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Anyị na-akọ na-egosi na-arụsi ọrụ ike seafloor uplift na gas emissions ọtụtụ kilomita offshore si ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Naples (Italy) .Pockmarks, mounds na craters bụ atụmatụ nke seafloor.These formations na-anọchi anya n'elu nke na-emighị emi crustal owuwu, gụnyere pagodas, mmejọ na folds na-emetụta ndị seabed today.They pressation nke carbon dioxide na ịrị elu nke helicarbon dioxide na ịrị elu nke helicarbon dioxide. mantle melts na crustal rocks.These gas yiri ndị na-eri nri na hydrothermal usoro nke Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, na-atụ aro a mantle isi iyi weere na crustal fluids n'okpuru Gulf of Naples.Subsea mgbasawanye na mgbawa mere site gas ebuli na pressurization usoro na-achọ ihe overpressure nke gas floalts na 2. mmụpụta bụ ngosipụta nke ọgba aghara na-abụghị ugwu mgbawa nke nwere ike ịkpọsa mgbawa n'elu mmiri na/ma ọ bụ mgbawa mmiri ọkụ.
Mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri dị omimi nke oké osimiri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke n'etiti oke osimiri na akụkụ dị iche iche nke efere (gụnyere akụkụ nke akụkụ nke agwaetiti), ebe oyi na-ekpo ọkụ nke gas hydrates (chlatrates) na-abụkarị ihe e ji mara continental shelves na passive margins1, 2,3,4,5. (magma reservoirs) n'ime continental jikọrọ ọnụ na / ma ọ bụ uwe mwụda. Ndị a na-agbapụta nwere ike buru ụzọ rịgoro magma site na elu nke elu nke ụwa na-ejedebe na mgbawa na ntinye nke ugwu mgbawa ugwu. region nke Naples na Italy (~ 1 nde mmadụ bi) dị oké egwu maka-enyocha ike ugwu mgbawa. Shallow eruption. Ọzọkwa, mgbe morphological atụmatụ metụtara miri-osimiri hydrothermal ma ọ bụ hydrate gas emissions bụ dịtụ nke ọma mara n'ihi na ha geological na ndu Njirimara, ndị wepụrụ bụ morphological atụmatụ metụtara shallower mmiri, ma e wezụga ndị na-eme na n'ebe ahụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri 1, ọ dị ole na ole ugbu a. seismic, mmiri kọlụm, na geochemical data maka ihe n'okpuru mmiri, morphologically na structurally mgbagwoju mpaghara metụtara gas anwuru na Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), ihe dị ka 5 km si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Naples. A nakọtara data ndị a n'oge SAFE_2014 (August 2014) ụgbọ mmiri n'ụgbọ mmiri n'elu R / V na okpuru ulo nke Urania. mee, nyochaa isi mmalite nke mmiri na-ekupụ ikuku, chọpụta na kọwapụta usoro ndị na-achịkwa ịrị elu gas na nrụrụ emetụtara, ma kparịta mmetụta mgbawa ugwu.
The Gulf of Naples kpụrụ Plio-Quaternary n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ oke, na NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW nke Ischia (ihe dị ka 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ihe dị ka 300-1538) na Soma-Vesuvius na n'ọnụ mmiri na ndokwa nke Soma-Vesuvius 460-1m. n'ebe ugwu AD) 15, ebe ndịda dị n'akụkụ Sorrento Peninsula (Fig 1a) .Ọwara Naples na-emetụta NE-SW na nke abụọ NW-SE dị ịrịba ama mmejọ (Fig 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius bụ ihe e ji mara hydrothermal, nrụrụ ala, 16 nke ihe na-eme n'ala, ihe na-emighị eme nke 18. na Campi Flegrei na 1982-1984, na-ebuli elu 1.8 m na ọtụtụ puku ala ọma jijiji) .Nchọpụta ndị na-adịbeghị anya19,20 na-atụ aro na enwere ike inwe njikọ dị n'etiti ike nke Soma-Vesuvius na nke Campi Flegre, ikekwe jikọtara ya na 'miri' otu magma reservoirs.Volcillations na ikpeazụ nke oké osimiri. Flegrei na 18 ka nke Somma Vesuvius na-achịkwa sedimentary usoro nke Gulf of Naples. The ala oké osimiri larịị na ikpeazụ glacial kacha (18 ka) dugara na regression nke offshore-emighị emi sedimentary usoro, nke e mechara jupụta na mmebi omume n'oge Late Pleistocene-Holocene nke gas emissioned nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na emissioned gas n'ụsọ oké osimiri. nke Campi Flegre na nso Ugwu Soma-Vesuvius (Fig 1b).
