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Anyị na-akọ na-egosi na-arụsi ọrụ ike seafloor uplift na gas emissions ọtụtụ kilomita offshore si ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Naples (Italy) .Pockmarks, mounds na craters bụ atụmatụ nke seafloor.These formations na-anọchi anya n'elu nke na-emighị emi crustal owuwu, gụnyere pagodas, mmejọ na folds na-emetụta seabed today.They pressation nke na-emetụta seabed today. They pressation na-agbaze na-agbaze na helika carbon dioxide mmadụ dere na ịrị elu nke helicarbon dioxide. na crustal nkume. Ndị a gases yiri ndị na-eri nri na hydrothermal usoro nke Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, na-atụ aro a mantle isi iyi weere na crustal fluids n'okpuru Gulf of Naples.Subsea mgbasa na mgbawa mere site gas ebuli na pressurization usoro na-achọ ihe overpressure nke 2-3-floutsions nke na-abụghị nke gas na-egosi na ihe na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè. ọgba aghara nke nwere ike ịkpọsa mgbawa n'elu mmiri na/ma ọ bụ mgbawa mmiri ọkụ.
Mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke n'etiti oke osimiri na akụkụ dị iche iche nke efere (gụnyere akụkụ nke mmiri mmiri nke agwaetiti), ebe oyi na-ekpo ọkụ nke gas hydrates (chlatrates) na-abụkarị ihe e ji mara shelf continental na njedebe na-agafe agafe1, 2,3,4,5. oirs) n'ime continental jikọrọ ọnụ na / ma ọ bụ uwe mwụda. Ndị a na-agbapụta nwere ike buru ụzọ rịgoro magma site na elu nke elu nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ wee ejedebe na mgbawa na ntinye nke ugwu ugwu ugwu. bi) dị oké egwu maka-enyocha ike ugwu mgbawa. Shallow eruption. Ọzọkwa, mgbe morphological atụmatụ metụtara miri-osimiri hydrothermal ma ọ bụ hydrate gas emissions bụ dịtụ nke ọma mara n'ihi na ha geological na ndu Njirimara, ewepụrụ bụ morphological atụmatụ metụtara shallower mmiri, ma e wezụga ndị na-eme na Ọdọ 12, e nwere dịtụ ole na ole wedata, mmiri mmiri na-eweta, geometric data n'okpuru mmiri ọhụrụ. morphologically na structurally mgbagwoju mpaghara metụtara gas anwuru na Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), ihe dị ka 5 km si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Naples. A nakọtara data ndị a n'oge SAFE_2014 (August 2014) njem ụgbọ mmiri n'elu R / V Urania. Anyị na-akọwa ma na-akọwa oké osimiri na n'okpuru isi mmalite nke gas na-achọpụta usoro nke na-eme ka mmiri na-emepụta ihe, na-akọwapụta usoro nhazi nke mmiri na mmiri na-emepụta ihe, na-akọwapụta usoro nhazi nke mmiri na mmiri mmiri. mmụba gas na nrụrụ emetụtara, ma kparịta mmetụta mgbawa ugwu.
The Gulf of Naples kpụrụ Plio-Quaternary n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ oke, na NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW nke Ischia (ihe dị ka 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) na Soma-Vesuvius 460-5 n'ebe ugwu ndokwa na Soma-Vesuvius. , ebe ndịda n'ókè nke Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a) .Ọwara Naples na-emetụta NE-SW na nke abụọ NW-SE dị ịrịba ama mmejọ (Fig 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius bụ ihe e ji mara ihe ngosi hydrothermal, nrụrụ ala, na ihe omume na-emighị emeri na Campi, 16 Flegrei, 18 Flegrei, 18 Flegrei, 18. 982-1984, na elu nke 1.8 m na ọtụtụ puku ala ọma jijiji) .Na-adịbeghị anya ọmụmụ19,20 na-atụ aro na e nwere ike ịbụ a njikọ n'etiti ike nke Soma-Vesuvius na nke Campi Flegre, ikekwe jikọtara na 'miri' single magma reservoirs.Volcanic ọrụ na oké osimiri-level oscill3. chịkwaa sedimentary usoro nke Gulf of Naples. The ala oké osimiri larịị na ikpeazụ glacial kacha (18 ka) mere ka regression nke offshore-emighị emi sedimentary usoro, nke e mesịrị jupụta na transgressive omume n'oge Late Pleistocene-Holocene.Submarine gas emissions ka achọpụtara gburugburu agwaetiti na n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Ischi.1b).
