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Biofilms bụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, karịsịa ma a bịa na ngwaọrụ ahụike.Nsogbu a na-enye obodo ahụike nnukwu ihe ịma aka, ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụ nje nwere ike ibibi biofilms naanị ruo oke oke.Mgbochi nke nhazi biofilm emeela ka ịmepụta ụzọ mkpuchi dị iche iche na ihe ọhụrụ.Usoro ndị a na-achọ ịkwa akwa elu n'ụzọ na-egbochi ịmepụta biofilm.Alloys metal vitreous, karịsịa ndị nwere ọla kọpa na ọla titanium, aghọọla ihe mkpuchi na-adịghị mma.N'otu oge ahụ, iji teknụzụ ịgba oyi abawanyela ka ọ bụ usoro kwesịrị ekwesị maka nhazi ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ.Otu n'ime ebumnuche nke nyocha a bụ imepụta iko ihe nkiri nje antibacterial ọhụrụ nke mejupụtara Cu-Zr-Ni ternary site na iji usoro nhazi igwe.A na-eji ntụ ntụ nke na-eme ka ngwaahịa ikpeazụ mee ihe dị ka akụrụngwa maka ịgbasa oyi nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na obere okpomọkụ.Ihe ndị nwere iko metal nwere ike ibelata nguzobe biofilm nke ukwuu site na opekata mpe 1 log ma e jiri ya tụnyere igwe anaghị agba nchara.
N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ọha mmadụ ọ bụla enweela ike ịmepụta na ịkwalite iwebata ihe ọhụrụ iji mezuo ihe ndị ọ chọrọ, na-eme ka arụpụta ọrụ na ọkwa dị elu na akụ na ụba ụwa1.A na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ ikike mmadụ ịmepụta ihe na ihe eji emepụta ihe, yana imepụta ihe na ịmepụta ihe iji nweta ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ, akụnụba, omenala na mpaghara ndị ọzọ site n'otu obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọzọ.A na-atụ ọganihu n'agbanyeghị obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara2.Ruo afọ 60, ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị etinyela oge dị ukwuu maka otu isi ọrụ: ịchọ ihe ọhụrụ na nke dị elu.Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite àgwà na ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a, yana ịmepụta na ịmepụta ụdị ihe ọhụrụ kpamkpam.
Mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, mgbanwe nke microstructure nke ihe onwunwe na ntinye nke usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ, igwe ma ọ bụ thermomechanical emeela ka ọganihu dị ukwuu na nhazi, kemịkal na anụ ahụ nke ihe dị iche iche.Na mgbakwunye, ruo ugbu a, a na-emepụta ogige ndị amabeghị nke ọma.Mgbalị ndị a na-adịgide adịgide ewepụtala ezinụlọ ọhụrụ nke ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọkọta ọnụ dị ka Advanced Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, na elu-entropy alloys bụ nanị ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke ihe dị elu nke pụtara n'ụwa kemgbe etiti narị afọ gara aga.Na mmepụta na mmepe nke alloys ọhụrụ nwere ihe ndị dị mma, ma na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ na n'etiti etiti nke mmepụta ya, a na-agbakwunye nsogbu nke enweghị ike.N'ihi iwebata usoro nrụpụta ọhụrụ nke na-enye ohere mgbanwe dị ukwuu site na nha nha, achọpụtala klas ọhụrụ nke alloys metastable, nke a maara dị ka iko ọla.
Ọrụ ya na Caltech na 1960 gbanwere echiche nke metal alloys mgbe ọ rụpụtara Au-25 na.4 Nchọpụta nke Prọfesọ Paul Duves abụghị nanị mmalite nke enyo metal (MS) n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma dugakwara n'ụzọ mgbanwe n'otú ndị mmadụ si eche echiche banyere ígwè alloys.Ebe ọ bụ na mbụ nnyocha ọsụ ụzọ na njikọ nke MS alloys, fọrọ nke nta niile dara iko e kpamkpam nwetara site na iji otu n'ime ndị na-esonụ ụzọ: (i) ngwa ngwa solidification nke gbazee ma ọ bụ vepo, (ii) atomic lattice ọrịa, (iii) siri ike-ala amorphization mmeghachi omume n'etiti dị ọcha dara ọcha na (iv) siri ike na-adọ mgbanwe nke metastable n'ụzọ.
