Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Biofilms yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov kab mob sib kis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov khoom siv kho mob koom nrog.Qhov teeb meem no nthuav tawm qhov kev sib tw loj rau cov neeg kho mob, vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob tsuas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov biofilms mus rau qhov txwv tsis pub dhau.Kev tiv thaiv kev tsim biofilm tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntau yam txheej txheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.Cov txheej txheem no tsom rau cov txheej txheem txheej txheej hauv cov txheej txheem uas inhibits cov txheej txheem biofilm. titanium hlau, tau tshwm sim raws li zoo tagnrho antimicrobial coatings.Tam sim no, kev siv cov tshuaj tsuag txias tshuab tau nce vim nws yog ib txoj kev haum rau kev ua cov kub-sensitive cov ntaub ntawv.Ib feem ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog los tsim ib tug tshiab antibacterial zaj duab xis metallic iav muaj li ntawm ternary Cu-Zr-Ni siv cov khoom siv hlau alloying txheej txheem. Qhov chaw ntawm qhov kub tsis tshua muaj.Substrates coated nrog cov iav hlau muaj peev xwm txo qis biofilm tsim los ntawm tsawg kawg yog 1 cav piv rau cov hlau tsis muaj steel.
Thoob plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, txhua haiv neeg muaj peev xwm tsim thiab txhawb nqa cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas ua tau raws li nws cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, uas tau ua rau kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab qeb duas hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb 1.Nws yeej ib txwm raug ntaus nqi rau tib neeg lub peev xwm los tsim cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv fabrication thiab cov yam ntxwv kom tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv kev noj qab haus huv, kev kawm, kev lag luam, kev lag luam, kev coj noj coj ua thiab lwm yam kev lag luam los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws los yog cheeb tsam. 2 Rau 60 xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv tau mob siab rau ntau lub sijhawm los tsom rau ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj: kev nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov khoom siv tshiab. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov khoom zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, nrog rau kev sib txuas thiab tsim cov khoom tshiab tag nrho.
Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying, kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom siv microstructure, thiab kev siv thermal, mechanical lossis thermo-mechanical processing techniques tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab, tshuaj thiab lub cev ntawm ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no cov khoom tsis hnov ​​​​tsw tau ua tiav zoo ntawm lub sijhawm no.Cov kev siv zog niaj hnub no tau nthuav tawm hauv tsev neeg tshiab, paub txog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, xoom-dimensional, amorphous metallic tsom iav, thiab high-entropy alloys tsuas yog ib co piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siab heev nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.Thaum tsim thiab tsim tshiab alloys nrog superior zog, txawm nyob rau hauv lub kawg khoom los yog nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau zus tau tej cov theem.Asbalte. ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem tshiab fabrication kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib npaug, tag nrho cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm metastable alloys, hu ua metallic iav, tau raug tshawb pom.
Nws ua hauj lwm ntawm Caltech xyoo 1960 coj ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm hlau alloys thaum nws synthesized glassy Au-25 ntawm.% Si alloys los ntawm sai solidifying kua ntawm ze li ib lab degrees ib ob 4.Professor Pol Duwezs qhov kev tshwm sim nrhiav tsis tau tsuas yog qhia txog qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov iav hlau hlau (MG), tab sis kuj tau coj mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg hlau. Cov kev tshawb fawb pioneering ntxov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm MG alloys, yuav luag tag nrho cov iav hlau yog tsim los ntawm kev siv ib qho ntawm cov hauv qab no; (i) ceev solidification ntawm yaj los yog chav, (ii) atomic disordering ntawm lub lattice, (iii) solid-state amorphization tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau ntshiab, thiab (iv) solid-state hloov ntawm metastable theem.
