav raug ua.
Kab lus no tham txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Zr alloy cov ntsiab lus ntawm iav txoj kev muaj peev xwm (GFA) raws li morphological thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov hmoov coated hlau iav / SUS304 sib xyaw kuj tau sib tham.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua tau ua tiav los tshawb xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm cov qauv hloov pauv ntawm cov iav iav hmoov uas tshwm sim thaum lub caij txias txias hauv thaj av supercooled kua ntawm fabricated metallic iav tshuab.Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic iav alloys tau siv los ua piv txwv hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Tshooj lus no nthuav tawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov morphological hauv cov hmoov ntawm cov ntsiab lus Cu, Zr thiab Ni thaum lub sij hawm qis zog pob milling.Ob lub tshuab sib txawv uas muaj Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 yuav siv los ua piv txwv.Cov txheej txheem MA tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem sib cais, raws li pom tau los ntawm cov cim metallographic ntawm cov hmoov tau nyob rau hauv kev sib tsoo theem (Daim duab 3).
Metallographic yam ntxwv ntawm hmoov ntawm mechanical alloys (MA) tau tom qab ntau theem ntawm pob sib tsoo.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) dluab ntawm MA thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 hmoov tau txais tom qab tsis tshua muaj zog pob milling rau 3, 12 thiab 50 teev yog qhia nyob rau hauv (a), (c) thiab (e) rau Cu50Zr20Ni30 system, thaum nyob rau tib MA.Cov duab sib thooj ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 system coj tom qab lub sijhawm tau qhia hauv (b), (d), thiab (f).
Thaum lub pob milling, lub zog kinetic zoo uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov hmoov hlau yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1a.Qhov no suav nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov pob thiab cov hmoov, shear compression ntawm cov hmoov daig ntawm lossis nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tsoo xov xwm, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom poob, shear thiab hnav los ntawm cov hmoov rub ntawm lub cev txav ntawm lub pob zeb, thiab kev poob siab nthwv dej dhau los ntawm cov khoom ntog propagating los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai (Fig. 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии члано зрат (3 ю крупных частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). Lub elemental Cu, Zr, thiab Ni hmoov tau deformed loj heev vim txias vuam nyob rau hauv ib tug thaum ntxov theem ntawm MA (3 h), uas ua rau tsim cov hmoov loj (> 1 hli inch).Cov khoom sib xyaw loj no yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej tuab ntawm cov hlau alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), raws li qhia hauv daim duab.3a, ib.Kev nce hauv MA lub sij hawm mus rau 12 h (nruab nrab theem) ua rau muaj kev nce hauv kinetic zog ntawm lub pob zeb, uas ua rau cov hmoov sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov hmoov me me (tsawg dua 200 μm), raws li qhia hauv daim duab 3c, nroog.Nyob rau theem no, kev siv cov shear quab yuam ua rau tsim cov hlau tshiab nrog nyias Cu, Zr, Ni hint txheej, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 3c, d.Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov flakes, cov khoom-theem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim nrog kev tsim cov theem tshiab.
Ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem MA (tom qab 50 h), flake metallography twb nyuam qhuav pom (Daim duab 3e, f), thiab daim iav metallography tau pom ntawm polished nto ntawm cov hmoov.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov txheej txheem MA tau ua tiav thiab ib theem kev tawm tsam tau tsim.Lub elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cheeb tsam qhia nyob rau hauv Fig.3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) tau txiav txim siab siv qhov chaw emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ua ke nrog lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Hauv rooj.2 elemental concentrations ntawm alloying ntsiab yog qhia raws li ib feem pua ​​ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm txhua cheeb tsam xaiv nyob rau hauv daim duab.3 ib,f.Sib piv cov txiaj ntsig no nrog rau thawj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 muab rau hauv Table 1 qhia tau hais tias cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm ob cov khoom kawg no yog ze rau cov khoom sib xyaw nominal.Tsis tas li ntawd, tus txheeb ze qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv rau cov cheeb tsam uas teev nyob rau hauv daim duab 3e, f tsis qhia qhov tseem ceeb deterioration los yog variation nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txhua tus qauv ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Qhov no qhia txog kev tsim cov hmoov hlau tsis sib xws raws li qhia hauv Table 2.
FE-SEM micrographs ntawm Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) cov khoom kawg hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 MA zaug, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4a-d, qhov twg x yog 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 ntawm.%, feem.Tom qab qhov kev sib tsoo no, cov hmoov sib xyaw ua ke vim yog cov nyhuv van der Waals, uas ua rau tsim cov khoom sib xyaw loj uas muaj cov khoom siv ultrafine nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 73 mus rau 126 nm, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4.
