Simungakonde bwanji chilimwe?Zedi kumatentha, koma kumamenya kuzizira ndipo mumafunikira nthawi yochuluka.Ku Engine Builder, gulu lathu linali lotanganidwa kuyendera zochitika za mpikisano, ziwonetsero, kuyendera opanga injini ndi mashopu, ndi ntchito zathu zomwe timakhala nazo nthawi zonse.
Ngati palibe pini yopezera pachivundikiro cha nthawi kapena posungira nthawi kapena pamene dzenje la pini silikukwanira bwino papiniyo.Tengani chotupitsa chakale ndikuchimanga chapakati kuti chizitha kuyandama pamphuno.Gwiritsani ntchito kuti muteteze chivundikirocho pomangitsa mabawuti.
Kaya ndinu katswiri womanga injini, makanika kapena wopanga, kapena wokonda magalimoto amene amakonda injini, magalimoto othamanga komanso magalimoto othamanga, Opanga Injini ali ndi kena kake.Magazini athu osindikizira amapereka zambiri zaukadaulo pa chilichonse chomwe mungafune kudziwa zamakampani opanga mainjini ndi misika yake yosiyanasiyana, pomwe zosankha zamakalata athu zimakudziwitsani za nkhani zaposachedwa ndi zogulitsa, zaukadaulo komanso odziwa zambiri zamakampani.Komabe, mutha kupeza zonsezi polembetsa.Lembetsani tsopano kuti mulandire zosindikizira za mwezi ndi/kapena za digito za Engine Builders Magazine, komanso Kalata yathu ya Omanga Engine ya mlungu ndi mlungu, Kalata ya Weekly Engine kapena Kalata ya Dizilo Yamlungu ndi mlungu molunjika mubokosi lanu.Mudzadzazidwa ndi mphamvu zamahatchi posachedwa!
Kaya ndinu katswiri womanga injini, makanika kapena wopanga, kapena wokonda magalimoto amene amakonda injini, magalimoto othamanga komanso magalimoto othamanga, Opanga Injini ali ndi kena kake.Magazini athu osindikizira amapereka zambiri zaukadaulo pa chilichonse chomwe mungafune kudziwa zamakampani opanga mainjini ndi misika yake yosiyanasiyana, pomwe zosankha zamakalata athu zimakudziwitsani za nkhani zaposachedwa ndi zogulitsa, zaukadaulo komanso odziwa zambiri zamakampani.Komabe, mutha kupeza zonsezi polembetsa.Lembetsani tsopano kuti mulandire zosindikizira za mwezi ndi/kapena za digito za Engine Builders Magazine, komanso Kalata yathu ya Omanga Engine ya mlungu ndi mlungu, Kalata ya Weekly Engine kapena Kalata ya Dizilo Yamlungu ndi mlungu molunjika mubokosi lanu.Mudzadzazidwa ndi mphamvu zamahatchi posachedwa!
Ndi mitundu yonse yamafuta pamsika pamitundu iliyonse yomwe ingaganizidwe komanso kasinthidwe ka injini, munthu angamvetse bwanji zonsezi ndikusankha chinthu chomwe chimapereka zotsatira zomwe mukufuna?
Monga momwe katswiri wathu wamafuta amafuta a John Martin (omwe kale anali Lubrizol Scientist) adafotokozera mwachidule: Mu 60s ndi 70s, mafuta anali chandamale chosavuta.Panopa zinthu zavuta.
Mafuta agalimoto okwera pamagalimoto (PCMO) asintha kwambiri pazaka zambiri.Komabe, kukhudza kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito a opanga injini ndikuchepetsa mpaka 800 ppm ya anti-wear additive yotchedwa ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), chifukwa chowononga ma converters othandizira.Mafuta opangidwa m'mbuyomu anali ndi 1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Mapangidwe aposachedwa a PCMO adapangidwa kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya komanso kuwongolera mafuta.Anayeneranso kukulitsa moyo wa chosinthira chothandizira, chomwe sichili vuto kwa injini yothamanga.Cha m'ma 1996, ma OEM ambiri adayambitsa injini za OHV zokhala ndi otsatira odzigudubuza kuti achepetse kufunikira kwa zowonjezera zotsutsana ndi kuvala.Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, injini zogwira ntchito kwambiri kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 90 zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwewo ngati injini zamasheya popanda zotsatirapo zilizonse.Masiku ano, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mumsewu (API yovomerezeka) pamapulogalamu ambiri apamwamba, sangathe kuthana ndi katunduyo, makamaka ngati ma camshaft a tappet akulephera.