MGs yog qhov txawv los ntawm lawv qhov tsis muaj qhov ntev-ntev atomic kev txiav txim siab cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv lead ua, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm crystals.Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, kev vam meej tau ua nyob rau hauv cov iav metallic.Lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj uas muaj kev txaus siab tsis yog hauv cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv metallurgy, nto chemistry, ntau yam khoom tshiab, biology. los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau, ua rau nws yog ib tus neeg sib tw txaus siab rau kev siv thev naus laus zis hauv ntau qhov chaw.Lawv muaj qee yam khoom tseem ceeb; (i) siab mechanical ductility thiab yield zog, (ii) siab magnetic permeability, (iii) tsis tshua muaj coercivity, (iv) txawv corrosion kuj, (v) kub ywj siab conductivity ntawm 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 yog cov txheej txheem tshiab, thawj zaug hauv xyoo 19839 los ntawm Prof. CC Kock thiab cov npoj yaig.Lawv tau npaj amorphous Ni60Nb40 hmoov los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov ntsiab lus ntshiab ntawm ambient kub heev ze rau chav tsev kub. Feem ntau, MA cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua los ntawm diffusive coupling ntawm cov khoom siv reactant hmoov nyob rau hauv lub reactor, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau rau hauv lub pob zeb 10 (Fig. 1a, b). Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov no mechanically induced solid-state reaction techniques tau siv los npaj tshiab amorphous / metallic iav alloy hmoov siv lub zog qis (Fig. mills11,12,13,14,15 ,16.Tshwj xeeb, txoj kev no tau siv los npaj cov tshuab immiscible xws li Cu-Ta17, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus siab melting xws li Al-hloov hlau tshuab (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb thiab Ta) 18,19 thiab Fe-W20, uas tsis tuaj yeem xav txog ntau txoj hauv kev siv MA. nanotechnology cov cuab yeej rau kev npaj ntawm industrial-scale nanocrystalline thiab nanocomposite hmoov hais ntawm hlau oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, raws li zoo raws li broad stabilization ntawm ib tug top-down mus kom ze 1 thiab metastable theem.
Schematic qhia txoj kev fabrication siv los npaj Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic iav (MG) txheej/SUS 304 nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.(a) Kev npaj ntawm MG alloy hmoov nrog sib txawv Ni concentrations x (x; 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 at.%) siv cov uas tsis muaj zog pob milling txheej txheem.(a) cylinder cov cuab yeej siv rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom pib. (b) muab ntim rau hauv ib lub hnab looj tes uas muaj nws qhov chaw.(c) Cov qauv pob tshab ntawm lub nkoj sib tsoo illustrating pob motion thaum sib tsoo. Cov khoom kawg ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab 50 teev yog siv los pleev xim rau SUS 304 substrate siv txoj kev tshuaj tsuag txias (d).
Thaum nws los txog rau cov khoom siv ntau qhov chaw (substrates), kev tsim vaj tsev hauv qhov chaw suav nrog kev tsim thiab kev hloov kho ntawm qhov chaw (substrates) los muab qee yam ntawm lub cev, tshuaj thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom qub qub.Qee yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo los ntawm kev kho deg muaj xws li kev puas tsuaj, oxidation thiab corrosion kuj, coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam, bio-inertness, lub npe zoo, hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Kev txhim kho los ntawm kev siv metallurgical, mechanical lossis chemical techniques.Raws li cov txheej txheem paub zoo, txheej txheej tsuas yog txhais tau tias yog ib qho lossis ntau txheej ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog tso rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom loj (substrate) ua los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv.Yog li, cov txheej txheem siv rau hauv ib feem kom ua tiav qee qhov kev xav tau lossis cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig 2 thiab cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv.
Txhawm rau tso cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv zoo nrog cov tuab xws li ntawm ob peb micrometers (hauv qab 10-20 micrometers) mus rau ntau dua 30 micrometers lossis ob peb millimeters, ntau txoj hauv kev thiab cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem siv tau. Feem ntau, txheej txheej txheej tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: (i) txheej txheej ntub dej, nrog rau cov txheej txheem electroplating, electroless plating, thiab cov txheej txheem kub. brazing, surfacing, lub cev vapor deposition (PVD), tshuaj vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray cov tswv yim thiab tsis ntev los no cov txheej txheem txias txias 24 (Fig. 1d).
