Ederede Editor: Pharmaceutical Online nwere obi ụtọ iweta akụkọ akụkụ anọ a gbasara ịgbado ọkụ orbital nke bioprocess piping site n'aka ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ Barbara Henon nke Arc Machines. Edere isiokwu a site na ihe ngosi Dr. Henon na ogbako ASME na ngwụcha afọ gara aga.
Gbochie ọnwụ nke corrosion resistance.High ịdị ọcha mmiri dị ka DI ma ọ bụ WFI bụ nnọọ ike ike etchant maka igwe anaghị agba nchara. Ọzọkwa, pharmaceutical ọkwa WFI na-cycled na elu okpomọkụ (80 Celsius C) ịnọgide na-enwe sterility.There bụ a aghụghọ dị iche n'etiti mbelata okpomọkụ zuru ezu iji na-akwado ndụ ntule na-egbu egbu na-emeputa na-agba aja aja "Rogeu na-eme ka ihe nkiri na-eme ka ọkụ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu. nke dị iche iche mejupụtara mere site corrosion nke igwe anaghị agba nchara piping usoro components.Dirt na ígwè oxides nwere ike ịbụ isi components, ma dị iche iche ụdị nke ígwè, chromium na nickel nwekwara ike ịbụ ugbu. The ọnụnọ nke rouge bụ egbu egbu na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na ọnụnọ ya nwere ike iduga n'ihu corrosion, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụnọ ya na usoro ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ dị mma.
Ịgbado ọkụ nwere ike imetụta ihe mgbochi corrosion n'ụzọ dị njọ. Acha ọkụ na-esi na oxidizing ihe a na-etinye na welds na HAZs n'oge ịgbado ọkụ, na-emerụ ahụ karịsịa, na-ejikọta ya na nhazi nke rouge na usoro mmiri ọgwụ. Chromium oxide nhazi nwere ike ime ka tint na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ahapụ n'azụ chromium-depleted oyi akwa na-ewepụ ya corros. wepụ metal si n'elu, gụnyere n'okpuru chromium-depleted oyi akwa, na iweghachi corrosion iguzogide etoju nso isi metal level. Otú ọ dị, pickling na egweri bụ detrimental ka elu finish.Passivation nke piping usoro na nitric acid ma ọ bụ chelating gị n'ụlọnga formulations na-mere iji merie ọjọọ mmetụta nke ịgbado ọkụ na-emepụta tupu a na-etinye usoro piping na-etinye n'ime mgbanwe electron nke chepụtara cherị na-egosi mgbanwe mgbanwe nke electron. oxygen, chromium, ígwè, nickel na manganese nke mere na weld na okpomọkụ emetụta mpaghara na tupu weld state. Otú ọ dị, passivation naanị emetụta elu elu oyi akwa na ọ dịghị banye n'okpuru 50 angstroms, ebe thermal coloration nwere ike ịgbatị 1000 angstroms ma ọ bụ karịa n'okpuru elu.
Ya mere, iji wụnye sistemu ọkpọkọ na-eguzogide corrosion na nso ihe ndị na-adịghị welded, ọ dị mkpa iji gbalịa igbochi ịgbado ọkụ na mmebi nke mmepụta ihe na ọkwa nke nwere ike nwetaghachi nke ọma site na passivation. Nke a na-achọ iji ihe na-ekpochapụ gas na obere ikuku oxygen na nnyefe n'ime dayameta nke nkwonkwo welded na-enweghị mmetọ site na ikuku ikuku oxygen ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-ezere n'ime ikuku ikuku nke ikuku oxygen ma ọ bụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. dị mkpa iji gbochie nkwụsị nke nkwụsị nke corrosion. Ịchịkwa usoro mmepụta ihe iji nweta welds dị elu na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana iji nlezianya na-edozi ọkpọkọ igwe anaghị agba nchara na ihe ndị dị n'oge mmepụta ihe iji gbochie mmetọ, bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa maka usoro ọkpọkọ dị elu nke na-eguzogide corrosion ma na-enye ọrụ na-arụpụta ogologo oge.
