Nkọwa nke Editor: Annually.Mining Engineering features Industrial Minerals Review.E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye oge dị ukwuu na-emepụta ihe maka mbipụta a, ebe ha na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ha. Ekele maka ndị editọ nke nyochaa kwa afọ nke Industrial Minerals, Onye isi oche na Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nkà na ụzụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ na Aggregates Division, na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ profaịlụ.
Rajesh Raitani bụ onye otu SME nke Cytec Industries Inc. ma na-elekọta kọmitii nka maka ụlọ ọrụ mineral na ngalaba mkpokọta.
Enyemaka ha mere ka mbipụta nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke July kwe omume. N'aha ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ m, ndị editọ na-ekele ha.
Ụlọ ọrụ anọ - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. na Unimin Corp. - Mined bọl ụrọ na anọ na-ekwu na 2013. Dị ka mmalite data, mmepụta bụ 1 metric ton (1.1 nde obere ton) na atụmatụ atụmatụ nke $ 47 nde. Mmepụta mụbara 3 percent short to 9.1 nde carats na 9.1 nde carats na 9.1 nde dollar. 5.1 nde. Tennessee bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, na-aza 64% nke mmepụta ụlọ, Texas.Mississippi na Kentucky na-esote ya. Banyere 67% nke mkpokọta ụrọ ụrọ na-emepụta bụ ikuku flotation, 22% bụ ụrọ siri ike ma ọ bụ gbajiri agbaji, na 11% bụ mmiri slurry.
N'afọ 2013, ndị na-emepụta bọlbụ ụlọ na-ere ụrọ na ahịa ndị a: ala seramiiki na mgbidi mgbidi (44%);mbupụ (21%);akụrụngwa ịdị ọcha (18%);ceramik dị iche iche (9%);site na njedebe na-eji na 2012 Mode na ugbu a ahịa, fillers, extenders na binders na unspecified ojiji (4% nke ọ bụla) .Ndị ọzọ ahịa akaụntụ maka ihe na-erughị 1% nke fọdụrụ bọl ụrọ rere ma ọ bụ na-eji.A na-akọ maka mmepụta nke fiberglass ma ọ bụ kasị filler, filler na binder ngwa nwere ike ịbụ isi kaolin ụrọ na-egwupụta ma ọ bụ zụta site bọl na-emepụta.
Dị ka a mbụ nnyocha e mere nke anụ ụlọ na-emepụta ụrọ ụrọ, nkezi price nke ụlọ bọl ụrọ bụ gburugburu US $ 47 / t ($ 43 / t) na 2013, ma e jiri ya tụnyere US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) na 2012. The unit prices nke mbupụ na mbubata bọl ụrọ bụ $ 126 / t ($ 114 / st) na $ 373 / t ($ 3 / st ($ 3) tụnyere $ 373 / t ($ 3 $ 3 kwanyere $ 373 / t ($ 3 $ 3). / st) na $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) na 2013) na 2012, n'otu n'otu. The unit price nke ọtụtụ nnukwu mbupụ mụbara na 2013, na Mbupu nke ala-tonnage, elu-uru mbupụ okpukpu abụọ na 2013 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2012, butere ná nkezi mbupụ na-ebupụ okpukpu abụọ-tonnage 1 na-amụba elu-tonnage 1. na uru mbubata.
Dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọnụ Ọgụgụ nke United States si kwuo, 4,681 ton (516 tọn) nke ụrọ bọọlụ na-ebuba na 2013, ọnụ ahịa ya na $ 174,000, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 436 tọn (ton 481) ruru $ 137,000 na 2012. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụrọ bọọlụ sitere na United Kingdom.The US Census Bureau kọrọ na mbupụ na 2013 bụ 52.2 carats (57,500 mkpụmkpụ tọn) ruru $6.6 nde, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 74 carats (81.600 tọn) na 2012, Bara uru na $ 4.58 nde. The isi ebe maka exported bọl ụrọ na-agbada, Belgium centeragu, isi mba United States ụrọ nke United States na-ebupụ bọl ụrọ na-arịda, Belgium centeragu. Exports.US ndị na-emepụta na-akọkarị mbupụ ugboro abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụ Ọgụgụ US. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mbubata ahia nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Economy Mexico bipụtara, mbupụ ụrọ bọọlụ nke nnukwu ton sitere na United States na Mexico nwere ike nkewa dị ka kaolin.