(a) Usoro ihe omimi na nhazi nke continental shelf na Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Ntụpọ bụ isi ebe mgbawa mmiri okpuru mmiri;ahịrị uhie na-anọchite anya mmejọ ndị bụ isi. stic mmiri kọlụm profaịlụ, na CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 na ROV okpokolo agba na-akọ na fig. 5. The odo okirikiri akara ọnọdụ nke sampling gas igbapu, na mejupụtara ya gosiri na Table S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) na-eji ndịna-emeputa site Surfer® 13.
Dabere na data enwetara n'oge SAFE_2014 (August 2014) njem ụgbọ mmiri (lee Ụzọ), a ọhụrụ Digital Terrain Model (DTM) nke Gulf of Naples na 1 m mkpebi e constructed.DTM na-egosi na seafloor n'ebe ndịda nke Port nke Naples e ji nwayọọ sloping n'ebe ndịda-eche ihu (mkpọda 5-3 n'ime ime obodo) n'elu ala. nke a maara dị ka Banco della Montagna (BdM).Fig.1a,b) .BdM na-etolite na omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 100 ruo 170, 15 ruo 20 mita n'elu mmiri mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. BdM dome gosipụtara mkpọmkpọ ebe dị ka morphology n'ihi 280 subcircular na oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, na 30 pits na ugwu 4 (Fig.2) 800 m, n'otu n'otu. The circularity [C = 4π (mpaghara / perimeter2)] nke mkpọda na-ebelata na-amụba perimeta (Fig. 2b) .Axial ratios maka mounds dị n'etiti 1 na 6.5, na mounds na ihe axial ratio> 2 na-egosi a họọrọ N45 ° E + 15 ° na-akụtu N45 ° E na ihe 15 na-akụtu ihe ọzọ na 1 n'ikuku N45 ° E. .2c).Otu cones ma ọ bụ kwekọọ na-adị n'elu ụgbọ elu BdM na n'elu ugwu (Fig 3a,b) .Nhazi conical na-agbaso nhazi nke mkpọmkpọ ebe ha dị. A na-ahụkarị akara ngosi n'elu oke osimiri dị larịị (Fig 3c) na mgbe ụfọdụ n'elu ugwu. Oghere oghere nke cones na pockmarks na-egosi na njedebe ndịda na ebe ugwu nke SWM na-egosi na ebe ugwu nke SWM. m (Fig 4a,b);Ụzọ NW-SE dị obere agbatị dị na mpaghara BdM etiti.
(a) Digital terrain model (1 m cell size) nke dome nke Banco della Montagna (BdM) .(b) Perimeter na roundness nke BdM mounds.(c) Axial ratio and angle (orientation) nke isi axis nke kacha mma-dabara ellipse gbara gburugburu ná mkputamkpu. The ọkọlọtọ njehie nke Digital Terrain nlereanya bụ m0;njehie ọkọlọtọ nke perimeta na okirikiri bụ 4.83 m na 0.01, n'otu n'otu, na njehie ọkọlọtọ nke axial ratio na angle bụ 0.04 na 3.34 °, n'otu n'otu.
Nkọwa nke cones, craters, mkpọtụ na olulu na mpaghara BdM ewepụtara na DTM na eserese 2.
(a) Ntụnye cones n'elu ala dị larịị;(b) cones na olulu na mkpọmkpọ ebe dị gịrịgịrị NW-SE;(c) akara akpa n'elu ala etinyere obere ihe.
(a) Nkesa oghere nke olulu achọpụtara, olulu, na ikuku gas na-arụ ọrụ.
