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Kutenga malo otsetsereka a njanji ya Sui-Chongqing ngati chinthu chofufuzira, mphamvu ya nthaka, electrochemistry ya nthaka (kutheka kwa dzimbiri, kuthekera kwa redox, gradient ndi pH), anions nthaka (mchere wosungunuka wonse, Cl-, SO42- ndi) ndi Zakudya za nthaka. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina, madzi ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa dzimbiri la ukonde woteteza malo otsetsereka, ndikutsatiridwa ndi zinthu za anion. anawunikiridwa mokhazikika, ndipo dzimbiri pa mtunda wa kumtunda kunali kocheperapo, ndipo dzimbiri lapakati ndi m’munsi linali lamphamvu.Zomwe zili m’nthaka zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwera kwake.
Pomanga njanji, misewu yayikulu ndi malo osungira madzi, kutseguka kwamapiri nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosapeŵeka.Chifukwa cha mapiri a kum'mwera chakumadzulo, kumanga njanji ya China kumafuna kufufuza kwakukulu kwa phirili.Imawononga nthaka yoyambirira ndi zomera, kupanga malo otsetsereka a miyala. Chivomezi cha 2008 cha Wenchuan.Kusefuka kwa nthaka kwasanduka chivomezi chofala komanso choopsa kwambiri1.Mu kafukufuku wa 2008 wa makilomita 4,243 a misewu yayikulu m'chigawo cha Sichuan, panali ngozi za zivomezi za 1,736 m'misewu ndi makoma otsetsereka, zomwe zimawerengera 39.76% ya kutalika konse kwa kuwunika. ikhoza kukhala kwa zaka zosachepera 10 (chivomezi cha Taiwan) ndipo ngakhale zaka 40-50 (chivomezi cha Kanto ku Japan) 4,5.Gradient ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza chivomezi cha chivomezi6,7.Choncho, m'pofunika kusunga malo otsetsereka ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwake.Zomera zimagwira ntchito yosasinthika m'malo otsetsereka, kutetezedwa kwa nthaka ndi miyala8. s alibe kudzikundikira zinthu zomanga thupi monga organic zinthu, nayitrogeni, phosphorous, ndi potaziyamu, ndipo alibe nthaka malo oyenera zomera kukula. Chifukwa cha zinthu monga otsetsereka lalikulu ndi kukokoloka kwa mvula, otsetsereka nthaka kusochera mosavuta. Malo otsetsereka ndi ovuta, alibe mikhalidwe yofunikira kuti zomera zikule, ndipo kusowa kwa nthaka yotsetsereka kumateteza nthaka yotsetsereka. Dothi lopanga lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa limapangidwa ndi miyala yophwanyidwa, nthaka yaminda, udzu, feteleza wapawiri, zomatira zosungira madzi ndi zomatira (zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo simenti ya Portland, guluu wa organic ndi emulsifier) ​​mugawo linalake, chingwe cha barbe choyambira: rivets ndi mabawuti nangula, ndipo potsiriza utsi dothi yokumba munali mbewu pa malo otsetsereka ndi wapadera sprayer.The 14# diamondi woboola pakati zitsulo mauna kuti mokwanira kanasonkhezereka ndi zambiri ntchito, ndi mauna muyezo wa 5cm × 5cm ndi awiri a 2mm.The zitsulo mauna amalola nthaka masanjidwewo kupanga cholimba rocky pamwamba pa nthaka ndi miyala monolithic slab chifukwa corte pamwamba pa nthaka ndi chitsulo monolithic slab. , komanso kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kumadalira momwe nthaka ilili.Kuwunika kwa zinthu zomwe zawononga nthaka ndikofunika kwambiri powunika kukokoloka kwa zitsulo zopangidwa ndi nthaka komanso kuthetsa zoopsa zomwe zingagwe.