The ele anya maka bọl ụrọ ụlọ ọrụ bụ mmụba nke ahịa dị ka US aku na uba na-aga n'ihu na-agbake si nlaazu.In 2013, azụmahịa ewu na residential ewu omume ndị dị oké egwu na bọl ụrọ ahịa n'ihi na ha na-eji na mmepụta nke seramiiki tiles na sanitary ware.The US Census Bureau kọrọ 923,000 onwe ụlọ unit amalite na 2013, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1 pasent 701. ụlọ obibi na ụlọ ndị na-abụghị ndị a rụchara na 2013 mụbara pasent 5 ruo $ 898 site na ijeri $ 857 na 2012. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-edozi nsogbu mgbagha n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ ndị na-enweghị ohere na ahịa. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị a, mmalite ụlọ ka dị n'okpuru ọkwa nkwụsị mbụ.
Ịre ụlọ nke ụrọ ụrọ na-emetụtakwa mbubata nke ngwaahịa ụrọ dị ka taịlị na ihe dị ọcha.In 2013, mbubata tile dara site na $62.1 nde na 5.86 square mita (63.1 nde square ụkwụ) na 2012 ruo 5.58 square mita (60.1 nde square ụkwụ) ruru $64.7 nde dị ka Haraffri. 00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 N'usoro nrịdata nke olu, China (22%);Mexico (21%);Italy na Turkey (10% nke ọ bụla);Brazil (7%);Colombia, Peru (5%) Ndị na-emepụta ihe bụ ụrọ na-enye ndị na-eweta ihe na-eweta ụlọ ọrụ Mexico.
A na-ebubata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ bauxite niile a na-eri na United States.Alabama, Arkansas, na Georgia na-emepụta obere ụrọ bauxite na bauxite maka ihe ndị na-abụghị metallurgical.
Metallurgical ọkwa bauxite (keadighi rarii akọrọ) mbubata totaled 9.8 metric tonne (10.1 nde ọkọlọtọ tonne) na 2013, a 5% mbelata si 2012 mbubata.Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) na Brazil (25%) bụ n'elu suppliers na US na 22013-14 (22014). tọn) refractory ọkwa calcined bauxite ebubata, mmụba nke 58% kwa afọ.
Mbubata nke refractory ọkwa calcined bauxite mụbara tụnyere 2012, na-eduga replenishment nke inventories dị ka mbupụ nke bauxite dabeere refractory ngwaahịa ebelata tụnyere 2012. Domestic ígwè mmepụta, nke bụ isi ojiji nke bauxite dabeere refractory ngwaahịa, dara banyere 2% na 202013 (4%) na isi mmalite nke Guyana (4). Mbubata bauxite calcined-ọkwa refractory US.
Mbubata nke na-abụghị refractory ọkwa calcined bauxite ngụkọta 455 carats (501,500 mkpụmkpụ ton) na 2013, a 40% na-abawanye n'elu 2012 mbubata. A na-ekwu na uto ahụ bụ ụbara ojiji nke bauxite na ciment, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe maka hydraulic fracturing, Australia 8% na Brazil 0% (Guiana 8%) na Brazil (3%). isi mmalite.
Na 2013, United States bugara 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory ọkwa calcined bauxite, a 40% na-abawanye n'elu 2012 mbupụ, na Canada (72%) na Mexico (7%) bụ isi ebe.Na 2013, United States exported a negligible ego nke na-abụghị refractory grade, 3 kiloton 1. ns) n'afọ 2012. Mbupụ bauxite akọrọ na-agbakọta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 4,000 (tons 4,400), mbelata 59% site na mbupụ 2012, ebe Canada (82%) bụ isi ebe.
A na-eme atụmatụ mmepụta alumina nke ụlọ na 4.1 metric ton (4.6 nde obere tọn) na 2013, gbadaa 7% site na 2012. The ọdịda bụ n'ihi obere mmepụta na Ormet Corp.'s 540 t / y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery. Abụọ n'ime atọ n'ime ala nke Altima na-eresị ya n'August. GmbH wee malitegharịa n'etiti ọnwa Disemba.