Anyị chọpụtara 37 gaseous emissions na BdM mpaghara si ROV mmiri kọlụm echo sounder oyiyi na kpọmkwem chọpụtara nke seafloor enwetara n'oge SAFE_2014 cruise na August 2014 (Figures 4 na 5) .The acoustic anomalies nke ndị a emissions na-egosi kwụ elongated shapes na-ebili site na mmiri ozuzo na 1 m.7. ụfọdụ ebe, acoustic anomalies kpụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta na-aga n'ihu "ụgbọ okporo ígwè."The hụrụ afụ plumes dịgasị iche iche: si na-aga n'ihu, ok afụ eruba ka mkpụmkpụ-adị ndụ phenomena (Supplementary Movie 1) .ROV nnyocha na-enye ohere maka visual verification nke omume nke seafloor mmiri vents na pụta ìhè obere pockmarks na seabed, mgbe ụfọdụ na-arụ ọrụ na-acha uhie uhie ọwa ROV. s.Mkpụrụ ndụ ikuku na-egosi oghere okirikiri dị n'elu na-enweghị ọkụ na kọlụm mmiri. The pH dị na mmiri na kọlụm dị n'elu ebe a na-ewepụ ihe na-egosi ọdịda dị ịrịba ama, na-egosikwu ọnọdụ acidic na mpaghara (Fig.5c, d) . Karịsịa, pH n'elu BdM gas na-agbapụta na 75 m omimi na-ebelata site na 8.4 (na 70 m omimi) na 7.8 (na 75 m omimi) (Fig. 5c), ebe saịtị ndị ọzọ na Gulf of Naples nwere pH ụkpụrụ n'etiti 0 na 160 m na omimi etiti oge na 8.5 n'oké osimiri okpomọkụ. ity na-enweghị na saịtị abụọ n'ime na n'èzí BdM mpaghara nke Gulf of Naples. Na a omimi nke 70 m, okpomọkụ bụ 15 Celsius C na salinity bụ banyere 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d) . Measurements nke pH, okpomọkụ, na salinity gosiri: a) ntinye aka nke acidic fluids metụtara ma ọ bụ na-eji nwayọọ na-agbapụta usoro nke acidic mmiri mmiri na Bdm.
(a) Window nnweta nke profaịlụ kọlụm mmiri na-egwu egwu (echometer Simrad EK60) .Vertical green band kwekọrọ na ncha ọkụ gas achọpụtara na mwepu mmiri EM50 (ihe dị ka 75 m n'okpuru oke osimiri) dị na mpaghara BdM;na ala na seafloor multiplex mgbaàmà na-egosikwa (b) anakọtara na a remote-achịkwa ụgbọ ala na BdM region The otu foto na-egosi a obere olulu (oji okirikiri) gbara ya gburugburu na-acha uhie uhie na oroma sedimenti.(c, d) Multiparameter nyocha CTD data esichara site na iji SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2 n'elu oxygen na-agbapụta n'elu kọlụm nke okpomọkụ p. EM50 (panel c) na n'èzí ngalaba mwepụ Bdm (d).
Anyị na-anakọta ihe atụ gas atọ site na ebe ọmụmụ ihe n'etiti August 22 na 28, 2014. Ihe atụ ndị a gosipụtara ihe ndị yiri ya, nke CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol na-achịkwa), na-esote nchịkọta dị mkpa nke N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) na H20S (0.40 mmol / mol) na H20S (0.40 mmol / mol). obere ụba (<0.052 na <0.016 mmol / mol, n'otu n'otu) (Fig. 1b; Isiokwu S1, ihe nkiri mgbakwunye 2) . A na-atụlekwa ihe dị elu nke O2 na Ar (ruo 3.2 na 0.18 mmol / mol, n'otu n'otu) .Nchikota nke ìhè hydrocarbons.20C na C.40 C. alkanes, aromatics (tumadi benzene), propene na sọlfọ-nwere ogige (thiophene) .The 40Ar / 36Ar uru na-ekwekọ na ikuku (295.5), ọ bụ ezie na sample EM35 (BdM dome) nwere uru nke 304, na-egosi a nta ngafe nke 40Ar. The δ15N ruru ka + 19 ikuku na-elu 1% na ikuku . ụkpụrụ sitere na -0.93 ka 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra ụkpụrụ (mgbe mezie maka ikuku mmetọ site na iji 4He / 20Ne ratio) bụ n'etiti 1.66 na 1.94, na-egosi ọnụnọ nke a nnukwu akụkụ nke mantle He.Site na ijikọta helium isotopeotopetolar bụ n'ihu e nwere ike ịbụ na e si n'ike nke B. .Na CO2 map maka CO2/3He megide δ13C (Fig.6), na BdM gas mejupụtara tụnyere nke Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles.Figure 6 na-akọkwa theoretical Ịgwakọta ahịrị n'etiti atọ dị iche iche carbon isi mmalite nke nwere ike itinye aka na BdM gas mmepụta: etisasịwo mantle-ewepụtara melts, organic-ọgaranya sediments, na carbonates organic-ọgaranya na-ada, na BdMnoe n'omume na mixing atọ n'ime carbonates. n'etiti gases mantle (nke a na-eche na ọ ga-aba ụba na carbon dioxide n'ihe metụtara MORB oge gboo maka ebumnuche dabara data ahụ) na mmeghachi omume nke crustal decarbonization kpatara.