Morphological yam ntxwv ntawm Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) hmoov tau tom qab 50-teev MA.Rau Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 systems, FE-SEM dluab ntawm hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 MA yog qhia nyob rau hauv (a), (b), (c), thiab (d), feem.
Ua ntej thauj cov hmoov rau hauv cov tshuaj tsuag txias txias, lawv tau ua ntej sonicated hauv analytical qib ethanol rau 15 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav ntawm 150 ° C. rau 2 teev.Cov kauj ruam no yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav kev sib ntaus sib tua agglomeration, uas feem ntau ua rau muaj teeb meem loj hauv txheej txheej txheej txheej.Tom qab ua tiav cov txheej txheem MA, cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau ua los tshawb xyuas qhov sib xws ntawm cov hmoov hlau alloy.Ntawm daim duab.5a-d qhia FE-SEM micrographs thiab cov duab EDS sib raug ntawm Cu, Zr thiab Ni alloying ntsiab ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy coj tom qab 50 h sij hawm M, feem.Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov hmoov hlau alloy tau txais tom qab cov kauj ruam no yog homogeneous, vim tias lawv tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qib sub-nanometer, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 5.
Morphology thiab cov khoom faib hauv zos hauv MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 MA los ntawm FE-SEM / Zog Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM and X-ray EDS imaging of (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, and (d) Ni-Kα.
X-ray diffraction qauv ntawm mechanically alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 hmoov tau tom qab 50-teev MA yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.6a-d ,ua.Tom qab qhov kev sib tsoo no, tag nrho cov qauv nrog Zr sib txawv muaj cov qauv amorphous nrog cov yam ntxwv halo diffusion qauv qhia hauv daim duab 6.
X-ray diffraction qauv ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) hmoov tom qab MA rau 50 h.Cov qauv halo-diffusion tau pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qauv yam tsis muaj kev zam, qhia txog kev tsim ntawm amorphous theem.
High daws teeb meem teb emission kis tau tus mob electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) tau siv los soj ntsuam cov qauv kev hloov thiab nkag siab txog cov qauv hauv zos ntawm hmoov uas tshwm sim los ntawm pob milling ntawm txawv MA lub sij hawm.Cov duab ntawm cov hmoov tau los ntawm FE-HRTEM txoj kev tom qab thaum ntxov (6 h) thiab nruab nrab (18 h) theem ntawm kev sib tsoo Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 hmoov yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.7a ,ua.Raws li cov duab ci ntsa iab (BFI) ntawm cov hmoov uas tau txais tom qab 6 h ntawm MA, cov hmoov muaj cov nplej loj nrog cov ciam teb kom meej meej ntawm fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, thiab fcc-Ni cov ntsiab lus, thiab tsis muaj cov cim qhia ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv theem, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 7a.Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev sib raug zoo xaiv cheeb tsam diffraction qauv (SADP) coj los ntawm thaj av nruab nrab (a) qhia pom qhov txawv txav txawv txav (Fig. 7b) qhia tias muaj cov crystallites loj thiab tsis muaj cov theem reactive.
Cov yam ntxwv hauv zos ntawm MA hmoov tau txais tom qab thaum ntxov (6 h) thiab nruab nrab (18 h) theem.(a) High daws teeb meem teb emission kis tau tus mob electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) thiab (b) sib raug xaiv cheeb tsam diffractogram (SADP) ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tom qab MA kev kho mob rau 6 teev.FE-HRTEM duab ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 tau tom qab 18-teev MA yog qhia hauv (c).
Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.7c, qhov nce ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm MA mus rau 18 teev ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm cov lattice nrog rau cov yas deformation.Nyob rau theem nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem MA no, ntau yam tsis xws luag tshwm sim hauv cov hmoov, nrog rau cov khoom sib tsoo, cov lattice defects, thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis xws luag (Fig. 7).Cov kev tsis zoo no ua rau cov nplej loj loj raws li thaj tsam ntawm cov nplej rau hauv cov subgrains me dua 20 nm loj (Fig. 7c).
Cov qauv hauv zos ntawm Cu50Z30Ni20 hmoov milled rau 36 h MA yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim ntawm ultrafine nanograins embedded nyob rau hauv ib qho amorphous nyias matrix, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 8a.Ib qho kev txheeb xyuas hauv zos ntawm EMF tau pom tias cov nanoclusters qhia hauv daim duab.8a yog txuam nrog tsis kho Cu, Zr thiab Ni hmoov alloys.Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cu hauv matrix txawv ntawm ~ 32 ntawm .% ( cheeb tsam tsis zoo) mus rau ~ 74 ntawm.% ( cheeb tsam nplua nuj), uas qhia txog kev tsim cov khoom lag luam heterogeneous.Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib thooj SADPs ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab milling nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam no qhia thawj thiab theem nrab halo-diffusion amorphous theem rings sib tshooj nrog cov ntsiab lus ntse txuam nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis tau kho, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 8b.