(a) Usoro ihe omimi na nhazi nke continental shelf na Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Ntụpọ bụ isi ebe mgbawa mmiri okpuru mmiri; ahịrị uhie na-anọchite anya mmejọ ndị bụ isi. nke profaịlụ mmiri acoustic, na CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 na ROV okpokolo agba na-akọ na Fig.
Dabere na data enwetara n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri SAFE_2014 (August 2014) (lee Ụzọ), ọhụrụ Digital Terrain Model (DTM) nke Gulf of Naples na 1 m mkpebi ka e wuru.DTM na-egosi na seafloor n'ebe ndịda nke Port nke Naples e ji nwayọọ nwayọọ sloping n'ebe ndịda chere ihu (mkpọda 5 ≤3 × 3.0). Nhazi dị ka dome, nke a na-akpọ Banco della Montagna (BdM) .Fig. 1a,b) .BdM na-etolite na omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 100 ruo 170, 15 ruo 20 mita n'elu mmiri mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. BdM dome gosipụtara mound-dị ka morphology n'ihi 280 subcircular na oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, na 30 pits na ugwu 3 (Fig.2) nwere oke elu. m na 1,800 m, n'otu n'otu. The circularity [C = 4π (mpaghara / perimeter2)] nke mound na-ebelata na-amụba perimeta (Fig. 2b) .Axial ratios maka mounds dị n'etiti 1 na 6.5, na mounds na axial ratio> 2 na-egosi a họọrọ N45 ° E + 15 ° na-agbasawanye N45 ° E + ọzọ dispers 15 N. N145°E iku (Fig. 2c). Otu cones ma ọ bụ kwekọọ na-adị n'elu ụgbọ elu BdM na n'elu ugwu (Fig 3a,b) .Nhazi conical na-agbaso nhazi nke mkpọmkpọ ebe ha dị. A na-ahụkarị akara ngosi n'elu oke osimiri dị larịị (Fig 3c) na mgbe ụfọdụ n'elu ugwu. Oghere mbara igwe nke cones na pockmarks na-egosi na njedebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ NE. dome BdM (Fig 4a,b); Ụzọ NW-SE dị obere agbatị dị na mpaghara BdM etiti.
(a) Digital terrain model (1 m cell size) nke dome nke Banco della Montagna (BdM) .(b) Perimeter na roundness nke BdM mounds.(c) Axial ratio na angle (nhazi) nke isi axis nke kacha mma-dabara ellipse gbara gburugburu ná mkputamkpu. The ọkọlọtọ njehie nke Digital Terrain nlereanya bụ m0; njehie ọkọlọtọ nke perimeta na okirikiri bụ 4.83 m na 0.01, n'otu n'otu, na njehie ọkọlọtọ nke axial ratio na angle bụ 0.04 na 3.34 °, n'otu n'otu.
Nkọwa nke cones, craters, mkpọtụ na olulu na mpaghara BdM ewepụtara na DTM na eserese 2.
(a) Ntụnye cones n'elu ala dị larịị; (b) cones na olulu na mkpọmkpọ ebe dị gịrịgịrị NW-SE; (c) akara akpa n'elu elu etinyere obere ihe.
(a) Nkesa oghere nke olulu achọpụtara, olulu, na ikuku gas na-arụ ọrụ.
