Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Biofilms yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov kab mob sib kis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov khoom siv kho mob koom nrog.Qhov teeb meem no nthuav tawm qhov kev sib tw loj rau cov neeg kho mob, vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsuas tuaj yeem tshem tawm biofilms mus rau qhov txwv tsis pub dhau.Kev tiv thaiv kev tsim biofilm tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntau yam txheej txheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.Cov txheej txheem no tsom rau cov txheej txheem txheej txheej hauv cov txheej txheem uas inhibits cov hlau cotanium, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov iav biofilm. s, tau tshwm sim raws li zoo tagnrho antimicrobial coatings.Tam sim no, kev siv cov tshuaj tsuag txias tau nce raws li nws yog ib txoj kev tsim nyog rau kev ua kub-rhiab cov ntaub ntawv.Ib feem ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los tsim ib tug tshiab antibacterial zaj duab xis metallic iav muaj li ntawm ternary Cu-Zr-Ni siv mechanical alloying cov tswv yim.Cov khoom siv hlau stainless yog siv los ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj qhov kub thiab txias. tes coated nrog hlau iav muaj peev xwm txo tau biofilm tsim los ntawm tsawg kawg yog 1 cav piv rau stainless hlau.
Thoob plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, txhua haiv neeg muaj peev xwm tsim thiab txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas ua tau raws li nws cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, uas tau ua rau kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab qeb duas hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb 1.Nws yeej ib txwm raug ntaus nqi rau tib neeg lub peev xwm los tsim cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv fabrication thiab cov yam ntxwv kom tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm, kev lag luam, kev lag luam, kev coj noj coj ua thiab lwm yam kev lag luam los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws los yog cheeb tsam.2 Rau 60 xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv tau mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm los tsom rau ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj: kev nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov khoom siv tshiab. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov khoom zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, nrog rau kev sib txuas thiab tsim cov khoom tshiab tag nrho.
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying, kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom siv microstructure, thiab kev siv thermal, mechanical lossis thermo-mechanical processing techniques tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab, tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no cov ntsiab lus tsis hnov ​​​​tsw tau ua tiav zoo ntawm qhov no.Cov kev siv dag zog niaj hnub no tau tsim cov khoom siv tshiab, paub txog cov khoom siv tshiab. nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic tsom iav, thiab high-entropy alloys tsuas yog qee cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siab heev tau qhia rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no txij li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.Thaum tsim thiab tsim cov alloys tshiab nrog superior zog, txawm nyob rau hauv cov khoom kawg los yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab theem ntawm nws cov khoom siv, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab debalances yog feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem deformation. equilibrium, tag nrho cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm metastable alloys, hu ua metallic iav, tau raug tshawb pom.
Nws ua hauj lwm ntawm Caltech xyoo 1960 coj ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm hlau alloys thaum nws synthesized glassy Au-25 ntawm.% Si alloys los ntawm sai solidifying kua ntawm ze li ib lab degrees ib ob 4.Professor Pol Duwezs ' discovery tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog qhia txog qhov pib ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm metallic tsom iav (MG), tab sis kuj coj mus rau lub paradigm kev hloov ntawm cov hlau. cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm MG alloys, yuav luag tag nrho cov hlau iav yog tsim los ntawm kev siv ib tug ntawm cov nram qab no txoj kev;(i) ceev solidification ntawm yaj los yog chav, (ii) atomic disordering ntawm lub lattice, (iii) solid-state amorphization tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau ntshiab, thiab (iv) solid-state hloov ntawm metastable theem.
