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Biofilms bụ akụkụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, karịsịa mgbe ngwaọrụ ahụike na-etinye aka na nsogbu a na-enye nnukwu ihe ịma aka nye obodo ahụike, dịka ọgwụ nje ọgwụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nanị ikpochapụ biofilms ruo n'ókè dị oke oke. Ịkwụsị ịmepụta biofilm emeela ka mmepe nke ụzọ mkpuchi dị iche iche na ihe ọhụrụ. Ụzọ ndị a na-achọ ịkwa uwe elu n'ụzọ na-egbochi biofilm ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na metal metal metal metal. robial coatings.N'otu oge ahụ, ojiji nke oyi ịgba technology abawanyela dị ka ọ bụ a kwesịrị ekwesị usoro maka nhazi okpomọkụ-enwe mmetụta ihe. Akụkụ nke nzube nke ọmụmụ a bụ ịzụlite a novel antibacterial film dara iko composed nke ternary Cu-Zr-Ni iji n'ibu alloying techniques. The sppherical ntụ ntụ na-eme elu ikpeazụ ngwaahịa a na-eji dị ka a raw ihe onwunwe na-adịghị oyi n'ahụ igwe anaghị agba nchara n'elu igwe oyi. belata nhazi biofilm site na opekata mpe 1 log ma e jiri ya tụnyere igwe anaghị agba nchara.
N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ọha mmadụ ọ bụla enweela ike ịmepụta na ịkwalite mmeghe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-emezu ihe ndị ọ chọrọ, bụ nke mere ka arụ ọrụ dị mma na ọkwa dị elu n'ime akụ na ụba ụwa1. A na-ekwukarị na ikike mmadụ ịmepụta ihe na mmepụta ngwá ọrụ na nhazi maka mmepụta ihe na njirimara iji nweta uru na ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ, akụ na ụba, omenala na mpaghara ndị ọzọ site n'otu obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara na-enweghị ọganihu.2 Maka afọ 60, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-etinye oge dị ukwuu n'oge ha na-elekwasị anya na otu isi ihe na-akpata: nchụso nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na ihe na-egbu egbu. Nnyocha na-adịbeghị anya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite àgwà na arụmọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a, yana ịmepụta na ịmepụta ụdị ihe ọhụrụ kpamkpam.
The mgbakwunye nke alloying ọcha, mgbanwe nke ihe microstructure, na ngwa nke thermal, n'ibu ma ọ bụ thermo-mechanical nhazi usoro emewo ka ịrịba ndozi na n'ibu, chemical na anụ ahụ Njirimara nke a dịgasị iche iche nke dị iche iche. icles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous dara iko, na elu-entropy alloys bụ nanị ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke elu ihe ewebata n'ime ụwa kemgbe n'etiti narị afọ gara aga. Mgbe n'ichepụta na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ alloys na elu Njirimara, ma na ikpeazụ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ na etiti nkebi nke ya mmepụta, nsogbu nke off-balance a na-agbakwunyere usoro ọhụrụ site n'ichepụta ihe ọhụrụ na usoro ọhụrụ. Achọpụtala alloys metastable, nke a maara dị ka iko ọla.
Ọrụ ya na Caltech na 1960 wetara mgbanwe na echiche nke metal alloys mgbe ọ synthesized glassy Au-25 na.% Si alloys site ngwa ngwa solidifying liquids na fọrọ nke nta ka otu nde degrees kwa nkeji 4.Professor Pol Duwezs' chọpụtara omume bụghị nanị heralded mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dara iko (MG), ma dugara na a parayss nke metal na-eche echiche. njikọ nke MG alloys, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iko ọla niile ka emepụtara kpamkpam site na iji otu n'ime ụzọ ndị a;(i) ngwa ngwa siri ike nke gbazee ma ọ bụ uzuoku, (ii) atomiki aghara nke lattice, (iii) mmeghachi omume amorphization siri ike n'etiti ihe ọla dị ọcha, na (iv) mgbanwe steeti siri ike nke usoro metastable.