Chifukwa cha kutsika kwa ZDDP mu PCMO, ena omanga injini ndi okonda masewera asinthira ku dizilo yokhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera.Komabe, akatswiri akuchenjeza kuti 1,200 ppm (yomwe imapezeka mu mafuta a dizilo) ikhoza kukhala pafupi ndi zomwe opanga injini amafunikira.Othamanga ambiri othamanga amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a dizilo pamakina otsika kwambiri.Koma ngati mukufuna kufinya mphamvu iliyonse, kubetcherana kwanu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwira cholinga chimenecho (ndipamene mafuta othamanga amayamba kusewera).
Zina mwazowonjezera zamafuta a dizilo zomwe zimathandizira kuyimitsidwa kwa mwaye sizingakhale zoyenera pamagalimoto othamanga ndipo zimatha kusiya mphamvu poyerekeza ndi mafuta othamanga.Akatswiri amafuta othamanga amati mafuta awo amapereka chitetezo chovala bwino kuposa mafuta opangidwa ndi API ndipo amathandizira kuwonjezera mphamvu chifukwa amachepetsanso kukana kwamkati (kukangana).
Injini ya Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) ndi Turbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) ikupangitsa opanga kuvutika kuti apeze njira zoyatsira moto wochepa kwambiri (LSPI).Ma OEM akugwira ntchito ndi opanga mafuta (API ndi ILSAC) kuti apange miyezo yatsopano yothana ndi vutoli.Gulu latsopano la API/ILSAC, lotchedwa GF-6, lidzakhazikitsidwa mu May chaka chino, koma lidakali kutali.Mayeso atatu atsopano a injini adayenera kupangidwa ndikuyesanso zakale zonse.Makina oyesera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa akale asinthidwa kuti ayimire zambiri zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano.
Pazonse, pali mayeso asanu ndi awiri atsopano omwe akulunjika ku GF-6.Pali njira zinayi zosinthira mayeso a ASTM Series III, IV, V, ndi VI.Mayeso atatu atsopano akuphatikiza mayeso okonzedwanso a Sequence VI amafuta otsika akayendedwe otsika komanso mayeso a Sequence IX chain wear a LSPI ndi X.
Malinga ndi API, mayeso ambiri a GF-5 atha.Pali zida zingapo zosinthira injini yakale.Chifukwa chake, API iyeneranso kuyesedwa ndi mayeso ena atsopano.Mndandanda wa IIIH unalowetsamo mndandanda wa IIIG ndipo ndi kuyesa kwa okosijeni ndi mpweya.Mayesowa asinthidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito injini ya 2012 FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI).Mayeso a IIIG adagwiritsa ntchito injini ya GM 3800 V6 yomwe idathetsedwa mu 1996.
Mayeso a VH amalowa m'malo mwa VG ndipo ndi amodzi mwa mayeso akale kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito 1994 Ford 4.6L V8 pansi pa GF-5.Kuyesa m'malo pano kukugwiritsa ntchito Ford 4.6L ya 2013 kuti iwunikire mphamvu yake yoteteza zida za injini ku matope ndi varnish.Sequence IVB ndi kuyesa kwa kamera ndi kuvala pa injini ya Toyota ya 1.6L 4-silinda.Mayesowa ndi m'malo mwa mayeso amakono a IVA.
Kuyesa kwatsopano kwa LSPI pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, yomwe ndi kuyesa kwatsopano kwa nthawi.Kuyesedwa kwa unyolo kumatanthawuza momwe kuwomba chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwamafuta ndi kuipitsidwa kwamafuta kungabweretsere kuchuluka kwa unyolo.Injini ya Ford ya 2.0-lita idzagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyesa.
Kuyesa kwamafuta a Sequence VIE kumagwiritsa ntchito injini ya 2012 GM 3.6L m'malo mwa 2008 2.6L Cadillac.Mayesowa amayesa momwe mafuta angayendetsere bwino.Mtundu wina wa mayesowa (Sequence VIF) amayesa kuchuluka kwamafuta mukamagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ocheperako.
Kuonjezera chisokonezo, API/ILSAC yagawa GF-6 m'magulu awiri: GF-6A ndi GF-6B.GF-6A imagwirizana ndi magalimoto omwe pano akugwiritsa ntchito SN PLUS kapena Resource Conserving SN.Kukhuthala kwa mafuta amenewa ndi 0W-20 okha.Idzayang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa unyolo ndi kuvala kwa LSPI, komanso injini zaposachedwa za GDI ndi GTDI.