MGs yog qhov txawv los ntawm lawv qhov tsis muaj qhov ntev-ntev atomic kev txiav txim siab cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv lead ua, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm crystals.Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, kev vam meej tau ua nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm metallic iav.Lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nrog nthuav cov khoom uas muaj kev txaus siab tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv solid-state physics, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv metallurgy, nto chemistry, ntau yam khoom tshiab, biology. ua rau nws yog ib tus neeg sib tw txaus siab rau kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv ntau qhov chaw.Lawv muaj qee yam khoom tseem ceeb;(i) siab mechanical ductility thiab yield zog, (ii) siab magnetic permeability, (iii) tsis tshua muaj coercivity, (iv) txawv corrosion kuj, (v) kub ywj siab conductivity ntawm 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 yog cov txheej txheem tshiab, thawj zaug hauv xyoo 19839 los ntawm Prof. CC Kock thiab cov npoj yaig.Lawv tau npaj amorphous Ni60Nb40 hmoov los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov ntsiab lus ntshiab ntawm ambient kub heev ze rau chav tsev kub.Feem ntau, MA cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua los ntawm diffusive coupling ntawm cov ntaub ntawv reactant hmoov nyob rau hauv ib lub reactor, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau rau hauv lub pob zeb 10 (Fig. 1a, b). Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov no mechanically induced solid-state reaction techniques tau siv los npaj cov tshiab amorphous / metallic iav alloy hmoov siv tsawg 1 rods (Fig. 1, g. 2,13,14,15,16.Tshwj xeeb, txoj kev no tau siv los npaj cov tshuab immiscible xws li Cu-Ta17, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus siab melting point xws li Al-hloov hlau tshuab (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb thiab Ta) 18,19 thiab Fe-W20, uas tsis tuaj yeem tau txais kev siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau yog MA. scale nanocrystalline thiab nanocomposite hmoov hais ntawm hlau oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, raws li zoo raws li broad stabilization ntawm ib tug top-down mus kom ze 1 thiab metastable theem.
Schematic qhia txoj kev fabrication siv los npaj Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic iav (MG) txheej / SUS 304 nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.(a) Kev npaj ntawm MG alloy hmoov nrog sib txawv Ni concentrations x (x; 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 at.%) siv cov uas tsis muaj zog pob milling txheej txheem.(a) linder cov cuab yeej ua ke nrog cov cuab yeej pib thiab cov khoom siv sib khi. ib lub hnab looj tes ntim nrog Nws huab cua.(c) Cov qauv pob tshab ntawm lub nkoj sib tsoo qhia txog lub pob txav thaum sib tsoo.Cov khoom kawg ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 teev tau siv los pleev xim rau SUS 304 substrate siv txoj kev tshuaj tsuag txias (d).
Thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom siv ntau qhov chaw (substrates), kev tsim vaj tsev hauv qhov chaw suav nrog kev tsim thiab kev hloov kho ntawm qhov chaw (substrates) kom muab qee yam ntawm lub cev, tshuaj thiab cov khoom zoo uas tsis muaj nyob hauv cov khoom qub qub.Qee yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo los ntawm kev kho deg muaj xws li kev puas tsuaj, oxidation thiab corrosion kuj, coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam, kev siv hluav taws xob, kev siv hluav taws xob zoo, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob zoo. Metallurgical, mechanical or chemical techniques.Raws li cov txheej txheem paub zoo, txheej txheej tsuas yog txhais tau tias yog ib qho lossis ntau txheej ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog tso rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom loj (substrate) ua los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv. Yog li, coatings yog siv rau hauv ib feem kom ua tiav qee qhov kev xav tau lossis cov khoom zoo nkauj, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab ib puag ncig 3.
Txhawm rau tso cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kom zoo nrog cov tuab xws li ntawm ob peb micrometers (hauv qab 10-20 micrometers) mus rau ntau dua 30 micrometers lossis ob peb millimeters, ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem siv tau. Feem ntau, txheej txheej txheej tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: (i) txheej txheej ntub dej, suav nrog electroplating, electroless plating, thiab galizing txheej txheem, thiab cov txheej txheem kub. , lub cev vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray techniques and more new cold spray techniques 24 (Fig. 1d).
Biofilms txhais tau tias yog cov zej zog microbial uas tsis tuaj yeem txuas rau ntawm qhov chaw thiab ncig los ntawm tus kheej tsim tawm extracellular polymers (EPS). Superficially mature biofilm tsim tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev poob loj hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam, suav nrog kev lag luam zaub mov, dej, thiab kev noj qab haus huv ib puag ncig.In tib neeg, thaum biofilms tsim, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov kab mob Staticobacteria. Txhawm rau kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov biofilms paub tab tau tshaj tawm tias 1000-fold ntau tiv taus cov tshuaj tua kab mob piv rau cov kab mob planktonic cov kab mob, uas yog suav tias yog ib qho kev sib tw loj heev.Antimicrobial txheej txheej cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm cov pa organic tebchaw muaj keeb kwm siv.Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau muaj cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, 25 qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob.
