POWERGEN International Call for Content tsopano yatsegulidwa! Tikuyang'ana oyankhula kuchokera kuzinthu zothandizira ndi mafakitale opanga magetsi.Mitu imaphatikizapo kupanga magetsi ochiritsira komanso osinthika, kusintha kwa digito kwa magetsi, kusungirako mphamvu, ma microgrids, kukhathamiritsa kwa zomera, mphamvu zapamalo, ndi zina.
Olembawo adawunikiranso mafotokozedwe a projekiti yatsopano yamagetsi nthawi ndi nthawi, momwe opanga zomera amasankha zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 kapena 316 za condenser ndi ma chubu othandizira kutentha. Madzi opangira madzi ozizira, ophatikizana ndi nsanja zoziziritsa zomwe zimagwira ntchito mozungulira kwambiri, njira zomwe zitha kulephera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakulitsidwa. Muzinthu zina, 300 mndandanda wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zitha kukhala ndi moyo kwa miyezi ingapo, nthawi zina milungu ingapo, isanathe. makina mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kutopa ndi kukokoloka dzimbiri.
Kuwonjezera 12% kapena kuposa chromium zitsulo kumapangitsa aloyi kupanga mosalekeza okusayidi wosanjikiza amene amateteza m'munsi zitsulo underneath.Hence mawu akuti zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo.Popanda alloying zipangizo zina (makamaka faifi tambala), carbon zitsulo ndi mbali ya gulu ferrite, ndipo unit selo ali ndi thupi-centered kiyubiki (BCC) dongosolo.
Nickel ikawonjezeredwa kusakaniza kwa aloyi pamtunda wa 8% kapena kupitilira apo, ngakhale kutentha kozungulira, selo limakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a nkhope-centered cubic (FCC) otchedwa austenite.
Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 1, 300 mndandanda wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zina zosapanga dzimbiri zili ndi faifi tambala zomwe zimapanga dongosolo la austenitic.
Zitsulo za Austenitic zatsimikizira kukhala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'mapulogalamu ambiri, kuphatikizapo monga zinthu zopangira kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi machubu otenthetsera m'mabotolo amphamvu.Mndandanda wa 300 makamaka umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zochepetsera kutentha kwa machubu, kuphatikizapo nthunzi pamwamba pa condensers.
Vuto lalikulu ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, makamaka zida zodziwika bwino za 304 ndi 316, ndikuti chitsulo choteteza oxide wosanjikiza nthawi zambiri chimawonongedwa ndi zonyansa m'madzi ozizira komanso ndi mikwingwirima ndi ma depositi omwe amathandizira kuyika zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri.
A wamba kuzirala chidetso madzi, ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa chuma, ndi chloride.Iyoni Izi zingayambitse mavuto ambiri mu jenereta nthunzi, koma condensers ndi wowonjezera kutentha exchangers, vuto lalikulu ndi kuti kloridi mu ndende zokwanira akhoza kudutsa ndi kuwononga okusayidi zoteteza wosanjikiza pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, kuchititsa dzimbiri localized pitting.
Kubowola ndi imodzi mwa njira zoonekeratu za dzimbiri chifukwa zimatha kulowetsa khoma ndi kulephera kwa zida ndi kutayika pang'ono kwachitsulo.
Kuchuluka kwa chloride sikuyenera kukhala kokwezeka kwambiri kuti kupangitse dzimbiri muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 ndi 316, komanso pamalo oyera opanda madipoziti kapena ming'alu, kuchuluka kokwanira kwa chloride komwe kukuyembekezeka tsopano kuganiziridwa kukhala:
Zinthu zingapo zimatha kupanga kuchuluka kwa chloride komwe kumaposa malangizowa, onse komanso m'malo omwe amakhala. Zakhala zosowa kwambiri kuti tiyambe kuganizira kamodzi kokha pozizira kwa magetsi atsopano. Zambiri zimamangidwa ndi nsanja zozizirira, kapena nthawi zina, ma condensers ozizira mpweya (ACC) . 0 mg/l imagwira ntchito mozungulira kasanu, ndipo chloride yomwe ili m'madzi ozungulira ndi 250 mg / l. Izi zokha ziyenera kuletsa 304 SS. Kuphatikiza apo, muzomera zatsopano ndi zomwe zilipo, pakufunika kowonjezereka m'malo mwa madzi abwino kuti muwonjezerenso mbewu.