A na-amata MG site na enweghị usoro atomic ogologo ogologo jikọtara ya na kristal, nke bụ njirimara nke kristal.N'ụwa nke oge a, enwere ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ọhịa nke iko ọla.Ndị a bụ ihe ọhụrụ nwere ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-adọrọ mmasị ọ bụghị nanị maka physics steeti siri ike, kamakwa maka metallurgy, kemistri elu, nkà na ụzụ, bayoloji, na ọtụtụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ.Ụdị ihe ọhụrụ a nwere ihe ndị dị iche na ígwè siri ike, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-adọrọ mmasị maka ngwa nkà na ụzụ na mpaghara dị iche iche.Ha nwere ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị mkpa: (i) ductility dị elu ma na-amịpụta ike, (ii) ike ndọta dị elu, (iii) mmanye dị ala, (iv) nguzogide corrosion pụrụ iche, (v) nnwere onwe okpomọkụ.Nrụ ọrụ 6.7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 bụ usoro ọhụrụ, nke mbụ mere na 19839 site n'aka Prof. KK Kok na ndị ọrụ ibe ya.Ha mepụtara ntụ ntụ Ni60Nb40 amorphous site n'igwe ngwakọta nke ihe dị ọcha na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị nso na ụlọ okpomọkụ.A na-eme mmeghachi omume MA n'etiti njikọta mgbasa nke ntụ ntụ reactant na reactor, nke a na-ejikarị igwe anaghị agba nchara, n'ime igwe igwe.10 (Fig. 1a, b).Kemgbe ahụ, a mechanically induced siri ike steeti mmeghachi omume usoro e ji kwadebe ọhụrụ amorphous / ọla iko alloy powders na-eji ala (Fig. 1c) na elu ume bọọlụ igwe na mkpanaka mkpanaka11,12,13,14,15,16.Karịsịa, a na-eji usoro a kwadebe usoro ndị a na-apụghị imeri emeri dị ka Cu-Ta17 yana nnukwu ihe mgbaze dị ka Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb na Ta) 18,19 na Fe-W20 usoro., nke a na-apụghị inweta site na iji ụzọ isi nri.Na mgbakwunye, MA a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị ike nanotechnological ngwá ọrụ maka ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta nke nanocrystalline na nanocomposite ntụ ntụ irighiri nke metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, yana sara mbara stabilization iji a elu-ala obibia.1 na metastable nkebi.
Schematic na-egosi usoro imepụta ihe eji akwado Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 mkpuchi iko ọla n'ime ọmụmụ ihe a.(a) Nkwadebe nke MC alloy powders nwere oke dị iche iche nke Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, na 40 na.%) na-eji usoro egwe ọka dị ala.(a) The mmalite ihe na-kwajuru n'ime a ngwá ọrụ cylinder tinyere ngwá ọrụ bọọlụ ígwè na (b) akara na a He ikuku jupụtara glove igbe.(c) Nlereanya ụzọ nke arịa egweri na-egosi mmegharị nke bọọlụ n'oge egweri.A na-eji ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ ikpeazụ enwetara mgbe awa 50 gachara iji kpuchie mkpuchi mkpuchi SUS 304 (d).
A bịa n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ihe (substrates), injinia elu na-agụnye imewe na ngbanwe nke elu (substrates) iji nye ụfọdụ ihe anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, na teknụzụ na-adịghị adị na mbụ nnukwu ihe.Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị nwere ike imeziwanye nke ọma site na ọgwụgwọ elu gụnyere abrasion, oxidation na corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction, bioinertness, eletriki na mkpuchi ọkụ, nanị ịkpọ aha ole na ole.Enwere ike imeziwanye ogo elu site na igwe igwe, igwe ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ.Dị ka usoro a maara nke ọma, a na-akọwa nkpuchi dị ka otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ígwé nke a na-etinye aka n'elu nnukwu ihe (substrate) nke sitere na ihe ọzọ.Ya mere, a na-eji mkpuchi na-eme ihe n'otu akụkụ iji nweta ihe ndị a chọrọ na nkà na ụzụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma, yana iji chebe ihe ndị sitere na kemịkalụ na mmekọrịta anụ ahụ na-atụ anya na gburugburu23.
Enwere ike iji usoro na usoro dị iche iche tinye akwa mkpuchi kwesịrị ekwesị site na micrometers ole na ole (n'okpuru 10-20 micrometers) ruo ihe karịrị 30 micrometers ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ milimita n'ogo.N'ozuzu, mkpuchi usoro nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: (i) mmiri mkpuchi ụzọ, gụnyere electroplating, electroplating, na-ekpo ọkụ itinye galvanizing, na (ii) akọrọ mkpuchi ụzọ, gụnyere soldering, hardfacing, anụ ahụ vepo deposition (PVD).), kemịkalụ vapor deposition (CVD), usoro ịgbasa ọkụ, na usoro ịgba oyi na-adịbeghị anya 24 (Njirimara 1d).
A kọwapụtara ihe nkiri biofilms dị ka obodo microbial bụ ndị na-enweghị ike imegharị ya na mbara elu yana polymers extracellular emepụtara onwe ya (EPS) gbara ya gburugburu.Nhazi nke biofilm tozuru oke nwere ike ibute nnukwu mfu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere nhazi nri, sistemu mmiri, na ahụike.N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, site na ịmepụta biofilms, ihe karịrị 80% nke ọrịa microbial (gụnyere Enterobacteriaceae na Staphylococci) siri ike ịgwọ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a kọwawo biofilms tozuru okè ka ọ bụrụ 1000 ugboro na-eguzogide ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria planktonic, nke a na-ewere dị ka nnukwu ihe ịma aka ọgwụgwọ.N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ihe mkpuchi elu antimicrobial sitere na ogige organic nkịtị.Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-enwekarị ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nwere ike imerụ mmadụ, 25,26 nke a nwere ike inye aka zere nnyefe nje na mmebi ihe onwunwe.