Injini yaposachedwa idzapitanso patsogolo, ikufuna 0W-16 (ie Toyota ndi Honda yamakono).Okonzanso adzayenera kuyang'anitsitsa chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta olakwika kungayambitse mavuto pakapita nthawi.Chizindikiro chatsopano cha API chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza GF-6B.Chizindikirocho chimawoneka ngati chishango kuposa nyenyezi yachikhalidwe cha API ndipo chidzakhala kutsogolo kwa botolo lamafuta.
Chimodzi mwazovuta ndi momwe mafuta othamangira amagulitsidwa masiku ano ndikuti opanga injini ndi othamanga ayenera kusankha makampani amafuta oti akhulupirire chifukwa palibe zofananira.Izi sizingasinthe nthawi ina iliyonse popeza mafuta othamanga ndi msika wanthawi zonse poyerekeza ndi msika wamagalimoto onyamula anthu.Mayeso a labotale amafunikira kuti afotokoze ngati gulu.Izi zokha sizingatheke kumakampani ambiri amafuta amitundu.Ngati agwira ntchito limodzi ngati API/ILSAC mwina akhoza kutero?Woganizira.
Akatswiri amachenjeza motsutsana ndi kuthamangitsa mafuta apamwamba kwambiri a ppm ngati kuti ndiwoyera, chifukwa amatanthauza zambiri.Kuchuluka kwa zotsukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa zopangira zopangira zovala ndi kusiyana kwina kwakukulu pakati pa mafuta othamanga ndi amsewu.Zotsukira zimayeretsa injini ya madipoziti ndi madipoziti, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamainjini amsewu omwe akuyenda ndi jakisoni waufupi komanso kutentha kocheperako.Koma ma injini othamanga safuna kuyeretsa kwambiri chifukwa amawombera pafupipafupi.
Pafupifupi 85% yamafuta a injini amapangidwa kuchokera ku gulu limodzi kapena osakaniza amagulu asanu amafuta oyambira.Mafuta oyambira a Gulu I ndiwo osayengedwa kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafuta owongoka nthawi zonse.Gulu lachiwiri liri ndi zonyansa zochepa ndipo ndi loyeretsedwa kwambiri.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta amtundu wa multigrade.Mafuta oyambira a Gulu III amagawidwa ngati opangidwa chifukwa amayeretsedwanso.Mafuta oyambira a Gulu IV ndi mankhwala a PAO (polyalphaolefin), pomwe gulu V ndi chilichonse chomwe sichigwera m'magulu anayi oyamba.
Mafuta ambiri othamanga amakhala ndi mafuta opangira kapena ophatikizika, koma mafuta ena amchere apamwamba amagwiritsidwanso ntchito masiku ano.Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira sikungangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito, koma sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha.Komabe, mafuta opangira maziko asintha kuti achepetse kukhuthala kwamafuta kuti achepetse kutaya mphamvu kwa parasitic, komwe kumathandiza kwambiri pakuthamanga.
Mapangidwe a mankhwala a zowonjezera ndi zomwe zimapangidwira ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa mitundu yamafuta oyambira.Simungathe kuweruza mwachilungamo mafuta potengera chinthu chimodzi kapena ziwiri.Zipangizo zopangira zimalola injini kuthamanga kutentha kwambiri ndikukulitsa nthawi yosinthira mafuta, koma mafuta amchere amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothamanga.Mafuta a mineral base awona bwino kwambiri pazaka zingapo zapitazi.Mafuta opangira mafuta amaposa mafuta amchere pakatentha kwambiri komanso kuzizira kwambiri, koma sikuti nthawi zonse amasankha bwino.Mafuta amchere nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo kwambiri, makamaka ngati mumakhetsa pafupipafupi.
Monga okwera ndi omanga injini, timakhala tikuyang'ana njira zowonjezera mphamvu ndi ma revs.Komabe, kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi rpm kumawonjezeranso katundu pa filimu yopaka mafuta yomwe mafuta ayenera kugwira pakati pa zitsulo.Makampani amafuta othamanga akupanga mafuta opangira mafuta omwe amatha kunyamula katundu wambiri pamakanema amafuta ochepa kuposa kale.Amapangidwa kuti azitha kunyamula katundu wapamwamba popanda kuwonjezereka, lomwe ndilo vuto lalikulu.Sitikuvomereza mtundu umodzi kapena wina pano, koma ma brand omwe amachita bwino amakhala ndi chidziwitso komanso kuyesa kutsimikizira kuti amachita zomwe akuyenera kuchita.
Makampani othamanga ndi magalimoto akadali kutali kwambiri ndi 60s ndi 70s (omwe ambiri amawatcha masiku aulemerero).Popeza chilichonse kuyambira mswachi wathu mpaka mafoni chimafika povuta, mafuta agalimoto sanabwere ndi pulogalamu.EB