Mkpokọta alumina mbubata na 2013 bụ 2.05 metric ton (2.26 nde ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ), 8% na-abawanye n'elu 2012 alumina mbubata.Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) na Brazil (12%) bụ isi mmalite. Total alumina na-ebupụ na 2013 bụ metric n'elu 2.2. 2012 mbupụ. N'ime ha, Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) na Iceland (13%) bụ isi ebe.
Mkpokọta anụ ụlọ bauxite oriri (na a crude akọrọ ndabere) na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na 9.8 mt (10.1 nde ọkọlọtọ tọn), 2% elu karịa na 2012. Nke a, ihe dị ka 8.8 metric ton (9.1 nde ọkọlọtọ tọn) e ji na-emepụta alumina.6% ala karịa na-emepụta alumina.6% ala karịa nke gara aga nke emeputa bauxite. ctories, yana na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, mmepụta ígwè na ọgwụgwọ mmiri.
Ngụkọta anụ ụlọ alumina oriri nke aluminom ụlọ ọrụ na 2013 bụ 3.89 metric ton (4.29 nde ọkọlọtọ ton), a mbelata nke 6% si 2012. Alumina iwesa ndị ọzọ industries na US bụ mkpokọta 490 kilotons (540,000 ọkọlọtọ ton) na 2013 . , simenti, ceramik na kemịkalụ.
Ọnụ ahịa bauxite na-ebubata na mbupụ dịgasị iche site na isi mmalite, ebe na ọkwa ọkwa. Ọnụ ahịa otu maka ọkwa refractory calcined bauxite sitere na isi mmalite na 2013 bụ $813 / t ($ 737 / st) sitere na Brazil (elu 5%) na $ 480 / t ($ 435 / st) sitere na China (dabere ntakịrị) na $ 441 (site na Guyana ntakịrị).
Ọnụ ahịa maka ọkwa calcined bauxite na-abụghị refractory sitere na isi mmalite sitere na $ 56 / t ($ 51 / st) na Australia (gbadata 20%) ruo $ 65 / t ($ 59 / st) na Gris (elu 12%) na 2013 . Ọnụ ego nke bauxite siri ike na-ebubata na 2013 bụ $ 30 / st dị elu karịa $ 2013, $ 2013. a na 2013 bụ $ 396 / t ($ 359 / st), 3% ala karịa na 2012 2012. The nkezi price nke alumina exported si US dara site 11% ka $400 na 2013 tụnyere 2012 prices / t ($ 363 / st).
Aluminom ọnụ ahịa nọgidere na 2013 ruo mgbe mbụ nkeji iri na ise nke 2014. Low aluminum prices na elu ọkụ eletrik na-akwụ ụgwọ na-e zoro aka na ya dị ka ihe mere maka shutdown nke otu anụ ụlọ bụ isi aluminum smelter na 2013 na ọkwa nke mmechi nke ọzọ isi aluminum smelter na mbụ nkeji iri na ise nke 2014.New Energy Na njedebe nke 20120 nke aluminom na 4 isi ike nke aluminum 2012 nwe na mmalite nke aluminom 4 nwe. Nkwekọrịta ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik. Otú ọ dị, ndị nwe ụlọ abụọ ọzọ na-agbapụta ọkụ na-agbalị ịmekọrịta nkwekọrịta ike iji belata ọnụ ahịa ọkụ eletrik.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa aluminom kwụsiri ike na nkeji mbụ nke 2014, alumina chọrọ ga-adabere na nkwekọrịta ọkụ ọkụ ọhụrụ na ụfọdụ smelters. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa gas gas na US na-aga n'ihu n'afọ gara aga, a na-atụ anya na ọnụ ahịa dị ala ga-anọgide na-enye uru ndị na-eri ihe na ụlọ alumina refiners na 2014.
A na-atụ anya na mbubata nke refractory-grade calcined bauxite ga-adabere na mmepụta ígwè, ma ngbanwe nke ígwè na aluminom site na ndị na-emepụta ụgbọala na-eme ka mmanụ ụgbọala dịkwuo mma nwere ike ibelata ọchịchọ nke ígwè na ngwaahịa refractory maka steelmaking.
