Zalembedwa bwino kuti kuwongolera kowonjezereka kwamasewera othamanga kumatha kusonkhanitsidwa kuti apange gulu lopambana.Ntchito za Oilfield ndizosiyana ndipo ndizofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi umenewu kuthetsa ndalama zosafunikira.Mosasamala kanthu za mitengo ya mafuta, monga mafakitale timakumana ndi zovuta zachuma ndi zamagulu kuti zikhale zogwira mtima momwe tingathere.
M'malo omwe alipo panopa, kuchotsa mbiya yomaliza ya mafuta kuzinthu zomwe zilipo kale poyambitsanso ndi kukumba nthambi m'zitsime zomwe zilipo kale ndi njira yanzeru komanso yotsika mtengo - pokhapokha ngati zingatheke mosavuta.Coiled chubing drilling (CT) ndiukadaulo wosagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso womwe umathandizira bwino m'malo ambiri poyerekeza ndi kubowola wamba.Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe ogwiritsira ntchito angagwiritsire ntchito mwayi wopeza bwino zomwe CTD ingapereke kuti achepetse ndalama.
kulowa bwino.Mpaka pano, ukadaulo wobowola machubu (CTD) wapeza ma niches awiri opambana koma osiyana ku Alaska ndi Middle East, mkuyu.1. Ku North America, luso limeneli silinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.Zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kubowola popanda kubowola, zimafotokoza momwe ukadaulo wa CTD ungagwiritsire ntchito pochotsa nkhokwe zodutsa kuseri kwa payipi pamtengo wotsika;nthawi zina, nthawi yobwezera ya nthambi yatsopano imatha kuyezedwa m'miyezi.Sikuti CTD ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito zotsika mtengo, koma ubwino wachilengedwe wa CT pa ntchito zopanda malire ukhoza kupereka kusinthasintha kwa kachitidwe komwe kungapangitse kwambiri chiwongoladzanja cha chitsime chilichonse m'munda watha.
CTD yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola mosasamala kuti awonjezere kupanga m'minda yamafuta ndi gasi yomwe yatha.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa teknolojiyi kwagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri ku malo otsika otsika ku Middle East, kumene chiwerengero cha makina a CTD chawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono pazaka zingapo zapitazi.CTD ikagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda malire, imatha kubwezeretsedwanso kudzera m'zitsime zatsopano kapena zitsime zomwe zilipo kale.Kugwiritsira ntchito kwina kwakukulu kopambana kwa CTD kwazaka zambiri kuli ku North Slope ku Alaska, komwe CTD imapereka njira yotsika mtengo yopangiranso zitsime zakale ndikuwonjezera kupanga.Ukadaulo mu pulogalamuyi umakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa migolo yamphepete yomwe ikupezeka kwa opanga North Slope.
Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumabweretsa kutsika mtengo.CTD ikhoza kukhala yotsika mtengo kuposa kubowola wamba pazifukwa ziwiri.Choyamba, tikuwona izi mumtengo wonse pa mbiya, kulowanso pang'ono kudzera mu CTD kuposa kudzera mu zitsime zatsopano.Kachiwiri, tikuziwona pakuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwamitengo chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa machubu.Nawa magwiridwe antchito ndi maubwino osiyanasiyana:
ndandanda wa ntchito.Kubowola popanda chotchingira, CTD pazochita zonse, kapena kuphatikiza zida zogwirira ntchito ndi machubu opindika ndizotheka.Chisankho cha momwe angapangire polojekitiyi chimadalira kupezeka ndi chuma cha opereka chithandizo m'deralo.Kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirira ntchito, zida zamawaya ndi machubu ophimbidwa zitha kubweretsa zabwino zambiri potengera nthawi komanso mtengo wake.Masitepe ambiri ndi awa:
Njira 3, 4 ndi 5 zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito phukusi la CTD.Magawo otsalawo ayenera kuchitidwa ndi gulu lokonzanso.Zikadakhala kuti zida zogwirira ntchito ndizotsika mtengo, zotulukamo zimatha kuchitidwa phukusi la CTD lisanayikidwe.Izi zimatsimikizira kuti phukusi la CTD limalipiridwa pokhapokha ngati mtengo wapamwamba waperekedwa.
Yankho labwino kwambiri ku North America nthawi zambiri ndikuchita masitepe 1, 2 ndi 3 pazitsime zingapo zokhala ndi zida zogwirira ntchito musanagwiritse ntchito phukusi la CTD.Ntchito za CTD zimatha masiku awiri kapena anayi, kutengera mapangidwe omwe akufuna.Chifukwa chake, chipika chowongolera chimatha kutsata ntchito ya CTD, ndiyeno phukusi la CTD ndi phukusi lokonzanso limapangidwa motsatira tandem.
