Ndemanga ya Mkonzi: Pachaka.Mining Engineering imaonetsa Industrial Minerals Review.Pali anthu angapo amene ataya nthawi yochuluka kukonza zinthu za nkhaniyi, pamene akugwiranso ntchito yawoyawo.Tithokoze kwa Akonzi a Ndemanga ya Pachaka ya Industrial Minerals, Wapampando ndi Wapampando wa Technical Committee of the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, komanso olemba mbiri ya katunduyo.
Rajesh Raitani ndi membala wa SME wa Cytec Industries Inc. ndipo ndi wapampando wa Technical Committee for the Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Thandizo lawo lapangitsa kuti nkhani ya Julayi ya Industrial Minerals itheke. M'malo mwa owerenga anga, akonzi amawathokoza.
Makampani anayi - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. ndi Unimin Corp. - Dongo lopangidwa ndi mpira m'madera anayi mu 2013. Malinga ndi deta yoyambirira, kupanga ndi 1 metric ton (1.1 miliyoni matani afupi) ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa $ 47 miliyoni. 45.1 miliyoni.Tennessee ndi wotsogolera wamkulu, wowerengera 64% ya zoweta zapakhomo, akutsatiridwa ndi Texas.Mississippi ndi Kentucky.About 67% ya okwana kupanga mpira dongo ndi mpweya flotation, 22% ndi coarse kapena dongo wosweka, ndi 11% ndi madzi slurry.
Mu 2013, opanga zoweta mpira dongo anagulitsa dongo misika zotsatirazi: ceramic pansi ndi khoma matailosi (44%);kutumiza kunja (21%);zinthu zaukhondo (18%);zoumba zosiyanasiyana (9%);potsirizira ntchito mu 2012 Mode ndi msika wamakono, fillers, extenders ndi binders ndi ntchito zosadziwika (4% aliyense). Misika ina imakhala yochepa kuposa 1% ya dongo lotsala la mpira lomwe linagulitsidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Zogulitsa zomwe zanenedwa popanga fiberglass kapena zodzaza zambiri, zodzaza ndi zomangira ziyenera kukhala makamaka za dongo la kaolin lomwe limakumbidwa ndi ogula kapena ogula.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyamba wa opanga dongo la mpira wapakhomo, mtengo wapakati wa dongo la mpira wa pakhomo unali pafupifupi US $ 47 / t ($ 43 / t) mu 2013, poyerekeza ndi US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) mu 2012. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali yogulitsa kunja ndi kuitanitsa dongo la mpira inali $ 126 / t ($ 131337 / st) poyerekeza $ 1333 / st ($ 1313 / st) mpaka $ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) ndi $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) mu 2013) mu 2012, motero. Mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa katundu wambiri wogulitsidwa kunja unawonjezeka mu 2013, ndipo kutumiza kwa matani otsika, okwera mtengo kwambiri kuwirikiza kawiri mu 2013 poyerekeza ndi 2012 yotsika mtengo, zotsatira zamtengo wapatali za 2012. kutumizidwa mu 2013 kunachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali.
Malinga ndi US Census Bureau, matani 4,681 (matani 516) a dongo la mpira adatumizidwa ku 2013, mtengo wake wa $ 174,000, poyerekeza ndi matani 436 (matani 481) ofunika $ 137,000 mu 2012.Kuchuluka kwa dongo la mpira kunatumizidwa kuchokera ku United Kingdom.Bungwe la US Census Bureau linanena kuti zogulitsa kunja ku 2013 zinali 52.2 carats (57,500 yochepa matani) ofunika $ 6.6 miliyoni, poyerekeza ndi 74 carats (81.600 tons) mu 2012, Amtengo wapatali pa $ 4.58 miliyoni. Malo akuluakulu a dongo lotumizidwa kunja akutsika. Opanga mpira aku US amafotokoza kuwirikiza katatu kuwirikiza katatu kuposa US Census Bureau. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamalonda zakunja zofalitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma ku Mexico, kutumizidwa kunja kwa dongo la mpira wamatani wochuluka wotumizidwa kuchokera ku United States kupita ku Mexico zitha kugawidwa ngati kaolin.