Ngwakọ edoghi n'etiti mantle mejupụtara na ọgwụgwụ òtù nke limestone na organic sediments na-akọ maka tụnyere.Boxes na-anọchi anya fumarole ebe nke Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. The BdM sample bụ na mbuaha na-emekarị nke Campania ugwu mgbawa.The endmember gas nke mbuaha isi iyi nke mantburnization nke gas na-emepụta site na mantburnization.
Seismic ngalaba L1 na L2 (Figs. 1b na 7) na-egosi mgbanwe n'etiti BdM na distal stratigraphic usoro nke Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) na Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) mgbawa ugwu mpaghara.BdM e ji ọnụnọ nke abụọ isi sub-seismic (Fig.7). reflectors nke elu ka agafeghị oke amplitude na mpụta continuity (Fig. 7b, c) .Nke a oyi akwa na-agụnye mmiri sediments dọkpụrụ site Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) usoro na mejupụtara ájá na clay23.The n'okpuru PS oyi akwa (Fig. 7b-d) e ji a ogbaaghara ka transparent frasi na udi nke ogidi ma ọ bụ n'elu hourflosses nke PS fig. apir-dị ka geometries egosi intrusion nke PS transparent ihe n'ime topmost MS deposits.Uplift bụ maka e guzobere folds na mmejọ nke na-emetụta MS oyi akwa na overlying ugbu-ụbọchị sediments nke BdM seafloor (Fig. 7b-d) .The MS stratigraphic etiti bụ n'ụzọ doro anya delaminated na ENE ngalaba kwupụta, mgbe a na-acha ọcha oyi akwa L1 n'ebe L1 ga-abụ n'ihi na ọ na-acha ọcha oyi akwa nke L1. ) kpuchie ụfọdụ ọkwa dị n'ime nke usoro MS (Fig.7a) .Mkpụrụ ike ndọda anakọtara n'elu BdM kwekọrọ na oyi akwa seismic transperent na-egosi na 40 cm kacha elu nwere ájá etinyere na nso nso a ruo ugbu a;)24,25 na pumice iberibe site na mgbawa mgbawa nke Campi Flegrei nke "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. The transparent frasi nke PS oyi akwa enweghị ike kọwara chaotic Ịgwakọta Filiks naanị, n'ihi na chaotic layers metụtara ala, apịtị eruba na pyroclaust2 eruba na-achọta n'èzí a Napa2 nke oyi akwa nke PS3. 4.We kwubiri na hụrụ BdM PS seismic facies nakwa dị ka ọdịdị nke subsea outcrop PS oyi akwa (Fig. 7d) na-egosipụta elu nke eke gas.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (trace trace na fig. 1b) na-egosi a columnar (pagoda) nhazi ohere. Pagoda mejupụtara chaotic nkwụnye ego nke pumice na ájá. The gas-saturated oyi akwa nke dị n'okpuru pagoda na-ewepu continuity nke miri emi formations. na deformation nke oké osimiri, mmiri (MS), na pumice ájá nkwụnye ego (PS).(c) A na-akọ nkọwa nrụrụ na MS na PS na (c,d) . N'ịbụ ndị na-eche na ọsọ nke 1580 m / s na sedimenti kachasị elu, 100 ms na-anọchi anya ihe dị ka 80 m na ọnụ ọgụgụ kwụ ọtọ.
The morphological na structural e ji mara nke BdM dị ka ndị ọzọ subsea hydrothermal na gas hydrate ubi n'ụwa nile2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 na-ejikọta ya na uplifts (vaults na mounds) na gas ichupu (cones, olulu) .BdM-na-egosi moto conesstrucability. 2 na 3) .Nhazi oghere nke mkpọmkpọ ebe, olulu na ikuku na-arụ ọrụ na-egosi na nkesa ha na-achịkwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mgbaji mgbawa nke NW-SE na NE-SW (Fig 4b) .Ndị a bụ ihe kachasị mma nke usoro mmejọ nke na-emetụta Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius volcanic mpaghara na Gulf of Naples nke mbụ na-achịkwa ihe owuwu nke hydro Flei. 35.We ya mere anyị kwubiri na mmejọ na mgbaji dị na Gulf nke Naples na-anọchi anya ụzọ kachasị mma maka ịkwaga gas na-aga n'elu, akụkụ nke usoro ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa hydrothermal system36,37.Notably, BdM cones na olulu anaghị ejikọta ya na mkpọmkpọ ebe (Fig.3a,c) Nke a na-egosi na mkpọmkpọ ebe ndị a abụghị ihe na-anọchi anya precursors ka olulu guzobe, dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ede na-atụ aro maka gas hydrate zones32,33.Our nkwubi na-akwado echiche na-emeghasịkwa nke dome seafloor sediments adịghị eduga mgbe nile ka e guzobere olulu.