A na-amata MGs site na enweghi usoro atomic nke ogologo oge jikọtara ya na kristal, nke bụ njirimara njirimara nke crystals.In today's world, great progress has been made in the field of metallic glass.They are novel material with interesting properties that are of mmasị ọ bụghị nanị na physics siri ike-ala, kamakwa na metallurgy, elu chemistry, technology, bayoloji na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche na-eme ka ihe ngosi ígwè dị iche iche na-eme ka ụdị ihe ọhụrụ dị iche iche na-eme ka ihe ngosi ígwè dị iche iche nke a na-eme ka ihe ọhụrụ dị iche iche na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ pụta. ngwa nological na mpaghara dị iche iche. Ha nwere ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa;(i) elu n'ibu ductility na mkpụrụ ike, (ii) elu magnetik permeability, (iii) ala coercivity, (iv) pụrụ iche corrosion iguzogide, (v) okpomọkụ nnwere onwe The conductivity nke 6,7.
Mechanical alloying (MA) 1,8 bụ usoro ọhụrụ dị ọhụrụ, nke mbụ mere na 19839 site n'aka Prof. CC Kock na ndị ọrụ ibe ha. Ha kwadebere amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders site na-egweri ngwakọta nke ihe dị ọcha na okpomọkụ dị nso na ụlọ okpomọkụ.A, MA mmeghachi omume na-rụrụ n'etiti diffusive njikọ nke reactant ihe powders na a reactor, na-emekarị nke igwe anaghị agba nchara n'ime a bọl igwe nri 10 (Fig. 1a, b) .Since mgbe ahụ, nke a mechanically induced siri ike-ala mmeghachi omume Usoro e ji kwadebe novel amorphous / ọla iko alloy powders iji ala, na ike 1 mills 1 mills. 4,15 , 16.In akpan akpan, a usoro e ji kwadebe immiscible usoro ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Cu-Ta17, nakwa dị ka elu agbaze ebe alloys dị ka Al-transition metal usoro (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb na Ta)18,19 na Fe-W20 , nke a na-apụghị nweta site na iji ot nkwadebe ụzọ ụzọ. Ọzọkwa, MA bụ ihe kasị ike na-ewere nanoc nke na-eji ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka a na-eji usoro nkwadebe na-eme n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ngwakọta ntụ ntụ mejupụtara nke metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, yana nkwụsi ike sara mbara site na ụzọ mgbada elu 1 na usoro metastable.
Schematic na-egosi usoro mmepụta ihe eji akwadebe Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) metallic glass (MG) mkpuchi / SUS 304 na ọmụmụ ihe a. igbe jupụtara na He ikuku.
Mgbe ọ na-abịa na nnukwu ihe na-ebupụta (substrates), n'elu engineering na-agụnye imewe na mgbanwe nke na-ebupụta (substrates) iji nye ụfọdụ anụ ahụ, chemical na teknuzu àgwà adịghị ẹdude ke mbụ nnukwu material.Some Njirimara nke nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè mma site elu agwọ ọrịa gụnyere abrasion eguzogide, ọxịdashọn na corrosion eguzogide, ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu, bio-inertness, eletriki dị mma Njirimara, na ihu igwe nwere ike melite. , Mechanical ma ọ bụ usoro kemịkalụ. Dị ka usoro a maara nke ọma, a na-akọwa nanị ihe mkpuchi dị ka otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ihe mkpuchi nke ihe eji eme ihe na-edozi ahụ n'elu nnukwu ihe (substrate) nke ihe ọzọ mere. N'ihi ya, a na-eji mkpuchi eme ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ iji nweta ụfọdụ nkà na ụzụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma, yana iji chebe ihe ndị sitere na chemical na anụ ahụ na-atụ anya mmekọrịta na gburugburu gburugburu23.
Iji na-edebe kwesịrị ekwesị n'elu nchebe n'ígwé na ọkpụrụkpụ sitere na site na a ole na ole micrometers (n'okpuru 10-20 micrometers) na n'elu 30 micrometers ma ọ bụ ọbụna a ole na ole millimeters, ọtụtụ ụzọ na usoro nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ. N'ozuzu, mkpuchi usoro nwere ike kewara abụọ edemede: (i) mmiri mkpuchi ụzọ, gụnyere electroplating, electroless plating, na-ekpo ọkụ-mikpudo , electroless plating, na-ekpo ọkụ-mikpudo galvaning usoro, anụ ahụ na-etinye bravaning usoro, nke anụ ahụ, usoro na usoro, usoro na usoro. (PVD), chemical vepor deposition (CVD), usoro ịgbasa ọkụ na usoro ịgba oyi na nso nso a 24 (Fig 1d).