Mgbasa nje na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje n'ihi nguzobe biofilm emeela ka ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi antimicrobial dị irè nke nwere ike itinye n'enweghị nsogbu27.Mmepe nke elu anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ na-egbochi ntanye nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje na-enweghị ike ijikọta ma mepụta biofilms n'ihi nrapanye bụ ụzọ mbụ na usoro a27.Nkà na ụzụ nke abụọ bụ imepụta mkpuchi nke na-ebuga kemịkalụ antimicrobial kpọmkwem ebe achọrọ ha, n'ogo nke ukwuu na ahaziri.A na-enweta nke a site na ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi pụrụ iche dị ka graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 na ZnO30-doped diamond-dị ka carbon mkpuchi nke na-eguzogide nje bacteria, nkà na ụzụ nke na-eme ka mmepe nke nsị na nguzogide n'ihi nhazi biofilm.Na mgbakwunye, mkpuchi nke nwere kemịkalụ germicidal nke na-enye nchebe ogologo oge megide nje nje na-aghọwanye ewu ewu.Ọ bụ ezie na usoro atọ ahụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ antimicrobial n'elu ihe mkpuchi, nke ọ bụla nwere njedebe nke ya nke kwesịrị ịtụle mgbe ị na-emepụta atụmatụ ngwa.
Ngwaahịa ndị dị ugbu a n'ahịa na-egbochi ya n'ihi enweghị oge iji nyochaa na ịnwale mkpuchi nchebe maka ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ ndụ.Ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu na ngwaahịa ha ga-enye ndị ọrụ akụkụ ọrụ ha chọrọ, Otú ọ dị, nke a aghọwo ihe mgbochi maka ọganihu nke ngwaahịa ndị dị ugbu a na ahịa.A na-eji ngwakọta ndị sitere na ọla ọcha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje dị ugbu a maka ndị na-azụ ahịa.Emebere ngwaahịa ndị a iji chebe ndị ọrụ pụọ na mkpughe nwere ike imerụ ụmụ nje.Mmetụta antimicrobial na-egbu oge na nsí ejikọta nke ogige ọlaọcha na-eme ka nrụgide dị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-emepụta ihe ọzọ na-adịghị emerụ ahụ36,37.Ịmepụta mkpuchi mgbochi nje zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ime na n'èzí ka bụ ihe ịma aka.Nke a na-abịa na ihe egwu metụtara ahụike na nchekwa.Ịchọta ihe mgbochi nje na-adịghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ na ịchọpụta ka esi etinye ya n'ime ihe mkpuchi nwere ogologo ndụ dị ogologo bụ ihe a na-achọsi ike.Ihe antimicrobial na antibiofilm kachasị ọhụrụ emebere iji gbuo nje bacteria na nso nso ma ọ bụ site na kọntaktị kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ mgbe ahapụchara onye na-arụ ọrụ.Ha nwere ike ime nke a site n'igbochi mgbochi nje mbụ (gụnyere igbochi imepụta oyi akwa protein n'elu) ma ọ bụ site na igbu nje bacteria site na itinye aka na mgbidi cell.
N'ụzọ bụ isi, mkpuchi elu bụ usoro nke itinye oyi akwa ọzọ n'elu ihe mejupụtara iji melite njirimara elu.Ebumnuche nke mkpuchi elu bụ ịgbanwe microstructure na / ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke mpaghara dị nso nke akụkụ39.Enwere ike kewaa ụzọ mkpuchi ihu n'ime ụzọ dị iche iche, nke a na-achịkọta na Fig. 2a.Enwere ike kewaa mkpuchi mkpuchi n'ime thermal, kemịkalụ, anụ ahụ na nke electrochemical dabere na usoro eji emepụta mkpuchi.
(a) Ihe inset nke na-egosi usoro imepụta ihe bụ isi, yana (b) uru na ọghọm dị n'usoro ịgba oyi ahọpụtara.