The atọ anakọtara gaseous umu anwuru na-egosi chemical mbinye aka ahụkarị nke hydrothermal fluids, ya bụ tumadi CO2 na ịrịba ịta nke mbenata gas (H2S, CH4 na H2) na ìhè hydrocarbons (karịsịa benzene na propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45s (The 44, 45).s. na-adịghị atụ anya na-anọ na submarines emissions, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na mmetọ nke ikuku etisasịwo na mmiri oké osimiri na-abịa na kọntaktị na gas echekwara na plastic igbe eji maka sampling, dị ka ROVs na-amịpụtara si oké osimiri n'ala ka oké osimiri na-enupụ isi.Conversely, nti δ15N ụkpụrụ na a elu N2 / Ar (ruo 480) na-atụ aro ka mmiri dị elu karịa nke ASW2 na-emepụta site na mmiri dị elu. mospheric isi mmalite, na nkwekọrịta na predominant hydrothermal sitere na gas ndị a. The hydrothermal-volcanic sitere na BdM gas kwadoro site na CO2 na Ọ ọdịnaya na ha isootopic signatures. Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 si -0.93% ka +0.4%) na CO2/3 Ọ na-atụ aro 1 (site na × 1 × 1) dM samples belong to a mixing trend of fumaroles around the Gulf of Naples 'mantle end members and decarbonization The mmekọrịta n'etiti gas na-emepụta site mmeghachi omume (Figure 6) .More kpọmkwem, na BdM gas samples na-emi odude tinyere agwakọta na-emekarị na mkpokọta otu ebe dị ka mmiri mmiri si n'akụkụ Campi Flegrei na Somma-Veusistal bụ nso voloca. njedebe nke uwe mwụda ahụ.Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei nwere elu 3He / 4He values ​​(R / Ra n'etiti 2.6 na 2.9) karịa BdM (R / Ra n'etiti 1.66 na 1.96;Isiokwu S1) .Nke a na-egosi na mgbakwunye na nchịkọta nke radiogenic O sitere na otu magma isi iyi nke na-eri nri Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei volcanoes. The enweghị detectable organic carbon fractions na BdM emissions na-egosi na organic sediments adịghị etinye aka na BdM degassing usoro.
Dabere na data a kọrọ n'elu na nsonaazụ site na nnwale ụdị nke dome-dị ka owuwu jikọtara subsea gas-ọgaranya mpaghara, miri gas pressurization nwere ike ịbụ maka e guzobere BdM ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kilometa domes.To atụmatụ na overpressure Pdef na-eduga na BdM vault, anyị etinyere a mkpa-efere arụzi ihe nlereanya33,34 na-eche, si na na-anakọta a subcircus data nke sekit a na-achịkọta a vault. buru ibu karịa ihe nkwụnye ego dị nro na-adịghị mma The vetikal most displacement w na ọkpụrụkpụ h nke (Mgbakwunye Fig. S1) .Pdef bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti ngụkọta nrụgide na rock static pressure plus water column pressure.Na BdM, radius dị ihe dị ka 2,500 m, w bụ 20 m, na h kacha elu e mere atụmatụ site na seismic profaịlụ bụ banyere 100 p de 6 p. lation, ebe D bụ flexural isi ike;A na-enye D site na (E h3) / [12 (1 - ν2)], ebe E bụ modulus nke Young nke nkwụnye ego, ν bụ Poisson's ratio (~ 0.5) 33. Ebe ọ bụ na a pụghị ịlele ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe nke BdM sedimenti, anyị na-edozi E = 140 kPa, nke bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya maka ájá ájá dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, 