Enwere ike nweta uru site n'inweta nghọta n'ime otu oyi akwa nke usoro ọka nke na-achịkwa omume igwe anaghị agba nchara.Getty Images
Nhọrọ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na aluminum alloys n'ozuzu emmepe gburugburu ike, ductility, elongation, na hardness.These Njirimara na-egosi otú ụlọ blocks nke metal meghachi omume etinyere loads.They bụ irè egosi nke ijikwa akụrụngwa mgbochi;ya bụ, ole ọ ga-ehulata tupu agbaji. Ihe akụrụngwa ga-enwe ike iguzogide usoro ịkpụzi n'emebighị.
Na-ebibi tensile na ekweghị ekwe ule bụ a pụrụ ịdabere na, na-eri-irè usoro maka ikpebi n'ibu properties.However, ndị a ule na-adịghị mgbe niile dị ka a pụrụ ịdabere na mgbe ọkpụrụkpụ nke akụrụngwa amalite amachi size nke ule sample.Tensile ule nke ewepụghị metal ngwaahịa bụ n'ezie ka bara uru, ma uru nwere ike nweta site na-ele anya ọzọ miri emi na otu oyi akwa nke ọka Ọdịdị na-achịkwa ya n'ibu omume.
Ọla na-mebere nke a usoro nke microscopic kristal na-akpọ grains.They na-enweghị usoro kesara ofụri metal.Atoms nke alloying ọcha, dị ka ígwè, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus na sọlfọ na austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara, bụ akụkụ nke otu ọka.These atọm na-etolite a siri ike ngwọta nke metal ha na-ekekọrịta ihe ngwọta nke ígwè kristal , nke a na-ekekọrịta n'ime kristal ion.
The chemical mejupụtara nke alloy na-ekpebi thermodynamically họọrọ ndokwa nke atọm na ọka, mara dị ka crystal Ọdịdị.Homogeneous akụkụ nke a metal nwere a ugboro ugboro crystal Ọdịdị na-etolite otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọka a na-akpọ phases.The n'ibu Njirimara nke ihe alloy bụ ọrụ nke crystal Ọdịdị na alloy.The otu na-aga maka size na ndokwa nke ọka nke ọ bụla na-adọ.
Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ maara nke ọma na nkebi nke water.When mmiri mmiri mmiri freezes, ọ na-aghọ siri ike ice. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ na-abịa ọla, e nwere bụghị nanị otu siri ike phase.Certain alloy ezinụlọ na-aha mgbe ha phases.Among igwe anaghị agba nchara, austenitic 300 usoro alloys mejupụtara bụ isi nke austenite mgbe annealed. Otú ọ dị, 4000fer usoro na igwe anaghị agba nchara 4 ma ọ bụ 1 igwe anaghị agba nchara 4. 0 igwe anaghị agba nchara.
Otu ihe ahụ na-aga maka titanium alloys. Aha nke ọ bụla alloy otu na-egosi na ha na-emekarị na oge okpomọkụ - alpha, beta ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke abụọ. E nwere alpha, nso-alpha, alpha-beta, beta na nso-beta alloys.
Mgbe mmiri mmiri metal solidifies, ndị siri ike ahụ nke thermodynamically họọrọ frasi ga precipitate ebe nrụgide, okpomọkụ na chemical mejupụtara allow.This na-emekarị na-eme na interfaces, dị ka ice kristal n'elu nke a na-ekpo ọkụ ọdọ mmiri na oyi day.When grains nucleate, na crystal Ọdịdị na-etolite n'otu ntụziaka ruo mgbe ọzọ ọka na-ezute.Grain ókè-etolite na intersections nke mismatched oriọna nke dị iche iche nke kristal kristal na-etinye n'ime ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ. Rubik's cubes nke dị iche iche nha na a box.Onye ọ bụla cube nwere a square okporo ndokwa, ma ha niile ga-ndokwa dị iche iche random directions.A n'ụzọ zuru ezu siri ike metal workpiece mejupụtara a usoro yiri randomly gbakwasara ọka.
Oge ọ bụla a na-emepụta ọka, enwere ike ịnweta ntụpọ ahịrị. A na-efunahụ akụkụ nke kristal a na-akpọ dislocations. Ntugharị ndị a na mmegharị ha na-esote na ọka na n'ofe oke ọka bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ductility metal.
A na-etinye akụkụ nke akụkụ nke workpiece, n'ala, na-egbu maramara na etched ka ịlele nhazi ọka. Mgbe edo na equiaxed, microstructures hụrụ na anya microscope anya a bit dị ka a jigsaw mgbagwoju anya.