Teknụzụ ịgba oyi nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro ịgbasa ọkụ ọdịnala.Otú ọ dị, e nwekwara ụfọdụ ihe ndị bụ isi na-eme ka usoro ịgbasa oyi na ihe ndị na-agba oyi pụrụ iche.Nkà na ụzụ ịgba oyi ka dị ọhụrụ, mana ọ nwere nnukwu ọdịnihu.N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, njirimara pụrụ iche nke ịgba mmiri oyi na-enye nnukwu uru, na-emeri njedebe nke usoro ịgbasa ọkụ ọkụ.Ọ na-emeri njedebe dị ịrịba ama nke nkà na ụzụ ịgbasa ọkụ ọdịnala, nke a ga-agbaze ntụ ntụ iji tinye ya na mkpụrụ.N'ụzọ doro anya, usoro mkpuchi ọdịnala a adịghị mma maka ihe ndị nwere mmetụta dị ọkụ dị ka nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous and metallic glasses40, 41, 42. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe mkpuchi ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-enwekarị ọkwa dị elu nke porosity na oxides.Nkà na ụzụ ịgba oyi nwere ọtụtụ uru dị ịrịba ama karịa teknụzụ ịgba ọkụ, dị ka (i) ntinye ọkụ dị ntakịrị na mkpụrụ, (ii) mgbanwe n'ịhọrọ mkpuchi mkpuchi, (iii) enweghị mgbanwe mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ọka, (iv) ike nrapado dị elu1 .39 (Fig. 2b).Na mgbakwunye, ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi oyi nwere nnukwu nguzogide corrosion, ike dị elu na ike siri ike, nrụpụta eletrik dị elu na njupụta dị elu41.N'agbanyeghị uru nke usoro ịgba mmiri oyi, usoro a ka nwere ihe ndọghachi azụ, dị ka egosiri na foto 2b.Mgbe ị na-ekpuchi ntụ ntụ seramiiki dị ọcha dị ka Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, wdg, enweghị ike iji usoro ịgba mmiri oyi.N'aka nke ọzọ, seramiiki / metal composite powders nwere ike iji dị ka ihe eji eme ihe maka mkpuchi.Otu ihe ahụ na-aga maka usoro ịgba mmiri ọkụ ndị ọzọ.Ebe siri ike na ime ọkpọkọ ka siri ike ịgba.
N'iburu n'uche na a na-eduzi ọrụ ugbu a iji jiri ígwè vitreous ntụ ntụ mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite maka mkpuchi, o doro anya na a pụghị iji spraying thermal mee ihe maka nzube a.Nke a bụ n'ihi na ntụ ntụ vitreous dara dara na-ama kristal na oke okpomọkụ1.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ngwá ọrụ ndị a na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na nri nri sitere na austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (SUS316 na SUS304) nwere ọdịnaya chromium nke 12 ruo 20 wt.% maka mmepụta ngwá ọrụ ịwa ahụ.A na-anabatakarị na iji metal chromium dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma nwere ike imeziwanye nguzogide corrosion nke ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ.Igwe anaghị agba nchara, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu nguzogide corrosion ha, enweghị ezigbo antimicrobial Njirimara38,39.Nke a dị iche na nguzogide corrosion ha dị elu.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọ mmepe nke ọrịa na mbufụt, bụ nke kachasị n'ihi nje adhesion na colonization n'elu igwe anaghị agba nchara biomaterials.Ihe isi ike ndị dị ịrịba ama nwere ike ibilite n'ihi nnukwu nsogbu ndị metụtara nje bacteria na adhesion na biofilm formation ụzọ, nke nwere ike iduga ahụike na-adịghị mma, nke nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ nsonaazụ nke nwere ike imetụta ahụike mmadụ ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.
Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ akụkụ mbụ nke oru ngo nke Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) kwadoro, nkwekọrịta mba.2010-550401, iji nyochaa ike nke imepụta powdery glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders site na iji teknụzụ MA (tebụl).1) N'ihi na mmepụta nke SUS304 antibacterial n'elu nchebe film / mkpuchi.Akụkụ nke abụọ nke oru ngo a, nke ga-amalite na Jenụwarị 2023, ga-amụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu njirimara corrosion galvanic na akụrụngwa nke sistemụ.A ga-eme nyocha microbiological zuru ezu maka ụdị nje bacteria dị iche iche.
Edemede a na-atụle mmetụta nke ọdịnaya alloy Zr na ikike imepụta iko (GFA) dabere na njirimara ọdịdị na nhazi.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-atụlekwa ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-egbu egbu nke uzuzu mkpuchi metal iko / SUS304 composite.Na mgbakwunye, arụwo ọrụ na-aga n'ihu iji nyochaa ohere nke mgbanwe nhazi nke ugo igwe dara na-eme n'oge ịgbasa oyi na mpaghara mmiri mmiri jụrụ oyi nke sistemu iko ọla.A na-eji Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys mee ihe atụ nnọchite anya n'ọmụmụ ihe a.
Akụkụ a na-egosi mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị na ntụ ntụ nke elemental Cu, Zr na Ni n'oge egwe ọka dị ala.A ga-eji sistemụ abụọ dị iche iche mejupụtara Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 dịka ọmụmaatụ.Enwere ike kewaa usoro MA n'ime usoro atọ dị iche iche, dị ka ihe ngosi nke metallographic njirimara nke ntụ ntụ nwetara na-egweri ogbo (Fig 3).
Metallographic e ji mara powders nke n'ibu alloys (MA) nwetara mgbe dị iche iche nkebi nke bọl egweri.Igwe ihe nleba anya nke ikuku eletrọn microscopy (FE-SEM) nke MA na Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders enwetara ka egosiri obere ume bọọlụ maka awa 3, 12 na 50 na (a), (c) na (e) maka sistemụ Cu50Zr20Ni30, ebe ọ nọ n'otu MA.E gosipụtara onyonyo kwekọrọ na usoro Cu50Zr40Ni10 na (b), (d), na (f).