Nanoscale cov qauv hauv zos ntawm Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov.(a) Bright daim duab (BFI) thiab sib thooj (b) SADP ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau tom qab milling rau 36 h MA.
Txog rau qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, thiab 40 at.% hmoov, yam tsis muaj kev zam, muaj labyrinthine morphology ntawm amorphous theem, raws li qhia hauv daim duab ..Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov taw tes lossis cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntse tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv SADS sib raug ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw.Qhov no qhia tias tsis muaj cov hlau tsis muaj crystalline, tab sis qhov tsim ntawm amorphous alloy hmoov.Cov SADPs sib raug zoo no qhia cov qauv halo diffusion kuj tau siv los ua pov thawj rau kev txhim kho cov theem amorphous hauv cov khoom siv kawg.
Cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov khoom kawg ntawm Cu50 MS system (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM thiab correlated nanobeam diffraction qauv (NBDP) ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, thiab (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 tau tom qab 50 h ntawm MA.
Siv qhov sib txawv scanning calorimetry, thermal stability ntawm iav hloov kub (Tg), supercooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx) thiab crystallization kub (Tx) tau kawm nyob ntawm seb cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ni (x) hauv Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) amorphous system.(DSC) cov khoom hauv He gas flow.Lub DSC nkhaus ntawm cov hmoov ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, thiab Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys tau tom qab MA rau 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.10a,b,e ,ua.Thaum lub DSC nkhaus ntawm amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 yog qhia nyias nyob rau hauv daim duab.
Lub thermal stability ntawm Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG hmoov tau tom qab MA rau 50 teev yog txiav txim los ntawm lub iav hloov kub (Tg), crystallization kub (Tx) thiab supercooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx).Thermograms of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) hmoov ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), thiab (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy hmoov tom qab MA rau 50 teev.X-ray diffraction qauv (XRD) ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 qauv rhuab mus rau ~ 700 ° C hauv DSC yog qhia hauv (d).
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 10, DSC nkhaus rau txhua qhov sib xyaw nrog cov nickel sib txawv (x) qhia ob qhov sib txawv, ib qho endothermic thiab lwm qhov exothermic.Thawj qhov kev tshwm sim endothermic sib raug rau Tg, thiab qhov thib ob yog txuam nrog Tx.Lub cheeb tsam kab rov tav uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Tg thiab Tx yog hu ua subcooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx = Tx – Tg).Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias Tg thiab Tx ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 qauv (Fig. 10a) muab tso rau ntawm 526 ° C thiab 612 ° C hloov cov ntsiab lus (x) mus txog 20 ntawm % mus rau sab qis ntawm 482 ° C thiab 563 ° C.°C nrog nce Ni cov ntsiab lus (x), feem, raws li pom hauv daim duab 10b.Yog li ntawd, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 txo los ntawm 86 ° C (Fig. 10a) mus rau 81 ° C rau Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Rau MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, qhov txo qis ntawm Tg, Tx, thiab ΔTx mus rau qib 447 ° C, 526 ° C, thiab 79 ° C kuj tau pom (Daim duab 10b).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov nce hauv Ni cov ntsiab lus ua rau txo qis thermal stability ntawm MS alloy.Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tus nqi ntawm Tg (507 ° C) ntawm MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy yog qis dua li ntawm MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;Txawm li cas los xij, nws Tx qhia tus nqi piv rau nws (612 ° C).Yog li ntawd, ΔTx muaj tus nqi siab dua (87 ° C) raws li qhia hauv daim duab.10 xyoo pua
Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MC system, siv Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy ua piv txwv, crystallizes los ntawm lub ntse exothermic ncov rau hauv fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, thiab orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline theem (Fig.Cov theem no hloov ntawm amorphous mus rau crystalline tau lees paub los ntawm X-ray diffraction tsom xam ntawm MG qauv (Fig. 10d) uas tau rhuab mus rau 700 ° C hauv DSC.
Ntawm daim duab.11 qhia cov duab thaij thaum lub caij txias txias ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm tam sim no.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, hlau iav hmoov cov khoom ua ke tom qab MA rau 50 teev (siv Cu50Zr20Ni30 ua piv txwv) tau siv los ua cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab cov phaj hlau stainless (SUS304) yog cov tshuaj tsuag txias.Txoj kev tshuaj tsuag txias tau raug xaiv rau txheej txheej hauv thermal spray technology series vim tias nws yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws hauv thermal spray technology series uas nws tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub kub xws li amorphous thiab nanocrystalline hmoov.Tsis raug rau theem.kev hloov pauv.Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv txoj kev no.Cov txheej txheem txias txias yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab uas hloov lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom mus rau hauv cov yas deformation, deformation thiab kub thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov substrate los yog yav tas los deposited hais.