Biofilms txhais tau tias yog cov zej zog microbial uas tsis tuaj yeem txuas mus rau qhov chaw thiab ncig los ntawm tus kheej tsim tawm extracellular polymers (EPS). Superficially mature biofilm tsim tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam, suav nrog kev lag luam zaub mov, dej, thiab kev noj qab haus huv ib puag ncig. Hauv tib neeg, thaum biofilms tsim, ntau dua 80% ntawm cov kab mob microbial. Staphylococci) yog qhov nyuaj rau kev kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov biofilms paub tab tau tshaj tawm tias muaj 1000-fold ntau tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tua kab mob piv rau cov kab mob planktonic, uas yog suav tias yog ib qho kev sib tw loj heev.Antimicrobial txheej txheej cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm cov pa organic tebchaw muaj keeb kwm siv.Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no feem ntau muaj 2 cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg. zam kev kis kab mob thiab cov khoom puas tsuaj.
Qhov dav ntawm cov kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob vim yog biofilm tsim tau ua rau muaj kev xav tau los tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob membrane-coated nto uas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo27.Qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev los yog tshuaj tiv thaiv qhov chaw uas cov kab mob yog inhibited los khi thiab tsim biofilms vim adhesion yog thawj txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem no27. Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb xws li graphene / germanium28, pob zeb diamond dub29 thiab ZnO-doped pob zeb diamond zoo li carbon coatings30 uas tiv taus cov kab mob, lub tshuab ua kom muaj tshuaj lom thiab tiv thaiv kev loj hlob vim biocorporating kev tsim tawm ntau heev, Cov tshuaj lom neeg rau hauv qhov chaw los muab kev tiv thaiv mus ntev los ntawm cov kab mob sib kis tau nrov dua.Txawm hais tias tag nrho peb cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau ntawm cov chaw coated, lawv txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum tsim cov tswv yim thov.
Cov khoom tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sijhawm tsis txaus los soj ntsuam thiab kuaj cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv rau cov khoom xyaw lom neeg lom neeg.Cov tuam txhab thov tias lawv cov khoom yuav muab cov neeg siv khoom txaus nyiam; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev vam meej ntawm cov khoom tam sim no ntawm kev ua lag luam.Cov tshuaj tau los ntawm cov nyiaj tau siv los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tam sim no muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom.Cov khoom no yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov neeg siv los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai ntawm cov kab mob.Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qeeb thiab cuam tshuam toxicity ntawm cov nyiaj sib txuas ua rau muaj kev phom sij tsawg dua 7 cov neeg tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb. Antimicrobial txheej uas ua haujlwm sab hauv tsev thiab tawm yog tseem ua pov thawj tias yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm txaus ntshai.Qhov no yog vim muaj kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb.Ntawm cov kab mob antimicrobial uas tsis muaj teeb meem rau tib neeg thiab nrhiav seb yuav ua li cas muab nws tso rau hauv txheej txheej nrog lub txee lub neej ntev dua yog cov khoom siv antimicrobial heev thiab cov hom phiaj-38. nyob ze, los ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha los yog tom qab tus neeg sawv cev nquag tso tawm.Lawv tuaj yeem ua qhov no los ntawm inhibiting thawj kab mob adhesion (xws li tiv thaiv kev tsim cov txheej txheem protein nyob rau saum npoo) los yog tua cov kab mob los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes.
Hauv paus, txheej txheej saum npoo yog txheej txheem ntawm kev tso lwm txheej rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv los txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw.Lub hom phiaj ntawm txheej txheej yog los kho cov microstructure thiab / lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm thaj tsam ze ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov txheej txheem39.Cov txheej txheem txheej txheej saum npoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau txoj hauv kev, uas tau sau tseg hauv daim duab 2a.Coatings, cov tshuaj muaj zog thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg. pawg, nyob ntawm txoj kev siv los tsim cov txheej.
(a) Inset qhia cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv rau saum npoo, thiab (b) xaiv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias.