Materials eji na elu-ọcha biopharmaceutical igwe anaghị agba nchara piping usoro emeela evolushọn ka mma corrosion eguzogide n'ime gara aga iri afọ.Most igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eji tupu 1980 bụ 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara n'ihi na ọ bụ dịtụ ọnụ ala na nkwalite n'elu ọla kọpa na-eji na mbụ. N'ezie, 300 usoro igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ dịtụ mfe ka fusion eguzogide , nwere ike na-eme ka igwe anaghị agba nchara na-enweghị nchara na-enweghị nchara, na-enweghị ike ime ka igwe anaghị agba nchara. achọghị ọgwụgwọ preheat pụrụ iche na post okpomọkụ.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, iji 316 igwe anaghị agba nchara na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dị ọcha na-arịwanye elu. Ụdị 316 yiri nke a na-ejikọta na Ụdị 304, ma na mgbakwunye na chromium na nickel alloying element na-ejikọta ma, 316 nwere ihe dị ka 2% molybdenum, nke na-eme ka 316 dị elu na-eguzogide corrosion na 3Ly4 dị ka 3Ty4. "L" akara ule, nwere obere carbon dị ala karịa ọkwa ọkwa (0.035% vs. 0.08%). Mbelata a na ọdịnaya carbon bụ iji belata oke mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ike ime n'ihi ịgbado ọkụ. Nke a bụ nhazi nke chromium carbide, nke na-eme ka njedebe ọka nke chromium base metal, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-akpọ chromium. oge na okpomọkụ dabere na bụ nnukwu nsogbu mgbe soldering aka. Anyị egosila na orbital ịgbado ọkụ nke super-austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara AL-6XN na-enye ihe corrosion eguzogide welds karịa yiri welds mere site hand.This bụ n'ihi na orbital ịgbado ọkụ na-enye ziri ezi akara nke amperage, pulsation na oge, welding na a ala na ọzọ welding welding n'ime akwụkwọ ntuziaka ka L. 304 na 316 fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ mmiri ozuzo carbide dị ka ihe na-ebute mmepe nke corrosion na sistemụ ọkpọkọ.
Okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ mgbanwe nke igwe anaghị agba nchara. Ọ bụ ezie na ịgbado ọkụ parameters na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike nọ na-n'ime pụtara uko tolerances, a ka nwere ndị dị iche iche na okpomọkụ input chọrọ weld igwe anaghị agba nchara si okpomọkụ ka heat.A okpomọkụ nọmba bụ nza nọmba ekenye ka a kpọmkwem igwe anaghị agbaze na factory.The kpọmkwem chemical mejupụtara nke ọ bụla ogbe na-dere na Factory Test Report na okpomọkụ ígwè na-agbaze na ọnụ ọgụgụ (MTR). 1538 ° C (2800 ° F), mgbe alloyed ọla agbaze n'ime a nso nke okpomọkụ, dabere na ụdị na ịta nke ọ bụla alloy ma ọ bụ Chọpụta element ugbu a. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị okpomọkụ abụọ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara ga-ebu kpọmkwem otu ịta nke ọ bụla element, ịgbado ọkụ àgwà ga-adịgasị iche site na ọkụ ka ọkụ.
SEM nke 316L pipe orbital welds na AOD pipe (n'elu) na ihe EBR (n'okpuru) gosipụtara ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na ire ụtọ nke weld bead.
Ọ bụ ezie na otu usoro ịgbado ọkụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ okpomọkụ na OD yiri ya na mgbidi mgbidi, ụfọdụ okpomọkụ na-achọ obere amperage na ụfọdụ chọrọ amperage dị elu karịa ụdị. N'ihi nke a, a ghaghị iji nlezianya nyochaa ikpo ọkụ nke ihe dị iche iche na saịtị ọrụ iji zere nsogbu ndị nwere ike.