47 dị elu na-atụle BM dị elu. ed na akwụkwọ akụkọ maka nkwụnye ego ụrọ silty (300 < E <350,000 kPa) 33,34 n'ihi na nkwụnye ego BDM gụnyere ájá ájá, ọ bụghị silt ma ọ bụ ụrọ silty24. Anyị na-enweta Pdef = 0.3 Pa, nke kwekọrọ na atụmatụ nke usoro elu mmiri na-ebuli elu na gas hydrate basin gburugburu, site na obere 1 Pdef0 varies na gburugburu 1 Pdef0 na Padef0. a na / ma ọ bụ ihe. Na BdM, stiffness mbelata n'ihi na mpaghara gas saturation nke sedimenti na / ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke tupu adị fractures nwekwara ike na-eme ka ọdịda na pụta gas ntọhapụ, ikwe ka e guzobe nke hụrụ ventilashion Ọdịdị.The anakọtara reflected seismic profaịlụ (Fig. 7) gosiri na PS sediments na n'elu, na-eme ka MS na-ebuli elu sedimenti na sedimenti na-ebuli elu site na sedimenti MS. mpịachi, mmejọ, na mbelata sedimentary (Fig.7b,c) .Nke a na-egosi na 14.8 ka 12 ka ochie pumice abanyela n'ime oyi akwa MS nke nta site na usoro njem ụgbọ elu gas na-aga n'ihu. Enwere ike ịhụ njirimara morphological nke usoro BdM dị ka nsonaazụ nke nrịbama nke mmiri mmiri na-emepụta site na GSL. Nyere na mgbapụta na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịhụ site na seafloor ruo n'ime ihe karịrị 148 m nke SL, nke dị n'elu 148 SL nke na-eme ka mmiri dị n'elu 148 GSL. 0 kPa.Upward migration nke gas na sediments nwekwara mmetụta nke scrubbing ihe dị na MS, na-akọwa ọnụnọ nke chaotic sediments na ike ndọda sampled na BdM25. Ọzọkwa, overpressure nke GSL na-emepụta mgbagwoju mgbawa usoro (polygonal kpatara na Fig., 7b, nke a na-ezo aka n'usoro ihe owuwu). 49,50, na mbụ e weere na abụọ mmetụta nke ochie glacial formations, na ugbu a na-akọwa dị ka mmetụta nke na-ebili gas31,33 ma ọ bụ evaporites50 .Na continental oke nke Campania, evaporative sediments bụ ụkọ, ọ dịkarịa ala n'ime elu 3 km nke jikọrọ ọnụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a ga-enwe ike na-achịkwa gas na-eto eto site n'igosi ike site n'igosi nke gas site na nkwubi. facies seismic transperent nke pagoda (Fig.7), nakwa dị ka ike ndọda isi data dị ka na mbụ kọrọ24, ebe ugbu-ụbọchị ájá erupts na 'Pomici Principali'25 na 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei.Ọzọkwa, PS nkwụnye ego wakporo na deformed the uppermost MS oyi akwa (Fig. 7d) .This structural ndokwa na-egosi na ndị dị nnọọ upri gas usoro na-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị upri gas usoro. nhazi nke pagoda: a) njupụta nke sedimenti dị nro na-ebelata ka gas na-abanye n'okpuru;b) ngwakọta gas-sedimenti na-ebili, nke a na-ahụ anya mpịakọta, mmejọ na mgbaji na-akpata nkwụnye ego MS (Nyocha 7) .Edobere usoro nhazi yiri nke ahụ maka pagodas jikọtara ya na gas hydrates na Oké Osimiri South Scotia (Antarctica) .BdM pagodas pụtara n'ìgwè dị iche iche na ugwu ugwu, na nkwụsị ha na-eme njem n'ogologo 70-10 mT-10). ọnụnọ nke MS undulations na-atụle stratigraphy nke BdM ike ndọda isi, anyị na-ekwu na e guzobere afọ nke pagoda Ọdịdị na-erughị banyere 14-12 ka. Ọzọkwa, uto nke ndị a owuwu ka na-arụ ọrụ (Fig. 7d) dị ka ụfọdụ pagodas wakporo na deformed overlying ugbu a (fig. 7D ájá).