Qhov dav ntawm cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob vim yog biofilm tsim tau ua rau muaj kev xav tau los tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob zoo rau cov kab mob membrane-coated nto uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo27.Qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev los yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas cov kab mob yog inhibited los khi thiab tsim biofilms vim adhesion yog thawj txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem no 27. qhov twg lawv xav tau, nyob rau hauv cov concentrated thiab tailored ntau.Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim tshwj xeeb txheej ntaub ntawv xws li graphene / germanium28, dub pob zeb diamond29 thiab ZnO-doped pob zeb diamond-zoo li carbon coatings30 uas yog resistant rau cov kab mob, ib tug tshuab maximizes Toxicity thiab kuj txoj kev loj hlob vim biofilm tsim yog ho corporating rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev ntawm coporatings. Kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam.Txawm tias tag nrho peb cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov kab mob coated, lawv txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum tsim cov tswv yim thov.
Cov khoom tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sij hawm tsis txaus los soj ntsuam thiab kuaj cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv rau cov khoom xyaw lom neeg lom neeg.Cov tuam txhab thov tias lawv cov khoom yuav muab cov neeg siv khoom tsim nyog;Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov khoom tam sim no ntawm kev ua lag luam.Cov tshuaj tau txais los ntawm cov nyiaj siv los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob feem ntau tam sim no muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom.Cov khoom no yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov neeg siv los ntawm cov teeb meem phom sij ntawm cov kab mob.Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qeeb thiab cuam tshuam toxicity ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua 6 cov neeg tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb. Ua haujlwm sab hauv tsev thiab tawm yog tseem ua pov thawj tias yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg.Qhov no yog vim muaj kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb.Nrhiav cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab nrhiav seb yuav ua li cas los koom ua ke rau hauv cov txheej txheej txheej nrog lub txee ntev dua yog ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav los tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj38.Qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob los yog tua kab mob. Tus neeg sawv cev nquag raug tso tawm.Lawv tuaj yeem ua qhov no los ntawm inhibiting thawj kab mob adhesion (xws li tiv thaiv kev tsim cov txheej txheem protein ntawm qhov chaw) los yog tua cov kab mob los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes.
Hauv paus, txheej txheej saum npoo yog txheej txheem ntawm kev tso lwm txheej rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw.Lub hom phiaj ntawm txheej txheej yog los kho cov microstructure thiab / lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm thaj tsam ze ntawm thaj av ntawm cov txheej txheem39.Surface txheej txheej txheem tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau txoj hauv kev, uas yog summarized nyob rau hauv daim duab 2a.Coatings, cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. txoj kev siv los tsim cov txheej.
(a) Inset qhia cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv rau saum npoo, thiab (b) xaiv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias.
Txias tshuab tshuab muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws nrog cov txheej txheem thermal txau.Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem uas ua rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj tsuag txias tshwj xeeb.Cold spray technology tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, tab sis muaj ib lub neej yav tom ntej. mus rau lub substrate.Obviously, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem no tsis haum rau cov ntaub ntawv kub-rhiab heev xws li nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous thiab metallic iav 40, 41, 42.Tsis tas li ntawd, thermal spray txheej cov ntaub ntawv yeej ib txwm pom cov qib siab ntawm porosity thiab oxides.Cold spray technology muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo (xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv thermal) nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm substrate txheej, (iii) tsis muaj theem transformation thiab grain loj hlob , (iv) siab bond zog1,39 (Fig.2b). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv tshuaj tsuag txias muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab, siab zog thiab hardness, hluav taws xob conductivity thiab high density41.Contrary rau qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias, tseem muaj qee qhov tsis zoo rau kev siv cov txheej txheem no, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 2b.Thaum txheej txheej ntshiab ceramic hmoov xws li Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, siv cov tshuaj tsuag dej txias, WC, thiab lwm yam. s tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv raw rau coatings.Tib yam mus rau lwm yam thermal spray method.Complicated nto thiab sab hauv cov yeeb nkab nto tseem nyuaj rau tshuaj tsuag.
Muab hais tias tam sim no kev ua hauj lwm aims siv metallic glassy hmoov raws li raw cov ntaub ntawv txheej, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov pa thermal spraying yuav siv tsis tau rau lub hom phiaj no.Qhov no yog vim nws metallic glassy hmoov crystallize nyob rau hauv high kub 1.
Feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev kho mob thiab zaub mov kev lag luam yog ua los ntawm austenitic stainless hlau alloys (SUS316 thiab SUS304) nrog cov ntsiab lus chromium ntawm 12 thiab 20 wt% rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej phais. robial properties38,39.This contrasts with their high corrosion resistance.Tom qab no, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob thiab o tuaj yeem kwv yees, uas yog feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob adhesion thiab colonization nyob rau saum npoo ntawm stainless hlau biomaterials.Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yuav tshwm sim vim muaj teeb meem loj cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob adhesion thiab biofilm tsim muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev noj qab haus huv, ntau yam kev nyuaj siab yuav tshwm sim vim muaj teeb meem loj cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob adhesion thiab biofilm tsim muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev noj qab haus huv. cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog thawj theem ntawm ib txoj haujlwm tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Kuwait Foundation rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (KFAS), Daim Ntawv Cog Lus No. 2010-550401, txhawm rau tshawb xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau iav Cu-Zr-Ni ternary hmoov siv MA technology (Table 1) rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob zaj duab xis rau lub Ib Hlis 2, kev tiv thaiv thib ob / SUS3. yuav tshuaj xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm electrochemical corrosion thiab mechanical zog ntawm qhov system kom ntxaws.Kev ntsuam xyuas microbiological yuav raug ua rau cov kab mob sib txawv.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov nyhuv ntawm Zr alloying ntsiab ntsiab lus ntawm iav txoj kev muaj peev xwm (GFA) yog tham raws li morphological thiab structural yam ntxwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov coated metallic iav hmoov txheej / SUS304 composite kuj tau tham. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no kev ua hauj lwm tau nqa tawm los soj ntsuam qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov txheej txheem cov hmoov txheej ntawm cov iav txheej txheej txheej txheej ntawm cov xim hlau substrate. .Raws li tus neeg sawv cev piv txwv, Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic iav alloys tau siv rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Hauv seem no, cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus Cu, Zr thiab Ni hmoov nyob rau hauv lub zog qis pob milling tau nthuav tawm.Raws li cov piv txwv, ob lub tshuab sib txawv uas muaj Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 yuav siv los ua cov piv txwv piv txwv.Cov txheej txheem MA tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem sib txawv, raws li pom los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hmoov sib tsoo.
Metallographic yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab hlau (MA) hmoov tau tom qab sib txawv ntawm lub pob milling lub sij hawm.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) dluab ntawm MA thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 hmoov tau tom qab uas tsis muaj zog pob milling lub sij hawm ntawm 3, 12 thiab 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv (a), (c) 2, 0Ni10 e. dluab ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 system coj tom qab lub sijhawm tau qhia hauv (b), (d) thiab (f).
Thaum lub pob zeb milling, lub zog kinetic zoo uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov hmoov hlau yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1a.Qhov no suav nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov pob thiab cov hmoov, compressive shearing ntawm hmoov daig ntawm lossis nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tsoo xov xwm, cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom poob, shear thiab hnav vim hmoov rub ntawm lub pob txav pob milling xov xwm, thiab kev poob siab yoj yoj yoj (Cu. Ni hmoov tau deformed heev vim txias vuam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm MA (3 h), uas ua rau cov hmoov loj (> 1 mm inch).Cov loj composite particles yog yus muaj los ntawm kev tsim ntawm tuab txheej ntawm alloying ntsiab (Cu, Zr, Ni), raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 3a, b.Increasing lub hkin intermediate theem ntawm lub zog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1. ing nyob rau hauv lub decomposition ntawm cov hmoov sib tov rau hauv finer hmoov (tsawg dua 200 µm), raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 3c, d.Tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv shear quab yuam ua rau cov tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab hlau nto nrog nplua Cu, Zr, Ni hint khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 3c, d.As ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem refinement ntawm cov txheej txheem refinement ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab.
Thaum lub climax ntawm MA txheej txheem (tom qab 50 h), cov flaky metallography tsuas yog faintly pom (Fig. 3e,f), tab sis polished nto ntawm cov hmoov tsom iav metallography.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov txheej txheem MA tau ua tiav thiab cov creation ntawm ib theem tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tshwm sim.Lub elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cheeb tsam indexed nyob rau hauv daim duab II, v. microscopy (FE-SEM) ua ke nrog lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Hauv Table 2, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying tau pom tias yog ib feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm txhua cheeb tsam tau xaiv hauv daim duab 3e, f.Thaum muab cov txiaj ntsig no sib piv nrog cov pib nominal compositions ntawm Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 1, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm ob qhov khoom kawg no muaj nuj nqis heev. Qhov tseem ceeb rau cov cheeb tsam uas tau teev tseg hauv daim duab 3e,f tsis hais txog qhov tsis zoo lossis qhov hloov pauv hauv cov qauv ntawm txhua tus qauv los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Qhov no taw qhia rau kev tsim cov hmoov sib tov sib xyaw, raws li qhia hauv Table 2.