Amakhulupirira kuti mizu ya zomera imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poletsa kugwa kwa tsetse komanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka10,11,12,13,14. Pofuna kuti malo otsetsereka asagwe, zomera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa mizu ya zomera imatha kukonza dothi kuti nthaka isasefuke.15,16,17. lateral mizu ya zomera zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati milu yolimbikitsira m'nthaka.Kukula kwa mapangidwe a mizu kumayendetsedwa ndi majini, ndipo chilengedwe cha nthaka chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pazochitikazi.Kuwonongeka kwazitsulo kumasiyana ndi chilengedwe cha nthaka20.Mlingo wa zitsulo m'nthaka ukhoza kutha kuchokera kusungunuka mofulumira kufika ku dothi losasunthika ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi nthaka yosagwirizana21. ions pakati pa chilengedwe chakunja ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana pa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri22,23,24.Pamaso matabwa zomera kupanga khola mizu ndi zachilengedwe, kaya mauna zitsulo pamodzi ndi thanthwe otsetsereka ndi dothi yokumba akhoza kugwira ntchito bwinobwino ndi mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha chuma zachilengedwe, chitetezo cha moyo ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe chilengedwe.
Komabe, dzimbiri zitsulo zingabweretse kutayika kwakukulu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ku China kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 pa makina opangira mankhwala ndi mafakitale ena, kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo kumapanga 4% ya mtengo wamtengo wapatali wamtengo wapatali. abolites amatha kuwononga zida, ndipo mafunde osokera amathanso kuyambitsa dzimbiri.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwazitsulo zokwiriridwa m'nthaka.Pakali pano, kafukufuku wokhudza kuwonongeka kwazitsulo zokwiriridwa makamaka amayang'ana pa (1) zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuwonongeka kwazitsulo zokwiriridwa25;(2) njira zotetezera zitsulo26,27;(3) njira chiweruzo pa mlingo wa zitsulo dzimbiri28;Kuwonongeka muzofalitsa zosiyanasiyana.Komabe, dothi lonse mu kafukufukuyu linali lachilengedwe ndipo linali litapanga njira zokwanira zopangira nthaka.
Poyerekeza ndi zofalitsa zina zowononga, nthaka yokumba imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a illiquidity, heterogeneity, seasonality and regionity.Kuwonongeka kwazitsulo mu dothi lopanga kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa electrochemical pakati pa zitsulo ndi dothi lopanga. Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zobadwa nazo, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwachitsulo kumadaliranso malo ozungulira. ion ndi zitsulo ion zili pH, ma microbes nthaka30,31,32.
M'zaka 30 zakuchita, funso la momwe mungasungire kwamuyaya dothi lopanga pamiyala lakhala vuto33.Zitsamba kapena mitengo sizingamere pamapiri ena pambuyo pa zaka 10 za chisamaliro chamanja chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka.Dothi lomwe linali pamwamba pa zitsulo zazitsulo linakokoloka m'malo ena.Chifukwa cha dzimbiri pamwamba pake linang'ambika, dothi linang'ambika, ndipo zitsulo zina zinatayika pansi pawo. Pazigawo zotsetsereka za njanji, kuwonongeka kwa njanji kumangoyang'ana kwambiri pakuwonongeka kwa njanji yapansi panthaka, kuwonongeka kwapano komwe kumapangidwa ndi njanji yopepuka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa milatho ya njanji34, 35, njanji ndi zida zina zamagalimoto36.Panalibe malipoti oti njanjiyo yawonongeka. otsetsereka a Suiyu Railway, ndi cholinga chodziwiratu dzimbiri zitsulo poona katundu nthaka ndi kupereka ongoyerekeza ndi zothandiza maziko nthaka kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe ndi yokumba kubwezeretsa.Slope yokumba.