Ọdịda nke pagoda na-agafe oke osimiri nke ugbu a na-egosi na (a) gas ịrị elu na / ma ọ bụ nkwụsị mpaghara nke gas-sediment mixing, na / ma ọ bụ (b) enwere ike ime n'akụkụ nke gas-sediment ngwakọta adịghị ekwe ka a na-emebiga ihe ókè. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkọnọ nwere ike jikọta na mmụba nke njupụta nke ngwakọta n'ihi nkwụsị nke ikuku gas. Nsonaazụ a chịkọtara n'elu na ịrị elu na-achịkwa buoyancy nke pagoda na-enye anyị ohere ịkọwa elu elu kọlụm ikuku hg. A na-enye ihe na-ebufe site na ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), ebe g bụ ike ndọda (9.8 mg / sw.) na mmiri mmiri na-asọpụrụ (9.8 mg / sw). ΔP bụ nchikota nke Pdef a na-agbakọ na mbụ na nrụgide lithostatic Plith nke efere sedimenti, ntụgharị ρsg h, ebe ρs bụ njupụta sedimenti. N'okwu a, a na-enye uru nke hg chọrọ maka buoyancy chọrọ site hg = (Pdef + Plith) / [g (ρw - In . . . . B) na 3.0) anyị. hụ n'elu), ρw = 1,030 kg / m3, ρs = 2,500 kg / m3, ρg bụ negligible n'ihi na ρw ≫ρg.Anyị na-enweta hg = 245 m, uru na-anọchi anya omimi nke ala GSL.ΔP bụ 2.4 MPa, nke a chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-agbaji na BM.
The mejupụtara nke BdM gas na-agbanwe agbanwe na mantle isi mmalite gbanwere site na mgbakwunye na nke mmiri metụtara decarbonization mmeghachi omume nke crustal nkume (Fig. 6) .Rough EW alignments nke BdM domes na arụ ọrụ volcanoes dị ka Ischia, Campi Flegre, na Soma-Vesuvius, tinyere ihe mejupụtara nke gas na-atụ aro na gases ndị ọzọ na-apụta n'okpuru ebe a na-atụ aro na gases ndị ọzọ na-apụta n'okpuru ebe a. Mmiri crustal na-esi na ọdịda anyanwụ (Ischia) gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig 1b na 6).
Anyị kwubiri na na Bay nke Naples, kilomita ole na ole site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Naples, e nwere 25 km2 wide dome-dị ka Ọdịdị nke na-emetụta site na-arụ ọrụ degassing usoro na mere site na ntinye nke pagodas na mounds. Ugbu a, BdM signatures na-atụ aro na ndị na-abụghị magmatic turbulence53 nwere ike predate embrymamie na mmiri ọkụ ọkụ nke mbụ. ekwesịrị itinye n'ọrụ iji nyochaa mgbanwe mgbanwe nke phenomena na ịchọpụta geochemical na geophysical signals nke na-egosi ọgba aghara magmatic nwere ike.
Enwetara profaịlụ nke kọlụm mmiri Acoustic (2D) n'oge SAFE_2014 (August 2014) njem ụgbọ mmiri na R / V Urania (CNR) site na National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) .Acoustic sampling e rụrụ site a ọkà mmụta sayensị beam-kewara echo sounder Simrad EK8 kHz nke na-arụ ọrụ na nkezi data na 3 km. A na-eji ihe oyiyi echosounder mee ihe iji chọpụta nkwụsị nke mmiri na-akọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ebe ha nọ na nchịkọta (n'etiti 74 na 180 m bsl) .Tụtara ihe anụ ahụ na nke kemịkalụ na mmiri mmiri na-eji multiparameter nyocha (conductivity, okpomọkụ na omimi, CTD) .A nakọtara data site na iji CTD 911 nyocha (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) . A na-eme nyocha anya nke oke osimiri site na iji ngwaọrụ ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (ụgbọ ala a na-arụ ọrụ) na igwefoto abụọ (ala na nkọwa dị elu).
A na-enweta nnweta data Multibeam site na iji 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Usoro na-ejikọta ya na usoro nhazi ụwa dị iche iche iji hụ na njehie sub-metric dị na ọnọdụ beam. The acoustic pulse has a often of 100 KHz, a firing pulse of 150 s oghere n'ezie nke 4 ogo na-etinye n'ezie profaịlụ velo. A na-ahazi data site na iji PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) dị ka ọkọlọtọ International Hydrographic Organisation (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) maka igodo na mgbazi mmiri. rụrụ site na keel ọdụ dị nso na multi-beam transducer na-enweta ma na-etinye ezigbo oge ụda olu ọsọ profaịlụ na mmiri kọlụm ọ bụla 6-8 awa iji nye ezigbo oge ụda ọsọ maka kwesịrị ekwesị ibé steering.The dum dataset mejupụtara mkpokọta 440 km2 (0-1200 m omimi) The data e ji mee ihe na-enye a elu-mkpebi TM nlereanya size a digital size (Fig 1). .1a) mere na data ala (> 0 m n'elu oke osimiri) nwetara na 20 m grid cell size site na Italian Geo-Military Institute.