Na 2013, ụlọ ọrụ bentonite nọgidere na-agbanweghị site na 2012. Total US mmepụta na ahịa bụ 4.95 metric ton (5.4 nde metric ton), tụnyere 4.98 metric ton (5.5 nde metric ton) na 2012. The mmepụta nke gbasaa bentonite, na-esote site Wyomi. Ada na Colorado.Site na 2011, mgbake sitere na US na nkwụghachi ụgwọ ụwa (2007-2009) pụtara na ọ zuru oke. Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ụlọ na ihe eji arụ ọrụ bentonite metụtara na-emesị malite ịmaliteghachi.Na North America (US na Canada), swollen sodium bentonite na-achịkwa calcium bentonite na-abụghị fụrụ akpụ, na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe karịrị 97% n'ahịa Alabama. , Arizona, California na Nevada. Isi ojiji nke bentonite na-adịghị agbasawanye bụ ihe na-ekekọta ájá ájá, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na nzacha.
Gburugburu ụwa, onye na-emepụta sodium activated bentonite bụ Greece.China, Egypt na India.AMCOL (nke bụbu American Colloid Co.) na-anọgide na-abụ onye na-emepụta sodium bentonite na ihe dịka 40% ahịa, ebe BPM Minerals LLC (onye enyemaka Halliburton) nwere ihe dịka 30% Black Market share. Ndị na-emepụta tonite malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 2013. Wyo-Ben Inc. meghere mgbọ ọhụrụ dị nso na Thermopolis, Wyoming. A na-atụ anya na nkwụnye ego nkwụnye ego ga-adịru ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 10 ruo 20. Ọnụ ego ihe onwunwe nọgidere na-adịgide adịgide, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ebu ụgbọ ala adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na 2013.
Drilling-grade bentonite for oil and gas drilling and recovery was the most most use of expanded bentonite in 2013, na-emepụta ihe dịka 1.15 metric tons (1.26 million short ton) . Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke rigs na-arụ ọrụ nọgidere na-abawanye na 2013, na-ekwenye na nlọghachi nke mmanụ na mmanụ gas na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta shaleton.
The caked Pet waste absorbent market bụ nke abụọ kasị ibu ahịa maka granular gbasaa bentonite. Ọ bụ ezie na ìgwè anụ ụlọ ruru 1.24 metric ton (1.36 nde metric ton) na 2005, ọ fluctuated n'etiti 1.05 na 1.08 metric ton (1.15) na 1.5 nde n'ahịa ihe karịrị 1.15 na 1.5 nde ahịa. metrik tọn (1.15 nde metric ton) na 2013 mt).
Iron ore pellets maka ịgbasa bentonite bụ nke atọ kasị ukwuu ahịa, na-eto ruo 550 kilotons (606.000 shortton) na 2013 ka ọchịchọ ígwè abawanyela maka US ụgbọ ala na arọ ngwá ọrụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na 2011, nkezi ego nke gbasaa bentonite na-eji dị ka ihe nkedo na fondry ájá maka ígwè na ndị ọzọ ọla karịa 500 carats (550,000 shortton) .Mpụta nke ọhụrụ ngwaahịa na-adịghị budata mmetụta anọ a nnukwu granular na powdered gbasaa bentonite ahịa.
The ahịa maka bentonite maka obodo engineering ngwa, nkewa iche na 2005, bụ 175 carats (192,000 mkpụmkpụ ton), na-egosi na ahịa malitere naghachi site nlaazu nke 2008. The waterproofing na akara bentonite ahịa nọgidere na-eto eto na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ na-esonụ US nlaazu, na-eru 1650 carats ọzọ 150 carats. obere bentonites gbasaara maka nrapado, nri anụmanụ, ihe ndochi na ihe ndochi, yana ngwa ndị ọzọ enwetabeghị n'ozuzu na nlaazu 2008.
Otu obere akụkụ nke ahịa bentonite bụ ọkachamara na ihe ọṅụṅụ na mmanya na-akọwapụta na ngwaahịa organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie na Elementis Specialties Inc. na-achụso ahịa nanocomposite bentonite. na-eri ngwaahịa organoclay dị ka Bentone 910, Bentone 920 na Bentone 990 maka mmiri mmiri na-egwupụta mmanụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na nkwụghachi ụgwọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2008, ọnụego mgbanwe nke dollar US enyerela aka ịbawanye mbupụ bentonite. Na 2013, ndị na-emepụta bentonite n'ime ụlọ kọrọ na mbupụ nke 950 carats (1.05 nde ton mkpụmkpụ) nke bentonite maka ịkụ ala apịtị, ihe nkpuchi ájá na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche na-ebubata na Gris.