Malo oyesera ali m'dera lamapiri la Sichuan (30 ° 32'N, 105 ° 32'E) pafupi ndi Suining Railway Station. Derali lili pakati pa Sichuan Basin, ndi mapiri otsika ndi mapiri, ndi mawonekedwe osavuta a geological ndi terrain terrain. ple sand and mudstone.The umphumphu ndi osauka, ndipo thanthwe ndi blocky structure.The phunziroli ali subtropical chinyezi monsoon nyengo ndi makhalidwe nyengo ya masika kotentha, yotentha yophukira, yochepa autumn ndi mochedwa winter.Mvula ndi yochuluka, kuwala ndi kutentha chuma ndi zambiri, chisanu-free nyengo ndi yaitali (285 mild monsoon nyengo, pafupifupi masiku 285 mild ndi 4 ° C, kutentha kwapachaka ndi pafupifupi 15 ° C, kutentha kwapachaka ndi 17 ° C), kutentha kwapachaka ndi 1 ° C. August) ndi 27.2 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu ndi 39.3 ° C. Mwezi wozizira kwambiri ndi January (kutentha kwapakati ndi 6.5 ° C), kutentha kochepa kwambiri ndi -3.8 ° C, ndipo mvula yapakati pachaka ndi 920 mm, makamaka imapezeka mu July ndi August.Gawo la mvula mu nyengo iliyonse ya chaka ndi 19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% ndi 4-5% motsatira.
Malo ofufuzira ndi otsetsereka pafupifupi 45 ° pamtunda wa Yu-Sui Railway yomangidwa mu 2003. Mu April 2012, inayang'ana kum'mwera mkati mwa 1 km kuchokera ku Suining Railway Station.Malo otsetsereka achilengedwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuwongolera.Kubwezeretsa kwachilengedwe kwa malo otsetsereka kumagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopopera mbewu wakunja wopopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa chilengedwe. Malinga ndi kutalika kwa mtunda wa mbali ya njanji, malo otsetsereka amatha kugawidwa m'malo otsetsereka, apakati komanso otsika (mkuyu 2). Kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu dzimbiri za dothi zitsulo mauna, ife kokha ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri fosholo kutenga nthaka pamwamba 0-8cm.Replicates anayi anaikidwa pa malo otsetsereka aliyense, ndi 15-20 mwachisawawa zitsanzo mfundo pa replicate.Chilichonse chofanana ndi chisakanizo cha 15-20 mwachisawawa anatsimikiza kuchokera ku S-zoboola pakati zoboola pakati pa 5 magalamu ndi 5 g. tory mu matumba a polyethylene ziplock kuti processing.Nthaka mwachilengedwe imawumitsidwa ndi mpweya, ndipo miyala ndi zinyama ndi zotsalira za zomera zimachotsedwa, kuphwanyidwa ndi ndodo ya agate, ndikusefa ndi sieve ya 20-mesh, 100-mesh nayiloni kupatulapo tinthu tambirimbiri.
Kulimbana kwa nthaka kunayesedwa ndi VICTOR4106 grounding resistance tester yopangidwa ndi Shengli Instrument Company;resistivity nthaka anayesedwa m'munda;Chida cha DMP-2 chotengera digito mv/pH chili ndi vuto lalikulu poyesa kuwononga nthaka. Kuthekera kwa gradient ndi kuthekera kwa redox kunatsimikiziridwa ndi DMP-2 portable digital mv/pH, mchere wosungunuka wonse m'nthaka unatsimikiziridwa ndi njira yowumitsa yotsalira, chloride tiyi yokhazikika ya nthaka ndi njira ya sulfure ya chloride inatsimikiziridwa ndi njira ya chloride ion AgNOMo3. Njira yosalunjika ya EDTA Titration, njira yowonetsera dothi la carbonate ndi bicarbonate, njira yotenthetsera ya potaziyamu dichromate oxidation yodziwira zinthu zomwe zili m'nthaka, njira ya alkaline solution diffusion kudziwa nthaka yamchere hydrolysis nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Mo-Sb colorimetric njira Yonse ya phosphorous m'nthaka komanso yopezeka ndi njira ya Osen5 ya phosphorous m'nthaka ndi yopezeka ndi njira ya Osen5ONL phosphorus. ndipo kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu m'nthaka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Deta yoyesera idakonzedwa poyamba.SPSS Statistics 20 idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tanthauzo, kupatuka kokhazikika, njira imodzi ya ANOVA, ndi kusanthula kwa kulumikizana kwa anthu.