Samalani kuchuluka kwa kloridi (ndi zonyansa zina, monga nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, zomwe zingawonjezere kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu machitidwe ozizira) .Kwa madzi onse a imvi, kuzungulira kulikonse mu nsanja yozizirira kudzapitirira malire a chloride omwe akulimbikitsidwa ndi 316 SS.
Kukambitsirana kwapitako kumachokera ku kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kwa zitsulo zodziwika bwino. Kuthyoka ndi matope kumasintha kwambiri nkhaniyo, chifukwa zonse zimapereka malo omwe zonyansa zimatha kukhazikika. Malo omwe amapangira ming'alu yamakina a condensers ndi zotenthetsera zofananira zofananira zili pamigwirizano yapapepala. Chitsulo chochepa chimadalira kusanjikiza kosalekeza kwa oxide kuti chitetezeke, ma depositi amatha kupanga malo opanda oxygen omwe amatembenuza chitsulo chotsalira kukhala anode.
Zokambirana zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwonetsa zinthu zomwe opanga zomera samaziganizira akamatchula zinthu za condenser ndi zowonjezera kutentha kwa mapulojekiti atsopano. Malingaliro okhudza 304 ndi 316 SS nthawi zina amawoneka ngati "ndizo zomwe takhala tikuchita nthawi zonse" osaganizira zotsatira za zochita zotere. Zida zina zilipo kuti zithetsere zomera zoziziritsa kuzizira zomwe tsopano zimayang'anizana ndi mikhalidwe ya madzi ozizira.
Musanakambirane zitsulo zina, mfundo ina iyenera kunenedwa mwachidule.Mlandu ambiri, ma SS 304 chitsulo.
Makinawa, omwe amadziwika kuti microbially induced corrosion (MIC), amadziwika kuti amatha kuwononga mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zitsulo zina mkati mwa milungu ingapo. 019 ku Champaign, IL Ikaperekedwa ku 39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Kwa madera ovuta omwe tawatchula pamwambapa, komanso malo ovuta kwambiri monga madzi amchere kapena madzi a m'nyanja, zitsulo zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa zonyansa.Magulu atatu a aloyi atsimikizira kuti apambana, titaniyamu yoyera yamalonda, 6% molybdenum austenitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi superferritic stainless steel. Kapangidwe ka kristalo kakang'ono kwambiri komanso modulus yotsika kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke ndi makina owonongeka. Alloy iyi ndiyoyenera kwambiri kuyika kwatsopano ndi machubu amphamvu othandizira machubu. Njira ina yabwino kwambiri ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ferritic Sea-Cure®.Mapangidwe a nkhaniyi akuwonetsedwa pansipa.
Chitsulocho chimakhala ndi chromium yambiri koma chili ndi nickel, choncho ndi ferritic zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri osati zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nickel, zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa ma alloys ena.Sea-Cure's high mphamvu ndi zotanuka modulus kulola makoma owonda kuposa zipangizo zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kutentha kwabwino.
Zowonjezereka zazitsulozi zikuwonetsedwa pa tchati cha "Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number", yomwe, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ndi njira yoyesera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kukana kwazitsulo zosiyanasiyana kuti zisawonongeke.