Chiyembekezo cha malonda a dongo la mpira ndi kukula kwa malonda pamene chuma cha US chikupitirizabe kubwerera kuzinthu zowonongeka. mtengo wa nyumba zogona komanso zosakhalamo zomwe zamalizidwa mu 2013 zidawonjezeka ndi 5 peresenti kufika pa $ 898 biliyoni kuchokera ku $ 857 biliyoni mu 2012. Kuwonjezera apo, nkhani zowonongeka zikuthetsedwa m'madera ambiri a United States, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nyumba zopanda anthu pamsika.
Mchaka cha 2013, kuchuluka kwa matailosi ochokera kunja kudatsika kuchoka pa $62.1 miliyoni mu 5.86 masikweya mita (63.1 miliyoni masikweya mita) mu 2012 kufika pa 5.58 masikweya mita (60.1 miliyoni masikweya mita). wathule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Potsika dongosolo la voliyumu, China (22%);Mexico (21%);Italy ndi Turkey (10% iliyonse);Brazil (7%);Colombia, Peru ndi Spain (5% aliyense) .Kuitanitsa katundu waukhondo chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 25.2 miliyoni mu 2012 kufika 29.7 miliyoni mu 2013.China adawerengera 14.7 miliyoni (49%) a US sanitaryware imports mu 2013, ndi Mexico 11.6 miliyoni (39%). opanga dongo kuposa omwe akuchokera ku China, monga opanga aku US ndi omwe amagulitsa dongo lalikulu ku Mexico ceramic industry.Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yomanga kukuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa malonda adongo a mpira wapanyumba mu 2014 kungakhale kofanana ndi mu 2013.
Pafupifupi bauxite onse omwe amadyedwa ku United States amatumizidwa kunja. Alabama, Arkansas, ndi Georgia amapanga dongo lochepa la bauxite ndi bauxite kuti agwiritse ntchito mopanda zitsulo.
Metallurgical grade bauxite (coarse dry) imports totaled 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 million standard tonnes) in 2013, a 5% kuchepa kuchokera kunja kwa 2012. Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) ndi Brazil (25%) anali ogulitsa apamwamba ku US mu 2014 mpaka 2013, mu 2014 mpaka 2013, mu 2014 2013. ) Bauxite ya refractory grade calcined inatumizidwa kunja, kuwonjezeka kwa 58% pachaka.
Kutumiza kwa refractory kalasi calcined bauxite kuchuluka poyerekeza ndi 2012, zikubweretsa kubwezeredwa kwa katundu monga kunja kwa bauxite ofotokoza mankhwala refractory utachepa poyerekeza 2012.Kupanga zitsulo zapakhomo, yomwe ndi ntchito yaikulu ya bauxite ofotokoza mankhwala refractory, anatsika ndi pafupifupi 2% mu 20204 gwero ndi 2013 gwero lalikulu la 2013 ndi 2014 2013 gwero lalikulu la China. za katundu wa US refractory-grade calcined bauxite wochokera kunja.
Kutumiza kwa non-refractory kalasi calcined bauxite okwana 455 carats (501,500 matani yochepa) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka 40% kuposa imports 2012. Kukula anachokera ku kuchuluka kwa ntchito bauxite mu simenti, makampani mafuta monga proppant kwa hayidiroliki Guquolic ndi 28% fracturing Brazil, Brazil 20% fracturing ndi 20%. magwero akuluakulu.
Mu 2013, United States idatumiza 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, kuwonjezeka kwa 40% kuposa kutumiza kunja kwa 2012, ndi Canada (72%) ndi Mexico (7%) komwe amapitako. 0 yochepa matani) mu 2012. Coarse dry bauxite zogulitsa kunja zinakwana pafupifupi 4,000 tonnes (4,400 yochepa matani), 59% kutsika kuchokera 2012 kunja, ndi Canada (82%) waukulu kopita.
Kupanga kwa alumina m'nyumba kunayerekezedwa pa matani a 4.1 (matani 4.6 miliyoni) mu 2013, kutsika ndi 7% kuchokera ku 2012. s GmbH ndikuyambiranso mkati mwa Disembala.