Kuwongolera zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kutsata kwa magwiridwe antchito kumatha kukhudza kwambiri mtengo wonse wantchito.Kumene mungapeze ndalama zosungira ndalama zimadalira malo ogwirira ntchito.Kwinakwake ntchito yopanda kubowola yokhala ndi mayunitsi owonjezera amalimbikitsidwa, nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito machubu ophimbidwa kuti agwire ntchito yonse kungakhale yankho labwino kwambiri.
M'madera ena, zimakhala zotsika mtengo kukhala ndi machitidwe awiri obwezeretsa madzimadzi ndikuyika chachiwiri pamene chitsime choyamba chabowoledwa.Phukusi lamadzimadzi lochokera pachitsime choyamba limasamutsidwa kupita kuchitsime chachiwiri, i.pobowola phukusi.Izi zimachepetsa nthawi yoboola pachitsime chilichonse komanso zimachepetsa ndalama.Kusinthasintha kwa mapaipi osinthika amalola kukonzekera bwino kuti apititse patsogolo nthawi komanso kuchepetsa ndalama.
Zosayerekezeka zowongolera mphamvu.Kuthekera kodziwikiratu kwa CTD ndikuwongolera kolondola kwa kuthamanga kwa chitsime.Ma chubu ophimbidwa amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mopanda malire, ndipo pobowola mopanda malire komanso mosakhazikika amatha kugwiritsa ntchito BHP chokes ngati muyezo.
Monga tanenera kale, ndizothekanso kusintha mofulumira kuchoka ku ntchito zobowola kupita ku ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi kupanikizika kwambiri kupita ku ntchito zopanda malire.M'mbuyomu, ma CTD ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi ochepa mumtali wamtali womwe ukhoza kubowoleredwa.Pakalipano, zoletsa zawonjezeka kwambiri, monga umboni wa polojekiti yaposachedwa ku North Slope ya Alaska, yomwe ili mamita oposa 7,000 m'njira yodutsa.Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito maupangiri ozungulira mosalekeza, ma koyilo akulu akulu ndi zida zofikira zazitali mu BHA.
Zida zofunika pakuyika kwa CTD.Zida zofunika pa phukusi la CTD zimadalira malo osungiramo madzi komanso ngati kusankha kotsitsa kumafunika.Kusintha kumachitika makamaka kumbali yobwerera kwa madzimadzi.Kulumikizana kosavuta kwa jekeseni wa nayitrogeni kumatha kuyikidwa mosavuta mkati mwa mpope, wokonzeka kusinthira ku kubowola kwa magawo awiri ngati kuli kofunikira, mkuyu.3. Pampu za nayitrojeni ndizosavuta kusonkhanitsa m'malo ambiri ku United States.Ngati pakufunika kusinthira ku ntchito zobowola mopanda malire, uinjiniya woganiza bwino umafunika kumbuyo kuti apereke kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa mtengo.
Chinthu choyamba kunsi kwa mtsinje wa blockout preventer stack ndi throttle manifold.Uwu ndiye muyeso wamachitidwe onse obowola a CT omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa dzenje lapansi.Chipangizo chotsatira ndi chogawanitsa.Pogwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso, ngati kutsitsa sikunadziwike, izi zitha kukhala cholekanitsa chosavuta chobowola, chomwe chitha kupitilizidwa ngati kuwongolera bwino sikunathetsedwe.Ngati kugwetsa kukuyembekezeka, zolekanitsa za 3-phase kapena 4-phase zitha kumangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi, kapena kubowola kumatha kuyimitsidwa ndikuyika cholekanitsa chonse.Wogawanitsa ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi ma siginecha omwe ali patali.
Pambuyo pa olekanitsa padzakhala akasinja ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maenje.Ngati n'kotheka, awa akhoza kukhala akasinja otseguka otseguka kapena mafamu opangira matanki.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa matope pamene mukulowetsanso CTD, palibe chifukwa chogwedeza.Dothilo lidzakhazikika mu olekanitsa kapena mu imodzi mwa akasinja ophwanyira ma hydraulic.Ngati cholekanitsa sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ikani zotsekera mu thanki kuti zithandizire kulekanitsa mipope yolekanitsa.Chotsatira ndikuyatsa centrifuge yolumikizidwa ku gawo lomaliza kuti muchotse zolimba zotsalira musanazibwezerenso.Ngati mukufuna, thanki yosakaniza ikhoza kuphatikizidwa mu tanki / dzenje kuti musakanize njira yosavuta yobowola yolimba yopanda madzi, kapena nthawi zina, madzi obowola osakanizidwa angagulidwe.Pambuyo pa chitsime choyamba, ziyenera kukhala zotheka kusuntha matope osakanikirana pakati pa zitsime ndikugwiritsa ntchito matope pobowola zitsime zambiri, kotero kuti thanki yosakaniza iyenera kuikidwa kamodzi.