Table 1 ikupereka ma electromechanical properties, anions ndi zakudya za dothi zomwe zimakhala ndi malo otsetsereka osiyanasiyana.Kutheka kwa dzimbiri, nthaka resistivity ndi kum'mawa-kumadzulo kuthekera gradient ya otsetsereka osiyana zonse zinali zofunika (P <0.05) .The redox kuthekera kwa kutsika, pakati-otsetsereka ndi masoka otsetsereka anali ofunika (P <0.05 kutheka kuti ndi theka lakumpoto, ndi theka la 0.05). gradient, ndi upslope>downslope>pakati otsetsereka.Dothi pH mtengo unali mu dongosolo la kutsika>kukwera>pakati otsetsereka>chilengedwe otsetsereka.Total sungunuka mchere, chilengedwe otsetsereka anali kwambiri kuposa otsetsereka njanji (P <0.05) . kukhudzika kwapakatikati pa dzimbiri lachitsulo.Zomwe zili m'nthaka zinali zapamwamba kwambiri m'malo otsetsereka achilengedwe komanso zotsika kwambiri potsetsereka (P <0.05) .Nayitrogeni yonse inali yokwera kwambiri pakati pa otsetsereka komanso otsika kwambiri pamtunda wotsetsereka;Nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo inali yokwera kwambiri m'malo otsetsereka ndi apakati, komanso otsika kwambiri m'malo otsetsereka achilengedwe;chiwerengero chonse cha nayitrogeni cha njanji chokwera ndi chotsika chinali chochepa, koma nitrogen yopezeka inali yochuluka.Izi zikusonyeza kuti kukwera ndi kutsika kwa mchere wa organic nitrogen mineralization ndi mofulumira.Potaziyamu yomwe ilipo ndi yofanana ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo.
Dothi resistivity ndi index kusonyeza madutsidwe magetsi ndi chizindikiro chofunika kuweruza nthaka corrosion.Zomwe zimakhudza nthaka resistivity monga chinyezi, okwana sungunuka mchere, pH, kapangidwe nthaka, kutentha, organic zinthu, kutentha nthaka, ndi tightness.Nthawi zambiri, dothi ndi otsika resistivity ndi dzimbiri, ndipo mosemphanitsa. zoyezera giredi pa index iliyonse37,38.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za mayeso ndi miyezo m'dziko langa (Table 1), ngati dothi likuwonongeka kokha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa nthaka, nthaka yomwe ili pamtunda wotsetsereka imakhala yowononga kwambiri;dothi lotsetsereka limakhala lowononga pang'ono;dothi lomwe lili pamtunda wapakati ndi malo otsetsereka achilengedwe ndi lochepa kwambiri lofooka.
Dothi lolimbana ndi malo otsetsereka ndi lotsika kwambiri kuposa la madera ena otsetsereka, zomwe zingayambitsidwe ndi kukokoloka kwa mvula.Dothi lapamwamba pamtunda wotsetsereka limayenda pamtunda wapakati ndi madzi, kotero kuti ukonde wotetezera wotsetsereka wazitsulo uli pafupi ndi dothi lapamwamba. Zina mwa ma meshes achitsulo anayesedwa mu malo otsetsereka;kutalikirana kwa milu kunali 3m;kuya kwa mulu woyendetsa galimoto kunali pansi pa 15cm. Mesh yachitsulo yopanda kanthu ndi dzimbiri zowonongeka zimatha kusokoneza zotsatira za kuyeza.Choncho, sizodalirika kuwunika kuwonongeka kwa nthaka kokha ndi ndondomeko ya resistivity index.
Chifukwa cha chinyezi chambiri, mpweya wosatha wa chinyontho m'dera la Sichuan umapangitsa kuti mauna achitsulo omwe amawonekera mumlengalenga awonongeke kwambiri kuposa mauna achitsulo omwe amakwiriridwa m'nthaka39. Kuwonekera kwa mawaya kumlengalenga kungayambitse kuchepa kwa moyo wautumiki, womwe ungathe kusokoneza dothi lokwera. Kutayika kwa nthaka kungapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kwa zomera, makamaka kusowa kwamitengo, kukulitsa mitengo yamitengo, kukulitsa mizu yamitengo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa zomera kungathandizenso kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino komanso kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa humus m'nthaka, zomwe sizingasunge madzi okha, komanso zimapereka malo abwino oti nyama ndi zomera zisamalire, motero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. madzi.
Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa ukonde wotetezera malo otsetsereka pamtunda wa katatu, ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri malo otsetsereka (Table 2) Ndi chitukuko cha kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka anthu kuti adziwe ngati nthaka ili ndi magetsi ochulukirapo, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo zokwiriridwa chifukwa cha kutayikira kwachindunji kuchokera ku njanji zamagetsi sikunganyalanyazidwe. ndi otsika;pamene gradient yotheka ili mumtundu wa 0.5 mv/m mpaka 5.0 mv/m, kuyendayenda kumakhala kochepera;pamene gradient yomwe ingathe kukhala yaikulu kuposa 5.0 mv / m, mlingo wamakono wosokera ndi wapamwamba.Mtundu woyandama wa gradient (EW) wapakati-otsetsereka, mmwamba-otsetsereka ndi pansi-otsetsereka ukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3. Ponena za zoyandama, pali mitsinje yosokera yocheperako kum'mawa-kumadzulo-kumadzulo-kumadzulo-kumene kuli kofunikira kumpoto chakumadzulo-kumadzulo. kukhudza kudzimbirira kwa ma meshes achitsulo pakati pa otsetsereka ndi kutsika, makamaka pakati pa otsetsereka.
Nthawi zambiri, kuthekera kwa nthaka redox (Eh) pamwamba pa 400 mV kumasonyeza mphamvu oxidizing, pamwamba 0-200 mV ndi sing'anga kuchepetsa mphamvu, ndipo pansi pa 0 mV ndi lalikulu kuchepetsa mphamvu. M'munsi nthaka redox kuthekera, m'pamenenso dzimbiri mphamvu ya nthaka tizilombo to metals44.N'zotheka kulosera mmene angathe corxro dothi kafukufuku redox nthaka. otsetsereka anali wamkulu kuposa 500 mv, ndi dzimbiri mlingo anali waung'ono kwambiri.Izi zikusonyeza kuti nthaka mpweya mpweya m'malo otsetsereka ndi zabwino, amene si bwino dzimbiri kwa anaerobic tizilombo m'nthaka.
Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu apeza kuti zotsatira za pH za nthaka pakukokoloka kwa nthaka ndizodziwikiratu.Ndi kusinthasintha kwa pH mtengo, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa zinthu zachitsulo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri.Dothi pH limagwirizana kwambiri ndi dera komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka45,46,47.Nthawi zambiri, zotsatira za pH pa kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo zazitsulo mu nthaka ya alkaline pang'ono, nthaka ya alkaline si yodziwika bwino. wa pH pa dzimbiri wa zitsulo mauna ndi ofooka.
Monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera ku Table 3, kusanthula kwa mgwirizano kumasonyeza kuti kuthekera kwa redox ndi malo otsetsereka ndi ogwirizana kwambiri (R2 = 0.858), kuthekera kwa dzimbiri ndi kuthekera kwa gradient (SN) ndizogwirizana kwambiri (R2 = 0.755), ndi kuthekera kwa redox ndi kuthekera kwabwino (SN0).Panali kugwirizana kwakukulu kolakwika pakati pa zomwe zingatheke ndi pH (R2 = -0.724) Malo otsetsereka anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa redox.Izi zikusonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kwa microenvironment ya malo otsetsereka osiyana, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwirizana kwambiri ndi redox potential48, 49, 50. Makhalidwe sanali kusintha synchronously pa nthaka redox ndondomeko, koma anali ndi zoipa liniya ubale. Zitsulo dzimbiri angathe kuimira mphamvu wachibale kupeza ndi kutaya ma elekitironi.