FE-SEM micrographs ntawm cov khoom kawg Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) hmoov tau tom qab 50 MA zaug, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4a–d, qhov twg x yog 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 ntawm.%, feem. xws li ntawm 73 mus rau 126 nm, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4.
Morphological yam ntxwv ntawm Cu50(Zr50−xNix) hmoov tau tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h.Rau lub Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 tshuab, FE-SEM dluab ntawm cov hmoov MA), (5 zaug), fwm (5 zaug), thiab (5 zaug)
Ua ntej thauj cov hmoov rau hauv cov tshuaj txau txias, lawv tau ua ntej sonicated hauv analytical qib ethanol rau 15 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav ntawm 150 ° C rau 2 xuab moos.Cov kauj ruam no yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav kev sib ntaus sib tua agglomeration uas feem ntau ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem thoob plaws hauv txheej txheej txheej.Tom qab cov txheej txheem MA ua tiav, ntxiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hmoov nplej-Fi-fi. SEM micrographs thiab cov duab EDS sib raug zoo ntawm Cu, Zr thiab Ni alloying ntsiab ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy tau tom qab 50 h ntawm M lub sij hawm, feem.
Morphology thiab hauv zos elemental faib ntawm MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau tom qab 50 MA zaug los ntawm FE-SEM / zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM thiab X-ray EDS mapping ntawm (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα thiab (d) Ni-Kα cov duab.
Cov qauv XRD ntawm mechanically alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6a–d, feem.Tom qab no theem ntawm milling txawv nrog cov qauv kev sib txawv, tag nrho cov qauv kev sib txawv qhia hauv daim duab 6.
XRD cov qauv ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 hmoov tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h.Tag nrho cov qauv yam tsis muaj kev zam tau pom ib qho kev nthuav dav halo diffusion qauv, implying cov theem.
Field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) tau siv los soj ntsuam cov qauv kev hloov pauv thiab nkag siab txog cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov hmoov uas tshwm sim los ntawm pob milling ntawm txawv MA times.FE-HRTEM cov duab ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab thaum ntxov (6 h) thiab nruab nrab (18 h) theem ntawm milling rau Cu5020Zr3 thiab Cu502040. 7a, c, ntsig txog.Raws li cov duab ci ntsa iab (BFI) ntawm cov hmoov uas tsim tom qab MA ​​6 h, cov hmoov yog tsim los ntawm cov nplej loj nrog cov ciam teb zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr thiab fcc-Ni, thiab tsis muaj qhov qhia tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv theem tau tsim, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 7 ntau dua qhov kev xaiv ntawm thaj tsam ntawm SA. ntawm (a) qhia txog tus qauv cusp diffraction (Fig. 7b), qhia tias muaj cov crystallites loj thiab tsis muaj ib theem reactive.
Cov yam ntxwv hauv zos ntawm MA hmoov tau txais tom qab ntxov (6 h) thiab nruab nrab (18 h) theem.(a) Teb emission siab daws teeb meem kis tau tus mob electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), thiab (b) qhov sib thooj xaiv cheeb tsam diffraction qauv (SADP) ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tom qab MA kev kho mob rau Cu50H-100 h. MA lub sijhawm ntawm 18 teev yog qhia hauv (c).
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 7c, ncua lub sij hawm MA mus rau 18 h ua rau cov lattice tsis xws luag ua ke nrog cov yas deformation.Lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem MA no, cov hmoov nthuav tawm ntau yam tsis xws luag, suav nrog stacking faults, lattice defects, thiab point defects (Daim duab 7).Cov defects no ua rau cov khoom loj me me nrog rau cov khoom loj me me (daim duab 7). Ib. 7c).
Lub zos qauv ntawm Cu50Z30Ni20 hmoov milled rau 36 h MA lub sij hawm muaj cov tsim ntawm ultrafine nanograins embedded nyob rau hauv ib tug amorphous nplua matrix, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. 8a.Local EDS tsom xam qhia tias cov nanoclusters qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 8a tau txuam nrog unprocessed hmoov cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cutux matrix lub sij hawm, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cu5a. los ntawm ~ 32 at.% (lean cheeb tsam) mus rau ~ 74 at.% (thaj chaw nplua nuj), qhia qhov tsim ntawm heterogeneous khoom.Ntxiv mus, cov coj SADPs ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab milling nyob rau theem no qhia halo-diffusing thawj thiab theem nrab rings ntawm amorphous theem, overlapping nrog ntse ntsiab lus txuam nrog cov raw alloying ntsiab.