A na-akọwa biofilms dị ka obodo microbial nke na-enweghị ike ịdabere na mbara igwe na gburugburu ya na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe (EPS). treat.Ọzọkwa, a na-akọ na biofilms tozuru okè ka 1000 na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria planktonic, nke a na-ewere na ọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu ọgwụgwọ. A na-eji ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ,26 nwere ike izere ihe ize ndụ.
Nguzogide zuru ebe nile nke nje bacteria na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje n'ihi nhazi biofilm emeela ka ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta ihe dị irè antimicrobial membrane-kpuchie elu nke nwere ike itinye n'enweghị nsogbu27.The mmepe nke a anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ chemical anti-adherent elu nke nje bacteria na-egbochi ijikọ na-ewu biofilms n'ihi na adhesion bụ ụzọ mbụ na usoro a, nke abụọ na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka a na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nke abụọ. Nke a na-enweta site na ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi pụrụ iche dị ka graphene / germanium28, black diamond29 na ZnO-doped diamond-dị ka carbon coatings30 nke na-eguzogide nje bacteria, nkà na ụzụ nke na-eme ka toxicity na iguzogide mmepe n'ihi nhazi nke biofilm na-ebelata nke ukwuu. Ọzọkwa, mkpuchi nke na-etinye ihe nchebe na-ewu ewu na-eme ka nje bacteria na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe nchebe ogologo oge. ọ bụ ezie na usoro atọ ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta mmetụta antimicrobial n'elu ihe mkpuchi, onye ọ bụla nwere njedebe nke ya nke kwesịrị ịtụle mgbe ị na-emepụta atụmatụ ngwa.
Ngwaahịa dị ugbu a n'ahịa na-egbochi oge ezughị ezu iji nyochaa ma nwalee mkpuchi mkpuchi maka ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ ndụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ekwu na ngwaahịa ha ga-enye ndị ọrụ akụkụ ọrụ na-achọsi ike;Otú ọ dị, nke a abụrụla ihe mgbochi maka ihe ịga nke ọma nke ngwaahịa ugbu a na ahịa. A na-eji ihe ndị na-esi na ọlaọcha eme ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ antimicrobial ugbu a maka ndị na-azụ ahịa.A na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị a iji chebe ndị ọrụ site na mmetụta dị ize ndụ nke microorganisms. The egbu oge antimicrobial mmetụta na njikọ toxicity nke ọlaọcha ogige na-eme ka nrụgide na-eme nnyocha na-eme ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe 3 na-emepụta ihe na-emerụ ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. A ka na-egosi na ọ bụ ọrụ na-agwụ ike. Nke a bụ n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara ma ahụike na nchekwa. Ịchọta onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ nje na-adịghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ na ịchọta otú e si etinye ya n'ime ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi na ndụ ogologo ndụ bụ ihe a na-achọsi ike nke ukwuu38. Ihe mgbochi kachasị ọhụrụ na mgbochi biofilm bụ ihe e mere iji gbuo nje bacteria na-arụ ọrụ na nso nso a na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka a na-emepụta nje bacteria na nso nso a. adhesion nje (gụnyere imegide nguzobe nke oyi akwa protein n'elu) ma ọ bụ site na igbu nje bacteria site na itinye aka na mgbidi cell.
N'ụzọ bụ isi, mkpuchi elu bụ usoro nke itinye akwa oyi akwa ọzọ n'elu ihe mejupụtara iji kwalite àgwà ndị metụtara elu. Ebumnuche nke mkpuchi elu bụ ịkwado microstructure na / ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara nke mpaghara dị nso nke akụkụ ahụ.
(a) Inset na-egosi usoro eji eme ihe bụ isi nke eji eme elu, yana (b) ahọpụtara uru na ọghọm dị na usoro ịgba oyi oyi.