Nthaka okwana sungunuka mchere zili zogwirizana kwambiri ndi nthaka corrosivity.Nthawi zambiri, ndi apamwamba nthaka mchere, m'munsi nthaka resistivity, motero kuonjezera kukana nthaka. Mu nthaka electrolytes, osati anions ndi osiyanasiyana ranges, komanso dzimbiri zikoka makamaka carbonates, chlorides ndi sulfates. Komanso, monga okwana sungunuka wokhazikika mchere zinthu zimakhudza nthaka sungunuka wa mchere electrolyte amakhudzanso zinthu zina zosungunulira mu nthaka. kuthekera kwazitsulo ndi kusungunuka kwa okosijeni m'nthaka53.
Ambiri a ayoni sungunuka mchere-dissociated m'nthaka sachita nawo mwachindunji zochita electrochemical, koma bwanji dzimbiri zitsulo kudzera resistivity.The apamwamba nthaka mchere, mphamvu madutsidwe nthaka ndi amphamvu erosion.The nthaka mchere zili otsetsereka achilengedwe ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa otsetsereka njanji, amene angakhale chifukwa cha slopes olemera ndi conservciation, amene ali olemera ndi conservciation, amene ali olemera ndi conservciation. .Chifukwa china chingakhale chakuti malo otsetsereka achilengedwe adakumana ndi mapangidwe a nthaka okhwima (nthaka ya kholo lopangidwa ndi rock weathering), koma nthaka yotsetsereka ya njanji imapangidwa ndi zidutswa za miyala yophwanyidwa monga matrix a "dothi lopangira", ndipo silinayambe kupanga nthaka yokwanira.Kuphatikiza apo, ma ayoni amchere m'nthaka yakuya yamalo otsetsereka adadzuka kudzera m'miyendo ya capillary panthawi ya evaporation ndikuunjikana m'nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa ayoni amchere pamtunda wamtunda.
Ma ion abwino (monga K +, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc.) alibe mphamvu pang'ono pa nthaka, pamene anions amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu electrochemical process of corrosion ndipo amakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwachitsulo.Kuchuluka kwa Cl−, kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yamphamvu kwambiri.SO42- sikuti imangokulitsa dzimbiri, komanso imayambitsa dzimbiri muzinthu zina za konkriti54. Imawononganso chitsulo.Mumndandanda wa zoyeserera za nthaka ya asidi, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kunapezeka kuti ndi kolingana ndi acidity ya nthaka55.Chloride ndi machulukidwe amchere amchere omwe amapangidwa ndi sulcte ndi sulcte ya mchere zitsulo.Studies asonyeza kuti dzimbiri kuwonda kwa carbon zitsulo mu dothi zamchere pafupifupi mofanana ndi kuwonjezera chloride ndi sulphate ions56,57.Lee et al.anapeza kuti SO42- akhoza kulepheretsa dzimbiri, koma kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha maenje dzimbiri amene anapanga kale58.
Malingana ndi muyeso wa dothi la corrosiveness ndi zotsatira za mayeso, ma chloride ion ali m'nthaka iliyonse yotsetsereka anali oposa 100 mg/kg, kusonyeza dothi lamphamvu. pe ndi wotsika kuposa 200mg/kg, ndipo dzimbiri nthaka ndi ofooka.Pamene nthaka sing'anga ali mkulu ndende, izo nawo anachita ndi kutulutsa dzimbiri sikelo pamwamba pa electrode zitsulo, potero kuchepetsa dzimbiri reaction.Pamene ndende ukuwonjezeka, sikelo akhoza kusweka mwadzidzidzi, potero kwambiri kufulumizitsa mlingo dzimbiri;pamene ndende ikupitirizabe kuwonjezereka, chiwombankhanga chimakwirira pamwamba pa electrode yachitsulo, ndipo chiwongoladzanja chimasonyezanso kuchedwa kwapang'onopang'ono59. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa nthaka kunali kochepa ndipo kotero sikunakhudze pang'ono kuwononga.
Malinga ndi Table 4, mgwirizano pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi anions a nthaka anasonyeza kuti panali mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa otsetsereka ndi ayoni a chloride (R2 = 0.836), komanso mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa otsetsereka ndi mchere wosungunuka (R2 = 0.742).
