Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv CSS kev txhawb nqa.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis lov tes taw Compatibility Hom hauv Internet Explorer).Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb yuav ua rau lub xaib tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv ua kua muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tshawb fawb txog lub neej thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig.Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, peb tau tsim lub photometer compact thiab pheej yig raws li hlau waveguide capillaries (MCCs) rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev nqus.Txoj kev kho qhov muag tuaj yeem ua tau zoo heev, thiab ntev npaum li lub cev ntev ntawm MWC, vim tias lub teeb tawg los ntawm corrugated du hlau sidewalls tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv capillary tsis hais lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej.Concentrations tsawg li 5.12 nM tuaj yeem ua tiav siv cov chromogenic reagents vim yog qhov tsis yog-linear optical amplification thiab ceev cov qauv hloov thiab kuaj cov piam thaj.
Photometry yog dav siv rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov qauv ua kua vim muaj ntau ntawm cov chromogenic reagents thiab semiconductor optoelectronic devices1,2,3,4,5.Piv nrog rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cuvette-based absorbance, kua waveguide (LWC) capillaries muaj kev cuam tshuam (TIR) ​​​​los ntawm kev ua kom pom lub teeb nyob rau hauv capillary1,2,3,4,5.Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj kev txhim kho ntxiv, txoj kev kho qhov muag tsuas yog nyob ze rau lub cev ntev ntawm LWC3.6, thiab nce LWC ntev tshaj li 1.0 m yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lub teeb muaj zog attenuation thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm npuas, thiab lwm yam.3, 7. Nrog rau kev thov ntau lub xov tooj ntawm tes rau kev txhim kho kho qhov muag, qhov kev kuaj pom tsuas yog txhim kho los ntawm ib qho ntawm 2.5-8.
Tam sim no muaj ob yam tseem ceeb ntawm LWC, uas yog Teflon AF capillaries (muaj qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm tsuas yog ~ 1.3, uas yog qis dua li dej) thiab silica capillaries coated nrog Teflon AF lossis hlau films1,3,4.Txhawm rau ua tiav TIR ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv dielectric, cov khoom siv nrog qhov ntsuas qis qis thiab cov teeb pom kev siab siab yog xav tau 3,6,10.Nrog rau Teflon AF capillaries, Teflon AF yog breathable vim nws cov qauv ntxeem tau 3,11 thiab tuaj yeem nqus cov khoom me me hauv cov qauv dej.Rau quartz capillaries coated sab nraud nrog Teflon AF los yog hlau, qhov refractive index ntawm quartz (1.45) yog siab dua li feem ntau cov qauv ua kua (xws li 1.33 rau dej) 3,6,12,13.Rau capillaries coated nrog ib tug hlau zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv, thauj khoom tau kawm 14,15,16,17,18, tab sis cov txheej txheem txheej yog nyuaj, nto ntawm cov hlau zaj duab xis muaj ib tug ntxhib thiab ntxeem tau qauv 4,19.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev lag luam LWCs (AF Teflon Coated Capillaries thiab AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, Ntiaj Teb Precision Instruments, Inc.) muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, xws li: rau kev ua txhaum..Qhov loj tuag ntim ntawm TIR3,10, (2) T-connector (kom txuas capillaries, fibers, thiab inlet / qhov hluav taws xob raj) tuaj yeem ntxiab cua npuas10.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kuaj mob ntshav qab zib, cirrhosis ntawm daim siab thiab mob hlwb20.thiab ntau txoj kev tshawb pom xws li photometry (xws li spectrophotometric 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 thiab colorimetry ntawm daim ntawv 26, 27, 28), galvanometry 29, 30, 31, fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, optical plasma.37, Fabry-Perot kab noj hniav 38, electrochemistry 39 thiab capillary electrophoresis 40,41 thiab lwm yam.Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem no xav tau cov cuab yeej kim, thiab kev kuaj pom cov piam thaj ntawm ntau qhov nanomolar concentration tseem yog qhov nyuaj (piv txwv li, rau kev ntsuas photometric 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, qhov qis tshaj ntawm cov piam thaj).Qhov kev txwv tsuas yog 30 nM thaum Prussian xiav nanoparticles tau siv los ua peroxidase mimics).Nanomolar glucose analytics feem ntau xav tau rau cov kev tshawb fawb molecular-theem cellular xws li inhibition ntawm tib neeg prostate cancer loj hlob 42 thiab CO2 fixation tus cwj pwm ntawm Prochlorococcus nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv.
Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, ib tug compact, pheej yig photometer raws li ib tug hlau waveguide capillary (MWC), ib tug SUS316L stainless hlau capillary nrog ib tug electropolished sab hauv nto, tau tsim rau kev txiav txim siab absorption ultrasensitive.Txij li thaum lub teeb tuaj yeem raug daig hauv cov hlau capillaries tsis hais lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej, txoj hauv kev kho qhov muag tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog ntau ntxiv los ntawm lub teeb tawg ntawm cov hlau corrugated thiab du, thiab ntev npaum li lub cev ntev ntawm MWC.Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho yooj yim T-connector tau tsim los rau kev sib txuas kho qhov muag thiab cov dej nkag / qhov hluav taws xob kom txo qis qhov ntim tuag thiab tsis txhob muaj npuas npuas.Rau 7 cm MWC photometer, qhov kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev txhim kho los ntawm kwv yees li 3000 zaug piv rau kev lag luam spectrophotometer nrog 1 cm cuvette vim qhov kev txhim kho tshiab ntawm txoj kev tsis-linear kho qhov muag thiab cov qauv hloov pauv sai, thiab cov piam thaj kom pom tseeb kuj tuaj yeem ua tiav.tsuas yog 5.12 nM siv cov chromogenic reagents.
Raws li pom hauv daim duab 1, MWC-raws li photometer muaj 7 cm ntev MWC nrog EP qib electropolished puab nto, 505 nm LED nrog lub lens, adjustable nce photodetector, thiab ob rau optical coupling thiab kua input.Tawm.Peb-txoj kev valve txuas nrog Pike inlet raj yog siv los hloov cov qauv tuaj.Lub Peek raj haum snugly tiv thaiv quartz phaj thiab MWC, yog li cov ntim tuag hauv T-connector yog khaws cia kom tsawg kawg nkaus, tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cua npuas los ntawm kev raug kaw.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nqaj sib tsoo tuaj yeem yooj yim thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv MWC los ntawm T-thooj quartz phaj.
Cov nqaj thiab cov qauv ua kua yog nkag mus rau hauv MCC los ntawm T-thooj, thiab cov nqaj dhau los ntawm MCC tau txais los ntawm lub photodetector.Cov kev daws teeb meem tuaj ntawm cov qauv stained lossis dawb paug tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv ICC los ntawm peb txoj kev valve.Raws li Beer txoj cai, qhov optical ntom ntom ntawm cov qauv xim tuaj yeem xam los ntawm qhov sib npaug.1.10
qhov twg Vcolor thiab Vblank yog cov cim tso zis ntawm lub photodetector thaum xim thiab cov qauv dawb tau qhia rau hauv MCC, raws li, thiab Vdark yog lub teeb liab tom qab ntawm photodetector thaum lub LED raug tua.Kev hloov pauv hauv cov teeb liab tso zis ΔV = Vcolor–Vblank tuaj yeem ntsuas los ntawm kev hloov cov qauv.Raws li qhov sib npaug.Raws li pom hauv daim duab 1, yog tias ΔV me dua Vblank-Vdark, thaum siv cov qauv hloov pauv, cov kev hloov me me hauv Vblank (xws li drift) tuaj yeem cuam tshuam me ntsis ntawm AMWC tus nqi.
Txhawm rau sib piv qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm MWC-raws li photometer nrog cuvette-based spectrophotometer, cov kua roj ntsha liab tau siv los ua cov qauv xim vim nws cov xim zoo nkauj thiab zoo concentration-absorbance linearity, DI H2O ua cov qauv dawb..Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 1, ib tug series ntawm liab number case daws tau npaj los ntawm serial dilution txoj kev siv DI H2O ua hnyav.Tus txheeb ze concentration ntawm cov qauv 1 (S1), undiluted thawj xim liab, tau txiav txim siab raws li 1.0.Ntawm daim duab.Daim duab 2 qhia cov duab kho qhov muag ntawm 11 cov qauv xim liab (S4 txog S14) nrog cov txheeb ze cov ntsiab lus (teev nyob rau hauv Table 1) xws li 8.0 × 10–3 (sab laug) txog 8.2 × 10–10 (txoj cai).
Cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas rau cov qauv 6 yog qhia hauv Fig.3 (a).Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov qauv stained thiab dawb paug yog cim rau hauv daim duab los ntawm ob lub xub "↔".Nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov tso zis hluav taws xob nce nrawm nrawm thaum hloov los ntawm cov qauv xim mus rau cov qauv dawb paug thiab rov ua dua.Vcolor, Vblank thiab qhov sib thooj ΔV tuaj yeem tau txais raws li qhia hauv daim duab.
(a) Kev ntsuas ntsuas rau cov qauv 6, (b) qauv 9, (c) qauv 13, thiab (d) qauv 14 siv MWC-based photometer.
Cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas rau cov qauv 9, 13, thiab 14 yog qhia hauv Fig.3(b)-(d), raws.Raws li pom hauv daim duab 3(d), qhov ntsuas ΔV tsuas yog 5 nV, uas yuav luag 3 npaug ntawm lub suab nrov (2 nV).Ib qho me me ΔV yog qhov nyuaj kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lub suab nrov.Yog li, qhov kev txwv ntawm kev tshawb pom mus txog qhov sib txheeb ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 (piv txwv 14).Nrog kev pab ntawm kev sib npaug.1. AMWC absorbance tuaj yeem xam los ntawm kev ntsuas Vcolor, Vblank thiab Vdark qhov tseem ceeb.Rau lub photodetector nrog nce ntawm 104 Vdark yog -0.68 μV.Cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas rau tag nrho cov qauv tau sau tseg hauv Table 1 thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 1, absorbance pom nyob rau hauv high concentrations saturates, yog li absorbance saum toj no 3.7 tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas nrog MWC-based spectrometers.
Rau kev sib piv, ib tus cwj mem liab kuj tau ntsuas nrog lub spectrophotometer thiab ntsuas Acuvette absorbance yog qhia hauv daim duab 4. Cov Acuvette qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 505 nm (raws li qhia hauv Table 1) tau txais los ntawm kev xa mus rau qhov nkhaus ntawm cov qauv 10, 11, lossis 12 (raws li qhia hauv inset).rau daim duab 4) raws li lub hauv paus.Raws li tau pom, qhov kev kuaj pom tau mus txog qhov txheeb ze ntawm 2.56 x 10-6 (piv txwv 9) vim tias qhov nqus nqus ntawm cov qauv 10, 11 thiab 12 yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib leeg.Yog li, thaum siv MWC-based photometer, qhov kev kuaj pom tau zoo dua los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm 3125 piv rau cuvette-based spectrophotometer.
Dependence absorption-concentration yog nthuav tawm hauv Fig.5.Rau kev ntsuas cuvette, qhov absorbance yog proportional rau tus number case concentration ntawm txoj kab ntev ntawm 1 cm.Txawm li cas los xij, rau MWC-raws li kev ntsuas, qhov tsis yog-linear nce hauv absorbance tau pom nyob rau hauv qis concentrations.Raws li Beer txoj cai, absorbance yog proportional to the optical path length, so the absorption gain AEF (txhais tias yog AEF = AMWC/Acuvette ntawm tib tus number case concentration) yog qhov piv ntawm MWC rau optical path length ntawm cuvette.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 5, ntawm high concentrations, qhov tas li AEF yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 7.0, uas yog tsim nyog vim qhov ntev ntawm MWC yog raws nraim 7 npaug ntawm qhov ntev ntawm 1 cm cuvette. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab (muaj feem xyuam nrog <1.28 × 10-5), AEF nce nrog kev txo qis thiab yuav ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 803 ntawm cov concentration ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 los ntawm kev nthuav tawm qhov nkhaus ntawm cuvette-raws li kev ntsuas. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab (muaj feem xyuam nrog <1.28 × 10-5), AEF nce nrog kev txo qis thiab yuav ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 803 ntawm cov concentration ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 los ntawm kev nthuav tawm qhov nkhaus ntawm cuvette-raws li kev ntsuas. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10–5) AEF увеличивается с уменькицение с уменькижение стигать значения 803 при относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 при экстраполяции кривой измеревения на . Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab (tus txheeb ze concentration <1.28 × 10–5), AEF nce nrog kev txo qis thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 803 ntawm tus txheeb ze concentration ntawm 8.2 × 10–10 thaum extrapolated los ntawm cuvette-raws li ntsuas nkhaus.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5）下，AEF 随着浓度的降低而增加，并且通过度与曲线，在相关浓度为8.2 × 10-10 时将达到803的值。然而，在低浓度（相关浓度 <1.28 × 10-5），，AEF 随着的降低而，并且 通过岟斎曲线，在浓度为 8.2 × 10-10 时达到达到达到 达到803值. Однако при низких концентрациях (релевантные концентрации < 1,28 × 10-5) АЭП увеличивается шнирцитен с умень экстраполяции кривой измерения на основе кюветы она достигает значения относительной концентрации 8,10 × 8,2. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab (tseem muaj qhov sib npaug < 1.28 × 10-5) AED nce nrog kev txo qis, thiab thaum ntxiv los ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas, nws nce mus txog qhov txheeb ze concentration ntawm 8.2 × 10-10 803 .Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo kho qhov muag ntawm 803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), uas ntev npaum li lub cev ntev ntawm MWC, thiab txawm tias ntev tshaj li qhov ntev tshaj plaws muag LWC (500 cm los ntawm World Precision Instruments, Inc.).Doko Engineering LLC muaj qhov ntev ntawm 200 cm).Qhov no tsis yog-linear nce hauv kev nqus hauv LWC tsis tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los.
Ntawm daim duab.6(a)-(c) qhia cov duab kho qhov muag, daim duab microscope, thiab cov duab kho qhov muag ntawm sab hauv ntawm MWC seem, raws li.Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.6(a), sab hauv yog du thiab ci, tuaj yeem pom lub teeb pom kev, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev.Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.6 (b), vim qhov deformability thiab crystalline xwm ntawm cov hlau, me me mes thiab irregularities tshwm rau ntawm tus du nto. Raws li qhov chaw me me (< 5 μm × 5 μm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)). Hauv qhov pom ntawm thaj tsam me me (<5 μm × 5 μm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм × 5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 . нм (6 вис). Vim thaj tsam me me (<5 µm × 5 µm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)).考虑到小面积 (<5 μm × 5 μm), 大多数表面的粗糙度小于 1.2 nm (图6 (c)).考虑到小面积 (<5 μm × 5 μm), 大多数表面的粗糙度小于 1.2 nm (图6 (c)). Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость большинства поверхностей составляет (6 мринет (1 мрине)). Xav txog thaj tsam me me (<5 µm × 5 µm), qhov roughness ntawm feem ntau qhov chaw yog tsawg dua 1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)).
(a) Cov duab kho qhov muag, (b) daim duab microscope, thiab (c) cov duab kho qhov muag ntawm sab hauv ntawm MWC txiav.
Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.7(a), txoj kev kho qhov muag LOP nyob rau hauv lub capillary yog txiav txim los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej θ (LOP = LC / sinθ, qhov twg LC yog lub cev ntev ntawm lub capillary).Rau Teflon AF capillaries uas muaj DI H2O, lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej yuav tsum siab dua lub kaum sab xis tseem ceeb ntawm 77.8 °, yog li LOP tsawg dua 1.02 × LC yam tsis muaj kev txhim kho ntxiv 3.6.Whereas, nrog MWC, kev kaw ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub capillary yog ywj siab ntawm refractive index los yog lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej, yog li ntawd raws li lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej txo, lub teeb txoj kev yuav ntev npaum li cas ntev ntawm lub capillary (LOP » LC).Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.7(b), corrugated hlau nto tuaj yeem ua rau lub teeb tawg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau txoj kev kho qhov muag zoo heev.
Yog li ntawd, muaj ob txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo rau MWC: lub teeb ncaj qha tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam (LOP = LC) thiab sawtooth teeb nrog ntau qhov kev xav ntawm sab phab ntsa (LOP » LC).Raws li Beer txoj cai, qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb xa ncaj qha thiab zigzag tuaj yeem qhia tau raws li PS × exp (-α × LC) thiab PZ × exp (-α × LOP) raws li, qhov tsis tu ncua α yog qhov nqus coefficient, uas nyob ntawm tag nrho ntawm tus number case concentration.