Bismuth bụ ihe dị arọ karị nke na-ejikọta ya na antimony. Ọ bụ ngwaahịa sitere na lead na tungsten mmịpụta, na n'ókè dị nta ọla kọpa na tin.Antimony bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ.
Ogige bismuth na antimony na ihe eji eme ihe na-abụghị ọla na-akpata ọtụtụ n'ime oriri kemịkalụ ndị a. A naghị ejikarị ya dị ka igwe ma ọ bụ alloy.
Otu kachasị na njedebe maka bismuth bụ otu kemịkalụ, nke gụnyere ọgwụ ndị dị ka Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), ihe ịchọ mma anya nwere mmetụta pearlescent (bismuth oxychloride), ihe na-akpata, na ojiji kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ dị ka agba (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Ndị ọzọ kasị mkpa njedebe-eji otu maka bismuth bụ metallurgical mgbakwunye Group, onye mejupụtara na-egbochi crystallization nke graphite si carbon supersaturated a wụrụ awụ nchara, na-akwalite free machining nke ígwè, ọla kọpa na aluminum, na-akwalite edo mkpuchi na galvanizing.N'ihi na ngwa niile nke a mgbakwunye otu, bismuth adịghị eme dị ka ihe alloying gị n'ụlọnga, kama catalysts na-eme ka ihe ụfọdụ na-eme ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe. 0.1% bismuth ma ọ bụ selenium maka ezi machinability. E jiri ya tụnyere ndị a na-eji njedebe eme ihe, òtù bismuth alloy na-akwụ ụgwọ naanị obere ego nke bismuth ma jiri ya mee ihe na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma, ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbaze ala, na ngwa agha.
Ihe kachasị eji antimony eme ihe dị ka ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, tumadi na ọgwụgwọ plastik, adhesives na textiles.Antimony oxide nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche dị ka gas-phase free radical quencher na ire ere ọkụ, dị iche iche isi halogenated ihe eji dị ka ire ọkụ retardants.
Klas ọzọ nke ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị ọla na-ejikarị eme ihe na pigmenti na iko (gụnyere ceramics) .Antimony oxide na ọtụtụ iko na seramiki na-arụ ọrụ dị ka opacifier, ma antimony na ọpụrụiche enyo nwere ike dokwuo anya ha. The antimony lead na alloy otu mejupụtara bụ isi nke antimony lead eji na mmanụ ụgbọala na-akwado batrị ụgbọ ala batrị.
Ntughari sitere na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume (bismuth na ọgwụ afọ na ihe ịchọ mma n'ihi na a na-agbasasị ya kpamkpam) na-ebelata ihe isi ike, dị ka antimony in flame retardants, metallurgical additives na bismuth in galvanizing, antimony in glass Bismuth in Additives and Catalysts.Ụzọ kacha mfe, dị mfe na dị ọnụ ala iji megharịa bismuth na fusible alloys na ndị ọzọ alloys na antimony na batrị antimony lead plates.
Mbubata US nke bismuth metal nọgidere na-agbanweghị agbanwe na 2012 na 2013 na 1,699 ton (1,872 short ton) na 1,708 ton (1,882 short ton) .Antimony oxide, nke kacha ebubata site na olu, bụ 20.7 carats (22 na 800 carats). (24,100 ton) na 2013, ntakịrị mmụba. Ọnwa abụọ nke data 2014 na-egosi na ụkpụrụ a na-aga n'ihu. United States Geological Survey (USGS) anaghịzi ebipụta akwụkwọ nyocha nke bismuth nkeji iri na ise.
Ngụkọta ngwụcha afọ 2011 (bipụtara ọhụrụ) maka oriri bismuth na United States bụ tọn 222 (ton 245) maka otu mgbakwunye metallurgical na ton 54 (ton 59) maka bismuth alloys. Ntụle bụ tumadi maka kemịkalụ, 6681 (736 st).
Oriri antimony nke USGS pụtara na United States bụ carats 21.7 (ton 23,900 dị mkpụmkpụ) na 2012 na carats 24 (ton 26,500 mkpụmkpụ) na 2013.