Anyị chọpụtara 37 gaseous emissions na BdM mpaghara si ROV mmiri kọlụm echo sounder oyiyi na kpọmkwem chọpụtara nke seafloor nwetara n'oge SAFE_2014 njem n'August 2014 (Figures 4 na 5) .The acoustic anomalies nke ndị a emissions na-egosi kwụ elongated shapes na-ebili banyere site na mmiri ozuzo na 1 m.7. 5a) .N'ebe ụfọdụ, acoustic anomalies kpụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta na-aga n'ihu "ụgbọ okporo ígwè."The hụrụ afụ plumes dịgasị iche iche: si na-aga n'ihu, ok afụ aga na-adịteghị ndụ phenomena (Supplementary Movie 1) .ROV nnyocha na-enye ohere maka visual verification nke omume nke seafloor mmiri vents na pụta ìhè obere pockmarks na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie mgbe ụfọdụ. ikpe, ROV channels reactivate emissions. Igwe ikuku ikuku na-egosi oghere okirikiri dị n'elu na-enweghị ọkụ ọkụ na mmiri mmiri. The pH na mmiri na kọlụm dị n'elu ebe nkwụsịtụ na-egosi nkwụsị dị ịrịba ama, na-egosikwu ọnọdụ acidic na mpaghara (Fig 5c, d) . Karịsịa, pH n'elu BdM gas na-agbapụta na 75 m omimi na-ebelata site na 7.5 m (70 m). (Fig 5c), ebe saịtị ndị ọzọ na Gulf of Naples nwere pH ụkpụrụ n'etiti 0 na 160 m na omimi etiti oge n'etiti 8.3 na 8.5 (Fig. 5d) .Mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na oké osimiri okpomọkụ na salinity na-enweghị na saịtị abụọ n'ime na n'èzí BdM n'ógbè nke Gulf nke Naples. banyere 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d) .Ntụle nke pH, okpomọkụ, na salinity gosiri: a) òkè nke acidic fluids metụtara BdM degassing usoro na b) enweghị ma ọ bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa ihapu nke thermal fluids na brine.
(a) Window nnweta nke profaịlụ kọlụm mmiri na-egwu egwu (echometer Simrad EK60) .Vertical green band kwekọrọ na ncha ọkụ gas achọpụtara na mwepu mmiri EM50 (ihe dị ka 75 m n'okpuru oke osimiri) dị na mpaghara BdM; A na-egosipụtakwa akara ngosi nke ala na seafloor multiplex (b) anakọtara na ụgbọ ala a na-achịkwa na mpaghara BdM Otu foto na-egosi obere oghere (oji okirikiri) gbara ya gburugburu na-acha uhie uhie na sedimenti oroma. kọlụm dị n'elu mwepu mmiri EM50 (panel c) na n'èzí akụkụ mwepu Bdm (d).
Anyị na-anakọta ihe atụ gas atọ site na ebe ọmụmụ ihe n'etiti August 22 na 28, 2014. Ihe atụ ndị a gosipụtara ihe ndị yiri ya, nke CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol na-achịkwa), na-esote nchịkọta dị mkpa nke N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) na H20S (0.40 mmol / mol) na H20S (0.40 mmol). H2 na Ọ dị ntakịrị karịa (<0.052 na <0.016 mmol/mol, n'otu n'otu) (Fig. 1b; Isiokwu S1, Ihe nkiri mgbakwunye 2) . A na-atụlekwa ihe dị elu nke O2 na Ar (ruo 3.2 na 0.18 mmol / mol, n'otu n'otu) .Nchikota nke ìhè hydrocarbon.3 mmol. na mejupụtara C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (tumadi benzene), propene na sulfur-nwere ogige (thiophene) .The 40Ar / 36Ar uru kwekọrọ na ikuku (295.5), ọ bụ ezie na sample EM35 (BdM dome) nwere uru nke 304, na-egosi a nta ngafe nke 401Ar / 1% elu karịa ikuku . vs. Ikuku), mgbe δ13C-CO2 ụkpụrụ sitere na -0.93 ka 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra ụkpụrụ (mgbe mezie maka ikuku mmetọ iji 4He / 20Ne ratio) bụ n'etiti 1.66 na 1.94, na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke a nnukwu akụkụ nke mantletot na COB na-ejikọta ya na helium. 22, isi iyi nke umu anwuru na BdM nwere ike n'ihu dokwuo anya.Na CO2 map maka CO2 / 3He vesos δ13C (Fig. 6), na BdM gas mejupụtara tụnyere nke Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles.Figure 6 nwekwara na-akọ theoretical carbon mixing isi mmalite nwere ike ịbụ atọ dị iche iche mixing isi mmalite n'etiti gas dị iche iche na-emepụta n'etiti atọ gas. mantle-ewepụtara melts, organic-ọgaranya sediments, na carbonates.The BdM samples ada na Ịgwakọta akara gosiri site atọ Campania ugwu mgbawa, ya bụ, Ịgwakọta n'etiti mantle gas (nke na-echere na-ubé enriched na carbon dioxide ikwu oge gboo MORBs maka nzube nke dabara na data) na mmeghachi omume nke gas sitere na crustal.