Txias tshuab tshuab muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws nrog cov txheej txheem thermal txau.Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem uas ua rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj tsuag txias tshwj xeeb.Cold spray technology tseem nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, tab sis muaj lub neej yav tom ntej. Hauv qee qhov kev siv, cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag txias muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo, kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem thermal tshuaj tsuag ib txwm muaj. melted nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav deposit mus rau lub substrate.Qhov tseeb, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem no tsis haum rau cov ntaub ntawv kub-rhiab heev xws li nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous thiab metallic iav 40, 41, 42. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem thermal txau cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm pom muaj siab porosity thiab oxides.Colds thev naus laus zis ntau dua li cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob. lub substrate, (ii) yooj yooj yim nyob rau hauv substrate txheej xaiv, (iii) tsis muaj theem transformation thiab grain loj hlob , (iv) siab daim ntawv cog lus muaj zog 1,39 (Daim duab 2b). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tsuag txias txheej txheej muaj siab corrosion kuj, siab zog thiab hardness, siab hluav taws xob conductivity thiab siab density41.Contrary rau qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem txias no, muaj qee qhov kev siv tshuaj tsuag. 2b.Thaum txheej txheej ntshiab ceramic hmoov xws li Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, thiab lwm yam., txoj kev tshuaj tsuag txias tsis tuaj yeem siv.Ntawm qhov tod tes, ceramic / hlau puas hmoov siv tau los ua raw cov ntaub ntawv rau coatings.Tib yam mus rau lwm yam thermal spray method.Complicated nto thiab sab hauv yeeb nkab nto tseem nyuaj rau tshuaj tsuag.
Muab hais tias tam sim no kev ua hauj lwm aims siv metallic glassy hmoov raws li raw cov ntaub ntawv txheej, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov pa thermal spraying yuav siv tsis tau rau lub hom phiaj no.Qhov no yog vim nws metallic glassy hmoov crystallize nyob rau hauv high kub 1.
Feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev kho mob thiab zaub mov kev lag luam yog ua los ntawm austenitic stainless hlau alloys (SUS316 thiab SUS304) nrog cov ntsiab lus chromium ntawm 12 thiab 20 wt% rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej phais. Cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob38,39.Qhov no sib piv nrog lawv cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab.Tom qab no, kev loj hlob ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab kev mob tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, uas feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob adhesion thiab colonization ntawm stainless hlau biomaterials.Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim muaj teeb meem loj cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob adhesion thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj ntau yam defilm. qhov tshwm sim uas yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog thawj theem ntawm ib txoj haujlwm tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Kuwait Foundation rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (KFAS), Daim Ntawv Cog Lus No. 2010-550401, txhawm rau tshawb xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau iav Cu-Zr-Ni ternary hmoov siv MA technology (Table 1) rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob zaj duab xis rau lub Ib Hlis 4, kev tiv thaiv theem thib ob. 2023, yuav tshuaj xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm electrochemical corrosion thiab mechanical zog ntawm lub kaw lus kom ntxaws.Kev ntsuam xyuas microbiological yuav raug ua rau cov kab mob sib txawv.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov nyhuv ntawm Zr alloying ntsiab ntsiab lus ntawm iav txoj kev muaj peev xwm (GFA) yog tham raws li morphological thiab structural yam ntxwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov coated metallic iav hmoov txheej / SUS304 composite kuj tau tham. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no kev ua hauj lwm tau nqa tawm los soj ntsuam qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hmoov hloov pauv hauv cov iav dej hauv cov iav substrate. fabricated metallic iav systems.Raws li tus neeg sawv cev piv txwv, Cu50Zr30Ni20 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic iav alloys tau siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Hauv seem no, cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus Cu, Zr thiab Ni hmoov nyob rau hauv lub zog qis pob milling tau nthuav tawm.Raws li cov piv txwv, ob lub tshuab sib txawv uas muaj Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 yuav siv los ua cov piv txwv piv txwv.Cov txheej txheem MA tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem sib txawv, raws li pom los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov hmoov sib tsoo.