Tshaj li 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov nanoscale hauv zos structural nta.(a) Bright field image (BFI) and corresponding (b) SADP of Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau tom qab milling rau 36 h MA lub sij hawm.
Nyob ze ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50−xNix), X;10, 20, 30 thiab 40 ntawm.% hmoov invariably muaj ib tug labyrinthine amorphous theem morphology raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 9a-d .Nyob rau hauv cov SADP sib xyaw ntawm txhua qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis muaj point-zoo li diffractions los yog ntse annular qauv yuav kuaj tau.Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov hmoov tsis muaj hlau tsis muaj hlau. SADPs correlated qhia cov qauv halo diffusion kuj tau siv los ua pov thawj rau kev txhim kho cov theem amorphous hauv cov khoom siv kawg.
Cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov khoom kawg ntawm MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system.FE-HRTEM thiab correlated nanobeam diffraction qauv (NBDP) ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni10Ni30 h) tom qab tau txais
Lub thermal stability ntawm lub iav hloov kub (Tg), subcooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx) thiab crystallization kub (Tx) raws li ib tug muaj nuj nqi ntawm Ni cov ntsiab lus (x) ntawm lub amorphous Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system tau raug soj ntsuam siv sib txawv scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv nws gas flow.The DSC traces ntawm lub Cu5000000 thiab 30000 10Ni40 amorphous alloy hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. 10a, b, e, ntsig txog.While DSC nkhaus ntawm amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 yog qhia cais nyob rau hauv daim duab. 10c.Meanwhile, lub Cu50Zr30Ni30 yog qhia nyob rau hauv 7.
Thermal stability ntawm Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h, raws li indexed los ntawm iav hloov kub (Tg), crystallization kub (Tx), thiab subcooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx). 20Ni30 thiab (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy hmoov tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h.X-ray diffraction (XRD) qauv ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 qauv rhuab mus rau ~ 700 ° C hauv DSC yog qhia nyob rau hauv (d).
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 10, DSC nkhaus ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw nrog qhov sib txawv Ni concentrations (x) qhia ob qhov sib txawv, ib qho endothermic thiab lwm qhov exothermic. Thawj qhov kev tshwm sim endothermic sib raug rau Tg, thaum qhov thib ob yog ntsig txog Tx.The kab rov tav span cheeb tsam uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Tg thiab Tx yog hu ua subcooled kua thaj tsam ntawm TgTx4 (TgTxr). Ni10 qauv (Fig. 10a), muab tso rau ntawm 526 ° C thiab 612 ° C, hloov cov ntsiab lus (x) mus rau 20 at.% mus rau qhov qis kub sab ntawm 482 ° C thiab 563 ° C nrog nce Ni cov ntsiab lus (x), feem, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 10b.Yog li ntawd, lub ΔrTx4 ° C ntawm CuN5. ) mus rau 81 ° C rau Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Rau MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, nws kuj tau pom tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Tg, Tx thiab ΔTx txo mus rau qib 447 ° C, 526 ° C thiab 79 ° C (b). .Hauv qhov sib piv, tus nqi Tg (507 ° C) ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy yog qis dua li ntawm MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;Txawm li cas los xij, nws Tx qhia tau hais tias tus nqi piv rau yav dhau los (612 ° C). Yog li ntawd, ΔTx nthuav tawm tus nqi siab dua (87 ° C), raws li qhia hauv daim duab 10c.
Lub MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix) system, noj cov MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ua piv txwv, crystallizes los ntawm ib tug ntse exothermic ncov mus rau hauv lub siv lead ua theem ntawm fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 thiab orthorhombic-ZrNi (Daim duab 1). (Daim duab 10d), uas tau rhuab mus rau 700 ° C hauv DSC.