Izi zikusonyeza kuti madzi osefukira ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka kungakhale chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mchere wosungunuka m'nthaka. Panali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa mchere wosungunuka ndi ma chloride ions, zomwe zingakhale chifukwa chakuti mchere wosungunuka ndi madzi a chloride ions, ndipo zomwe zili mumchere wosungunuka zimatsimikizira zomwe zili mu chloride chloride imayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu mu nthaka. gawo la mesh yachitsulo.
Organic nkhani, okwana nayitrogeni, kupezeka nayitrogeni, phosphorous kupezeka ndi kupezeka potaziyamu ndi zofunika zakudya m'nthaka, zimene zimakhudza khalidwe nthaka ndi mayamwidwe zakudya ndi mizu.Zopatsa nthaka ndi chinthu chofunika zimakhudza tizilombo m'nthaka, choncho ndi bwino kuphunzira ngati pali mgwirizano pakati pa nthaka zakudya ndi zitsulo dzimbiri dzimbiri. zaka za organic accumulation.Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa dothi lopanga, m'pofunika kumvetsetsa bwino zakudya zomwe zili m'nthaka yokumba.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti organic zinthu zili pamwamba pa nthaka otsetsereka achilengedwe pambuyo lonse mapangidwe nthaka.The otsika otsetsereka nthaka organic zinthu anali otsika kwambiri.Chifukwa cha chikoka cha nyengo ndi pamwamba pa madzi osefukira, nthaka zopatsa thanzi adzaunjikana pakati pa otsetsereka ndi pansi-otsetsereka, kupanga wandiweyani wosanjikiza wa humus. zamoyo.Kafukufukuyu anapeza kuti zomera zapakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi zotsika komanso zosiyana siyana zinali zapamwamba, koma homogeneity inali yochepa, zomwe zingayambitse kugawa kosagwirizana kwa zakudya zapamtunda.Nthawi yochuluka ya humus imakhala ndi madzi ndi zamoyo za nthaka zikugwira ntchito.Zonsezi zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'nthaka.
The alkali-hydrolyzed nayitrogeni zili mmwamba-otsetsereka, pakati-otsetsereka ndi pansi-otsetsereka njanji anali apamwamba kuposa achilengedwe otsetsereka, kusonyeza kuti organic nayitrogeni mineralization mlingo wa otsetsereka njanji anali kwambiri kuposa achilengedwe otsetsereka.The zing'onozing'ono particles, ndi wosakhazikika kwambiri ndi kusakhazikika kwa nthaka ndi organic zinthu, degorgism ndi microorganism, degorgism ndi microorganism yosavuta kupanga dothi, ndi organic organic to the organisation. dziwe lalikulu la mineralized organic nitrogen60,61.Mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku 62, zomwe zili m'nthaka ya njanji zotsetsereka zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zotsetsereka zachilengedwe.Chotero, njira zoyenera ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti ziwonjezere zomwe zili mu feteleza, organic matter ndi nitrogen m'nthaka ya njanji, ndi phosphorous yomwe inalipo kuti ipititse patsogolo nthaka ya njanji. potaziyamu wobwera chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi adafikira 77.27% mpaka 99.79% ya kutayika konse kwa malo otsetsereka a njanji.Kuthamanga kwapamtunda kungakhale dalaivala wamkulu wa kutaya kwa michere komwe kulipo m'nthaka yotsetsereka63,64,65.
Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 4, panali mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo (R2 = 0.948), ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo inali yofanana (R2 = 0.898) .
Gradient ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza zinthu zamtundu wa organic ndi kuchulukitsa kwa nayitrogeni66, ndipo kucheperako kumacheperako, kumapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa michere. phosphorous yomwe ilipo ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo m'nthaka.Chotero, panali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa malo otsetsereka ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo, ndi malo otsetsereka ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo.