Metallographic yam ntxwv ntawm mechanical alloy (MA) hmoov tau tom qab sib txawv ntawm lub pob milling lub sij hawm.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) dluab ntawm MA thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 hmoov tau txais tom qab uas tsis muaj zog pob milling lub sij hawm ntawm 3, 12 thiab 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv (a), (c) , 5Ni10 (e) system thaum tib lub sijhawm MA Cov duab sib thooj ntawm Cu50Zr40Ni10 system coj tom qab lub sijhawm tau qhia hauv (b), (d) thiab (f).
Thaum lub pob zeb milling, lub zog kinetic zoo uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau cov hmoov hlau yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1a.Qhov no suav nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov pob thiab cov hmoov, compressive shearing ntawm hmoov daig ntawm lossis nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tsoo xov xwm, cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom poob, shear thiab hnav vim hmoov rub ntawm lub pob txav pob milling xov xwm, thiab kev poob siab yoj yoj. Cu, Zr, thiab Ni hmoov tau deformed heev vim txias vuam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm MA (3 h), uas ua rau cov hmoov loj (> 1 mm inch). kinetic zog ntawm lub pob zeb, uas ua rau decomposition ntawm cov hmoov sib tov rau hauv cov hmoov zoo (tsawg dua 200 µm), raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 3c, d.Tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv shear quab yuam ua rau tsim ib tug tshiab hlau nto nrog nplua Cu, Zr, Ni hint khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 3c, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm reacts, d. flakes los tsim cov theem tshiab.
Thaum lub climax ntawm MA txheej txheem (tom qab 50 h), lub flaky metallography tsuas yog faintly pom (Fig. 3e,f), tab sis polished nto ntawm cov hmoov tsom iav metallography.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov txheej txheem MA tau ua tiav thiab cov creation ntawm ib theem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau tshwm sim.Lub elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cheeb tsam indexed nyob rau hauv Fig. , 3e), kev txiav txim (I. emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ua ke nrog lub zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Hauv Table 2, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying tau pom tias yog ib feem pua ​​​​ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm txhua cheeb tsam xaiv hauv daim duab 3e, f.Thaum muab cov txiaj ntsig no sib piv nrog cov pib nominal compositions ntawm Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr40Ni10 teev nyob rau hauv Table 1, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias cov khoom sib xws ntawm ob qhov khoom kawg no tsis muaj nqi heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheeb ze ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis rau cov cheeb tsam uas tau teev tseg hauv daim duab 3e, f tsis hais txog kev puas tsuaj loj lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua tus qauv los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov.Qhov no taw qhia rau cov khoom ntawm homogeneous alloy hmoov, raws li qhia hauv Table 2.
FE-SEM micrographs ntawm cov khoom kawg Cu50(Zr50−xNix) hmoov tau tom qab 50 MA zaug, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4a–d, qhov twg x yog 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 ntawm.%, feem. hais nrog diameters li ntawm 73 mus rau 126 nm, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 4.
Morphological yam ntxwv ntawm Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) hmoov tau tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h.Rau lub Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 systems, FE-SEM dluab ntawm cov hmoov MA), (5 zaug), thiab (5 zaug), raws.
Ua ntej thauj cov hmoov rau hauv lub tshuab txau txias, lawv tau ua ntej sonicated hauv analytical qib ethanol rau 15 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav ntawm 150 ° C rau 2 xuab moos.Cov kauj ruam no yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav kev sib ntaus sib tua agglomeration uas feem ntau ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem thoob plaws hauv txheej txheej txheej.Tom qab cov txheej txheem MA ua tiav, ntxiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm homogeneous hmoov. qhia cov FE-SEM micrographs thiab cov EDS cov duab sib xws ntawm Cu, Zr thiab Ni alloying ntsiab ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy tau tom qab 50 h ntawm M lub sij hawm, feem.
Morphology thiab hauv zos elemental faib ntawm MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau tom qab 50 MA zaug los ntawm FE-SEM / zog dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM thiab X-ray EDS mapping ntawm (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα thiab (d) Ni-Kα cov duab.
XRD qauv ntawm mechanically alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab Cu50Zr20Ni30 hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 6a-d, feem.Tom qab no theem ntawm milling nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov qauv, cov qauv ntawm Zrphos diffusion qauv qhia hauv daim duab 6.