Oyi ịgba technology mbak ọtụtụ myirịta na ot thermal ịgba ways.However, e nwekwara ụfọdụ isi isi Njirimara na-eme ka oyi ịgba usoro na oyi na-atụ ịgba ihe karịsịa unique.Cold ịgba technology bụ ka na ya nwa ọhụrụ, ma nwere a na-egbuke egbuke future.In ụfọdụ ngwa, na pụrụ iche Njirimara nke oyi ịgba na-enye oké uru, imeri ihe pụtara pụta ìhè ókè nke ahụkarị thermal ịgbasa usoro, ọ na-enye a ụzọ nke agbaze na-dịkarịa ala na-agbaze na nkà na ụzụ na-emeri n'oge dị ịrịba ama na-agbaze ntụ ntụ ụzọ. na substrate.Obviously, a omenala mkpuchi usoro bụ adabara nnọọ okpomọkụ-enwe mmetụta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous na dara glasses40, 41, 42.Furthermore, thermal ịgba mkpuchi ihe mgbe niile na-egosipụta elu etoju nke porosity na oxides.Cold ịgba technology nwere ọtụtụ ịrịba uru n'elu thermal substrate teknụzụ, Flex ihe mkpuchi dị otú ahụ dị ka okpomọkụ substrate (ntụgharị substrate). nhọrọ, (iii) enweghị mgbanwe nke usoro na uto ọka , (iv) ike njikọ dị elu1,39 (Fig.2b) .Na mgbakwunye, ihe mkpuchi oyi na-ekpuchi oyi nwere nnukwu nguzogide corrosion, ike dị elu na ike siri ike, eletrik eletrik dị elu na njupụta dị elu41. N'adịghị ka uru nke usoro ịgba mmiri oyi, a ka nwere ụfọdụ adịghị ike na iji usoro a, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 2b.Mgbe mkpuchi mkpuchi seramiiki dị ọcha dị ka Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO. Enwere ike iji ntụ ntụ osite mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe maka mkpuchi. Otu ahụ na-aga maka usoro ịgbasa ọkụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe mgbagwoju anya na n'ime ime ụlọ ka na-esi ike ịgbasa.
Nyere na ọrụ ugbu a aims iji dara glassy powders dị ka raw mkpuchi ihe, o doro anya na ot thermal spraying enweghị ike iji maka nzube a. Nke a bụ n'ihi na dara glassy powders crystallize na elu okpomọkụ1.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ngwá ọrụ ndị a na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na nri nri bụ nke austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (SUS316 na SUS304) na ọdịnaya chromium n'etiti 12 na 20 wt% maka mmepụta nke ngwá ọrụ ịwa ahụ. Ọ na-anabatakarị na iji chromium metal dị ka alloying element na ígwè alloys nwere ike imeziwanye ọkọlọtọ na-eguzogide corrosion ígwè, n'agbanyeghị na corrosion alloys na-eguzogide corrosion ígwè. ịrịba ama antimicrobial Njirimara38,39.Nke a dị iche na ha elu corrosion resistance.Mgbe nke a, mmepe nke ọrịa na mbufụt nwere ike buru amụma, nke a na-tumadi mere site nje adhesion na colonization n'elu igwe anaghị agba nchara biomaterials.Ihe isi ike nwere ike ibili n'ihi na ịrịba isi ike metụtara nje adhesion na biofilm guzobe ụzọ, nke nwere ike na-eduga kpọmkwem na ahụ ike mmadụ.
Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ nke Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS) kwadoro, nkwekọrịta No. 2010-550401, iji nyochaa ike nke ịmepụta metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders site na iji teknụzụ MA (Table 1) maka mmepụta nke ihe nkiri antibacterial / SUS304 na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri / SUS304 na-ekpuchi elu nke electrochemical na January 2, na-enyocha ihe mkpuchi nke abụọ nke corchemical na January 2. njirimara na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke usoro ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. A ga-eme nyocha nke microbiological zuru ezu maka ụdị nje bacteria dị iche iche.
N'akwụkwọ a, a na-atụle mmetụta nke Zr alloying element content on glass forming power (GFA) dabeere na morphological na structural characters.Na mgbakwunye, ndị antibacterial Njirimara nke mkpuchi dara iko ntụ ntụ mkpuchi / SUS304 composite a na-atụlekwa. Ọzọkwa, ugbu a ọrụ e rụrụ iji nyochaa ohere nke structural mgbanwe nke dara iko powders n'ime usoro mmiri oyi na-eme n'oge subc iko ntụ ntụ. 50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys ejirila n'ọmụmụ ihe a.
N'akụkụ a, a na-egosipụta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke morphological nke elemental Cu, Zr na Ni powders na obere ume bọl na-egwe ọka. Dị ka ihe atụ atụ, usoro abụọ dị iche iche mejupụtara Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 ga-eji dị ka ihe atụ nnọchiteanya. Enwere ike kewaa usoro MA n'ime atọ dị iche iche nkebi, dị ka e gosiri metallographic characterization nke ogbo emepụtara (Fig).