Total aluminiyamu kunja mu 2013 anali 2.05 metric matani (2.26 miliyoni muyezo matani), ndi 8% kuwonjezeka 2012 alumina imports.Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) ndi Brazil (12%) anali magwero waukulu.Total alumina zogulitsa kunja mu 2013 anali 2.25 metric matani miliyoni 20% 20% kuwonjezeka iwo 20% 2. , Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) ndi Iceland (13%) ndi malo akuluakulu.
Total zoweta mowa bauxite mowa (pa wosakhwima youma ofanana maziko) mu 2013 akuti 9.8 mt (10.1 miliyoni muyezo matani), 2% apamwamba kuposa 2012. Mwa ichi, pafupifupi 8.8 metric matani (9.1 miliyoni muyezo matani) anagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga alumina.6% m'munsi kuposa chaka chapitacho. komanso m'makampani amafuta, kupanga zitsulo komanso kukonza madzi.
The okwana zoweta mowa aluminiyamu kumwa makampani zotayidwa mu 2013 anali 3.89 metric matani (4.29 miliyoni matani muyezo), kuchepa kwa 6% kuchokera 2012. simenti, ceramics ndi mankhwala.
Mitengo ya bauxite yochokera kunja ndi kutumizidwa kunja imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kumene wachokera, kumene akupita komanso giredi. Mitengo ya mayunitsi a bauxite yochokera kunja kuchokera kumadera akuluakulu mu 2013 inali $813/t ($737/st) kuchokera ku Brazil (mpaka 5%) ndi $480/t ($435/st) kuchokera ku China $40 (kutsika pang'ono) $40 kutsika pang'ono)
Mitengo ya non-refractory grade calcined bauxite yotumizidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu idachokera ku $56/t ($51/st) ku Australia (kutsika 20%) kufika ku $65/t ($59/st) ku Greece (mpaka 12%) mu 2013 .Avereji yamtengo wapatali wa bauxite wowuma wotuluka kunja mu 2013/2013), mtengo wapakati pa 70/2013 unali 2% 2% yapamwamba kuposa $ 2/2% (2 $ 2% yapamwamba). wa alumina kunja mu 2013 anali $396 / t ($359 / st), 3% m'munsi kuposa 2012 2012. The avareji mtengo wa aluminiyamu kunja ku US anagwa ndi 11% kwa $400 mu 2013 poyerekeza 2012 mitengo / t ($363/st).
Mitengo ya aluminiyamu inapitirira mu 2013 mpaka kotala loyamba la 2014. Mitengo yotsika ya aluminiyamu ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa magetsi amatchulidwa ngati zifukwa za kutsekedwa kwa smelter imodzi yapakhomo ya aluminiyamu mu 2013 ndi kulengeza kwa kutsekedwa kwa smelter wina woyamba wa 2014. New Energy Pamapeto a 4201231 smelter yoyamba ya 420131 ma melters ndi ogulitsa magetsi adafikira mgwirizano wamagetsi.Komabe, eni ake ena awiri osungunula akuyesera kuti akambirane mgwirizano wamagetsi kuti achepetse mitengo yamagetsi.
Ngakhale mitengo ya aluminiyamu yakhazikika m'gawo loyamba la 2014, kufunikira kwa aluminiyamu kudzadalira mgwirizano watsopano wamagetsi ndi ena osungunula.Ngakhale mitengo ya gasi yachilengedwe ya US ikupitiriza kukwera m'chaka chathachi, mitengo yotsika kwambiri ikuyembekezeka kupitiriza kupereka ubwino wamtengo wapatali kwa oyenga aluminiyamu m'nyumba mu 2014.
Kutumiza kunja kwa refractory-grade calcined bauxite akuyembekezeka kudalira kupanga zitsulo, koma kusintha zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu ndi automakers pofuna kukonza bwino mafuta kungachepetse kufunikira kwa zitsulo ndi zinthu zopangira zitsulo.