Rau siab concentration number case (xws li, hais txog concentration> 1.28 × 10-5), lub zigzag-lub teeb yog heev attenuated thiab nws siv yog tsawg tshaj li ntawm ncaj-teeb, vim lub loj absorption-coefficient thiab nws ntev npaum li cas optical-txoj kev. Rau siab concentration number case (piv txwv li, hais txog concentration> 1.28 × 10-5), lub zigzag-lub teeb yog heev attenuated thiab nws siv yog tsawg tshaj li ntawm ncaj-teeb, vim lub loj haum-coefficient thiab nws ntau ntev optical-txoj kev. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация > 1,28 × 10-5) зигазагойте звать, Для чернил с высокой концентрацией а его интенсивность намного ниже, чем у прямого света, из-за большого коэффициента поглощонения и гораногорания ого излучения. Rau siab concentration number case (xws li tus txheeb ze concentration> 1.28 × 10-5), lub zigzag lub teeb yog muaj zog attenuated thiab nws siv yog tsawg tshaj li ntawm lub teeb ncaj qha vim lub loj nqus coefficient thiab ntau ntev optical emission.taug qab.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度>1.28 × 10-5），Z字形光衰减很大，其强度远低于翔维数大，光学时间更长.对于 高浓度墨水（例如，浓度浓度> 1.28 × 10-5），z 字形衰减 很大，强度 强度 応吸收 系数 大 光学 时间 更。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, релевантные концентрации > 1,28 × 10-5) зигагообрьлстяй ется, и его интенсивность намного ниже, чем у прямого света из-за большого коэффициента поглощьония и ого времени. Rau siab concentration inks (piv txwv li, muaj feem xyuam concentrations> 1.28 × 10-5), lub zigzag lub teeb yog ho attenuated thiab nws siv yog npaum li cas qis dua lub teeb ncaj qha vim lub loj nqus coefficient thiab lub sij hawm kho qhov muag ntev.txoj kev me me.Yog li, lub teeb ncaj qha tau tswj hwm qhov kev txiav txim siab nqus (LOP = LC) thiab AEF tau khaws cia tas li ntawm ~ 7.0. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, thaum lub absorption-coefficient yog txo nrog txo tus number case concentration (piv txwv li, muaj feem xyuam rau cov concentration <1.28 × 10-5), qhov kev siv ntawm zigzag-lub teeb tsub kom sai dua li ntawm ncaj-light thiab ces zigzag-lub teeb pib ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, thaum lub absorption-coefficient yog txo nrog txo tus number case concentration (piv txwv li, muaj feem xyuam rau cov concentration <1.28 × 10-5), qhov kev siv ntawm zigzag-lub teeb tsub kom sai dua li ntawm ncaj-light thiab ces zigzag-lub teeb pib ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, я 1 цетанос 8 × 10-5), интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем у прямого свегета, и зате бета znый sвет. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thaum qhov nqus coefficient txo qis nrog kev txo tus number case concentration (piv txwv li, tus txheeb ze concentration <1.28 × 10-5), qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb zigzag nce sai dua li lub teeb ncaj qha, thiab tom qab ntawd zigzag lub teeb pib ua si.lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关的浓度 <1.28 × 10-5），Z兺如加得更快，然后Z字形光开始发挥作用一个更重要的角色。相反，当吸收系数随着墨水的降低 而降低时例如例如，相关浓学。形光的强度比 增加得更，然后 z 字形光 发挥 作用一个 重要重要重。 И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, сятример, сявутеватер ,28 × 10-5), интенсивность зигзагообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем прямого, и чогда зигантся быстрее ть более важную роль. Hloov pauv, thaum qhov nqus coefficient txo qis nrog kev txo tus number case concentration (piv txwv li, qhov sib thooj concentration < 1.28 × 10-5), qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb zigzag nce sai dua lub teeb ncaj qha, thiab tom qab ntawd lub teeb zigzag pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua.lub luag haujlwm.Yog li ntawd, vim txoj kev sawtooth kho qhov muag (LOP » LC), AEF tuaj yeem nce ntau dua 7.0.Lub teeb kis tau tus yam ntxwv ntawm MWC tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv waveguide hom kev xav.