Metallographic e ji mara n'ibu alloy (MA) powders nwetara mgbe dị iche iche nkebi nke bọl egwe ọka time.Field emission scanning eletrọn microscopy (FE-SEM) oyiyi nke MA na Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders nwetara mgbe obere ume bọl-egwe ọka ugboro nke 3, 12 na 50 h na-egosi na (a), (c) na (e) n'ihi na mgbe 50 NiZr oyiyi nke usoro Cu530. r40Ni10 usoro ewepụtara mgbe oge na-egosi na (b), (d) na (f).
N'oge egwe ọka, ike kinetic dị irè nke nwere ike ibufe na ntụ ntụ ígwè na-emetụta nchikota nke paramita, dị ka e gosiri na Fig 1a. Nke a na-agụnye mgbagwoju anya n'etiti bọọlụ na ntụ ntụ, mkpakọ mkpakọ nke ntụ ntụ rapaara n'etiti ma ọ bụ n'etiti egweri media, mmetụta nke falling bọọlụ, ịkwa akwa na iyi n'ihi ntụ ntụ ịdọrọ n'etiti na-akpụ akpụ bọl-egwe ọka media, na ujo ifefe na-agafe site na Falling ibu ntụ ntụ. s na-mkpa oruru n'ihi oyi ịgbado ọkụ na mmalite ogbo nke MA (3 h), n'ihi na nnukwu ntụ ntụ ahụ (> 1 mm na dayameta) .Ndị a buru ibu mejupụtara ahụ na-ji e guzobere oké n'ígwé nke alloying ọcha (Cu, Zr, Ni), dị ka e gosiri na fig. Ngwakọta nke ngwakọta ntụ ntụ n'ime finer powders (ihe na-erughị 200 µm), dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 3c, d.N'oge a, na etinyere shiee ike na-eduga na e guzobere ọhụrụ metal elu na ezi Cu, Zr, Ni hint n'ígwé, dị ka e gosiri na fig.
Na njedebe nke usoro MA (mgbe 50 h gasịrị), a na-ahụkwa metallography nke na-egbuke egbuke (Fig 3e, f), ma n'elu ntụ ntụ na-egbuke egbuke gosipụtara metallography mirror. Nke a pụtara na usoro MA agwụla na ịmepụta otu mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume. Ihe mejupụtara elemental nke mpaghara ndị a na-edepụta na Fig. 3e (I, II, IV) e kpebisiri ike site na iji nyocha nke electroSE. M) jikọtara ya na ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Na Tebụl 2, a na-egosipụta nlebara anya nke elemental alloying dị ka pasent nke ngụkọta ịdị arọ nke mpaghara ọ bụla ahọpụtara na Fig. 3e, f. Mgbe atụnyere nsonaazụ ndị a na mbido ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 edepụtara na tebụl 1, enwere ike ịhụ na ihe mejupụtara nke ngwaahịa abụọ ndị a enweghị uru ọ bụla maka mpaghara ikpeazụ. E depụtara na Fig. 3e, f adịghị egosi nnukwu mmebi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na nhazi nke ihe nlele ọ bụla site n'otu mpaghara gaa n'ọzọ.
FE-SEM micrographs of the final product Cu50(Zr50−xNix) powder were obtained after 50 MA times, as shown in Fig. 4a–d, where x is 10, 20, 30 and 40 at.%, respectively.After this milling step, the powder aggregates due to the van der Waals effect, resulting in the formation of large aggregates consisting of ultrafine particles with diameters ranging from 73 to 126 nm, as shown in Figure 4.
Ụdị ọdịdị ọdịdị nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) powders nwetara mgbe MA oge nke 50 h. N'ihi na Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 usoro, FE-SEM oyiyi nke powders nwetara mgbe 50 MA ugboro), (a na-egosi na nkwanye ùgwù).