Sulfur nsogbu.Elemental sọlfọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ọcha metụtara ígwè ore nke a na-ewepụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'oge nhazi ígwè.AISI Ụdị 304 na 316 igwe anaghị agba nchara na-kpọmkwem na kasị sulfur ọdịnaya nke 0.030% .Na mmepe nke oge a ígwè refining Filiks, dị ka Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) na dual-eme ka Vacuum na-agbaze dị ka Vacuum Vacuum na-agbaze dị ka Vacuum Vacuum na-agbaze. Arc Remelting (VIM + VAR), ọ na-aghọ ike na-emepụta nchara ndị pụrụ nnọọ iche na ụzọ ndị a. ha chemical mejupụtara.Ọ e kwuru na Njirimara nke weld ọdọ mmiri na-agbanwe mgbe sulfur ọdịnaya nke ígwè bụ n'okpuru banyere 0.008% . Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmetụta nke sọlfọ na ka a obere ihe ndị ọzọ na okpomọkụ ọnụọgụ nke elu àgwà nke mmiri mmiri eruba ọdọ mmiri nke weld mmiri.
Na obere sọlfọ ntanye (0.001% - 0.003%), penetration nke weld puddle na-aghọ nnọọ mbara tụnyere yiri welds mere na ọkara sọlfọ ọdịnaya material.Welds mere on ala sọlfọ igwe anaghị agba nchara ọkpọkọ ga- wider welds, mgbe na thicker mgbidi ọkpọkọ (0.065 sentimita, ma ọ bụ 1.66 mm na-eme ka a na-enwe recessency a ga-eme ka a na-enwe recessency). ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a bụ zuru ezu na-emepụta a n'ụzọ zuru ezu penetrated weld.This na-eme ka ihe ndị nwere nnọọ ala sọlfọ ọdịnaya ihe siri ike weld, karịsịa na thicker mgbidi.At elu njedebe nke sọlfọ ịta na 304 ma ọ bụ 316 igwe anaghị agba nchara, na weld bead nēche na-erughị mmiri mmiri na ọdịdị na rougher karịa ọkara sọlfọ ihe. Ya mere, nke kacha mma maka weld5 ọdịnaya nke range0. ruo 0.017%, dị ka akọwapụtara na ASTM A270 S2 maka tubing dị mma ọgwụ.
Na-emepụta nke electropolished igwe anaghị agba nchara anwụrụ achọpụtala na ọbụna agafeghị oke etoju nke sọlfọ na 316 ma ọ bụ 316L igwe anaghị agba nchara-eme ka o siri ike izute mkpa nke ha semiconductor na biopharmaceutical ahịa maka ire ụtọ, olulu-free ime surfaces.The ojiji nke ịgụ isiokwu electron microscopy iji nyochaa na ire ụtọ nke tube elu imecha na-esiwanye na-emekarị na-abụghị e gosiri n'ụdị na-abụghị nke metal egosi. manganese sulfide (MnS) "stringers" nke a na-ewepụ n'oge electropolishing na-ahapụ oghere na 0.25-1.0 micron nso.
Nsukka na suppliers nke electropolished tubes na-anya ahịa kwupụta ojiji nke ultra-ala sọlfọ ihe izute ha elu imecha chọrọ.However, nsogbu na-ejedebeghị na electropolished tubes, dị ka na-abụghị electropolished tubes na inclusions na-ewepụ n'oge passivation nke piping system.Voids e gosiri na-adị mfe ka pitting n'ebe ahụ na-emekarị ka ire ụtọ n'ebe ụfọdụ na-eme ka ire ụtọ n'elu ebe na-adị ire ụtọ n'ebe ụfọdụ. ihe "dị ọcha".