Cov duab hauv teb qhia cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias siv rau tsib qhov kev npaj ua tiav ntawm MG / SUS 304 ntawm 550 ° C.
Lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau lub zog ntawm txhua qhov khoom thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov txheej, yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau lwm hom ntawm lub zog los ntawm xws li cov txheej txheem xws li yas deformation (thawj hais thiab interparticle sib cuam tshuam hauv matrix thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom), interstitial knots ntawm solids, rotation ntawm particles ntawm tag nrho cov zog, deformation. hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv thermal zog thiab deformation zog, qhov tshwm sim yuav yog ib qho kev sib tsoo elastic, uas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom tsuas yog thaws tawm tom qab kev cuam tshuam.Nws tau raug sau tseg tias 90% ntawm qhov cuam tshuam lub zog siv rau cov khoom siv particle / substrate yog hloov mus rau hauv cov cua sov hauv zos 40.Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ntxhov siab yog siv, cov khoom siv yas siab tau ua tiav hauv thaj tsam particle / substrate tiv tauj hauv lub sijhawm luv luv 41,42.
Yas deformation feem ntau suav hais tias yog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub zog dissipation, lossis theej, raws li qhov chaw tshav kub hauv cheeb tsam interfacial.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias hauv cheeb tsam interfacial feem ntau tsis txaus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm interfacial melting los yog tseem ceeb stimulation ntawm kev sib nrig sib diffusion ntawm atoms.Tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm paub rau cov kws sau ntawv tau tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hmoov hlau vitreous ntawm cov hmoov adhesion thiab teeb meem tshwm sim thaum siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias.
BFI ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy hmoov tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab 12a, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm SUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b).Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm daim duab, cov hmoov coated khaws lawv cov qauv amorphous qub vim lawv muaj cov qauv zoo nkauj labyrinth yam tsis muaj crystalline nta lossis lattice defects.Ntawm qhov tod tes, daim duab qhia tias muaj cov theem txawv teb chaws, raws li cov pov thawj ntawm nanoparticles suav nrog MG-coated hmoov matrix (Fig. 12a).Daim duab 12c qhia txog indexed nanobeam diffraction qauv (NBDP) txuam nrog cheeb tsam I (Daim duab 12a).Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.12c, NBDP nthuav tawm qhov tsis muaj zog halo-diffusion qauv ntawm amorphous qauv thiab coexists nrog ntse me ntsis sib xws rau crystalline loj cubic metastable Zr2Ni theem ntxiv rau tetragonal CuO theem.Kev tsim ntawm CuO tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov hmoov thaum tsiv los ntawm lub nozzle ntawm rab phom tsuag mus rau SUS 304 nyob rau hauv qhib huab cua nyob rau hauv ib tug supersonic txaus.Ntawm qhov tod tes, devitrification ntawm hlau iav hmoov ua rau tsim cov cubic theem loj tom qab kev kho mob txias ntawm 550 ° C rau 30 min.
(a) FE-HRTEM duab ntawm MG hmoov tso rau ntawm (b) SUS 304 substrate (Daim duab inset).NBDP Performance index ntawm lub cim puag ncig qhia hauv (a) yog qhia hauv (c).
Txhawm rau kuaj cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm no rau kev tsim cov cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles loj, ib qho kev sim ywj pheej tau ua tiav.Hauv qhov kev sim no, hmoov tau txau los ntawm atomizer ntawm 550 ° C nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm SUS 304 substrate;Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov nyhuv annealing, cov hmoov raug tshem tawm ntawm SUS304 sawb kom sai li sai tau (txog 60 s).).Lwm qhov kev sim tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv uas cov hmoov raug tshem tawm ntawm lub substrate kwv yees li 180 vib nas this tom qab thov.
Daim duab 13a,b qhia Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) dark field (DFI) dluab ntawm ob sputtered cov ntaub ntawv tso rau ntawm SUS 304 substrates rau 60 s thiab 180 s, ntsig txog.Cov duab hmoov tso rau 60 vib nas this tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus morphological, uas qhia qhov tsis muaj zog (Fig. 13a).Qhov no kuj tau lees paub los ntawm XRD, uas tau pom tias tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov hmoov no yog amorphous, raws li qhia los ntawm qhov dav thawj thiab theem nrab diffraction peaks qhia hauv daim duab 14a.Qhov no qhia tias tsis muaj metastable / mesophase precipitates, uas cov hmoov khaws nws cov qauv amorphous qub.Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov hmoov deposited nyob rau tib qhov kub thiab txias (550 ° C) tab sis sab laug ntawm lub substrate rau 180 s pom cov deposition ntawm nanosized nplej, raws li qhia los ntawm cov xub nyob rau hauv daim duab 13b.