Limodzi mwamafunso odziwika bwino ndi lakuti "Kodi chloride yochuluka kwambiri yomwe chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ingapirire ndi chiyani?"Mayankho amasiyana mosiyanasiyana.Zomwe zikuphatikizapo pH, kutentha, kukhalapo ndi mtundu wa fractures, komanso kuthekera kwa mitundu yogwira ntchito zamoyo.Chida chawonjezeredwa pazitsulo zoyenera za Chithunzi 5 kuti zithandizire ndi chisankho ichi.Zimachokera ku pH yopanda ndale, 35 ° C madzi othamanga omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri mu BOP ambiri ndi ntchito za condensation (kuteteza mapangidwe a deposit ndi kupangika kwapadera ndi kupangika kwa mankhwala kutha kusankhidwa ndi kupangidwa kwapadera kwapadera). ndi slash yoyenera.Mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa kloridi ukhoza kuzindikirika pojambula mzere wopingasa pa oxis yoyenera.Mwachizoloŵezi, ngati alloy iyenera kuganiziridwa kuti igwiritse ntchito madzi a brackish kapena amadzi a m'nyanja, iyenera kukhala ndi CCT yoposa 25 digiri Celsius monga momwe imayesedwera ndi mayeso a G 48.
N'zoonekeratu kuti super ferritic alloys akuimiridwa ndi Sea-Cure® zambiri oyenera ngakhale madzi a m'nyanja ntchito.Pali phindu lina kwa zipangizo zimenezi kuti ayenera anatsindika.Manganese dzimbiri mavuto akhala anaona kwa 304 ndi 316 SS kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo pa zomera m'mphepete mwa Ohio River.Posachedwapa, kutentha exchangers pa zomera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje Manganese ndi vuto lamadzi la Mississippi ndi wamba kuukira Mississippi ndi Missouri. systems.The corrosion mechanism has been known as manganese dioxide (MnO2) reacting with oxidizing biocide to make hydrochloric acid under the deposit.HCl is what really attacking metals.[WH Dickinson and RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry";zomwe zidaperekedwa ku Msonkhano Wapachaka wa NACE wa 2002, Denver, CO.] Zitsulo za Ferritic zimalimbana ndi njira yowononga iyi.
Kusankha zipangizo zapamwamba za condenser ndi heat exchanger machubu akadali sikungalowe m'malo mwa njira yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a chemistry.Monga wolemba Buecker adafotokozera m'nkhani yapitayi yaumisiri wamagetsi, ndondomeko yopangira mankhwala opangidwa bwino ndi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yofunikira kuti kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa makulitsidwe, dzimbiri, ndi kuipitsidwa.Polymer chemistry ikuwonekera ngati njira yamphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito scanatetrower corrosion/phosphoric systems. Kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwakhala ndipo kudzapitirizabe kukhala nkhani yovuta.Ngakhale kuti mankhwala opangidwa ndi okosijeni okhala ndi chlorine, bleach, kapena mankhwala ena ofanana ndi mwala wapangodya wa kulamulira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala owonjezera amatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu za mapulogalamu a mankhwala. s zingakhale zopindulitsa kwambiri polamulira kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Zotsatira zake n'zakuti pali njira zambiri zowonjezeretsa kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa makina opangira kutentha kwa magetsi, koma machitidwe onse ndi osiyana, kotero kukonzekera mosamala ndi kukambirana ndi akatswiri amakampani ndikofunikira pa chisankho cha zipangizo ndi ndondomeko za mankhwala. kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa pa pulogalamu iliyonse.
Zokhudza Wolemba: Brad Buecker ndi Senior Technical Publicist ku ChemTreat.Iye ali ndi zaka 36 zachidziwitso kapena ogwirizana ndi makampani opanga magetsi, ambiri mwa iwo mu makina opangira nthunzi, kuyeretsa madzi, kulamulira khalidwe la mpweya komanso ku City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) ndi Kansas City Power & Light Company ili pa La Cygne Station, Kansas. BS mu Chemistry yochokera ku Iowa State University yokhala ndi maphunziro owonjezera mu Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, ndi Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
Dan Janikowski ndi Technical Manager ku Plymouth Tube. Kwa zaka 35, wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito yopanga zitsulo, kupanga ndi kuyesa zinthu za tubular kuphatikizapo copper alloys, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, nickel alloys, titaniyamu ndi carbon steel.