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev txhim kho txoj kev kho qhov muag, kev hloov pauv ceev kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev tshawb pom.Vim yog lub ntim me me ntawm MCC (0.16 ml), lub sijhawm xav tau los hloov thiab hloov cov kev daws teeb meem hauv MCC tuaj yeem tsawg dua 20 vib nas this.Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 5, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kuaj tau tus nqi ntawm AMWC (2.5 × 10–4) yog 4 npaug qis dua ntawm Acuvette (1.0 × 10–3).Kev hloov ceev ceev ntawm cov kua dej ntws hauv capillary txo cov nyhuv ntawm lub suab nrov (xws li drift) ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov sib txawv absorbance piv rau cov tshuaj tuav hauv cuvette.Piv txwv li, raws li qhia hauv daim duab.3(b)-(d), ΔV tuaj yeem yooj yim sib txawv ntawm lub teeb liab drift vim qhov hloov pauv ceev hauv cov ntim me me capillary.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 2, ib tug ntau yam ntawm qabzib cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam concentrations tau npaj siv DI H2O ua hnyav.Cov qauv stained lossis dawb paug tau npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov kua qabzib lossis cov dej deionized nrog cov tshuaj chromogenic ntawm cov piam thaj oxidase (Vajtswv) thiab peroxidase (POD) 37 nyob rau hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 3: 1, raws li.Ntawm daim duab.8 qhia cov duab kho qhov muag ntawm cuaj cov qauv stained (S2-S10) nrog cov piam thaj ntau ntawm 2.0 mM (sab laug) txog 5.12 nM (txoj cai).Redness txo qis nrog txo cov piam thaj concentration.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm cov qauv 4, 9, thiab 10 nrog MWC-raws li photometer tau qhia hauv daim duab.9(a)-(c), raws.Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.9(c), qhov ntsuas ΔV ua rau qis qis thiab maj mam nce thaum lub sij hawm ntsuas raws li cov xim ntawm GOD-POD reagent nws tus kheej (txawm tias tsis ntxiv cov piam thaj) maj mam hloov hauv lub teeb.Yog li, kev ntsuas ΔV ua tiav tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua rau cov qauv nrog cov piam thaj tsawg dua 5.12 nM (piv txwv 10), vim tias thaum ΔV me me txaus, qhov tsis ruaj khov ntawm GOD-POD reagent tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej ntxiv lawm.Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txwv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov kua qab zib yog 5.12 nM, txawm hais tias qhov sib thooj ΔV tus nqi (0.52 µV) loj dua li tus nqi suab nrov (0.03 µV), qhia tias qhov me me ΔV tseem tuaj yeem kuaj pom.Qhov kev txwv no tuaj yeem txhim kho ntxiv los ntawm kev siv cov chromogenic reagents ruaj khov dua.
(a) Kev ntsuas ntsuas rau cov qauv 4, (b) qauv 9, thiab (c) qauv 10 siv MWC-based photometer.
AMWC absorbance tuaj yeem suav nrog kev ntsuas Vcolor, Vblank thiab Vdark qhov tseem ceeb.Rau lub photodetector nrog nce ntawm 105 Vdark yog -0.068 μV.Kev ntsuas rau txhua qhov qauv tuaj yeem teeb tsa hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv.Rau kev sib piv, cov qauv qabzib kuj tau ntsuas nrog lub spectrophotometer thiab ntsuas qhov nqus ntawm Acuvette mus txog qhov txwv tsis pub tshaj 0.64 µM (piv txwv 7) raws li qhia hauv daim duab 10.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm absorbance thiab concentration yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim duab 11. Nrog rau MWC-raws li photometer, 125-fold kev txhim kho hauv kev kuaj pom tau ua tiav piv rau cuvette-based spectrophotometer.Qhov kev txhim kho no yog qis dua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tus cwj mem liab vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Vajtswv-POD reagent.Ib qho tsis-linear nce hauv absorbance ntawm tsawg concentrations kuj tau pom.