XRD cov qauv ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 hmoov tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h.Tag nrho cov qauv yam tsis muaj kev zam tau pom ib qho kev nthuav dav halo diffusion qauv, implying cov theem.
Field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) tau siv los soj ntsuam cov qauv kev hloov pauv thiab nkag siab txog cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov hmoov uas tshwm sim los ntawm pob milling ntawm txawv MA times.FE-HRTEM cov duab ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab thaum ntxov (6 h) thiab nruab nrab (18 h) theem ntawm milling rau Cu5020Zr3 thiab Cu5020Zr3 pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 7a, c, ntsig txog.Raws li cov duab ci teb (BFI) ntawm cov hmoov ua tom qab MA ​​6 h, cov hmoov yog tsim los ntawm cov nplej loj nrog cov ciam teb zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr thiab fcc-Ni, thiab tsis muaj qhov qhia tau tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv theem tau tsim, raws li qhia hauv thaj tsam ntawm Fig 7 ntxiv. qauv (SADP) coj los ntawm thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm (a) tau nthuav tawm tus qauv cusp diffraction (Daim duab 7b), qhia tias muaj cov crystallites loj thiab tsis muaj cov theem reactive.
Cov yam ntxwv hauv zos ntawm MA hmoov tau txais tom qab ntxov (6 h) thiab nruab nrab (18 h) theem.(a) Teb emission siab daws teeb meem kis tau tus mob electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), thiab (b) qhov sib thooj xaiv cheeb tsam diffraction qauv (SADP) ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tom qab MA kev kho mob ntawm-6 h.TEM. Cu50Zr40Ni10 tau txais tom qab lub sijhawm MA ntawm 18 teev yog qhia hauv (c).
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 7c, ncua lub sij hawm MA mus rau 18 h ua rau cov lattice defects hnyav ua ke nrog cov yas deformation.Lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem MA no, cov hmoov nthuav tawm ntau yam tsis xws luag, suav nrog cov khoom tsis xws luag, lattice defects, thiab taw tes tsis xws luag (Daim duab 7).Cov kev tsis xws luag no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li cov nplej loj. 20 nm (Fig. 7c).
Lub zos qauv ntawm Cu50Z30Ni20 hmoov milled rau 36 h MA lub sij hawm muaj qhov tsim ntawm ultrafine nanograins embedded nyob rau hauv ib tug amorphous nplua matrix, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. 8a.Local EDS tsom xam qhia tias cov nanoclusters qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 8a tau txuam nrog unprocessed hmoov cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cu, Zr. matrix fluctuated los ntawm ~ 32 at.% (lean cheeb tsam) mus rau ~ 74 ntawm.% (chaw nplua nuj cheeb tsam), qhia qhov tsim ntawm heterogeneous khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus coj SADPs ntawm cov hmoov tau txais tom qab milling nyob rau theem no qhia halo-diffusing thawj thiab theem nrab rings ntawm amorphous theem, txuam nrog raw cov ntsiab lus.b.
Tshaj li 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov nanoscale hauv zos structural nta.(a) Bright field image (BFI) and corresponding (b) SADP of Cu50Zr30Ni20 hmoov tau tom qab milling rau 36 h MA lub sij hawm.
Nyob ze ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50−xNix), X; 10, 20, 30 thiab 40 ntawm.% hmoov invariably muaj ib tug labyrinthine amorphous theem morphology raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 9a–d .Nyob rau hauv cov SADP sib txuam ntawm txhua qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis muaj point-zoo li diffractions los yog ntse annular qauv yuav kuaj tau.Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov hmoov tsis muaj hlau tsis muaj hlau. tsim.Cov SADPs correlated uas qhia cov qauv halo diffusion kuj tau siv los ua pov thawj rau kev txhim kho cov theem amorphous hauv cov khoom siv kawg.
Cov qauv hauv zos ntawm cov khoom kawg ntawm MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system.FE-HRTEM thiab correlated nanobeam diffraction patterns (NBDP) ntawm (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni50h tom qab (d) MA.