Mu 2013, makampani a bentonite anakhalabe osasintha kuchokera ku 2012.Total US kupanga ndi malonda anali 4.95 metric tons (5.4 miliyoni mizati), poyerekeza ndi 4.98 metric matani (5.5 miliyoni mizati) mu 2012.Kupanga kukodzedwa bentonite ikulamulidwa ndi Wyoming, kenako Oregon Oregon ndi Colorado. , kuchira kuchokera ku US ndi kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse (2007-2009) kunawoneka kukhala kokwanira.Komabe, kupanga nyumba ndi ntchito yomangamanga yokhudzana ndi bentonite pamapeto pake ikuyamba kuchira.Ku North America (US ndi Canada), bentonite yotupa ya sodium imayang'anira bentonite yosatupa ya calcium, yowerengera kuposa 97% ya msika wonse wa bentonite ku Nelaba, California, North America (US ndi Canada). ntchito sanali kukula bentonite ndi foundry mchenga binders, mankhwala madzi ndi kusefera.
Padziko lonse lapansi, wopanga wamkulu wa sodium activated bentonite ndi Greece.China, Egypt ndi India.AMCOL (omwe kale anali American Colloid Co.) amakhalabe wotsogolera sodium bentonite wopanga ndi pafupifupi 40% ya msika, pomwe BPM Minerals LLC (yothandizira ya Halliburton) ili ndi gawo la msika wa 30% US.Other main sodium bentonite producers are MI-BenLLC 2013.Wyo-Ben Inc. inatsegula mgodi watsopano pafupi ndi Thermopolis, Wyoming. Zosungirako zosungirako zikuyembekezeka kukhala zaka zosachepera 10 mpaka zaka 20. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali inakhalabe yokhazikika, pamene mitengo ya katundu wagalimoto sinasinthe mu 2013.
Pobowola kalasi bentonite kwa mafuta ndi gasi pobowola ndi kuchira anali ntchito yaikulu ya kukodzedwa bentonite mu 2013, kupanga pafupifupi 1.15 matani metric (1.26 miliyoni matani yochepa) .The chiwerengero cha zida yogwira anapitiriza kuwonjezeka mu 2013, kutsimikizira kubwerera kwa mafuta ndi gasi pobowola.Mwamakamaka, yopingasa ntchito yopingasa pobowola shantoni ndi pobowola.
Msika woyamwitsa zinyalala za ziweto ndi msika wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri wa bentonite wokulitsidwa granular. (1.15 miliyoni metric tons) mu 2013 mt).
Iron ore pellets kwa kukodzedwa bentonite anali msika wachitatu waukulu, kukula kwa 550 kilotons (606.000 matani yochepa) mu 2013 monga kufunika zitsulo kuchuluka kwa US galimoto ndi katundu kupanga zida.
Kuyambira 2011, pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa kukodzedwa bentonite ntchito ngati binder mu Foundry mchenga zitsulo ndi zitsulo zina kuposa 500 carats (550,000 matani yochepa) .The kupangidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano sizinakhudze kwambiri izi zinayi zazikulu granular ndi ufa kukodzedwa misika bentonite.
Msika kwa bentonite ntchito zomangamanga boma, wachinsinsi mosiyana ndi 2005, anali 175 carats (192,000 matani yochepa), kusonyeza kuti msika anayamba kuchira kuchokera kugwa kwachuma cha 2008.The kutsekereza madzi ndi kusindikiza bentonite msika anapitiriza kukula ndi makampani yomanga kutsatira kugwa kwachuma US, kufika 10500 carats ang'onoang'ono kukula (12510 carats ang'onoang'ono). ed bentonites zomatira, chakudya cha ziweto, zodzaza ndi zodzaza, ndi ntchito zina sizinapezekenso pakugwa kwachuma kwa 2008.
Gawo laling'ono la msika wa bentonite ndi lodziwika bwino pazakumwa ndi vinyo komanso zinthu za organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie ndi Elementis Specialties Inc. ikutsata msika wa bentonite nanocomposite. zopangidwa ndi ganoclay monga Bentone 910, Bentone 920 ndi Bentone 990 zamadzimadzi obowola opangidwa ndi mafuta.
Chiyambire kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi mu 2008, mtengo wosinthanitsa wa dollar yaku US wathandizira kutukusira kwa bentonite kunja.
Bismuth ndi chinthu cholemera kwambiri chomwe chimagwirizana ndi mankhwala a antimony.Ndichopangidwa kuchokera ku lead ndi tungsten m'zigawo, komanso pang'ono mkuwa ndi tini.Antimony ndi chinthu chopepuka cha mankhwala.Ndizopangidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zitsulo monga lead, siliva ndi golidi.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa bismuth ndi antimony ndikophatikiza.