Tupu ịkwanye ntụ ntụ n'ime onye na-agba oyi na-atụ oyi, a na-ebu ụzọ sonicated na ọkwa nyocha nke ethanol maka nkeji 15 wee kpoo ya na 150 ° C maka awa 2. A ghaghị ime usoro a iji merie agglomeration nke ọma nke na-emekarị ka ọtụtụ nsogbu dị ịrịba ama n'oge usoro mkpuchi ahụ. Mgbe usoro MA gasịrị, a na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ iji nyochaa ọdịdị nke homogeneity nke ihe ngosi nke ihe ngosi-SEM. Ihe onyonyo DS nke Cu, Zr na Ni alloying element of Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy nwetara mgbe awa 50 nke oge M gachara, n'otu n'otu.
Morphology na mpaghara elemental nkesa MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe 50 MA ugboro site FE-SEM / ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) SEM na X-ray EDS map nke (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-LA na (d) Ni-Kα oyiyi.
The XRD patterns of mechanically alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 and Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders obtained after MA time of 50 h are shown in Fig. 6a–d, respectively.After this stage of milling, all samples with different Zr concentrations showed amorphous structures with characteristic halo diffusion patterns shown in Fig. 6.
Usoro XRD nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders mgbe MA oge nke 50 h. All samples na-enweghị wepụrụ gosiri a halo diffusion ụkpụrụ, na-egosi na e guzobere usoro amorphous.
Field emission high-resolution transfer electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) ji mee ihe na-edebe mgbanwe nhazi ma ghọta nhazi mpaghara nke powders nke sitere na igwe-egwu bọọlụ na oge MA dị iche iche. Dị ka ihe oyiyi ubi na-egbuke egbuke (BFI) nke ntụ ntụ emepụtara mgbe MA 6 h gasịrị, ntụ ntụ bụ nke nwere nnukwu ọka na-akọwapụta nke ọma nke ihe fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr na fcc-Ni, ọ dịghịkwa ihe ịrịba ama na usoro mmeghachi omume etolitela, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 7a. Ọzọkwa, njikọ ahọpụtara ahọpụtara mpaghara diffra (SADP) nke ekpughere n'etiti mpaghara diffra n'etiti mpaghara diffra. ụkpụrụ (Fig 7b), na-egosi ọnụnọ nke nnukwu crystallites na enweghị usoro mmeghachi omume.
Mpaghara nhazi njirimara nke MA ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe mmalite (6 h) na etiti (18 h) nkebi. ).
Dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 7c, ịgbatị oge MA na 18 h mere ka ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ siri ike jikọtara ya na nrụrụ plastik. N'oge etiti a nke usoro MA, ntụ ntụ na-egosipụta ntụpọ dị iche iche, gụnyere nkwụsị nke stacking, ntụpọ ntụpọ, na ntụpọ ntụpọ (Njirimara 7) .Nrụrụ ndị a na-eme ka nnukwu ọka na-ekewa n'akụkụ ọka ha na oke n'ime obere nha 7.
Ọdịdị mpaghara nke Cu50Z30Ni20 ntụ ntụ milled maka 36 h MA oge nwere nhazi nke ultrafine nanograins agbakwunyere na matrix dị mma nke amorphous, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. % (lean area) ka ~ 74 at.% (ọgaranya mpaghara), na-egosi guzobe nke heterogeneous ngwaahịa. Ọzọkwa, kwekọrọ ekwekọ SADPs nke powders nwetara mgbe egwe ọka na a ogbo na-egosi halo-diffusing isi na nke abụọ yiri mgbanaka nke amorphous oge, overlapping na nkọ ihe metụtara ndị raw alloying ọcha, dị ka e gosiri na fig. 8b.
Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nanoscale mpaghara structural atụmatụ.(a) Bright ubi image (BFI) na kwekọrọ (b) SADP nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 ntụ ntụ nwetara mgbe egwe ọka maka 36 h MA oge.
Na nso njedebe nke usoro MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X;10, 20, 30 na 40 na.% powders mgbe niile nwere labyrinthine amorphous usoro morphology dị ka e gosiri na Fig. A na-ejikwa s dị ka ihe akaebe maka mmepe nke usoro amorphous na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.
Ọdịdị mpaghara nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke usoro MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) .FE-HRTEM na nanobeam diffraction patterns (NBDP) nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 na (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 nwetara na (d) Cu504Zr.
Thermal kwụsie ike nke iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ (Tg), subcooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx) na crystallization okpomọkụ (Tx) dị ka a ọrụ nke Ni ọdịnaya (x) nke amorphous Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) usoro a enyochala site na iji ihe dị iche iche scanning Calorimetry (DSC) nke Njirimara n'okpuru He gas flow. The DSC traces nke 40Ni0Ni050500105010C. Ni40 amorphous alloy powders nwetara mgbe MA oge nke 50 h na-egosi na Fig. 10a, b, e, n'otu n'otu. Mgbe a na-egosi akụkụ DSC nke amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 iche iche na Fig.