Na enweghị ọtụtụ data, ihe 2013 maka bismuth dị ntakịrị gbanwere. Maka antimony, nyochaa obere data, oriri na 2013 kwesịrị ịdị gburugburu 10% karịa na 2012. Na 2014, bismuth yiri ka ọ ga-anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe na antimony na-agbada ntakịrị.
Nri mineral anọ bụ pasent 90 nke borates ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-eji eme ihe n'ụwa nile—sodium borate, calcium tin, na potassium;calcium borate, duomolite;na calcium sodium borate, sodalite.Borax bụ a na-acha ọcha crystalline umi chemically mara dị ka sodium tetraborate decahydrate, nke pụtara ndammana na ịnweta tin.Boric acid bụ a colorless, crystalline siri ike na-ere na teknuzu, ala prescription na pụrụ iche àgwà akara ule na granular ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ ụdị, ọtụtụ mgbe dị ka anhydrous boric acid.Borate nkwụnye ego na-ejikọta na volcanic idụhe ọrụ nke kasị ukwuu na aku na uba na aku na uba nke Moroja na a US depositable. .CA, Alpine Belt nke South Asia, Andean Belt nke South America. A na-atụkarị àgwà nke akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ nchekwa na usoro nke boron trioxide (B,0,) nke ya na ọdịnaya ya.
2013 US mmepụta nke boron mineral na ogige mụbara ntakịrị site 2012;Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị na Southern California na-emepụta boron mineral, bụ isi sodium borate.Rio Tinto Borax, a kpamkpam ekesịpde enyemaka nke UK dabeere Rio Tinto Minerals pic, extracts core rock and tin-calcium through open olulu Ngwuputa ụzọ na ya na-arụ ọrụ na Boron, California. pped site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ gwongworo nye ndị ahịa na North America ma ọ bụ na-eresị mba ụwa site na Port of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, dị ka ugbo, osisi preservative na ire ere ngwaahịa, na-emepụta na Wilmington, CA, na Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) na-emepụta borax na boric acid si potassium na sodium Searles TVM TVM dị nso na California n'Ọdọ Mmiri Sna. Ọgwụgwụ osisi, ndị a brines na-nụchara n'ime anhydrous, decahydrate na borax pentahydrate.
A na-eri mineral boron na kemịkalụ n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ebe ugwu Central na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States. Atụmatụ nkesa nkesa maka ogige boron riri na United States na 2013 bụ iko na ceramik, 80%;ncha, ncha, na ịcha ọcha, 4%;ọrụ ugbo, 4%;enamels na glazes, 3% na ojiji ndị ọzọ, 9% Boron na-eji iko dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iji belata mgbasawanye ọkụ;kwalite ike, nguzogide kemịkalụ, na ịdịte aka;ma na-enye iguzogide vibration, elu okpomọkụ, na thermal shock.Mkpuchi na textile fiberglass bụ kasị otu ojiji nke borates n'ụwa nile.
Boron bụ obere ihe na-edozi ahụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo, tumadi maka ịkwalite mmepụta mkpụrụ. Fatịlaịza boron na-esite na borax na monetite, nke a na-ebute site na mmiri ịgba mmiri ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri n'ihi nnukwu mmiri mmiri.
US sodium borate na-ebupụ bụ 650 kt (716,000 st) na 2013, ntakịrị mmụba site na 646 kt (712,000 st) na 2012. Mbupụ Boric acid nọgidere na-agbanweghị na 190 kt (209,000 st) . Ọnụ ahịa otu nke $ 84 na-ebupụ na boric acid / 1 $ 2. 10 / t ($ 740 / st) na 2013. Onye na-enweta isi na-ebupụ boric acid na 2013 bụ South Korea, na-aza 20 percent. 2013 bụ $687/t ($623/st), malite na $782/1 ($709/st) na 2012.
Turkey na United States duru ụwa na borate mmepụta na 2013. Ewezuga US mmepụta, ngụkọta ụwa borate arọ e mere atụmatụ na 4.9 metric ton (5.4 nde metric ton) na 2013, 11 percent abawanye site 2012.
Argentina bụ nnukwu onye na-emepụta boron ore na South America. Mmụba na-adịbeghị anya na mmepụta borate na Argentina, karịsịa boric acid, bụ n'ihi ụbara ọchịchọ nke borates sitere na ụlọ ọrụ seramiiki na iko na Asia na North America.