N'oge a na-egwu bọọlụ, ike kinetic dị irè nke nwere ike ibufe na ntụ ntụ ígwè na-emetụta njikọ nke paramita, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 1a.Nke a na-agụnye nkukota n'etiti bọọlụ na powders, shiee mkpakọ nke ntụ ntụ rapaara n'etiti ma ọ bụ n'etiti-egweri media, mmetụta site na-ada bọọlụ, shiee na iyi mere site ntụ ntụ ịdọrọ n'etiti ahụ na-akpụ akpụ nke a bọl igwe, na ujo ife na-agafe site na-ada bọọlụ na-agbasa site n'ibu omenala (Fig. 1a). Эlementarnыe poroshky Cu, Zr na Ni были сильно деформировANы ванию крупных частиц порошка (> 1 мм в диаметре). Ihe elemental Cu, Zr, na Ni powders mebiri emebi nke ukwuu n'ihi ịgbado ọkụ oyi n'oge mmalite nke MA (3 h), nke mere ka e guzobe nnukwu ntụ ntụ (> 1 mm na dayameta).Ihe e ji mara nnukwu ihe ndị a na-emekọ ihe ọnụ site na nguzobe nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe (Cu, Zr, Ni), dị ka egosiri na fig.3a,b.Mmụba na oge MA na 12 h (n'etiti etiti) na-eduga n'ịbawanye ike nke kinetic nke igwe igwe bọlbụ, nke mere ka ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ntụ ntụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ obere ntụ ntụ (ihe na-erughị 200 μm), dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 3c, obodo.N'oge a, ike shiee nke etinyere na-eduga n'ịmepụta elu igwe ọhụrụ na obere Cu, Zr, Ni hint layers, dị ka egosiri na Fig. 3c, d.N'ihi na-egweri nke n'ígwé na interface nke flakes, siri ike-phase mmeghachi omume na-eme ka e guzobe nke ọhụrụ usoro.
Na njedebe nke usoro MA (mgbe awa 50 gachara), a na-ahụta ihe nrịbama flake (Fig 3e, f), a na-ahụkwa metallography mirror n'elu ntụ ntụ na-egbuke egbuke.Nke a pụtara na emechara usoro MA wee mepụta otu usoro mmeghachi omume.Ngwakọta elemental nke mpaghara ndị ahụ gosiri na fig.3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) kpebisiri ike site n'iji nyocha eletrọnịkị eletrọnịkị (FE-SEM) na-ekesa ike na-agbasa X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Na tebụl.2 elemental mkpokọta nke alloying ọcha ka egosiri dị ka pasent nke mkpokọta uka nke mpaghara ọ bụla ahọpụtara na fig.3e, f.Tụnyere nsonaazụ ndị a na mbido aha mbụ nke Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 e nyere na Tebụl 1 na-egosi na ihe mejupụtara ngwaahịa ikpeazụ abụọ a dị ezigbo nso na ntinye aha.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ụkpụrụ nke ihe ndị dị na mpaghara ndị e depụtara na Fig 3e, f adịghị atụ aro mmebi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nhazi nke nlele ọ bụla site n'otu mpaghara gaa na nke ọzọ.Nke a na-egosipụta site n'eziokwu ahụ na ọ dịghị mgbanwe nke mejupụtara site n'otu mpaghara gaa na nke ọzọ.Nke a na-egosi mmepụta nke ntụ ntụ alloy edo dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 2.
FE-SEM micrographs nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ikpeazụ ngwaahịa ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 50 MA ugboro, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 4a-d, ebe x bụ 10, 20, 30 na 40 na.%, n'otu n'otu.Mgbe nzọụkwụ a na-egweri, ntụ ntụ na-agbakọta n'ihi mmetụta van der Waals, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta nnukwu nchịkọta nke nwere ihe ndị nwere ultrafine na dayameta nke 73 ruo 126 nm, dị ka egosiri na Figure 4.
Njirimara ọdịdị ọdịdị nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 50-hour MA.Maka usoro Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, ihe oyiyi FE-SEM nke powders nwetara mgbe 50 MA na-egosi na (a), (b), (c), na (d), n'otu n'otu.
Tupu loading na powders n'ime oyi ịgba feeder, ha na-akpa sonicated na analytical ọkwa ethanol maka 15 nkeji na mgbe ahụ akpọnwụwo na 150 ° C. 2 awa.A ghaghị ime usoro a iji merie agglomeration nke ọma, nke na-ebutekarị ọtụtụ nsogbu siri ike na usoro mkpuchi.Mgbe emechara usoro MA, a na-emekwu ọmụmụ ihe iji nyochaa ịdị n'otu nke powders alloy.Na fig.5a-d gosi micrographs FE-SEM yana onyonyo EDS kwekọrọ nke Cu, Zr na Ni alloying element nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy ewepụtara mgbe awa 50 M gachara, n'otu n'otu.Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na ntụ ntụ a na-enweta mgbe usoro a gasịrị bụ otu, n'ihi na ha anaghị egosipụta mgbanwe ọ bụla na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa sub-nanometer, dị ka egosiri na foto 5.