Mgbe ihe owuwu kristal jupụtara na atọm ya niile, ọ nweghị ohere maka mmegharị ma ọ bụghị ịgbatị nkekọ atọm.
Mgbe ị na-ewepụ ọkara nke ahịrị nke atọm, ị na-emepụta ohere maka ahịrị ọzọ nke atọm ka ọ banye n'ọnọdụ ahụ, na-ebugharị nke ọma na dislocation. Mgbe a na-etinye ike na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, nchịkọta nchịkọta nke mgbagwoju anya na microstructure na-eme ka ọ gbanwee, gbatịa ma ọ bụ mpikota onu na-enweghị imebi ma ọ bụ imebi.
Mgbe ike na-arụ ọrụ na ígwè ígwè, usoro ahụ na-abawanye ume. Ọ bụrụ na a na-agbakwunye ike zuru ezu iji mee ka ọkpụkpụ plastik mee ihe, ọkpụkpụ lattice na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma.
Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na ịta nke dislocations na-abawanye, ọzọ na ndị ọzọ dislocations na-pink ọnụ, mbenata ductility.N'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ dislocations pụtara na oyi na-akpụ bụ agaghịkwa ekwe omume.Since ẹdude pinning dislocations nwere ike agaghịkwa ịkwaga, na atomiki bonds na lattice gbatịa ruo mgbe ha na-agbaji ma ọ bụ na-agbaji. Nke a bụ ya mere metal alloys na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, na ihe mere na e nwere ike na ego nke plastic destandformation tupu agbaji.
Ọka na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkụnye ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-emezigharị microstructure ma si otú a na-eweghachi ductility. N'oge usoro mgbakasị ahụ, a na-agbanwe ọka ahụ na nzọụkwụ atọ:
Were ya na mmadụ na-eje ije site a igwe mmadụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ìgwè mmadụ nwere ike nanị squeezed site na-ahapụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahịrị, dị ka dislocations na a lattice. Ka ha na-aga n'ihu, ndị mmadụ n'azụ ha jupụtara efu ha hapụrụ, mgbe ha kere ọhụrụ ohere n'ihu. Ozugbo ha rutere n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nhazi nke ndị njem na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ka ha na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-eme ka ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-eme ka ndị njem na-agbalị ịgafe ozugbo na ndị njem ọ bụla ọzọ. ụgbọ ala, na-atụnye onye ọ bụla n'ime ebe. Ka mwepu nke na-apụta, otú ahụ ka ọ na-esiri ha ike ịkwaga n'otu oge ahụ.
Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta nke kacha nta nke nrụrụ chọrọ ịkpalite recrystallization. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na metal enweghị ezu deformation ike tupu e kpo oku, recrystallization agaghị eme na ọka ga-dị nnọọ nọgidere na-eto eto karịa ha mbụ size.
Enwere ike idozi ihe eji arụ ọrụ site n'ịchịkwa uto ọka. oke oke ọka bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi mgbidi nke mgbakasị ahụ. Ha na-egbochi mmegharị.
Ọ bụrụ na a na-amachibido ibu ọka, a ga-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke obere mkpụrụ osisi. A na-ewere obere ọka ndị a dị mma n'ihe gbasara usoro ọka. Mkpesa ọka ndị ọzọ na-apụta na mmegharị nkwụsịtụ na ike dị elu.
Ọ bụrụ na egbochighị uto ọka, usoro ọka na-adịwanye njọ, ọka ndị ahụ buru ibu, oke ya dị ntakịrị, na ike dị ala.
A na-akpọkarị oke ọka dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị otu, ebe dị n'etiti 5 na 15. Nke a bụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ ma jikọta ya na dayameta ọka.
ASTM E112 na-akọwapụta usoro maka ịlele na ịlele nha ọka. Ọ na-agụnye ịgụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ọka na mpaghara enyere. Nke a na-emekarị site n'ịgbutu akụkụ nke akụrụngwa, na-egweri na polishing ya, wee tinye ya na acid iji kpughee ihe ndị ahụ. ọ bara uru ịmachi mgbanwe na nha ọka na isi abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ iji hụ na arụmọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ofe workpiece.
N'ihe banyere ịrụsi ọrụ ike, ike na ductility nwere mmekọrịta dị iche iche. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ASTM ọka nha na ike na-eme ka ọ dị mma ma dị ike, n'ozuzu elongation na-ejikọta ya na nha ọka ASTM. Otú ọ dị, oke ọka na-eto eto nwere ike ime ka ihe "dị nro nwụrụ anwụ" gharazie ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.