Thermal nkwụsi ike nke Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG powders nwetara mgbe a MA oge nke 50 h, dị ka indexed site iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ (Tg), crystallization okpomọkụ (Tx), na subcooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx) .iche scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms nke (a) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (b30c) Cu50Ni150 (B) Cu50Zr40Ni150 (B) Cu50Cu502. 0 na (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mgbe MA oge nke 50 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) ụkpụrụ nke Cu50Zr30Ni20 sample kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ~ 700 Celsius C na DSC na (d).
Dị ka e gosiri na Figure 10, DSC curves nke ihe niile mejupụtara na dị iche iche Ni mkpokọta (x) na-egosi abụọ dị iche iche ikpe, otu endothermic na nke ọzọ exothermic. The mbụ endothermic omume kwekọrọ na Tg, mgbe nke abụọ metụtara Tx. The kwụ n'akụkụ span nke dị n'etiti Tg na Tx a na-akpọ subcooled mmiri mmiri mpaghara (ΔTx = 5 na-egosi na Txg0 nke Txg0). (Fig 10a), etinyere na 526 ° C na 612 ° C, gbanwee ọdịnaya (x) gaa na 20 na.% gaa n'akụkụ ala okpomọkụ nke 482 ° C na 563 ° C na-amụba ọdịnaya Ni (x), n'otu n'otu, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 10b. N'ihi ya, ΔTx nke Cu50Zrs na-ebelata site na 818C ruo 1810C site na Cu50Zrs40Ni. 50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b) .N'ihi na MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, a na-ahụkwa na ụkpụrụ nke Tg, Tx na ΔTx belatara na ọkwa nke 447 ° C, 526 ° C na 79 ° C (Fig. 10b) .Nke a na-egosi na nkwụsi ike nke Ni alloy na-eduga n'ibelata ọdịnaya T 5g. 7 Celsius C) nke MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy dị ala karịa nke MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;ka o sina dị, Tx ya na-egosi uru yiri nke mbụ (612 Celsius) .Ya mere, ΔTx na-egosipụta uru dị elu (87 Celsius C), dị ka e gosiri na 10c.
The MG Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) usoro, na-ewere MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy dị ka ihe atụ, crystallizes site a nkọ exothermic elu n'ime crystal Phase nke fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 na orthorhombic-ZrNi (Fig. 10c) nke a na-egosipụta kristal kristal (Fig. 0d), nke a na-ekpo ọkụ ruo 700 Celsius na DSC.
Ọgụgụ 11 na-egosi foto ndị e weere n'oge usoro ịgba mmiri oyi na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. N'ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emepụta iko metal dị ka ntụ ntụ synthesized mgbe MA oge nke 50 h (na-ewere Cu50Zr20Ni30 dị ka ihe atụ) na-eji dị ka antibacterial raw material, na igwe anaghị agba nchara efere (SUS304) na-kpuchie site oyi spraying technology. The oyi usoro ịgbasa usoro a họọrọ nke ọma maka ịgbasa usoro na nkà na ụzụ usoro a họọrọ nke ọma spraying usoro. nwere ike iji metal metastable okpomọkụ mmetụta ihe dị ka amorphous na nanocrystalline powders, nke na-adịghị n'okpuru usoro mgbanwe .Nke a bụ isi ihe na-ahọrọ usoro a.The oyi ịgba usoro a rụrụ site tinye n'ọrụ elu-velocity particles nke na-agbanwe kinetic ike nke ahụ n'ime plastic deformation, nje na okpomọkụ n'elu mmetụta na mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ na mbụ edebe ihe irighiri.
Foto ndị dị n'ọhịa na-egosi usoro ịgba mmiri oyi a na-eji maka nkwadebe ise n'usoro nke mkpuchi MG/SUS 304 na 550 Celsius.