Morphology na nkesa mpaghara nke ihe dị na MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 50 MA site na FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM na X-ray EDS onyonyo nke (b) Cu-KA, (c) Zr-LA, na (d) Ni-KA.
A na-egosi usoro ihe dị iche iche nke X-ray nke Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, na Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders nke enwetara mgbe awa 50 MA gachara na fig.6a–d, otu.Mgbe usoro a gachara, ihe nlele niile nwere mkpokọta Zr dị iche iche nwere ihe owuwu amorphous nwere ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi halo e gosipụtara na Fig. 6.
Usoro ihe dị iche iche X-ray nke Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), na Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) ntụ ntụ mgbe MA maka awa 50 gasịrị.A hụrụ ụkpụrụ halo-agbasa n'omume niile na-enweghị ewepu, na-egosi nguzobe nke amorphous.
A na-eji microscopy eletrọn microscope dị elu (FE-HRTEM) na-ebufe ikuku ikuku iji hụ mgbanwe nhazi ma ghọta nhazi mpaghara nke ntụ ntụ sitere na igwe igwe bọọlụ n'oge dị iche iche MA.Ihe onyonyo nke powders enwetara site na usoro FE-HRTEM mgbe mmalite (6 h) na etiti (18 h) nke ikiri Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 ntụ ntụ na-egosi na fig.7a, otu.Dị ka ihe oyiyi na-egbuke egbuke (BFI) nke ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 6 h nke MA, ntụ ntụ na-agụnye nnukwu ọka na-akọwapụta nke ọma n'ókè nke fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, na fcc-Ni ọcha, ọ dịghịkwa ihe ịrịba ama nke nhazi nke mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 7a.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, usoro nhazi mpaghara mpaghara ahọpụtara (SADP) jikọtara ya na mpaghara etiti (a) kpughere usoro mgbagwoju anya dị nkọ (Fig 7b) na-egosi ọnụnọ nke nnukwu crystallites na enweghị oge mmeghachi omume.
Njirimara nhazi mpaghara nke ntụ ntụ MA nwetara mgbe mmalite (6 h) na etiti (18 h) nkebi.(a) Mkpebi dị elu ubi nnyefe eletrọnịkị microscopy (FE-HRTEM) na (b) mpaghara diffractogram kwekọrọ (SADP) nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ mgbe ọgwụgwọ MA maka awa 6 gasịrị.Ihe onyonyo FE-HRTEM nke Cu50Zr40Ni10 nwetara mgbe awa iri na asatọ MA gachara na (c).
Dị ka e gosiri na fig.7c, mmụba nke ogologo oge MA ruo 18 h mere ka ọkpụkpụ lattice dị njọ na-ejikọta ya na nrụrụ plastik.N'oge a dị n'etiti etiti usoro MA, ntụpọ dị iche iche na-apụta na ntụ ntụ, gụnyere nkwụsị nkwụsị, ntụpọ lattice, na ntụpọ ntụpọ (Fig 7).Nrụrụ ndị a na-eme ka nkewa nke nnukwu ọka n'akụkụ oke ọka n'ime mkpụrụ osisi dị ntakịrị karịa 20 nm n'ogo (Fig 7c).
Usoro mpaghara nke Cu50Z30Ni20 ntụ ntụ na-egweri maka 36 h MA bụ nke e ji emepụta ultrafine nanograins nke agbakwunyere na matrix amorphous mkpa, dị ka egosiri na Fig. 8a.Nnyocha mpaghara nke EMF gosiri na nanoclusters egosipụtara na fig.8a jikọtara ya na Cu, Zr na Ni ntụ ntụ ntụ.Ọdịnaya nke Cu na matrix dịgasị iche site na ~ 32 na .% (mpaghara dara ogbenye) ruo ~ 74 na .% (mpaghara ọgaranya), nke na-egosi nguzobe nke ngwaahịa dị iche iche.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị SADP kwekọrọ na ntụ ntụ nke enwetara mgbe a na-egwe ọka na nzọụkwụ a na-egosi mgbanaka nke mbụ na nke abụọ halo-diffusion amorphous amorphous na-ejikọta ya na ihe ndị dị nkọ jikọtara ya na ihe ndị a na-adịghị agwọ ọrịa alloying, dị ka egosiri na 8b.
Atụmatụ nhazi mpaghara Nanoscale nke Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ.(a) Ihe oyiyi ubi na-egbuke egbuke (BFI) na kwekọrọ (b) SADP nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe egwe ọka maka 36 h MA.