Arc deflection.Na mgbakwunye na imeziwanye weldability nke igwe anaghị agba nchara, ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ sọlfọ nwekwara mma machinability. N'ihi ya, emepụta na-emepụta na-emekarị na-ahọrọ ihe na elu njedebe nke kpọmkwem sọlfọ ọdịnaya range.Welding tubing na dị nnọọ ala sọlfọ ịta, valves ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ tubing na elu sulfur ọdịnaya nwere ike ime ka a welding tubing nsogbu nwere ike ime ka welding tubing nwere ike ime ka welding bile nwere nsogbu. ọdịnaya.Mgbe arc deflection emee, ntinye na-aghọ miri n'akụkụ ala-sulfur karịa na elu-sulfur akụkụ, nke bụ ihe megidere nke ihe na-eme mgbe ịgbado ọkụ ọkpọkọ na kenha sọlfọ concentrations.N'okwu ndị dị oké njọ, weld bead nwere ike kpamkpam banye n'ime ala-sulfur ihe na-ahapụ n'ime ime nke weld kpamkpam unfused (Fihey na Simene2au usoro nke 19). sọlfọ ọdịnaya nke ọkpọkọ, na Carpenter Steel Division of Car-penter Technology Corporation of Pennsylvania ka ẹkenam a ala sọlfọ (0.005% max) 316 mmanya ngwaahịa (Ụdị 316L-SCQ) (VIM + VAR) ) n'ihi na imewe nke oyiyi akwa na ndị ọzọ components zubere ka welded na ala sọlfọ ọkpọkọ. Welding ngwa ngwa dị ala karịa sọlfọ ọ bụla ọzọ dị ala karịa sọlfọ ọ bụla ọzọ. ihe na sọlfọ dị elu.
Ngbanwe na-eji obere sọlfọ tubes bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa iji nweta ezigbo electropolished n'ime tube surfaces.Mgbe elu imecha na electropolishing dị mkpa ma semiconductor ụlọ ọrụ na biotech / ọgwụ ụlọ ọrụ, SEMI, mgbe na-ede semiconductor ụlọ ọrụ nkọwa, kpọmkwem na 316L tubing maka usoro gas edoghi ga-enwe a 4% 0sulface arụmọrụ nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. ends.ASTM, n'aka nke ọzọ, gbanwetụrụ ASTM 270 nkọwapụta ha na-agụnye ọgwụ-ọkwa tubing nke na-amachi sọlfọ ọdịnaya na nso nke 0.005 ka 0.017%.Nke a kwesịrị ịkpata obere ịgbado ọkụ ihe isi ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ala nso sulfur. Otú ọ dị, e kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ọbụna n'ime nke a mmachi pipe-sulfur nwere ike na-eme ka sulfur ọkpọkọ nwere ike na-eme. ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ ihe nrụnye, na installers kwesịrị nlezianya soro kpo oku nke ihe onwunwe na-elele tupu mmepụta Solder ndakọrịta n'etiti kpo oku. Mmepụta welds.
Achọpụtara ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere sọlfọ, oxygen, aluminom, silicon na manganese na-emetụta penetration. Chọpụta ọnụọgụ nke aluminom, silicon, calcium, titanium na chromium dị na ntọala ntọala dị ka oxide inclusions jikọtara ya na nhazi slag n'oge ịgbado ọkụ.
Mmetụta nke ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na-ejikọta ọnụ, ya mere ọnụnọ oxygen nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta sọlfọ dị ala. High larịị nke aluminum nwere ike imeri mmetụta dị mma na penetration sulfur.Manganese volatilizes na welding okpomọkụ na nkwụnye ego na welding okpomọkụ-emetụta zone. Ndị a manganese nkwụnye ego na-ejikọta na ọnwụ nke corrosion resistance. manganese na ọbụna ultra-low manganese 316L ihe iji gbochie nke a ọnwụ nke corrosion iguzogide.