MWC-raws li photometer tau tsim los rau ultra-sensitive nrhiav kom tau cov qauv ua kua.Txoj kev kho qhov muag tuaj yeem ua tau zoo heev, thiab ntev npaum li lub cev ntev ntawm MWC, vim tias lub teeb tawg los ntawm corrugated du hlau sidewalls tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv capillary tsis hais lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej.Concentrations tsawg li 5.12 nM tuaj yeem ua tiav siv cov pa GOD-POD reagents ua tsaug rau qhov tsis yog-linear optical amplification thiab ceev cov qauv hloov thiab kuaj cov piam thaj.Qhov no compact thiab pheej yig photometer yuav tau dav siv nyob rau hauv lub neej sciences thiab ib puag ncig saib xyuas rau kab mob.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab 1, MWC-raws li photometer muaj 7 cm ntev MWC ( puab txoj kab uas hla 1.7 hli, txheej txoj kab uas hla 3.18 hli, EP chav kawm electropolished puab nto, SUS316L stainless hlau capillary), ib tug 505 nm wavelength LED (Thorlabs M505F1), thiab cov lo ntsiab muag (detlabs M505F1), detector degree 4. 50C) thiab ob lub T-connectors rau kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag thiab cov kua hauv / tawm.Lub T-connector yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm pob tshab quartz phaj rau PMMA raj rau hauv MWC thiab Peek hlab (0.72 hli ID, 1.6 hli OD, Vici Valco Corp.) yog nruj nreem kaw thiab kaw.Peb-txoj kev valve txuas nrog Pike inlet raj yog siv los hloov cov qauv tuaj.Lub photodetector tuaj yeem hloov qhov tau txais lub hwj chim kho qhov muag P mus rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob amplified voltage N × V (qhov twg V / P = 1.0 V / W ntawm 1550 nm, nce N tuaj yeem hloov kho manually hauv thaj tsam ntawm 103-107).Rau brevity, V yog siv los ntawm N × V raws li cov zis teeb liab.
Hauv kev sib piv, kev lag luam spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies Cary 300 series nrog R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) nrog 1.0 cm cuvette cell kuj tau siv los ntsuas qhov nqus ntawm cov kua kuaj.
Sab hauv ntawm MWC txiav tau raug tshuaj xyuas siv qhov chaw kho qhov muag profiler (ZYGO New View 5022) nrog kev daws teeb meem ntsug thiab sab nraud ntawm 0.1 nm thiab 0.11 µm, feem.
Tag nrho cov tshuaj (qib tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, tsis muaj kev lim dej ntxiv) tau yuav los ntawm Sichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Cov khoom siv kuaj ntshav qab zib muaj xws li qabzib oxidase (Vajtswv), peroxidase (POD), 4-aminoantipyrine thiab phenol, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj chromogenic tau npaj los ntawm GOD-POD 37 ib txwm siv txoj kev.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 2, muaj ntau yam kev daws teeb meem ntawm ntau cov concentrations tau npaj siv DI H2O raws li ib tug diluent siv ib tug serial dilution txoj kev (saib cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv kom paub meej).Npaj cov qauv stained los yog dawb paug los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov kua qab zib lossis dej deionized nrog cov tshuaj chromogenic nyob rau hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 3: 1, raws li.Tag nrho cov qauv tau muab khaws cia ntawm 37 ° C tiv thaiv lub teeb rau 10 feeb ua ntej ntsuas.Hauv txoj kev Vajtswv-POD, cov qauv stained tig liab nrog qhov nqus siab tshaj plaws ntawm 505 nm, thiab qhov nqus tau yuav luag sib npaug rau cov piam thaj concentration.
Raws li pom nyob rau hauv Table 1, ib tug series ntawm number case liab daws (Ostrich Ink Co., Ltd., Tianjin, Suav teb) tau npaj los ntawm serial dilution txoj kev siv DI H2O ua hnyav.
Yuav ua li cas hais txog kab lus no: Bai, M. et al.Compact photometer raws li hlau waveguide capillaries: rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar concentrations ntawm qabzib.kev kawm.5, 10476. doi: 10.1038/srep10476 (2015).