A na-akpọkarị oke ọka dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị otu, ebe dị n'etiti 5 na 15. Nke a bụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ ma na-ejikọta ya na nkezi dayameta ọka. N'ịdị elu nke uru ọka ASTM dị elu, ka ọka karịa otu mpaghara.
The ọka size nke annealed ihe dịgasị iche iche na oge, okpomọkụ na jụrụ rate.Annealing na-emekarị rụrụ n'etiti recrystallization okpomọkụ na agbaze ebe nke alloy.The na-atụ aro annealing okpomọkụ nso maka austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara alloy 301 bụ n'etiti 1,900 na 2,050 degrees Fahrenheit. Ọ ga-amalite na-agbaze gburugburu Fahrenheit degrees,5550 agbaze gburugburu Fahrenheit. A ga-ehichapụ na 1,292 degrees Fahrenheit wee gbazee gburugburu 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
N'oge annealing, na mgbake na recrystallization Filiks na-asọrịta mpi ibe ha ruo mgbe recrystallized grains na-eripịa ihe niile deformed grains.The recrystallization ọnụego dịgasị iche iche na okpomọkụ. Ozugbo recrystallization zuru ezu, ọka ibu na-ewe over.A 301 igwe anaghị agba nchara workpiece annealed na 1,900 ° F maka otu awa ga-enwe otu hourpiece nke ọka. .
Ọ bụrụ na ihe na-adịghị ẹkenịmde ke kwesịrị ekwesị annealing nso ogologo zuru ezu, na-arụpụta Ọdịdị nwere ike ịbụ Nchikota ochie na ọhụrụ grains.If edo Njirimara na-chọrọ ofụri metal, na annealing usoro kwesịrị iji nweta a edo equiaxed ọka Ọdịdị.Uniform pụtara na niile grains bụ mkpokọta otu size, na equiaxed pụtara na ha bụ mkpokọta otu udi.
Iji nweta a edo na equiaxed microstructure, onye ọ bụla workpiece kwesịrị kpughere otu ego nke okpomọkụ maka otu oge na kwesịrị ajụkwa n'otu rate.This bụghị mgbe niile mfe ma ọ bụ kwere omume na ogbe annealing, n'ihi ya, ọ dị mkpa na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ na-echere ruo mgbe dum workpiece jupụta na kwesịrị ekwesị okpomọkụ tupu ịgbakọ oge sook. Ogologo sook ugboro na elu okpomọkụ ga-arụpụta ọka.
Ọ bụrụ na ọka na ike na-metụtara, na ike mara, gịnị mere gbakọọ ọka, nri? All ebibi ule nwere variability. Tensile ule, karịsịa na ala ọkpụrụkpụ, bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na sample preparations. Tensile ike pụta na-adịghị na-anọchi anya n'ezie ihe onwunwe nwere ike na-enweta akaghi aka ọdịda.
Ọ bụrụ na ihe onwunwe na-adịghị edo ofụri workpiece, na-ewere a tensile ule specimen ma ọ bụ sample si n'otu ọnụ nwere ike ghara ịgwa dum akụkọ. Sample nkwadebe na ule nwekwara ike na-ewe oge. Olee otú ọtụtụ ule na-ekwe omume n'ihi na a nyere metal, na ole ntụziaka ka ọ ga-ekwe omume? Ịtụle usoro ọka bụ ihe mmezi mkpuchi megide ịtụnanya.
Anisotropic, isotropic.Anisotropy na-ezo aka na ntụziaka nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ. Na mgbakwunye na ike, anisotropy nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma site n'inyocha usoro ọka.
A edo na equiaxed ọka Ọdịdị kwesịrị isotropic, nke pụtara na ọ nwere otu ihe onwunwe na niile directions.Isotropy dị mkpa karịsịa na miri ịbịaru Filiks ebe concentricity bụ oké egwu.Mgbe oghere na-wetara n'ime ebu, na anisotropic ihe agaghị eruba uniformly, nke nwere ike iduga a ntụpọ a na-akpọ earing.The earring eme ebe elu akụkụ nke cup Nleta a ọka n'ụdị na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na simenthomin. nyere aka chọpụta ihe kpatara ya.