Slag formation.Slag isuo mgbe ụfọdụ na-egosi na igwe anaghị agba nchara bead ụfọdụ heats.This bụ inherently a ihe nke, ma mgbe ụfọdụ mgbanwe na ịgbado ọkụ parameters nwere ike belata nke a, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na argon / hydrogen ngwakọta nwere ike melite weld.Pollard chọpụtara na ruru nke aluminum ka silicon na isi metal na-emetụta slag formation.To igbochi guzobe nke na-achọghị na-achọghị na aluminum-atụ aro ọdịnaya. 0.010% na ọdịnaya silicon na 0.5% . Otú ọ dị, mgbe Al / Si ratio dị n'elu ọkwa a, sppherical slag nwere ike ịmepụta karịa ụdị plaque. Ụdị slag a nwere ike ịhapụ olulu mgbe electropolishing gasịrị, nke na-adịghị anabata maka ngwa dị elu dị ọcha. Agwaetiti Slag nke na-etolite na OD nke weld nwere ike ime ka ngafe na-adịghị mma na ntinye nke ID ahụ. Ibe weld ID nwere ike nwee ike ịdaba na corrosion.
Single-agba ọsọ weld na pulsation.Standard akpaka orbital tube ịgbado ọkụ bụ otu ngafe weld na pulsed ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na-agba ọsọ rotation.This Usoro bụ adabara ọkpọkọ na n'èzí diameters si 1/8" na mkpokọta 7" na mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ nke 0.083" na n'okpuru.Peter a timed tupu purge, rụzuo na mgbidi arcing n'oge a na-egbu oge nke tube. arcing dị ma ọ dịghị ntụgharị ọ bụla na-eme. Mgbe oge ntụgharị a gasịrị, electrode na-atụgharị gburugburu nkwonkwo weld ruo mgbe weld na-ejikọta ma ọ bụ na-ekpuchi akụkụ mbụ nke weld n'oge oyi akwa ikpeazụ nke ịgbado ọkụ. Mgbe njikọ ahụ zuru ezu, nke ugbu a na-apụ na nkwụsị oge.
Nzọụkwụ mode ("synchronized" ịgbado ọkụ) .N'ihi fusion ịgbado ọkụ nke thicker walled ihe, a ukwuu karịa 0.083 inch, na Fusion ịgbado ọkụ ike isi iyi nwere ike ji mee synchronous ma ọ bụ nzọụkwụ mode.In synchronous ma ọ bụ nzọụkwụ mode, na ịgbado ọkụ ugbu usu na-synchronized na ọrịa strok, ya mere rotor na-eguzo n'oge kacha elu penetration na-akpali n'oge ugbu a elu penetration . usoro na-eji ogologo usu ugboro, na usoro nke 0,5 ka 1.5 sekọnd, tụnyere iri ma ọ bụ narị otu narị nke abụọ usu oge maka ot ịgbado ọkụ.This Usoro nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè weld 0,154 "ma ọ bụ 6" oké 40 nlele 40 mkpa mgbidi anwụrụ na 0.154" ma ọ bụ 6. steepụ mgbidi gbara ọkpụrụkpụ na 6. na-anabata ma na-enye aka maka ịgbado ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ akụkụ dị ka ọkpọkọ oyiyi akwa na ọkpọkọ ebe e nwere ike dị iche iche na akụkụ tolerances, ụfọdụ adịghị mma ma ọ bụ Material thermal incompatibility.This ụdị ịgbado ọkụ chọrọ ihe dị ka ugboro abụọ arc oge nke ot ịgbado ọkụ na-erughị adabara ultra-elu-ọcha (UHP) ngwa n'ihi na wider, ike siri ike ngwa.
Programmable variables.The ugbu a ọgbọ nke ịgbado ọkụ ike isi mmalite bụ microprocessor dabeere na ụlọ ahịa mmemme na ezipụta ọnụọgụgụ ụkpụrụ maka ịgbado ọkụ parameters maka a kpọmkwem dayameta (OD) na mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ nke ọkpọkọ ga-welded, gụnyere ihicha oge, ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a, njem ọsọ (RPM) ), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke n'ígwé na oge kwa oyi akwa, usu oge, n'ihi downhill oge na waya tube ga-agbakwunyere usoro ihe omume. ọsọ, ọwa oscillation amplitude na ibi oge, AVC (arc voltaji akara na-enye mgbe niile arc ọdịiche), na upslope.To ịrụ fusion ịgbado ọkụ, wụnye ịgbado ọkụ isi na kwesịrị ekwesị electrode na ọkpọkọ mwekota inserts na ọkpọkọ na-echeta ịgbado ọkụ oge ma ọ bụ mmemme site na ike isi iyi memory.The ịgbado ọkụ usoro na-amalite site ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ welding ọrụ na-enweghị na-arụ ọrụ panel welding.