Ngwakọ edoghi n'etiti mantle mejupụtara na ọgwụgwụ òtù nke limestone na organic sediments na-akọ maka ntụnyere.Boxes na-anọchi anya fumarole ebe nke Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. The BdM sample bụ na mbuaha na-emekarị nke Campania ugwu mgbawa.The endmember gas nke mbuaha isi iyi nke mantburization nke gas na-emepụta site n'aka nke mantburization. mineral.
Seismic ngalaba L1 na L2 (Figs. 1b na 7) na-egosi mgbanwe n'etiti BdM na distal stratigraphic usoro nke Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) na Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) ugwu mgbawa mpaghara.BdM e ji ọnụnọ nke abụọ isi n'elu seism (Fig. 7) PS. na-egosi subparallel reflectors nke elu na-agafeghị oke njupụta na mpụta continuity (Fig. 7b, c) .This oyi akwa na-agụnye mmiri sediments dọkpụrụ site Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) usoro na mejupụtara ájá na clay23. The n'okpuru PS oyi akwa (Fig. 7b-d) e ji a ogbaaghara ka transperent-adọ na-adọ n'elu n'ụdị nke PSflossesdi. (Fig. 7d) .Ndị a diapir-dị ka geometries na-egosi intrusion nke PS transperent ihe n'ime topmost MS deposits.Uplift bụ maka nhazi nke folds na mmejọ nke na-emetụta MS oyi akwa na overlying ugbu-ụbọchị sediments nke BdM seafloor (Fig. 7b-d) .The MS stratigraphic etiti oge bụ n'ụzọ doro anya delaminated n'ebe na-acha ọcha na ngalaba nke BdM n'ebe na-acha ọcha portion nke LNE. n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke a gas-saturated oyi akwa (GSL) kpuchie ụfọdụ esịtidem etoju nke MS usoro (Fig. 7a) ike ndọda anakọtara na n'elu nke BdM kwekọrọ na transperent seismic oyi akwa na-egosi na elu 40 cm mejupụtara ájá debere na nso nso a ugbu a; ) 24,25 na pumice iberibe si mgbawa mgbawa nke Campi Flegrei nke "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. The transparent frasi nke PS oyi akwa enweghị ike kọwara chaotic Ịgwakọta Filiks naanị, n'ihi na chaotic layers metụtara ala, apịtị na-asọpụta na pyroclaust mmiri na-achọta n'èzí a Naco. opaque21,23,24.Anyị kwubiri na hụrụ BdM PS seismic facies nakwa dị ka ọdịdị nke subsea outcrop PS oyi akwa (Fig. 7d) na-egosipụta elu nke eke gas.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (trace trace in Fig. 1b) na-egosi a columnar (pagoda) nhazi ohere. Pagoda mejupụtara chaotic nkwụnye ego nke pumice na ájá. The gas-saturated oyi akwa nke dị n'okpuru pagoda na-ewepu continuity nke omimi formations. na-akọwapụta mbepụ na nrụrụ nke mkpọmkpọ mmiri n'oké osimiri, mmiri (MS), na ebe nchekwa ájá pumice (PS).(c) A na-akọ nkọwa deformation na MS na PS na (c,d) .Na-eche na a na-agba ọsọ nke 1580 m / s na sedimenti kachasị elu, 100 ms na-anọchi anya ihe dị ka 80 m na ọnụ ọgụgụ kwụ ọtọ.
The morphological na structural e ji mara nke BdM dị ka ndị ọzọ subsea hydrothermal na gas hydrate ubi n'ụwa nile2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 na-ejikọta ya na uplifts (vaults na mounds) na gas Discharge (cones, pits) .BdM-piturally akara cones . permeability (Figures 2 na 3) .Nhazi ohere nke mkpọmkpọ ebe, olulu na ikuku na-arụ ọrụ na-egosi na nkesa ha na-achịkwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mgbawa mmetụta NW-SE na NE-SW (Fig 4b) .Ndị a bụ ihe kachasị mma nke usoro mmejọ na-emetụta Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius nke mpaghara ugwu mgbawa nke mbụ na mpaghara Gulf nke Naple. ihapu si Campi Flegrei crater35.We ya mere kwubie na mmejọ na fractures na Gulf of Naples na-anọchi anya ndị họọrọ ụzọ maka gas Mbugharị n'elu, a atụmatụ na-akọrọ ndị ọzọ structurally achịkwa hydrothermal systems36,37.Notably, BdM cones na olulu na-adịghị mgbe niile jikọtara ná mkpọmkpọ nkume (Fig. 3a, na-adịghị na-egosi na ihe ndị a na-egosi mkpali). nguzobe, dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ede na-atụ aro maka gas hydrate zones32,33.Our nkwubi okwu na-akwado echiche na-emeghasịkwa nke dome seafloor sediments adịghị mgbe nile na-eduga guzobe olulu.