Lub thermal stability ntawm lub iav hloov kub (Tg), subcooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx) thiab crystallization kub (Tx) raws li ib tug muaj nuj nqi ntawm Ni cov ntsiab lus (x) ntawm lub amorphous Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) system tau raug soj ntsuam siv sib txawv scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv nws gas flow.The DSC traces ntawm lub Cu50iZ30, 400000 Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloy hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. 10a, b, e, ntsig txog.While DSC nkhaus ntawm amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 yog qhia cais nyob rau hauv daim duab 10c.Meanwhile, lub Cu50Zr20Ni30 yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov qauv thaum tshav kub kub. Ib. 10d.
Thermal stability ntawm Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG hmoov tau txais tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h, raws li indexed los ntawm iav hloov kub (Tg), crystallization kub (Tx), thiab subcooled kua cheeb tsam (ΔTx). Cu50Zr20Ni30 thiab (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy hmoov tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h.X-ray diffraction (XRD) qauv ntawm Cu50Zr30Ni20 qauv rhuab mus rau ~ 700 ° C hauv DSC yog qhia nyob rau hauv (d).
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 10, DSC nkhaus ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw nrog qhov sib txawv Ni concentrations (x) qhia ob qhov sib txawv, ib qho endothermic thiab lwm qhov exothermic. Thawj qhov kev tshwm sim endothermic sib raug rau Tg, thaum qhov thib ob yog ntsig txog Tx.Qhov kab rov tav span cheeb tsam uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Tg thiab Tx yog hu ua subcooled kua thaj tsam ntawm Tg (Tg). Cu50Zr40Ni10 qauv (Fig. 10a), muab tso rau ntawm 526 ° C thiab 612 ° C, hloov cov ntsiab lus (x) mus rau 20 at.% mus rau qhov qis kub sab ntawm 482 ° C thiab 563 ° C nrog nce Ni cov ntsiab lus (x), feem, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 10b.Txuas li ntawm Δ00. 86 ° C (Fig. 10a) rau 81 ° C rau Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Rau lub MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, nws kuj tau pom tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Tg, Tx thiab ΔTx txo mus rau theem ntawm 447 ° C, 5726 ° C thiab 5726 ° C. nce nyob rau hauv Ni cov ntsiab lus ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub thermal stability ntawm MG alloy.In sib piv, tus nqi Tg (507 ° C) ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy yog qis dua li ntawm MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy; Txawm li cas los xij, nws Tx qhia tau hais tias tus nqi piv rau yav dhau los (612 ° C). Yog li ntawd, ΔTx nthuav tawm tus nqi siab dua (87 ° C), raws li qhia hauv daim duab 10c.
Lub MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix) system, noj cov MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ua piv txwv, crystallizes los ntawm ib tug ntse exothermic ncov mus rau hauv lub siv lead ua theem ntawm fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 thiab orthorhombic-ZrNi (daim duab 1). ntawm MG qauv (Fig. 10d), uas tau rhuab mus rau 700 ° C hauv DSC.
Daim duab 11 qhia cov duab thaij thaum lub caij txias txias ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm tam sim no.Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov iav zoo li cov hmoov hlau ua ke tom qab MA lub sij hawm ntawm 50 h (noj Cu50Zr20Ni30 ua piv txwv) tau siv los ua cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab cov phaj hlau stainless (SUS304) tau coated los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag txias yog cov txheej txheem txias txias yog xaiv cov txheej txheem txias txias. Cov txheej txheem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv thermal spray series thiab tuaj yeem siv rau cov hlau metastable kub rhiab cov ntaub ntawv xws li amorphous thiab nanocrystalline hmoov, uas tsis raug mus rau theem hloov .Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv txoj kev no.Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab uas hloov cov kinetic zog ntawm cov khoom rau hauv cov yas deformation ntawm cov khoom siv los yog cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv yav dhau los.
Cov duab teb qhia cov txheej txheem tshuaj tsuag txias siv rau tsib qhov kev npaj sib law liag ntawm MG txheej / SUS 304 ntawm 550 ° C.