Annealing kwesịrị ekwesị dị oké mkpa iji nweta isotropy, ma ọ dịkwa mkpa ịghọta oke nrụrụ tupu annealing. Dị ka ihe plastically deforms, ndị ọka na-amalite deform. enwere ike idowe ya ọbụna mgbe annealing. Nke a na-ebute anisotropy. Maka ihe ndị dị omimi, ọ na-adị mkpa mgbe ụfọdụ ịbelata ọnụọgụ nke nrụrụ tupu njedebe ikpeazụ iji zere iyi.
oroma bee.Picking elu bụghị nanị miri-eru ntụpọ metụtara die.Orange bee emee mgbe akụrụngwa na oke keadighi rarii ahụ na-adọta.Ọ bụla ọka deforms onwe ya na dị ka a ọrụ nke crystal orientation.The iche na deformation n'etiti n'akụkụ grains pụta a textured ọdịdị yiri oroma peel.Texture bụ granular ihe owuwu kpughere n'elu nke iko mgbidi.
Dị nnọọ ka pikselụ na a TV ihuenyo, na a ezi-grained Ọdịdị, dị iche n'etiti onye ọ bụla ọka ga-abụ obere kwesiri ngosi, n'ụzọ dị irè na-amụba mkpebi. Ịkpọpụta n'ibu Njirimara naanị nwere ike ọ gaghị ezuru iji hụ na a zuru ezu ezi ọka size iji gbochie oroma bee mmetụta.Mgbe mgbanwe na workpiece size bụ ihe na-erughị 10 ugboro nke ọka dayameta, na Njirimara nke onye ọ bụla ọka ga-akwọ ụgbọala na-adịghị na-akpụ ọka, ma ọ na-egosipụta nke ọ bụla na-eme ka ọka na-akpụ àgwà, ma ọ na-egosipụta nke ọ bụla n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-emepụta ọka. .Enwere ike ịhụ nke a site na mmetụta peel oroma na mgbidi nke iko ndị a dọtara.
Maka nha ọka ASTM nke 8, nkezi dayameta ọka bụ 885 µin. Nke a pụtara na mbelata ọkpụrụkpụ ọ bụla nke 0.00885 sentimita ma ọ bụ obere nwere ike imetụta mmetụta microforming a.
Ọ bụ ezie na mkpụrụ osisi na-enweghị isi nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ịbịaru miri emi, a na-atụ aro ya mgbe ụfọdụ maka ntinye. Stamping bụ usoro nrụrụ nke oghere na-ejikọta ya iji nye ọdịdị ọdịdị elu nke a chọrọ, dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọdịdị ihu George Washington. N'adịghị ka eserese waya, stamping anaghị agụnye ọtụtụ ihe na-asọba, ma ọ na-achọ ike dị ukwuu, nke nwere ike imebi elu ahụ.
N'ihi nke a, ibelata nrụgide nrịba elu nke elu site na iji usoro ọka na-agba agba nwere ike inye aka belata ike ndị a chọrọ maka ndochi ebu kwesịrị ekwesị. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ịnwụ anwụ anwụ, ebe nkwụsịtụ n'elu ọka n'elu nwere ike ịgba ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla kama ịgbakọta na oke ọka.
The trends tụlere ebe a bụ generalizations nwere ike ọ gaghị emetụta kpọmkwem sections. Otú ọ dị, ha mere pụta ìhè uru nke nha na standardizing akụrụngwa urughuru size mgbe emebe ọhụrụ akụkụ iji zere nkịtị ọnyà na ebuli ịkpụzi parameters.
Ndị na-emepụta nke ọma ígwè stamping ígwè na-arụ ọrụ miri emi na metal na-etolite akụkụ ha ga-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na metallurgist on technically ruru eru re-rollers ndị nwere ike inyere ha aka ebuli ihe ala ruo ọka larịị.Mgbe metallurgical na engineering ọkachamara na n'akụkụ abụọ nke mmekọrịta na-agbakwunyere n'ime otu ìgwè, ọ nwere ike inwe a mgbanwe mmetụta na-arụpụta ihe ndị ọzọ nti utịp.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ STAMPING bụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ya nye maka mkpa nke ahịa stamping metal. Kemgbe 1989, mbipụta ahụ na-ekpuchi teknụzụ dị oke ọnụ, usoro ụlọ ọrụ, omume kachasị mma na ozi iji nyere ndị ọkachamara stamping aka na-arụ ọrụ ha nke ọma.
Ugbu a site na ịnweta mbipụta dijitalụ nke FABRICATOR zuru oke, ọ dị mfe ịnweta akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ bara uru.
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Nwee obi ụtọ ịnweta mbipụta dijitalụ nke STAMPING Journal, nke na-enye ọganihu teknụzụ kachasị ọhụrụ, omume kachasị mma na akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ maka ahịa stamping metal.
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