Kusamala pobowola madzimadzi.Pali njira zingapo pobowola madzi oyenera CTD.Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito zakumwa zosavuta zomwe zilibe tinthu tolimba.Mafuta oletsedwa okhala ndi ma polima ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokakamiza kapena kuwongolera.Madzi obowolawa amayenera kutsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi madzi obowola omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola wamba.Izi sizingochepetsa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito, komanso zimachepetsanso ndalama zina zowonjezera zowonongeka pakatayika.
Pobowola mopanda malire, izi zitha kukhala madzimadzi obowola magawo awiri kapena gawo limodzi lobowola.Izi zidzatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthamanga kwa posungira komanso kupanga bwino.Njira yamadzimadzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola molakwika nthawi zambiri imakhala madzi, brine, mafuta kapena dizilo.Aliyense wa iwo akhoza kuchepetsedwanso kulemera kwake polowetsa nayitrogeni panthawi imodzi.
Kubowola molakwika kumatha kupititsa patsogolo chuma chadongosolo pochepetsa kuwonongeka kosanjikiza / kuipitsidwa.Kubowola ndi madzi obowola a gawo limodzi nthawi zambiri kumawoneka ngati kotsika mtengo poyamba, koma ogwira ntchito amatha kusintha kwambiri chuma chawo pochepetsa kuwonongeka kwapamtunda ndikuchotsa kukondoweza kokwera mtengo, komwe kumawonjezera kupanga.
Zolemba pa BHA.Posankha msonkhano wapansi (BHA) wa CTD, pali zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira.Monga tanena kale, nthawi yomanga ndi kutumiza ndi yofunika kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, chinthu choyamba choyenera kuganizira ndi kutalika kwa BHA, mkuyu.4. BHA iyenera kukhala yayifupi mokwanira kuti igwedeze mokwanira pa valve yaikulu ndikutetezabe ejector kuchokera ku valve.
Njira yotumizira ndikuyika BHA mu dzenje, kuyika jekeseni ndi mafuta pa dzenje, kusonkhanitsa BHA pamutu wa chingwe, kubweza BHA mu lubricator, kusuntha jekeseni ndi lubricator mu dzenje, ndikumanga mgwirizano.ku BOP.Njira iyi ikutanthauza kuti palibe kuyika kwa turret kapena kukakamiza komwe kumafunikira, kupangitsa kutumizidwa mwachangu komanso kotetezeka.
Kulingalira kwachiwiri ndi mtundu wa mapangidwe omwe akubowoledwa.Mu CTD, mawonekedwe a nkhope ya chida chobowola chowongolera amatsimikiziridwa ndi gawo lowongolera, lomwe ndi gawo la kubowola BHA.Orienteer ayenera kuyenda mosalekeza, mwachitsanzo, kuzungulira koloko kapena kopingasa popanda kuyima, pokhapokha ngati pangafunike ndi chobowola cholunjika.Izi zimakupatsani mwayi kubowola dzenje lowongoka bwino ndikukulitsa WOB ndikufikira kumbuyo.Kuchulukitsa kwa WOB kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kubowola mbali zazitali kapena zazifupi pamtunda wapamwamba wa ROP.
Chitsanzo cha South Texas.Zitsime zopingasa zoposa 20,000 zakumbidwa m'minda ya shale ya Eagle Ford. Seweroli lakhala likugwira ntchito kwazaka zopitilira khumi, ndipo zitsime zam'mphepete zomwe zidzafunikire P&A zikuchulukirachulukira. Seweroli lakhala likugwira ntchito kwazaka zopitilira khumi, ndipo zitsime zam'mphepete zomwe zidzafunikire P&A zikuchulukirachulukira. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, ndi количество малорентабельных скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Mundawu wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwazaka zopitilira khumi ndipo zitsime zam'mphepete zomwe zimafunikira P&A zikuchulukirachulukira.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, ndi количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Mundawu wakhala ukugwira ntchito kwazaka zopitilira khumi ndipo zitsime zam'mbali zomwe zimafunikira P&A zikuchulukirachulukira.Zitsime zonse zopangira Eagle Ford Shale zidzadutsa mu Austin Chalk, malo osungiramo madzi odziwika bwino omwe apanga ma hydrocarbon amalonda kwa zaka zambiri.Zomangamanga zakhazikitsidwa kuti zigwiritse ntchito mwayi pamigolo ina iliyonse yomwe ingathe kuyikidwa pamsika.