Bismuth ndi antimony compounds ndi ntchito zosagwirizana ndi zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsulo kapena aloyi.
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri logwiritsa ntchito bismuth ndi gulu lamankhwala, lomwe limaphatikizapo mankhwala monga Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), zodzola zamaso zokhala ndi pearlescent effect (bismuth oxychloride), zothandizira, ndi ntchito zina zama mankhwala monga utoto (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Chotsatira chofunika kwambiri mapeto ntchito gulu kwa bismuth ndi zitsulo zowonjezera gulu, amene zikuchokera kupewa crystallization wa graphite ku carbon supersaturated chitsulo chosungunula, amalimbikitsa machining ufulu wa chitsulo, mkuwa ndi zotayidwa, ndi kulimbikitsa ❖ kuyanika yunifolomu mu galvanizing. Pakuti ntchito zonse za gulu lowonjezera ili, bismuth sichita zinthu ngati alloyst kapena allotayist, koma kulimbikitsa ntchito monga allotayist kapena allotayist, koma kulimbikitsa machining. zochita kapena katundu.Chitsulo chimangofunika 0.1% bismuth kapena selenium kuti machinability abwino.Poyerekeza ndi magulu ogwiritsira ntchito mapetowa, gulu la bismuth alloy limagwiritsa ntchito bismuth pang'ono chabe ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fusible alloys, ena otsika osungunuka osungunuka, ndi zipolopolo.
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa antimoni kumakhala ngati chowotcha moto, makamaka pochiza mapulasitiki, zomatira ndi nsalu.Antimony oxide ili ndi gawo lapadera monga gawo la gasi laulere lozimitsa moto muzitsulo zamoto, muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zazikulu za halogenated zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa moto.
Kalasi ina ya zinthu zopanda zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu ma inki ndi magalasi (kuphatikizapo zoumba) .Antimony oxide m'magalasi ambiri ndi zoumba zimakhala ngati opacifier, koma antimoni mu magalasi apadera amatha kuwafotokozera.Gulu la antimony lead ndi alloy limapangidwa makamaka ndi antimony lead yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi mafuta.
Kubwezeretsanso kumachokera ku pafupifupi kosatheka (bismuth m'mankhwala am'mimba ndi zodzoladzola chifukwa zimabalalika kwathunthu) mpaka kuchepa kwa zovuta, monga antimoni mu zoletsa moto, zowonjezera zitsulo ndi bismuth mu galvanizing, antimony mu galasi Bismuth mu Zowonjezera ndi Catalysts.Njira yosavuta, yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo yobwezeretsanso bismuth mu ma aloyi a fusible ndi ma aloyi ena ndi antimoni mu mbale zotsogolera za antimoni.
US katundu bismuth zitsulo anakhalabe kwambiri osasintha mu 2012 ndi 2013 pa 1,699 matani (1,872 matani yochepa) ndi 1,708 matani (1,882 matani yochepa) .Antimony okusayidi, kwambiri kunja ndi voliyumu, anali 20.7 carats (22,800tal 201.21 matani 21) lalifupi matani (22,101. 0 tons) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka pang'ono.Miyezi iwiri ya data ya 2014 ikusonyeza kuti chitsanzochi chikupitirirabe.Bungwe la United States Geological Survey (USGS) silisindikizanso kafukufuku wake wogwiritsa ntchito bismuth wa quarterly.
The 2011 (yofalitsidwa posachedwa) chaka chonse chogwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa mowa wa bismuth ku United States chinali matani 222 (matani 245) a gulu lowonjezera lazitsulo ndi matani 54 (matani 59) a bismuth alloys. The balance is especially for chemicals, 6681 (736 st).
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa antimony kwa USGS ku United States kunali 21.7 carats (23,900 matani afupi) mu 2012 ndi 24 carats (26,500 matani afupi) mu 2013.
Popanda deta zambiri, zotsatira za 2013 za bismuth sizinasinthidwe pang'ono.Kwa antimony, kufufuza deta yochepa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2013 kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 10% kuposa mu 2012.Mu 2014, bismuth ikuwoneka kuti idzakhala yosasinthika ndipo antimony ikuchepa pang'ono.