The kinetic ike nke ahụ, ma si otú ahụ ike nke ọ bụla urughuru na mkpuchi e guzobere, ga-converted n'ime ndị ọzọ iche iche nke ume site na usoro ndị dị ka plastic deformation (mbụ urughuru na urughuru-urughuru interactions na mkpụrụ na urughuru interactions), voids Consolidation, urughuru-urughuru adiana, nje na n'ikpeazụ okpomọkụ 39.Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile na-atụgharị ike na-eme ka ike na-atụgharị n'ime ike 39. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile na-eme ka ike gbanwee ike. na-agbanwe nkukota, nke pụtara na ahụ nanị ibiaghachi azụ mgbe mmetụta.It e kwuru na 90% nke mmetụta ike etinyere na urughuru / substrate ihe na-converted n'ime obodo okpomọkụ 40 . Ọzọkwa, mgbe mmetụta nrụgide na-etinyere, elu plastic nje ọnụego na-enweta na kọntaktị urughuru / substrate mpaghara na a dị nnọọ mkpirikpi time41,42.
A na-ewerekarị nrụrụ plastik dị ka usoro nke nkwụsị ike, ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem, isi iyi ọkụ na mpaghara interfacial. Otú ọ dị, mmụba okpomọkụ na mpaghara interfacial adịghị ezughị ezu iji mepụta agbaze interfacial ma ọ bụ iji kwalite mgbasa ozi atomic. Ọ dịghị akwụkwọ mara ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-enyocha mmetụta nke ihe onwunwe nke ndị a dara glassy powders na ntụ ntụ ntụ na-eme mgbe oyi na-atụ usoro.
BFI nke MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder nwere ike ịhụ na Fig. 12a, nke a na-ekpuchi na SUS 304 substrate (Figs 11, 12b) .Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ntụ ntụ ndị a na-ekpuchi anya na-ejigide ihe owuwu amorphous mbụ ha ka ha nwere labyrinth dị nro na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi kristal na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe oyiyi kristal, ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke ihe oyiyi lattin. tụrụ aro site na nanoparticles webatara n'ime MG-kpuchie ntụ ntụ matrix (Fig. 12a) .Ngosipụta 12c na-egosi na indexed nanobeam diffraction ụkpụrụ (NBDP) jikọtara na mpaghara I (Ọnyonyo 12a) .Dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 12c, NBDP na-egosipụta na-adịghị ike halo diffusion usoro na coexr kristal na-emekọ ihe na-adịghị ike na-emekọ ihe n'usoro ihe owuwu nke kristal nke cumorph2. table plus tetragonal CuO phase.The e guzobere CuO nwere ike ekewet oxidation nke ntụ ntụ mgbe njem si nozzle nke ịgba egbe na SUS 304 na n'èzí n'okpuru supersonic eruba. N'aka nke ọzọ, na devitrification nke dara glassy powders nweta nguzobe nke nnukwu cubic n'ụzọ mgbe oyi ịgba ọgwụgwọ na 530 Celsius.
(a) FE-HRTEM oyiyi nke MG ntụ ntụ kpuchie na (b) SUS 304 mkpụrụ (ntinye nke ọnụ ọgụgụ) index NBDP nke akara okirikiri egosiri na (a) na-egosi na (c).
Iji nyochaa usoro a nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, a na-eme nnwale nke onwe ya. Na nnwale a, a na-efesa ntụ ntụ site na egbe ịgba na 550 Celsius C na ntụziaka nke SUS 304 substrate;Otú ọ dị, iji kọwaa mmetụta nkwụsịtụ nke ntụ ntụ, a na-ewepụ ha na SUS304 warara ngwa ngwa o kwere mee (ihe dị ka 60 sekọnd) . A na-eme nyocha ọzọ nke a na-ewepụ ntụ ntụ site na mkpụrụ ihe dịka 180 sekọnd mgbe ntinye.
Ọnụọgụ 13a,b na-egosi ihe oyiyi ọhịa gbara ọchịchịrị (DFI) nwetara site na nyocha nnyefe electron microscopy (STEM) nke abụọ sprayed ihe echekwabara na SUS 304 substrates maka 60 s na 180 s, karị. The powder image edebe maka 60 sekọnd enweghị morphological nkọwa, na-egosi na-egosi enweghị morphological (Fig. 13a na-egosi site XR) nke a na-egosikwa n'ozuzu nke powderous. site na sara mbara isi na nke abụọ diffraction maxima gosiri na Figure 14a. Ndị a na-egosi enweghị metastable / mesophase ọdịda, ebe ntụ ntụ na-ejigide mbụ amorphous Ọdịdị.