The atọ anakọtara gaseous umu anwuru na-egosi kemịkalụ mbinye aka ahụkarị nke hydrothermal fluids, ya bụ tumadi CO2 na ịrịba mkpokọta nke mbenata gas (H2S, CH4 na H2) na ìhè hydrocarbons (karịsịa benzene na propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 gases (The 44, 45).s. dị ka O2), nke na-adịghị atụ anya na-adị ugbu a n'okpuru mmiri emissions, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na mmetọ si ikuku etisasịwo na oké osimiri na-abịa na kọntaktị na gas echekwara na plastic igbe eji maka sampling, dị ka ROVs na-amịpụtara si oké osimiri n'ala ka oké osimiri na-enupụ isi.Conversely, nti δ15N ụkpụrụ na a elu N2 / Arrated) mmiri na-atụ aro ka-48 dị elu karịa 48. nke N2 na-emepụta site na extra-ikuku isi mmalite, na nkwekọrịta na predominant hydrothermal si malite nke gas ndị a. The hydrothermal-volcanic si malite BdM gas kwadoro site CO2 na Ọ ọdịnaya na ha isootopic signatures. Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 si -0.93% ka +0/3 He000) na CO2. 4.1 × 1010) na-atụ aro na BdM samples bụ ngwakọta nke fumaroles gburugburu Gulf of Naples 'mantle ọgwụgwụ òtù na decarbonization The mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gas na-emepụta site mmeghachi omume (Figure 6) .More kpọmkwem, na BdM gas samples na-emi odude tinyere Ịgwakọta omume na mkpokọta n'otu ebe dị ka mmiri si n'akụkụ F-Veimma volusi. bụ crustal karịa Ischia fumaroles, nke dị nso na njedebe nke uwe mwụda ahụ. nke na-eri nri ugwu mgbawa nke Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei. Enweghị akụkụ carbon carbon nke a na-achọpụta na ikuku BdM na-egosi na sedimenti organic adịghị etinye aka na BdM degassing usoro.
Dabere na data akọwara n'elu na nsonaazụ sitere na ụdị nnwale nke dome-dị ka owuwu jikọtara ya na mpaghara subsea gas bara ụba, nrụgide gas miri emi nwere ike ịbụ maka nhazi nke ụlọ BdM nke kilometa. Iji mee atụmatụ overpressure Pdef na-eduga na BdM vault, anyị etinyere sistemu igwe dị larịị33,34 na-eche, site na data a na-anakọta nke sekit. nke radius dị ukwuu karịa nkwụnye ego viscous dị nro na-agbanwe agbanwe Ntugharị kachasị elu w na ọkpụrụkpụ h nke (Mgbakwunye Fig. S1) .Pdef bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti nrụgide zuru oke na nrụgide nkume static tinyere nrụgide kọlụm mmiri. Na BdM, radius dị ihe dị ka 2,500 m, w bụ 20 m, na h kacha elu e mere atụmatụ site na seismicde profaịlụ 6 P4de. 64 D / a4 site na njikọ ahụ, ebe D bụ nkwụsi ike na-agbanwe agbanwe; A na-enye D site na (E h3) / [12 (1 - ν2)], ebe E bụ modulus nke Young nke nkwụnye ego, ν bụ Poisson's ratio (~ 0.5) 33. Ebe ọ bụ na a pụghị ịlele ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe nke BdM sedimenti, anyị na-edozi E = 140 kPa, nke bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya maka ájá ájá dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, 47 dị elu karịa B4M. ụkpụrụ kọrọ na akwụkwọ maka silty ụrọ nkwụnye ego (300 < E <350,000 kPa) 33,34 n'ihi na BDM nkwụnye ego mejupụtara tumadi nke ájá, ọ bụghị silt ma ọ bụ silty clay24.We nweta Pdef = 0.3 Pa, nke kwekọrọ na atụmatụ nke seafloor uplift Filiks na gas hydrate basin-2, ebe Pasit 0. ụkpụrụ na-anọchi anya ala w / a na / ma ọ bụ ihe. Na BdM, stiffness Mbelata n'ihi na mpaghara gas saturation nke sedimenti na / ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke tupu adị fractures nwekwara ike