Miyezo inayi imapanga 90 peresenti ya mabote omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale padziko lonse—sodium borate, calcium tin, ndi potassium;calcium borate, calcium stearate;ndi kashiamu sodium borate, colemanite.Borax ndi woyera crystalline mankhwala mankhwala monga sodium tetraborate decahydrate, amene amapezeka mwachibadwa mu mchere tin.Boric asidi ndi colorless, crystalline olimba ogulitsidwa luso, boma mankhwala ndi magiredi apadera khalidwe mu granular kapena ufa mawonekedwe, nthawi zambiri monga anhydrous boric acid.Borate madipoziti amagwirizana ndi arid yaikulu nyengo vivomezi ntchito ndi Deposit kuphulika kwa US ndi Depozim ron.CA, Alpine Belt waku South Asia, Andean Belt waku South America.Ubwino wa gwero kapena nkhokwe nthawi zambiri umayesedwa potengera boron trioxide yake (B,0,) yofanana.
2013 Kupanga kwa US kwa mchere wa boron ndi mankhwala kunakwera pang'ono kuchokera ku 2012;Makampani awiri ku Southern California amatulutsa mchere wa boron, makamaka sodium borate. anga ndi kutumizidwa ndi njanji kapena galimoto kwa makasitomala ku North America kapena kugulitsidwa padziko lonse kudzera Port of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, monga zaulimi, nkhuni preservative ndi flame retardant mankhwala, amapangidwa ku Wilmington, CA, mu Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) amapanga borax ndi boric acid kuchokera potaziyamu ndi sodium borarles brines Lake California pa Tôarles SVô Tôarles, California. na ndi Westend zomera, brines awa amayengedwa kukhala anhydrous, decahydrate ndi borax pentahydrate.
Mchere wa Boron ndi mankhwala amadyedwa makamaka kumpoto chapakati ndi kum'mawa kwa United States.Maganizidwe ogawa amagulu a boron omwe amadya ku United States mu 2013 anali magalasi ndi zitsulo, 80%;sopo, zotsukira, ndi mabuleki, 4%;ulimi, 4%;enamels ndi glazes, 3% ndi ntchito zina, 9%.Boron amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi monga chowonjezera kuchepetsa kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha;kusintha mphamvu, kukana mankhwala, ndi durability;ndikupereka kukana kugwedezeka, kutentha kwambiri, ndi kutenthedwa kwa kutentha.Kudziletsa ndi nsalu za fiberglass ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Boron ndi micronutrient yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazaulimi, makamaka polimbikitsa ulimi wa mbeu.Feteleza za boron zimachokera ku borax ndi monetite, zomwe zimatha kuperekedwa ndi kupopera kapena madzi othirira chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwawo kwamadzi.
Kutumiza kwa sodium borate ku US kunali 650 kt (716,000 st) mu 2013, kuwonjezeka pang'ono kuchokera ku 646 kt (712,000 st) mu 2012. Kutumiza kwa boric acid sikunasinthe pa 190 kt (209,000 st) . 10 / t ($ 740 / st) mu 2013. Wolandira wamkulu wa boric acid kunja kwa 2013 anali South Korea, owerengera 20 peresenti. Boric acid yochokera kunja mu 2013 inali 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), pafupifupi 4% kutsika kuposa 2012.About 3% yamtengo wapatali ya 3 ya boric acid kuchokera ku Turkey 201. mu 2013 anali $687/t ($623/st), kuchokera $782/1 ($709/st) mu 2012.
Turkey ndi United States adatsogolera dziko lonse lapansi popanga borate mu 2013.Kupatulapo kupanga kwa US, kulemera konse kwa borate padziko lonse lapansi kudafikira matani 4.9 (matani amfupi miliyoni 5.4) mu 2013, kuchuluka kwa 11 peresenti kuyambira 2012.
Dziko la Argentina ndilopanga kwambiri boron ore ku South America.Kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwapa kwa kupanga borate ku Argentina, makamaka boric acid, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa borates kuchokera ku mafakitale a ceramic ndi galasi ku Asia ndi North America.