Lub zog kinetic ntawm cov khoom, thiab yog li lub zog ntawm txhua qhov hauv txheej txheej, yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau lwm hom ntawm lub zog los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li cov yas deformation (thawj particle thiab particle-particle sib cuam tshuam hauv cov substrate thiab particle kev sib cuam tshuam), voids Consolidation, particle-particle rotation, strain 3, thiab qhov kawg ntawm tag nrho cov cua sov. hloov mus rau hauv tshav kub thiab lim zog, qhov tshwm sim yog kev sib tsoo elastic, uas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom tsuas yog rov qab los tom qab kev cuam tshuam.Nws tau taw qhia tias 90% ntawm qhov cuam tshuam lub zog siv rau cov khoom siv particle / substrate yog hloov mus rau hauv cov cua sov hauv zos 40 . Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum cuam tshuam kev ntxhov siab yog thov, cov yas siab siab cov nqi tau tiav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv luv 4.
Yas deformation feem ntau suav hais tias yog txheej txheem ntawm lub zog dissipation, lossis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhov chaw tshav kub hauv thaj tsam interfacial.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kub nce hauv thaj tsam interfacial feem ntau tsis txaus los tsim cov interfacial melting los yog txhawb nqa atomic interdiffusion.Tsis muaj ntawv tshaj tawm paub rau cov sau ntawv tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau iav iav no.
BFI ntawm MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy hmoov tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab 12a, uas tau coated ntawm SUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b).Raws li tau pom los ntawm daim duab, cov hmoov coated tuav lawv cov qauv qub amorphous raws li lawv muaj cov qauv zoo nkauj labyrinth yam tsis muaj lwm yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm tes, tsis muaj lwm yam khoom siv lead ua. ntawm ib theem extraneous, raws li qhia los ntawm nanoparticles incorporated rau hauv MG-coated hmoov matrix (Fig. 12a).Daim duab 12c qhia txog cov indexed nanobeam diffraction qauv (NBDP) cuam tshuam nrog cheeb tsam I (Daim duab 12a).Raws li qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 12c, NBDP cov qauv tsis muaj zog aexhifraction thiab exhibitors nrog ntse thaj ua rau thaj ua rau lub crystalline loj cubic Zr2Ni metastable ntxiv rau tetragonal CuO theem.Qhov tsim ntawm CuO tej zaum yuav raug ntaus nqi mus rau oxidation ntawm cov hmoov thaum mus los ntawm lub nozzle ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag phom rau SUS 304 nyob rau hauv lub qhib huab cua nyob rau hauv supersonic flow.Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub devitrification ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag cov hmoov loj tom qab cov iav loj hauv cubic. 550 ° C rau 30 feeb.
(a) FE-HRTEM duab ntawm MG hmoov coated rau (b) SUS 304 substrate (inset ntawm daim duab).Qhov Performance index NBDP ntawm lub voj voog cim qhia nyob rau hauv (a) yog qhia nyob rau hauv (c).
Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov peev txheej no rau kev tsim cov cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles loj, ib qho kev sim ywj pheej tau ua. Hauv qhov kev sim no, cov hmoov tau txau los ntawm rab phom txau ntawm 550 ° C nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm SUS 304 substrate; Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem tawm cov nyhuv annealing ntawm cov hmoov, lawv raug tshem tawm ntawm SUS304 sawb kom sai li sai tau (li 60 vib nas this).
Daim duab 13a, b qhia cov duab tsaus nti (DFI) tau los ntawm kev xa xov xaim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (STEM) ntawm ob cov ntaub ntawv txau tso rau ntawm SUS 304 substrates rau 60 s thiab 180 s, feem. hmoov yog amorphous, raws li qhia los ntawm qhov dav thawj thiab theem nrab diffraction maxima pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 14a.Cov no qhia tias tsis muaj metastable / mesophase nag lossis daus, qhov twg cov hmoov khaws nws cov qauv amorphous qub.Tshwj tsis yog, cov hmoov txau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (550 ° C), tab sis sab laug ntawm lub substrate-substrate rau 800-800 pcs. nplej, raws li cov xub qhia hauv daim duab 13b.