na-eme ka ọdịda na n'ihi na gas ntọhapụ, ikwe ka e guzobe nke hụrụ ventilashion Ọdịdị.The anakọtara gosipụtara seismic profaịlụ (Fig. 7). overlying MS mmiri sediments, na-akpata mkpọmkpọ, folds, mmejọ, na sedimentary ịkpụ (Fig. 7b,c) .Nke a na-egosi na 14.8 ka 12 ka ochie pumice abanyela n'ime obere MS oyi akwa site na elu gas iga usoro.The morphological atụmatụ nke BdM Ọdịdị nwere ike ịhụ dị ka n'ihi nke SL na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-emepụta na-emepụta site n'ife n'elu nke SL. hụrụ site na oké osimiri ruo n'elu 170 m bsl48, anyị na-eche na mmiri overpressure dị n'ime GSL karịrị 1,700 kPa.Upward migration nke gas na sedimenti nwekwara mmetụta nke scrubbing ihe dị na MS, na-akọwa ọnụnọ chaotic sediments na ike ndọda na-esere n'elu Bdpressure nke GSL na-emepụta na Bdpressurere mgbagwoju nke GSL. usoro (polygonal mmejọ na Fig. 7b) .Na mkpokọta, a morphology, Ọdịdị, na stratigraphic mmezi, zoro aka dị ka "pagodas" 49,50, e na mbụ ekewet nke abụọ mmetụta nke ochie glacial formations, na ugbu a na-akọwa dị ka mmetụta nke na-ebili gas31,33 ma ọ bụ evaporites50 .At the Campporites50 . ọ dịkarịa ala n'ime elu 3 km nke jikọrọ ọnụ. N'ihi ya, usoro ibu nke BdM pagodas yiri ka a ga-achịkwa gas ịrị elu na sediments. Nke a nkwubi okwu na-akwado site transperent seismic facies nke pagoda (Fig. 7), nakwa dị ka ike ndọda isi data dị ka na mbụ kọrọ24, ebe ugbu a-ụbọchị ájá erupts na 'Naff Campi2' na 'Pomillow' Princi2 Princi2 Princi5' na 'Pipleci2'. Flegrei.Ọzọkwa, PS nkwụnye ego wakporo na deformed the uppermost MS oyi akwa (Fig. 7d) .Nke a structural ndokwa na-egosi na pagoda na-anọchi anya a ọgba aghara Ọdịdị na ọ bụghị nanị a gas pipeline. Ya mere, isi ihe abụọ bụ isi usoro na-achịkwa nguzobe nke pagoda: a) njupụta nke sediment dị nro na-ebelata ka gas na-abanye n'okpuru; b) ngwakọta gas-sedimenti na-ebili, nke a na-ahụ anya mpịakọta, mmejọ na mgbaji na-akpata nkwụnye ego MS (Ntụziaka 7) .Edobere usoro nhazi yiri nke ahụ maka pagodas jikọtara ya na gas hydrates na Oké Osimiri South Scotia (Antarctica) .BdM pagodas pụtara n'ìgwè dị iche iche na ugwu ugwu, na ogologo oge ha na-aga njem 70-10 mT-10. 7a) .N'ihi ọnụnọ nke MS undulations na-atụle stratigraphy nke BdM ike ndọda isi, anyị infer na e guzobere afọ nke pagoda Ọdịdị na-erughị banyere 14-12 ka. Ọzọkwa, uto nke ndị a owuwu ka na-arụ ọrụ (Fig 7d) dị ka ụfọdụ pagodas wakporo na deformed-ụbọchị Bịlụ.7.
Ọdịda nke pagoda na-agafe oke osimiri nke ugbu a na-egosi na (a) gas ịrị elu na / ma ọ bụ nkwụsị mpaghara nke gas-sediment mixing, na / ma ọ bụ (b) nke nwere ike ime n'akụkụ nke gas-sediment ngwakọta adịghị ekwe ka a na-eme ka a na-emebiga ihe ókè. na-aga n'ihu. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enye ihe nwere ike jikọta na mmụba nke njupụta nke ngwakọta n'ihi nkwụsị nke ikuku gas. Nsonaazụ a chịkọtara n'elu na ịrị elu na-achịkwa buoyancy nke pagoda na-enye anyị ohere ịkọwa elu kọlụm ikuku hg. A na-enye ihe na-ebufe site na ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), ebe g bụ ike ndọda ( ρw - ρg ), ebe g bụ ike ndọda ( ρw - ρg 2 ). njupụta nke mmiri na gas, otu. Pdef = 0.3 Pa na h = 100 m (lee n'elu), ρw = 1,030 kg / m3, ρs = 2,500 kg / m3, ρg bụ negligible n'ihi na ρw ≫ρg.Anyị na-enweta hg = 245 m, uru na-anọchi anya omimi nke ala nke .4 MP nke G. gbajie ala oké osimiri BdM wee mepụta oghere.