Na-abụghị programmable variables. Iji nweta anọgide ezi weld àgwà, na ịgbado ọkụ parameters ga-akpachara anya na-achịkwa.Nke a na-enweta site na izi ezi nke ịgbado ọkụ isi iyi na ịgbado ọkụ mmemme, nke a set nke ntụziaka banyere n'ime ike isi iyi, esịnede welding parameters, n'ihi na ịgbado ọkụ a kpọmkwem size nke ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ pipe.There ga-abụkwa ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma set nke ịgbado ọkụ na ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ na spesipekte welding ụkpụrụ, welding ụkpụrụ na-anakwere ụkpụrụ na sppence. usoro iji jide n'aka na ịgbado ọkụ na-ezute ụkpụrụ ndị a kwadoro. Otú ọ dị, a ghaghị iji nlezianya chịkwaa ihe ụfọdụ na usoro ndị ọzọ karịa welding parameters. Ihe ndị a na-agụnye iji ngwá ọrụ nkwadebe dị mma na njedebe dị mma, omume nhicha na njikwa dị mma, mma akụkụ dị mma nke tubing ma ọ bụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke a na-agbado, ụdị tungsten na-agbanwe agbanwe na nha, nnukwu ikuku inert dị ọcha, na nlezianya anya - ihe dị iche iche dị elu.
Ihe ndị a chọrọ maka nkwadebe maka ịgbado ọkụ nke ọkpọkọ dị oké mkpa maka ịgbado ọkụ orbital karịa akwụkwọ ntuziaka. Nkwekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ maka ịgbado ọkụ na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbagwoju anya square butt. Iji nweta mmeghachi omume a chọrọ na ịgbado ọkụ orbital, kpọmkwem, na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-achọ nkwadebe njedebe machined. Ebe ọ bụ na ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a na-adabere na mgbidi mgbidi, njedebe ga-abụ square na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla burrs ma ọ bụ ID ID), ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche ga-esi na ya pụta. ọkpụrụkpụ.
Ngwunye ọkpọkọ ga-adabara ọnụ na isi weld ka ọ ghara ịhụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti njedebe nke square butt. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-emecha nkwonkwo nkwonkwo na obere oghere nwere ike imezu ya, àgwà weld nwere ike imetụta nsogbu ahụ. obere njedebe nkwadebe lathes dị ka ndị mere site Protem, Wachs, na ndị ọzọ, na-ejikarị eme ka ire ụtọ ọgwụgwụ orbital welds kwesịrị ekwesị maka machining .Iri nkwọ, hacksaws, band saws na tubing cutters adịghị adabara nzube a.
Na mgbakwunye na welding parameters that input power to weld, e nwere ndị ọzọ variables nwere ike inwe mmetụta miri emi na ịgbado ọkụ, ma ha abụghị akụkụ nke n'ezie ịgbado ọkụ usoro.Nke a na-agụnye ụdị na size nke tungsten, ụdị na ịdị ọcha nke gas na-eji na-echebe na arc na-ekpochapụ n'ime nke weld nkwonkwo, na gas eruba ọnụego na-eji na-asachapụ, na-eji ụdị nke isi na isi iyi nke isi iyi nke ozi ndị a dị mkpa anyị. Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe "na-abụghị mmemme" ma dekọọ ha na nhazi oge ịgbado ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewere ụdị gas dị ka ihe dị mkpa na nhazi usoro ịgbado ọkụ (WPS) maka usoro ịgbado ọkụ iji kwado ASME Nkebi nke IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Mgbanwe na ụdị gas ma ọ bụ ngwakọta gas, ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ nke usoro nkwụghachi nke ID.