Na njedebe nke usoro MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, na 40 na ntụ ntụ, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, nwere labyrinthine morphology nke oge amorphous, dị ka e gosiri na fig.Enweghị ike ịhụ ọdịiche ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ afọ dị nkọ na SADS kwekọrọ na nke ọ bụla.Nke a na-egosi na enweghị ígwè kristal a na-agwọghị ya, kama ọ bụ nhazi nke ntụ ntụ amorphous.A na-ejikwa SADP ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na-egosi usoro mgbasa ozi halo dị ka ihe akaebe maka mmepe nke usoro amorphous na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.
Ọdịdị mpaghara nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke sistemụ Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM na nanobeam diffraction ụkpụrụ (NBDP) nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, na (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 nwetara mgbe 50 h nke MA.
N'iji calorimetry nyocha dị iche iche, a na-amụ nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ mgbanwe iko (Tg), mpaghara mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (ΔTx) na okpomọkụ crystallization (Tx) dabere na ọdịnaya nke Ni (x) na Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) amorphous usoro.(DSC) Njirimara na He gas eruba.The DSC curves nke powders nke Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, na Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys nwetara mgbe MA maka 50 h na-egosi na fig.10a, b, e, otu.Ebe a na-egosi akụkụ DSC nke amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 iche na Fig. narị afọ nke 10 Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe nlele Cu50Zr30Ni20 na-ekpo ọkụ ruo ~ 700 ° C na DSC na-egosi na 10g.
Nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG powders nwetara mgbe MA maka awa 50 kpebisiri ike site na iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ (Tg), crystallization okpomọkụ (Tx) na supercooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx).Thermograms nke dị iche iche scanning calorimeter (DSC) powders nke Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), na (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mgbe MA maka 50 awa.A na-egosi ụkpụrụ mgbasa X-ray (XRD) nke ihe nlele Cu50Zr30Ni20 dị ọkụ ruo ~700°C na DSC na (d).
Dị ka egosiri na eserese 10, akụkụ DSC maka ihe niile mejupụtara nwere oke nickel dị iche iche (x) na-egosi ikpe abụọ dị iche iche, otu endothermic na nke ọzọ exothermic.Ihe omume endothermic nke mbụ dabara na Tg, nke abụọ na-ejikọta ya na Tx.A na-akpọ mpaghara oghere kwụ ọtọ dị n'etiti Tg na Tx mpaghara mmiri mmiri jụrụ oyi (ΔTx = Tx - Tg).Nsonaazụ na-egosi na Tg na Tx nke ihe atụ Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Fig 10a) etinyere na 526 ° C na 612 ° C na-agbanwe ọdịnaya (x) ruo 20 na% gaa n'akụkụ ala okpomọkụ nke 482 ° C na 563 ° C.Celsius C nwere ọdịnaya Ni na-abawanye (x), n'otu n'otu, dịka egosiri na eserese 10b.N'ihi ya, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 na-agbada site na 86°C (Fig. 10a) ruo 81°C maka Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Maka alloy MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, a hụkwara mbelata ụkpụrụ nke Tg, Tx na ΔTx ruo ọkwa 447°C, 526°C, na 79°C (Fig. 10b).Nke a na-egosi na mmụba nke ọdịnaya Ni na-eduga na mbelata na nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke MS alloy.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, uru nke Tg (507 °C) nke MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy dị ala karịa nke MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;ka o sina dị, Tx ya na-egosi uru tụnyere ya (612 Celsius).Ya mere, ΔTx nwere uru dị elu (87 Celsius) dị ka egosiri na fig.Narị afọ nke 10
Usoro Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MC, na-eji Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy dị ka ihe atụ, crystallizes site a nkọ exothermic elu n'ime fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, na orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Fig. 10c).Ntugharị oge a site na amorphous gaa na crystalline kwadoro site na nyocha X-ray diffraction nke ihe nlele MG (Fig 10d) nke a na-ekpo ọkụ na 700 °C na DSC.
Na fig.11 na-egosi foto ndị emere n'oge usoro ịgba mmiri oyi na-arụ na ọrụ ugbu a.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, metal glassy powder particles synthesized after MA for 50 hours (iji Cu50Zr20Ni30 dị ka ihe atụ) na-eji dị ka antibacterial raw material, na igwe anaghị agba nchara (SUS304) bụ oyi fesa mkpuchi.A na-ahọrọ usoro ịgba oyi oyi maka mkpuchi na usoro teknụzụ ịgba ọkụ ọkụ n'ihi na ọ bụ usoro kachasị mma na usoro teknụzụ ọkụ ọkụ ebe enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka ihe ndị na-emetụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka amorphous na nanocrystalline powders.Ọ bụghị n'okpuru usoro.mgbanwe.Nke a bụ isi ihe na-ahọrọ usoro a.A na-eme usoro ntinye oyi oyi site na iji ihe dị elu nke na-eme ka ike nke ike nke ihe ndị ahụ ghọọ nrụrụ plastik, nrụrụ na okpomọkụ na mmetụta ya na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị e debere na mbụ.
Foto dị n'ọhịa na-egosi usoro ịgba mmiri oyi ejiri mee nkwadebe ise na-esochi MG/SUS 304 na 550°C.