Daim duab 11 qhia cov duab thaij thaum lub caij txias txias ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm tam sim no.Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov iav zoo li cov hmoov hlau ua ke tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h (noj Cu50Zr20Ni30 ua piv txwv) tau siv los ua cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab cov hlau tsis muaj steel phaj (SUS304) tau coated los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag txias yog txoj kev siv tshuab txias txias. cov thermal spray series thiab tuaj yeem siv rau cov hlau metastable kub rhiab cov ntaub ntawv xws li amorphous thiab nanocrystalline hmoov, uas tsis raug mus rau theem kev hloov .Qhov no yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv txoj kev no.Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas hloov lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom rau hauv cov yas deformation, cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem substrate los yog cov txheej txheem kub.
Cov duab teb qhia cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias siv rau tsib qhov kev npaj sib law liag ntawm MG txheej / SUS 304 ntawm 550 ° C.
Lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom, thiab yog li lub zog ntawm txhua qhov hauv txheej txheej, yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau lwm hom ntawm lub zog los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li yas deformation (pib particle thiab particle-particle kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov substrate thiab particle kev sib tshuam), voids Consolidation, particle-particle rotation, strain 3, thiab qhov kawg ntawm tag nrho cov cua sov. strain zog, qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho kev sib tsoo elastic, uas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom yooj yim thaws rov qab tom qab kev cuam tshuam.Nws tau taw qhia tias 90% ntawm qhov cuam tshuam lub zog siv rau cov khoom siv particle / substrate yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov cua sov hauv zos 40 . Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum cuam tshuam kev ntxhov siab yog siv, cov yas siab cov nqi tau tiav nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag particle / a24 lub sij hawm luv luv.
Yas deformation feem ntau suav hais tias yog txheej txheem ntawm lub zog dissipation, lossis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhov chaw tshav kub hauv thaj tsam interfacial.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub nce hauv thaj tsam interfacial feem ntau tsis txaus los tsim cov interfacial melting los yog txhawb nqa atomic interdiffusion.Tsis muaj ntawv tshaj tawm paub rau cov sau ntawv tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau iav iav no.
Lub BFI ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy hmoov tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab 12a, uas tau coated ntawm SUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b).Raws li tau pom los ntawm daim duab, cov hmoov coated tuav lawv cov thawj amorphous qauv raws li lawv muaj ib tug ilv labyrinth qauv tsis muaj ib tug ntxiv crystalline cov duab. theem, raws li qhia los ntawm nanoparticles incorporated rau hauv MG-coated hmoov matrix (Fig. 12a).Daim duab 12c depicts lub indexed nanobeam diffraction qauv (NBDP) txuam nrog rau cheeb tsam I (Daim duab 12a).Raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 12c, NBDP exhibits ib tug qauv ntawm kev tsis muaj zog thiab corrugated corrugation. mus rau crystalline loj cubic Zr2Ni metastable ntxiv rau tetragonal CuO theem.Qhov tsim ntawm CuO tej zaum yuav raug ntaus nqi mus rau oxidation ntawm cov hmoov thaum mus los ntawm lub nozzle ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag phom rau SUS 304 nyob rau hauv lub qhib cua nyob rau hauv supersonic flow.Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub devitrification ntawm cov hlau iav iav hmoov ua tiav qhov tsim ntawm 5 ° C rau 30 mins kev kho mob loj theem.
(a) FE-HRTEM duab ntawm MG hmoov coated rau (b) SUS 304 substrate (inset ntawm daim duab).Qhov Performance index NBDP ntawm lub voj voog cim qhia nyob rau hauv (a) yog qhia nyob rau hauv (c).
Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov peev txheej no rau kev tsim cov cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles loj, ib qho kev sim ywj pheej tau ua. Hauv qhov kev sim no, cov hmoov tau txau los ntawm rab phom txau ntawm 550 ° C nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm SUS 304 substrate;Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm cov nyhuv annealing ntawm cov hmoov, lawv raug tshem tawm ntawm SUS304 sawb kom sai li sai tau (li 60 vib nas this).
Daim duab 13a, b qhia cov duab tsaus nti (DFI) tau los ntawm kev xa xov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (STEM) ntawm ob cov ntaub ntawv txau tso rau ntawm SUS 304 substrates rau 60 s thiab 180 s, feem. phous, raws li qhia los ntawm qhov dav thawj thiab theem nrab diffraction maxima qhia hauv daim duab 14a.Cov no qhia tias tsis muaj metastable / mesophase nag lossis daus, qhov twg cov hmoov khaws cia nws cov qauv amorphous qub.Tshwj xeeb, cov hmoov txau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (550 ° C), tab sis sab laug ntawm lub substrate rau 180 nanocis, precipitation ntawm cov hmoov nplej. hauv fig.13b.