Ngwakọta nke gas BdM na-agbanwe agbanwe na isi iyi akwa akwa gbanwere site na mgbakwunye nke mmiri na-ejikọta ya na mmeghachi omume decarbonization nke nkume crustal (Fig 6) .Rough EW alignments of BdM domes na volcanoes na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Ischia, Campi Flegre, na Soma-Vesuvius, tinyere ihe mejupụtara nke gas ndị na-emepụta n'okpuru ebe a na-atụ aro na gases na-apụta n'okpuru ebe a. na-agwakọta Ọtụtụ mmiri crustal na-esi na ọdịda anyanwụ (Ischia) gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig 1b na 6).
Anyị kwubiri na na Bay nke Naples, kilomita ole na ole site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Naples, e nwere 25 km2 obosara dome-dị ka Ọdịdị nke na-emetụta site na-arụ ọrụ degassing usoro na mere site na ntinye nke pagodas na mounds. Ugbu a, BdM signatures na-atụ aro na ndị na-abụghị magmatic turbulence53 nwere ike preate embryism na mmalite nke mgbawa nke magmanie. mmiri. Ekwesịrị itinye ọrụ nlekota iji nyochaa mmalite nke phenomena na ịchọpụta geochemical na geophysical signals nke na-egosi ọgba aghara magmatic nwere ike.
Enwetara profaịlụ nke kọlụm mmiri Acoustic (2D) n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri SAFE_2014 (August 2014) na R / V Urania (CNR) site na National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) .Acoustic sampling e rụrụ site na nkà mmụta sayensị beam-kewara echo sounder Simrad EK8 kHz na-arụ ọrụ na nkezi data 3. km. A na-eji ihe oyiyi echosounder a na-anakọta iji chọpụta nkwụsị nke mmiri na-akọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ebe ha nọ na ebe nchịkọta (n'etiti 74 na 180 m bsl) .Tụpụta ihe anụ ahụ na nke kemịkalụ na mmiri mmiri na-eji nyocha multiparameter (conductivity, okpomọkụ na omimi, CTD) . A na-anakọta data site na iji CTD 911 nyocha (SeaBird, SB) na usoro Electronics. mbipute 7.23.2) .A na-eme nyocha anya nke oke osimiri site na iji ngwaọrụ ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (ụgbọ ala na-arụ ọrụ) na igwefoto abụọ (ala na nkọwa dị elu).
A na-enweta nnweta data Multibeam site na iji 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Usoro na-ejikọta ya na usoro nhazi ụwa dị iche iche iji hụ na njehie sub-metric dị na ọnọdụ beam. The acoustic pulse has a frequency of 100 kHz, a firing pulse of 150s oghere nke 40 ° nke velo na-etinye ogo 40 na ụda ụda dum. Profaịlụ ozugbo n'oge nnweta. A na-ahazi data site na iji ngwanrọ PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) dị ka ọkọlọtọ International Hydrographic Organisation (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) maka igodo na mgbazi mmiri. tools.Nchọpụta ọsọ ọsọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ site na ọdụ ụgbọ oloko nke dị nso na multi-beam transducer na-enweta ma na-etinye profaịlụ ụda ọsọ ọsọ n'ezie na kọlụm mmiri ọ bụla 6-8 awa iji nye ezigbo ụda ụda oge maka nhazi ọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị. The dum dataset mejupụtara ihe dị ka 440 km2 (0-1200 m) na-enye ihe nlereanya dị elu nke dijitalụ TM). e ji 1 m grid size. A na-eme DTM ikpeazụ (Fig 1a) na data ala (> 0 m n'elu oke osimiri) nwetara na 20 m grid cell size site na Italian Geo-Military Institute.