The kinetic ike nke ahụ, nakwa dị ka ike nke ọ bụla urughuru n'oge e guzobere mkpuchi, ga-abụ converted n'ime ndị ọzọ ụdị ume site na usoro ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka plastic deformation (isi irighiri na interparticle interactions na matrix na interactions nke ahụ), interstitial knots nke siri ike, ntụgharị n'etiti ahụ, deformation na ịmachi na ike, ma ọ bụrụ na 39 ọ bụghị ihe niile na-atụgharị ume na okpomọkụ 39. e guzobere ike, n'ihi ga-na-agbanwe nkukota, nke pụtara na ahụ nanị ibiaghachi oyi mgbe mmetụta.Achọpụtala na 90% nke mmetụta ike a na-etinye na ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ okpomọkụ 40.Na mgbakwunye, mgbe a na-etinye nrụgide mmetụta, a na-enweta ọnụego nrịba plastik dị elu na mpaghara kọntaktị / substrate n'ime obere oge41,42.
A na-ewerekarị nrụrụ plastik dị ka usoro nke nkwụsị ike, ma ọ bụ kama, dị ka isi iyi ọkụ na mpaghara interfacial.Otú ọ dị, mmụba nke okpomọkụ na mpaghara interfacial adịghị ezughị oke maka ihe omume nke agbaze interfacial ma ọ bụ mkpali dị ịrịba ama nke mgbasa ozi nke atọm.Ọ dịghị akwụkwọ mara ndị odee enyochala mmetụta nke ihe ndị a dara vitreous ntụ ntụ na ntụ ntụ na-edozi na-eme mgbe a na-eji usoro ịgba oyi oyi.
BFI nke MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ntụ ntụ ntụ nwere ike ịhụ na Fig. 12a, nke etinyere na SUS 304 substrate (Fig 11, 12b).Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ntụ ntụ ndị a kpuchiri ekpuchi na-ejigide usoro mbụ ha amorphous ka ha nwere nhazi nke labyrinth dị nro na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla kristal ma ọ bụ ntụpọ lattice.N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe oyiyi na-egosi ọnụnọ nke mba ọzọ, dị ka ihe àmà na-egosi na nanoparticles gụnyere na MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a).Ọnụọgụ 12c na-egosi ụkpụrụ nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) indexed na mpaghara I (Figure 12a).Dị ka e gosiri na fig.12c, NBDP na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ halo-mgbasa na-adịghị ike nke usoro amorphous ma na-ebikọ ọnụ na ntụpọ dị nkọ dabara na usoro Zr2Ni nnukwu cubic metastable kristal gbakwunyere usoro tetragonal CuO.Enwere ike ịkọwa nhazi nke CuO site na oxidation nke ntụ ntụ mgbe ị na-esi na nozzle nke egbe ịgba na SUS 304 n'èzí n'ikuku na-asọ asọ.N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbagha nke powders glassy metal mere ka e guzobe nnukwu akụkụ cubic mgbe ọgwụgwọ oyi na-atụ na 550 ° C maka 30 min.
(a) FE-HRTEM oyiyi nke MG ntụ ntụ etinyere na (b) SUS 304 mkpụrụ (Ntinye ihe atụ).Ihe ndeksi NBDP nke akara okirikiri egosiri na (a) ka egosiri na (c).
Iji nwalee usoro a nwere ike imepụta nnukwu cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, emere nnwale onwe ya.N'ime nnwale a, a na-efesa ntụ ntụ site na atomizer na 550 ° C na ntụziaka nke SUS 304 substrate;Otú ọ dị, iji chọpụta mmetụta nkwụsịtụ, a na-ewepụ ntụ ntụ na SUS304 warara ngwa ngwa o kwere mee (ihe dị ka 60 s).).Emere usoro nyocha ọzọ nke ewepụrụ ntụ ntụ site na mkpụrụ ihe dịka 180 sekọnd mgbe etinyere ya.
Ọnụọgụ 13a,b na-egosi Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) ọchịchịrị gbara ọchịchịrị (DFI) onyonyo nke ihe abụọ gbasasịrị n'elu SUS 304 substrates maka 60 s na 180 s, n'otu n'otu.Ihe oyiyi ntụ ntụ etinyere maka 60 sekọnd enweghị nkọwa morphological, na-egosi enweghị njirimara (Fig 13a).Nke a kwadoro nke XRD, nke gosipụtara na nhazi nke ntụ ntụ ndị a bụ amorphous, dị ka egosipụtara site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke isi na nke abụọ na-egosi na Figure 14a.Nke a na-egosi na enweghị metastable/mesophase precipitates, nke ntụ ntụ na-ejigide ihe mbụ amorphous nhazi ya.N'ụzọ dị iche, ntụ ntụ na-echekwa n'otu okpomọkụ (550 ° C) ma hapụrụ na mkpụrụ maka 180 s gosipụtara ntinye nke mkpụrụ osisi nanosized, dị ka e gosipụtara akụ na Fig. 13b.