Q: Tangoyamba kumene kugwira ntchito yomwe imafuna kuti zigawo zina zipangidwe makamaka kuchokera ku zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304, zomwe zimawotchedwa payokha ndi chitsulo chofewa.Takumanapo ndi zovuta zina pakusweka kwa weld pakati pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri mpaka 1.25 ″ wandiweyani.Zinanenedwa kuti tili ndi ma ferrite otsika.Kodi mungafotokoze kuti ndi chiyani komanso momwe mungakonzere?
A: Ndi funso labwino.Inde, titha kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa zomwe ferrite yotsika imatanthauza komanso momwe mungapewere.
Choyamba, tiyeni tiwone tanthauzo la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (SS) ndi momwe ferrite imagwirizanirana ndi zolumikizira zowotcherera.Zitsulo zakuda ndi aloyi zimakhala ndi chitsulo choposa 50%.Izi zikuphatikizapo zitsulo zonse za carbon ndi zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso magulu ena.Aluminiyamu, mkuwa, ndi titaniyamu zilibe chitsulo, choncho ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zazitsulo zopanda chitsulo.
Zigawo zazikulu za alloy iyi ndi chitsulo cha carbon ndi chitsulo chosachepera 90% ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhala ndi chitsulo cha 70 mpaka 80%.Kuti ikhale yamtundu wa SS, iyenera kukhala ndi chromium yosachepera 11.5%.Miyezo ya chromium yomwe ili pamwamba pa malo ocheperapo amalimbikitsa kupanga filimu ya chromium oxide pazitsulo zachitsulo ndikuletsa kupangika kwa okosijeni monga dzimbiri (iron oxide) kapena dzimbiri.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: austenitic, ferritic ndi martensitic.Dzina lawo limachokera ku mawonekedwe a kristalo pa kutentha komwe amapangidwa.Gulu lina lodziwika bwino ndi duplex chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimakhala pakati pa ferrite ndi austenite mu kapangidwe ka kristalo.
Magiredi a Austenitic, 300 mndandanda, ali ndi 16% mpaka 30% chromium ndi 8% mpaka 40% nickel, kupanga mawonekedwe ambiri a austenitic crystal.Ma stabilizers monga faifi tambala, kaboni, manganese, ndi nayitrogeni amawonjezeredwa panthawi yopanga zitsulo kuti athandizire kupanga chiŵerengero cha austenite-ferrite.Magiredi ena wamba ndi 304, 316 ndi 347. Amapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri kwabwino;amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mafakitale a chakudya, mankhwala, mankhwala ndi cryogenic.Kuwongolera mapangidwe a ferrite kumapereka kulimba kwambiri pakutentha kotsika.
Ferritic SS ndi kalasi ya 400 yomwe ili ndi maginito, imakhala ndi 11.5% mpaka 30% chromium, ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo ambiri.Pofuna kulimbikitsa mapangidwe a ferrite, zokhazikika zimaphatikizapo chromium, silicon, molybdenum ndi niobium panthawi yopanga zitsulo.Mitundu iyi ya SS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina otulutsa magalimoto ndi ma powertrains ndipo imakhala ndi ntchito zochepa zotentha kwambiri.Mitundu ingapo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito: 405, 409, 430 ndi 446.
Makalasi a Martensitic, omwe amatchedwanso mndandanda wa 400, monga 403, 410, ndi 440, ndi maginito, ali ndi 11.5% mpaka 18% chromium, ndipo ali ndi martensitic crystal structure.Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumakhala ndi golide wotsika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo kupanga.Amapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri, mphamvu zapamwamba, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazakudya, zida zamano ndi zopangira opaleshoni, zophikira, ndi zida zina.
Mukawotcherera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, mtundu wa gawo lapansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake muutumiki zimatsimikizira chitsulo choyenera chogwiritsidwa ntchito.Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito njira yotetezera gasi, mungafunikire kusamala kwambiri kuti muteteze kusakaniza kwa gasi kuti muteteze mavuto ena okhudzana ndi kuwotcherera.