A 55-kilometer elu-mkpebi otu-channel seismic data profaịlụ, anakọtara n'oge mma oké osimiri cruises na 2007 na 2014, kpuchie ebe dị ihe dị ka 113 square kilomita, ma na R / V Urania.Marisk profaịlụ (eg, L1 seismic profaịlụ, Fig. 1B) e nwetara site na iji usoro nke unit. nke 2.5 m catamaran nke a na-etinye isi iyi na onye na-anabata ya. Ihe ntinye aka na-agụnye otu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke e ji mara na ugboro ugboro 1-10 kHz ma na-enye ohere iji dozie reflectors kewapụrụ site na 25 cm. A na-enweta profaịlụ seismic nchekwa site na iji 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark seismic source interfaced with Geotrace system. –6.02 KHz isi iyi nke penetrates ruo 400 milliseconds na rọrọ sedimenti n'okpuru oké osimiri, na a theoretical vetikal mkpebi nke 30 cm. Ma Safe na Marsik ngwaọrụ e nwetara na a ọnụego nke 0.33 shots / sec na a arịa ngwa ngwa <3 Kn.Data e esichara na ọkọnọ site na Geosuite, na-esonụ na-arụ ọrụ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ Kn. nzacha, na AGC.
A na-anakọta gas sitere na fumarole n'okpuru mmiri n'elu mmiri site na iji igbe rọba nke nwere diaphragm rọba n'akụkụ elu ya, nke ROV na-etinye ya n'akụkụ ventilash ahụ. Ozugbo ikuku ikuku na-abanye n'ime igbe ahụ agbanweela kpamkpam n'oké osimiri, ROV na-alaghachi na omimi nke 1 m, na onye na-egwu mmiri na-ebufe gas anakọtara site na okpukpu abụọ nke okpukpu abụọ nke flosk-flash 0 m. cocks nke Otu jupụtara na 20 mL nke 5N NaOH ngwọta (Gegenbach-ụdị flask) .The isi acid gas ụdị (CO2 na H2S) na-etisasịwo na alkaline ngwọta, mgbe ala solubility gas ụdị (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 na ìhè hydrocarbons) na-echekwara na headspace solubility (gas analysis) na obere gas.G. ) iji Shimadzu 15A kwadoro ya na 10 m ogologo 5A molecular sieve kọlụm na onye na-ahụ maka ọkụ ọkụ (TCD) 54.Argon na O2 na-enyocha ya site na iji Thermo Focus gas chromatograph onwem na 30 m ogologo capillary molecular sieve kọlụm na TCD.Methane na ìhè hydrocarbons a kwadebere ogologo chromatograph1 m. juru n'ọnụ na Chromosorb PAW 80/100 ntupu, ntekwasa na 23% SP 1700 na ọkụ ionization detector (FID) .The mmiri mmiri na-adọ e ji mee ihe maka analysis nke 1) CO2, dị ka, titrated na 0.5 N HCl ngwọta (Metrohm Basic Titrino) na 2) mgbe H2 oxidation chromatography, dị ka, 2) H2 chrome 3L chromatography. (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Njehie nyocha nke titration, GC na IC analysis bụ ihe na-erughị 5% . Mgbe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ na usoro dị ọcha maka ngwakọta gas, 13C / 12C CO2 (nke e gosipụtara dị ka δ13C-CO2% na V-PDB) na-enyocha ya site na iji a Finningan Delta S55 spectro premiter premiter . nzo marble (nke dị n'ime), NBS18 na NBS19 (mba ụwa), ebe njehie nyocha na mmeghari bụ ± 0.05% na ± 0.1%, n'otu n'otu.
δ15N (nke a kọwara dị ka% vs. Air) ụkpụrụ na 40Ar / 36Ar kpebisiri ike site na iji Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) jikọtara na Finnigan Delta plusXP na-aga n'ihu na-agba ọsọ mass spectrometer. Njehie nyocha bụ: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Ar, R<1% , / 40% R. 3Ọ / 4 Ọ tụrụ na sample na Ra bụ otu ihe ahụ ruru na ikuku: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 e kpebisiri ike na laabu nke INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He na 20Ne kpebisiri ike site na iji dual Collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI) 58 mgbe nkewa nke Hepic. Ne bụ <10-14 na <10-16 mol, n'otu n'otu.
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