Hnav khaub ncaws, P. & Franke, H. nce qhov tseeb ntawm cov kua tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab pH-tus nqi tswj siv cov kua-core waveguide. Hnav khaub ncaws, P. & Franke, H. nce qhov tseeb ntawm cov kua tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab pH-tus nqi tswj siv cov kua-core waveguide.Hnav khaub ncaws, P. thiab Franke, H. Txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm cov kua tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab kev tswj pH nrog cov kua core waveguide. Hnav khaub ncaws, P. & Franke, H. 使用液芯波导提高液体分析和pH 值控制的准确性. Hnav khaub ncaws, P. & Franke, H. 使用液芯波导提高液体分析和pHHnav khaub ncaws, P. thiab Franke, H. Txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm cov kua tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab pH tswj siv cov kua core waveguides.Hloov mus rau science.meter.68, 2167–2171 (1997).
Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Nruam colorimetric kev txiav txim siab ntawm kab ammonium nyob rau hauv seawater nrog ib tug ntev-txoj kev ua kua waveguide capillary cell. Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Nruam colorimetric kev txiav txim siab ntawm kab ammonium nyob rau hauv seawater nrog ib tug ntev-txoj kev ua kua waveguide capillary cell.Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ thiab Hansel, DA Nruam colorimetric kev txiav txim siab ntawm ib txoj lw ammonium nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv siv ib tug capillary cell nrog ib tug ua kua waveguide. Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA 用长程液体波导毛细管连续比色测定海水中的痕量铵. Li, QP, Zhang, J. Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA.Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ thiab Hansel, DA Nruam colorimetric kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov kab ntawm ammonium nyob rau hauv seawater siv ntev-ntau cov kua waveguide capillaries.Chemistry hauv lub Peb Hlis.96, 73–85 (2005).
Páscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV & Rangel, AOSS Review ntawm cov kev siv tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua waveguide capillary cell nyob rau hauv txaus raws li kev soj ntsuam cov tswv yim los txhim kho qhov rhiab heev ntawm spectroscopic nrhiav kom tau txoj kev. Páscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV & Rangel, AOSS Review ntawm cov kev siv tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua waveguide capillary cell nyob rau hauv txaus raws li kev soj ntsuam cov tswv yim los txhim kho qhov rhiab heev ntawm spectroscopic nrhiav kom tau txoj kev.Pascoa, RNMJ, Toth, IV thiab Rangel, AOSS Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntawv thov tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua waveguide capillary cell hauv cov txheej txheem ntws los txhawm rau txhim kho qhov rhiab heev ntawm spectroscopic nrhiav txoj hauv kev. Páscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV & Rangel, AOSS thiab AOSS方法的灵敏度. Páscoa, rnmj, tóth, IV & rangel, aoss 回顾 液体 毛细管 单元 在 基于的 分析 技术 中的 揳飰 ，的 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度Pascoa, RNMJ, Toth, IV thiab Rangel, AOSS Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntawv thov tsis ntev los no ntawm cov kua waveguide capillary hlwb hauv cov txheej txheem ntws raws li kev txheeb xyuas los txhim kho qhov kev xav ntawm spectroscopic nrhiav kom tau txoj kev.qhov quav.Chim.Txoj Cai 739, 1-13 (2012).
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Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar concentrations ntawm phosphate hauv cov dej ntuj siv cov dej ntws nrog txoj kev ntev ntev ua kua waveguide capillary cell thiab solid-state spectrophotometric detection. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar concentrations ntawm phosphate hauv cov dej ntuj siv cov dej ntws nrog txoj kev ntev ntev ua kua waveguide capillary cell thiab solid-state spectrophotometric detection.Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM thiab Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar phosphate concentrations hauv cov dej ntuj siv cov dej ntws nrog cov kua waveguide capillary cell thiab solid-state spectrophotometric detection. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ yog tus tsim tawm纳摩尔浓度的磷酸盐. Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM & Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm phosphate concentration nyob rau hauv cov dej ntuj siv cov kua syringe thiab ntev-ntev kua waveguide capillary raj.Gimbert, LJ, Haygarth, PM thiab Worsfold, PJ Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nanomolar phosphate hauv cov dej ntuj uas siv cov dej ntws thiab capillary waveguide nrog txoj kev kho qhov muag ntev thiab kev kuaj xyuas lub xeev spectrophotometric.Taranta 71, 1624–1628 (2007).
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