Kuti mugulitse 304 yokha, mufunika electrode E308/308L."L" imayimira low carbon, yomwe imathandiza kupewa dzimbiri pakati pa granular.Mpweya wa maelekitirodi awa ndi ochepera 0.03%, ngati mtengowu upititsidwa, chiwopsezo cha kuyika kwa kaboni pamalire ambewu ndi kulumikiza chromium kupanga chromium carbides kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana kwa dzimbiri kwachitsulo.Izi zimawonekera ngati dzimbiri zimachitika m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi kutentha (HAZ) la zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Kuganiziranso kwina kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha L ndikuti ali ndi mphamvu zocheperako pamatenthedwe okwera kwambiri kuposa magiredi owongoka azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Popeza 304 ndi mtundu wa austenitic wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zitsulo zofananira zowotcherera zimakhala ndi austenite ambiri.Komabe, electrode yokha idzakhala ndi ferrite stabilizer, monga molybdenum, kulimbikitsa mapangidwe a ferrite muzitsulo zowotcherera.Opanga nthawi zambiri amalemba mndandanda wamtundu wa kuchuluka kwa ferrite pazitsulo zowotcherera.Monga tanena kale, mpweya ndi wamphamvu austenitic stabilizer ndipo pazifukwa izi n'kofunika kupewa kuwonjezera pa zitsulo weld.
Nambala za ferrite zimachokera ku tchati cha Scheffler ndi tchati cha WRC-1992, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito nickel ndi chromium ofanana ndi chromium kuti awerengere mtengo womwe ukakonzedwa pa tchati umapereka nambala yokhazikika.Nambala ya ferrite pakati pa 0 ndi 7 imagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe a kristalo wa ferritic omwe amapezeka muzitsulo zowotcherera, komabe, pamaperesenti apamwamba, chiwerengero cha ferrite chimawonjezeka mofulumira.Kumbukirani kuti ferrite mu SS si yofanana ndi carbon steel ferrite, koma gawo lotchedwa delta ferrite.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic sichimasinthidwa ndi magawo okhudzana ndi kutentha kwambiri monga chithandizo cha kutentha.
Kupanga kwa ferrite ndikofunikira chifukwa ndi ductile kuposa austenite, koma iyenera kuyendetsedwa.Zomwe zili ndi ferrite zotsika zimatha kupatsa ma welds omwe ali ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri muzinthu zina, koma amakonda kwambiri kusweka kotentha pakuwotcherera.Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, chiwerengero cha ferrite chiyenera kukhala pakati pa 5 ndi 10, koma ntchito zina zingafunike zotsika kapena zapamwamba.Ferrites amatha kufufuzidwa mosavuta kuntchito ndi chizindikiro cha ferrite.
Popeza mudanena kuti muli ndi vuto la kusweka komanso kutsika kwa ferrite, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa zitsulo zanu zodzaza ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikupanga ma ferrite okwanira - pafupifupi 8 ayenera kuchita chinyengo.Komanso, ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), zitsulo zodzaza izi zimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotchinga wa 100% wa carbon dioxide kapena wosakaniza wa 75% argon ndi 25% CO2, zomwe zingapangitse chitsulo chowotcherera kuti chitenge mpweya.Mutha kusinthana ndi njira yowotcherera zitsulo (GMAW) ndikugwiritsa ntchito 98% argon/2% osakaniza okosijeni kuti muchepetse kuthekera kwa ma depositi a kaboni.
Mukawotchera chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ku chitsulo cha kaboni, zinthu zodzaza E309L ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Chitsulo chodzaza ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera kuwotcherera zitsulo zofananira, kupanga kuchuluka kwa ferrite pambuyo poti chitsulo cha kaboni chasungunuka mu weld.Chifukwa chitsulo cha kaboni chimatenga kaboni, ma ferrite stabilizer amawonjezeredwa kuzitsulo zodzaza kuti athane ndi chizolowezi cha kaboni kuti apange austenite.Izi zithandiza kupewa kusweka kwa matenthedwe panthawi yowotcherera.
Pomaliza, ngati mukufuna kukonza ming'alu yotentha muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic, yang'anani zitsulo zokwanira za ferrite ndikutsata njira yabwino yowotcherera.Sungani kutentha kosachepera 50 kJ/in, sungani kutentha kwapakati mpaka kutsika kwapakati, ndipo onetsetsani kuti mfundo zogulitsira ndi zoyera musanasokere.Gwiritsani ntchito choyezera choyenera kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa ferrite pa weld, ndicholinga cha 5-10.
WELDER, yemwe kale ankatchedwa Practical Welding Today, amaimira anthu enieni omwe amapanga zinthu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ndikugwira nazo ntchito tsiku lililonse.Magaziniyi yakhala ikugwira ntchito yowotchera zinthu ku North America kwa zaka zoposa 20.
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