ịgbado ọkụ gas.Stainless ígwè bụ eguzogide ikuku oxygen oxidation na ụlọ okpomọkụ.Mgbe ọ na-ewe iwe ọkụ na ya agbaze ebe (1530 ° C ma ọ bụ 2800 ° F n'ihi na dị ọcha ígwè) ọ na-adị mfe oxidized.Inert argon a na-ejikarị dị ka a shielding gas na maka purging esịtidem welded nkwonkwo site na orbital GTAW oxygen na-ekpebi ego nke ịdị ọcha nke gas. oxidation-induced discoloration nke na-eme na ma ọ bụ nso weld mgbe ịgbado ọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na ikpocha gas abụghị nke kacha mma ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ikpocha usoro adịghị kpamkpam ntapu free dị otú ahụ na a obere ego nke ikuku leaks n'ime purge usoro, na ọxịdashọn nwere ike ịbụ ìhè teal ma ọ bụ bluish. N'ezie, ọ dịghị nhicha ga-eme ka crusty nwa n'elu nke a na-akpọkarị na arggraded dị ka "sWeldswee". 99.996-99.997% dị ọcha, dabere na onye na-eweta ya, ma nwee 5-7 ppm nke oxygen na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ọcha, gụnyere H2O, O2, CO2, hydrocarbons, wdg, maka ngụkọta nke 40 ppm kacha elu. Nnukwu ịdị ọcha argon na cylinder ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri argon na Dewar nwere ike ịbụ 99.9 ppm kacha dị ọcha. ppm oxygen. IHE: Enwere ike iji ihe na-asachapụ gas dị ka Nanochem ma ọ bụ Onye nche ọnụ ụzọ ámá n'oge a na-asachapụ iji belata ọkwa mmetọ na akụkụ kwa ijeri (ppb).
ngwakọta ngwakọta.Gas ngwakọta dị ka 75% helium / 25% argon na 95% argon / 5% hydrogen nwere ike ji mee ihe dị ka echebe gas maka pụrụ iche ngwa.The abụọ ngwakọta emepụta hot welds karịa ndị mere n'okpuru otu mmemme ntọala dị ka argon.Helium ngwakọta bụ karịsịa adabara kacha penetration site fusion ịgbado ọkụ na carbon steel.A semiconductor ọta ụlọ ọrụ ga-eji argon steel. maka ngwa UHP.Hydrogen ngwakọta nwere ọtụtụ uru, ma ụfọdụ dị oké njọ disadvantages.The uru bụ na ọ na-emepụta a wetter puddle na a smoother weld elu, nke dị mma maka mmejuputa atumatu ultra-elu mgbali gas nnyefe usoro na dị ka ezigbo ihe n'ime elu dị ka o kwere omume. Ọnụnọ nke hydrogen na-enye a mbenata ikuku, ya mere, ọ bụrụ na traktị nke oxygen na-adị ugbu a na gascolor ngwakọta ga-adị ọcha ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ikuku oxygen dị n'ime ya dị ka o kwere mee. argon.Nke a mmetụta dị mma na ihe dị ka 5% hydrogen ọdịnaya. Ụfọdụ na-eji 95/5% argon/hydrogen ngwakọta dị ka ihe nchacha ID iji melite ọdịdị nke ime weld bead.
The weld bead iji a hydrogen ngwakọta dị ka ichichi gas bụ narrower, ma e wezụga na igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere nnọọ ala sọlfọ ọdịnaya na n'ịwa ọzọ okpomọkụ na weld karịa otu ọnọdụ ugbu a na unmixed argon.A ịrịba mwepu nke argon / Hydrogen ngwakọta bụ na arc bụ nnọọ obere kwụsie ike karịa dị ọcha argon, na e nwere a ọchịchọ maka arc, a oké ike na-eme ka arcfusion drift dị iche iche na-apụ n'anya. A na-eji isi iyi gas eme ihe, na-atụ aro na ọ nwere ike kpatara ya site na mmetọ ma ọ bụ ngwakọta na-adịghị mma. N'ihi na okpomọkụ nke arc na-emepụta dịgasị iche iche na ntinye hydrogen, a na-etinye uche mgbe niile dị mkpa iji nweta welds na-emegharị ugboro ugboro, na e nwere ọdịiche dị na gas nke ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ. Ihe ọghọm ọzọ bụ na oge ndụ nke tungsten na-adị mkpụmkpụ nke ukwuu mgbe a na-eji ngwakọta hydrogen eme ihe maka tungterio nke tungterio na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka gas na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. A kọwo na arc ahụ siri ike karị na tungsten nwere ike ịdị mkpa ka a dochie ya mgbe otu ma ọ bụ abụọ welds. A pụghị iji ngwakọta argon / hydrogen mee ihe iji kpoo carbon ígwè ma ọ bụ titanium.