A 55-kilomita elu-mkpebi otu-channel seismic data profaịlụ, anakọtara n'oge mma oké osimiri cruises na 2007 na 2014, kpuchiri ebe dị ihe dị ka 113 square kilomita, ma na R / V Urania.Marisk profaịlụ (eg, L1 seismic profaịlụ, Fig. site na iji usoro Ikike). nnweta unit mejupụtara 2.5 m catamaran nke isi iyi na nnata na-etinye.The isi iyi mbinye aka mejupụtara otu nti elu nke e ji mara na ugboro ugboro nso 1-10 kHz na-enye ohere iji dozie reflectors kewapụrụ site 25 cm. Safe seismic profaịlụ e nwetara site na iji 1.4 Kj multi-ọnụ Geospark mmiri mmiri interface na Gọọmenti SystymSystem System. usoro mejupụtara catamaran nke nwere 1-6.02 KHz isi iyi nke na-abanye ruo 400 milliseconds na sedimenti dị nro n'okpuru oké osimiri, nke nwere mkpebi ziri ezi nke 30 cm. A na-enweta ma ngwaọrụ nchekwa na Marsik na ọnụego 0.33 gbaa / sec na ngwa ngwa ụgbọ mmiri <3 Kn.Arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-esote site na iji software Geoflow. mgbazi, mkpọtu kọlụm mmiri, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR nzacha, yana AGC.
A na-anakọta gas sitere na fumarole n'okpuru mmiri n'elu mmiri site na iji igbe rọba nke nwere diaphragm rọba dị n'akụkụ elu ya, nke ROV na-etinye ya n'akụkụ ventilash ahụ. Ozugbo ikuku ikuku na-abanye n'ime igbe ahụ agbanweela kpamkpam n'oké osimiri, ROV na-alaghachi na omimi nke 1 m, na onye na-egwu mmiri na-ebufe gas anakọtara site na iko flavacated 6 m. na Teflon stopcocks nke Otu jupụtara na 20 ml nke 5N NaOH ngwọta (Gegenbach-ụdị flask) .A na-agbaze ụdị gas gas gas (CO2 na H2S) na ngwọta alkaline, ebe ụdị gas solubility dị ala (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 na ìhè hydrocarlub headspace). nyochara site na chromatography gas (GC) site na iji Shimadzu 15A nke nwere 10 m ogologo 5A molecular sieve column na ihe nchọpụta thermal conductivity (TCD) 54.Argon na O2 na-enyocha site na iji Thermo Focus gas chromatograph nke a kwadebere na 30 m ogologo capillary molecular sieve column na TCDMeth a na-enyocha ya site na iji chromatograph gas nke nwere 30 m ogologo capillary molecular sieve column na TCDMeth. chromatograph nke a kwadebere na kọlụm igwe anaghị agba nchara 10 m jupụtara na Chromosorb PAW 80/100 ntupu, kpuchie ya na 23% SP 1700 na ọkụ ionization detector (FID) . A na-eji usoro mmiri mmiri mee ihe maka nyocha nke 1) CO2, dịka, titrated na 0.5 N HCl ngwọta, Titrohm2, 23% HCL , Titrohm. ya na 5 mL H2O2 (33%), site na ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Njehie nyocha nke titration, GC na IC analysis bụ ihe na-erughị 5% mgbe mmịpụta ọkọlọtọ na usoro dị ọcha maka ngwakọta gas, 13C / 12C CO2 (gopụtara dị ka δ13C-PDD) site na iji mass δ13C-COB Delta S. spectrometer55,56. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-eji eme atụmatụ nkenke mpụga bụ Carrara na San Vincenzo marble (n'ime), NBS18 na NBS19 (mba), ebe njehie nyocha na reproducibility bụ ± 0.05% na ± 0.1%, n'otu n'otu.
δ15N (nke a kọwara dị ka% vs. Air) ụkpụrụ na 40Ar / 36Ar kpebisiri ike site na iji Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) jikọtara na Finnigan Delta plusXP na-aga n'ihu na-asọba uka spectrometer. Njehie nyocha bụ: δ15N± 0.1%, 36Ar <1% , . R / Ra, ebe R bụ 3He / 4Ọ tụrụ na sample na Ra bụ otu ruru na ikuku: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 e kpebisiri ike na laabu nke INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He na 20Ne kpebisiri ike site na iji dual-anakọta uka spectrometer (Helix SFT) 5.8. 0.3%.Oghere oghere maka Ya na Ne bụ <10-14 na <10-16 mol, n'otu n'otu.
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