Kubowola choko ku Austin kuli ndi zambiri zowononga.Mapangidwe a Carboniferous amasweka, ndipo kutayika kwakukulu kumatheka podutsa fractures zazikulu.Matope okhala ndi mafuta nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola, motero mtengo wa zidebe zotayika zamatope okhala ndi mafuta ukhoza kukhala gawo lalikulu la mtengo wa chitsime.Vuto si mtengo wa otaika pobowola madzimadzi, komanso kusintha chitsime ndalama, amenenso ayenera kuganiziridwa pokonzekera bajeti pachaka;pochepetsa kusinthasintha kwa ndalama zoboola madzimadzi, ogwira ntchito angagwiritse ntchito ndalama zawo moyenera.
Madzi obowola omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi osavuta olimba opanda brine omwe amatha kuwongolera kuthamanga kwapansi ndi kutsamwitsidwa.Mwachitsanzo, 4% KCL brine solution yokhala ndi xanthan chingamu monga tackifier ndi wowuma kuwongolera kusefera kungakhale koyenera.Kulemera kwamadzimadzi kumakhala pafupifupi 8.6-9.0 pounds pa galoni ndipo kupanikizika kwina kulikonse komwe kumafunika kuti pakhale kupanikizika kwapangidwe kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa valve yotsamwitsa.
Ngati kutayika kwachitika, kubowola kungapitirire, ngati kutayika kuli kovomerezeka, kutsamwitsa kungatsegulidwe kuti kuyandikitsa kuyandikira pafupi ndi kupanikizika kwa tangi, kapena kutsamwitsa kungathe kutsekedwa kwa nthawi mpaka kutayika kukonzedwa.Pankhani ya kuwongolera kuthamanga, kusinthasintha ndi kusinthasintha kwa machubu ophimbidwa ndikwabwinoko kuposa zida zoboola wamba.
Njira ina yomwe ingaganizidwenso pobowola ndi machubu ophimbidwa ndikusinthira ku kubowola mopanda malire mutangodutsa fracture yapamwamba kwambiri, yomwe imathetsa vuto la kutayikira ndikusunga zokolola za fracture.Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati fractures sizikudutsana, chitsimecho chikhoza kumalizidwa kawirikawiri pamtengo wotsika.Komabe, ngati ma fractures adutsa, mapangidwewo amatetezedwa kuti asawonongeke ndipo kupanga kumatha kukulitsidwa ndi kubowola mopanda malire.Ndi zida zoyenera ndi kapangidwe ka trajectory, pa 7,000 mapazi amatha kuyenda ku Austin Chalka.
generalize.Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza malingaliro ndi malingaliro pokonzekera kampeni yoboolanso yotsika mtengo pogwiritsa ntchito kubowola kwa CT.Ntchito iliyonse idzakhala yosiyana pang'ono, ndipo nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zazikuluzikulu.Ukadaulo wa CTD wakula, koma ntchito zasungidwa kumadera awiri omwe adathandizira ukadaulo mzaka zake zoyambirira.Ukadaulo wa CTD tsopano ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kudzipereka kwachuma pakuchita kwanthawi yayitali.
kuthekera kwamtengo wapatali.Pali zitsime zopanga mazana masauzande zomwe pamapeto pake zidzatsekeka, komabe palinso kuchuluka kwa malonda amafuta ndi gasi kuseri kwa mapaipiwo.CTD imapereka njira yochepetsera kutulutsidwa ndikusungika kotetezedwa ndi ndalama zochepa.Ng'oma zimathanso kubweretsedwa kumsika pazidziwitso zaifupi kwambiri, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kupezerapo mwayi pamitengo yokwera m'masabata osati miyezi, komanso popanda kufunikira kwa mapangano a nthawi yayitali.
Kuchita bwino kumapindulitsa makampani onse, kaya ndi digito, kusintha kwachilengedwe kapena kukonza magwiridwe antchito.Machubu omangika achita mbali yake pakutsitsa mtengo m'madera ena a dziko lapansi, ndipo tsopano popeza makampani akusintha, atha kupereka mapindu omwewo pamlingo wokulirapo.