Ihe dị iche iche nke usoro TIG bụ na ọ naghị eri electrodes.Tungsten nwere ebe kachasị agbaze nke ígwè ọ bụla (6098 ° F; 3370 ° C) na ọ bụ ezigbo electron emitter, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka electrode na-adịghị eri nri. A na-emeziwanye ihe onwunwe ya site n'ịgbakwụnye 2% nke ụfọdụ oxides ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe dị ka ceria, oxidenum na-amalite arcium na oxidenum arc. A naghị eji tungsten dị ọcha eme ihe na GTAW n'ihi njirimara dị elu nke cerium tungsten, ọkachasị maka ngwa GTAW orbital. A na-eji Thorium tungsten erughị oge gara aga n'ihi na ha dị ntakịrị redioactive.
Electrodes na a polished imecha bụ ndị ọzọ edo na size.A ezigbo elu bụ mgbe mma ka a siri ike ma ọ bụ na-ekwekọghị n'elu elu, dị ka anọgidesi na electrode geometry dị oké egwu maka agbanwe agbanwe, edo ịgbado ọkụ results.Electrons emitted si n'ọnụ (DCEN) nyefee okpomọkụ si tungsten n'ọnụ na weld.A finer n'ọnụ na-enye ohere nke ugbu a njupụta, ma ọ pụrụ ime ka a nọgide na-adị elu njupụta. ịgbado ọkụ, ọ dị mkpa ka mechanically Mike na electrode n'ọnụ iji hụ na repeatability nke tungsten geometry na weld repeatability.The masịrị n'ọnụ agha arc si weld na otu ebe na tungsten.The n'ọnụ dayameta akara udi nke arc na ego nke penetration na a akpan akpan current.The taper n'akuku emetụta ugbu a / voltaji na e ji mara ogologo na a ga-achịkwa tung. Ogologo tungsten nwere ike iji mee ka oghere arc. Ọkpụkpụ arc maka otu uru dị ugbu a na-ekpebi voltaji ma si otú a na-etinye ike na weld.
The electrode size na ya n'ọnụ dayameta na-ahọrọ dị ka ịgbado ọkụ ugbu a ike. Ọ bụrụ na nke ugbu a dị oke elu maka electrode ma ọ bụ n'ọnụ ya, ọ nwere ike ida metal si n'ọnụ, na iji electrodes na a n'ọnụ dayameta nke dị ukwuu maka nke ugbu a nwere ike ime ka arc drift.We ezipụta electrode na n'ọnụ diameters site mgbidi ọkpụrụkpụ nke weld nkwonkwo na-eji 0.09 fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbidi 0.09 ihe niile. Ọ gwụla ma ejiri ya mee ihe iji jiri ya na 0.040 ″ dayameta electrodes maka ịgbado obere nkenke Components. Maka repeatability nke usoro ịgbado ọkụ, ụdị tungsten na imecha, ogologo oge, akụkụ taper, dayameta, dayameta n'ọnụ na oghere arc ga-akọwapụta ma chịkwaa. na-abụghị redioaktivu.
Maka ozi ndị ọzọ, biko kpọtụrụ Barbara Henon, Technical Publications Manager, Arc Machines, Inc., 10280 Glenoaks Blvd., Pacoima, CA 91331. Ekwentị: 818-896-9556.Fax: 818-890-3724.