Pofuna kumveketsa bwino mgwirizano pakati pa zakudya zam'nthaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, m'pofunika kusanthula mgwirizano.Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 5, kuthekera kwa redox kunali kosagwirizana kwambiri ndi nitrogen yomwe ilipo (R2 = -0.845) ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi phosphorous yomwe ilipo (R2 = 0.842) ndi potaziyamu. zinthu zina zakuthupi ndi mankhwala a nthaka, ndiyeno zimakhudza mndandanda wazinthu za nthaka.Choncho, ndizofunikira kwambiri pozindikira momwe nthaka imasinthira kusintha kwa michere67.Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a redox angapangitse mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu zopatsa thanzi.Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kwa redox kumakhala ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo, phosphorous yomwe ilipo ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo.
Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zachitsulo, mphamvu ya dzimbiri imagwirizananso ndi zinthu za nthaka. Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kunali kosagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zamoyo, kusonyeza kuti zinthu zamoyo zinali ndi mphamvu yowononga mphamvu ya dzimbiri. Kuwonjezera apo, zinthu zamoyo zinkagwirizananso molakwika ndi zomwe zingatheke (SN) (R2=-0.713) ndi sulfate ion content (R61= organic content. Sulfate ion..Panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa nthaka pH ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo (R2 = -0.728).
Nayitrogeni yomwe ilipo inali yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi mchere wosungunuka ndi ma chloride ayoni, ndipo phosphorous yomwe ilipo ndi potaziyamu yomwe ilipo zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mchere wosungunuka ndi ma chloride ayoni. Zomera sizifuna ma ayoni a sulfate ndi ma bicarbonate ion, motero ambiri aiwo amakhala aulere m'nthaka kapena amatengedwa ndi ma colloids a m'nthaka. , moyenerera kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni ndi humus m'nthaka n'kothandiza kuchepetsa kuwononga nthaka.
Dothi ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi zovuta komanso katundu.Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi chifukwa cha synergistic zochita za zinthu zambiri.Chifukwa chake, njira yowunikira yowunikira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito "Code for Geotechnical Engineering Investigation" (GB50021-94) ndi njira zoyesera za China Soil Corrosion Test Network, kalasi ya dzimbiri imatha kuwunikiridwa mozama molingana ndi zofooka zofooka, kupendekera kocheperako, kuyesedwa kofooka kokha palibe dzimbiri laling'ono kapena dzimbiri lamphamvu;(2) ngati palibe zowonongeka zamphamvu, zimayesedwa ngati zowonongeka;(3) ngati pali malo amodzi kapena awiri okhala ndi dzimbiri mwamphamvu, amayesedwa ngati dzimbiri lamphamvu;(4) ngati pali 3 kapena malo ochulukirapo amphamvu kwambiri, amayesedwa ngati chiwombankhanga champhamvu chambiri.
Malingana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa nthaka, mphamvu ya redox, madzi, mchere, pH mtengo, ndi Cl- ndi SO42- content, kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kwa zitsanzo za nthaka pamapiri osiyanasiyana kunayesedwa mozama.
Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa ukonde woteteza malo otsetsereka. Kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kwa malo otsetsereka atatu onse ndi otsika kuposa -200 mv, komwe kumakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa ma mesh okwera zitsulo. Zomwe zingatheke zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza kukula kwa chitsulo chosokera chomwe chili mu dothi lokhazikika komanso chitsulo chokwera kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza dothi lokwera. Mchere wonse wosungunuka m'nthaka ya kumtunda, pakati ndi kumunsi zonse unali woposa 500 mg/kg, ndipo dzimbiri pa ukonde woteteza kutsetsereka kunali kocheperako. Madzi a munthaka ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa ma meshes achitsulo pamtunda wapakati komanso kutsika kwamtunda, kutsika komanso kumtunda kwa mtsinje wotsetsereka. .Zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimakhala zambiri m'nthaka yotsetsereka, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti pamakhala zochitika zambiri za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso kukula kwa mbewu mwachangu.
Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kutha kwa dzimbiri, kutsika pang'ono, mchere wosungunuka ndi madzi ndizomwe zimayambitsa dzimbiri m'nthaka pamapiri atatu, ndipo kuwononga kwa nthaka kumayesedwa ngati kolimba. Zimathandiza kuchepetsa dzimbiri m'nthaka, kuthandizira kukula kwa mbewu, ndipo pamapeto pake kukhazikika kotsetsereka.
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