Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi: Nkhaniyi ndi yachiwiri pamndandanda wamagawo awiri pamsika ndikupanga mizere yaying'ono yosamutsira madzi pakugwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri.Gawo loyamba likukambirana za kupezeka kwapakhomo kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, zomwe ndizosowa.Gawo lachiwiri likukamba za zinthu ziwiri zomwe sizinali zachikhalidwe pamsika uno.
Mitundu iwiri ya mapaipi a hydraulic welded osankhidwa ndi Society of Automotive Engineers - SAE-J525 ndi SAE-J356A - amagawana gwero lofanana, monga momwe amalembera.Zingwe zachitsulo zosalala zimadulidwa m'lifupi ndikupangidwa kukhala machubu polemba mbiri.M'mphepete mwa Mzerewo ukapukutidwa ndi chida chopinkidwa, chitolirocho chimatenthedwa ndi kuwotcherera pafupipafupi komanso kumapangidwira pakati pa mipukutu yamphamvu kuti apange chowotcherera.Pambuyo kuwotcherera, OD burr imachotsedwa ndi chogwirira, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi tungsten carbide.Kung'anima kozindikiritsa kumachotsedwa kapena kusinthidwa mpaka kutalika kwa mapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito chida chotseka.
Kufotokozera kwa njira yowotcherera uku ndikokwanira, ndipo pali zosiyana zambiri zazing'ono pakupanga kwenikweni (onani Chithunzi 1).Komabe, amagawana zambiri zamakina.
Kulephera kwa chitoliro ndi mitundu yolephera yomwe wamba imatha kugawidwa kukhala zolemetsa komanso zolemetsa.Muzinthu zambiri, kupanikizika kwapang'onopang'ono kumakhala kotsika kusiyana ndi kupanikizika.Komabe, zida zambiri zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri pakuponderezana kuposa kupsinjika.Konkire ndi chitsanzo.Ndiwokhazikika kwambiri, koma pokhapokha atapangidwa ndi netiweki yamkati ya mipiringidzo yolimbikitsira (rebars), ndikosavuta kuthyoka.Pazifukwa izi, zitsulo zimayesedwa kuti zitsimikizire mphamvu yake yomaliza (UTS).Miyezo yonse itatu ya hydraulic hose ili ndi zofunika zomwezo: 310 MPa (45,000 psi) UTS.
Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa mapaipi opanikizika kuti athe kupirira kuthamanga kwa hydraulic, kuwerengera kosiyana ndi kuyesa kulephera, komwe kumadziwika kuti kuyesa kophulika, kungafunike.Kuwerengera kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa kuphulika kwapang'onopang'ono, poganizira makulidwe a khoma, UTS ndi mainchesi akunja azinthuzo.Chifukwa machubu a J525 ndi machubu a J356A amatha kukhala ofanana, mtundu wokhawo ndi UTS.Amapereka mphamvu yokhazikika ya 50,000 psi yokhala ndi mphamvu yolosera yophulika ya 0.500 x 0.049 mkati. Machubu ndi ofanana pazinthu zonse ziwiri: 10,908 psi.
Ngakhale maulosi owerengedwera ali ofanana, kusiyana kumodzi muzogwiritsira ntchito ndi chifukwa cha makulidwe enieni a khoma.Pa J356A, burr yamkati imatha kusinthidwa mpaka kukula kwakukulu kutengera kukula kwa chitoliro monga momwe tafotokozera.Pazinthu zochotsedwa za J525, njira yowotchera mwadala imachepetsa m'mimba mwake ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 0.002, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khoma likhale lochepa kwambiri m'dera la weld.Ngakhale kuti makulidwe a khoma amadzazidwa ndi kuzizira kotsatira, kupanikizika kotsalira ndi kuyang'ana kwambewu kungakhale kosiyana ndi chitsulo choyambira, ndipo makulidwe a khoma angakhale ochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi chitoliro chofanana chomwe chinafotokozedwa mu J356A.
Kutengera kutha kwa chitoliro, burr wamkati uyenera kuchotsedwa kapena kuphwanyidwa (kapena kuphwanyidwa) kuti athetse njira zotayikira, makamaka mawonekedwe akumapeto a khoma limodzi.Ngakhale kuti J525 nthawi zambiri imakhulupirira kuti ili ndi ID yosalala ndipo chifukwa chake sichidumphira, awa ndi malingaliro olakwika.Machubu a J525 amatha kupanga mikwingwirima ya ID chifukwa cha kuzizira kosayenera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutayikira.
Yambani kuchotsa podula (kapena kusala) mkanda wowotcherera mkati mwa khoma lamkati mwake.Chida choyeretsera chimamangiriridwa ku mandrel omwe amathandizidwa ndi odzigudubuza mkati mwa chitoliro, kuseri kwa siteshoni yowotcherera.Pamene chida choyeretsera chinali kuchotsa mkanda wowotcherera, odzigudubuza mosadziwa adagubuduza pazitsulo zina zowotcherera, ndikupangitsa kuti igunde pamwamba pa ID ya chitoliro (onani Chithunzi 2).Ili ndi vuto la mapaipi opangidwa mopepuka monga mapaipi otembenuzidwa kapena okonzedwa.
Kuchotsa kung'anima mu chubu sikophweka.Kudulako kumasintha chonyezimiracho kukhala chingwe chachitali chopiringizika chachitsulo chakuthwa.Ngakhale kuchotsa ndikofunikira, kuchotsa nthawi zambiri ndi njira yamanja komanso yopanda ungwiro.Magawo a machubu a mpango nthawi zina amachoka m'gawo la opanga machubu ndikutumizidwa kwa makasitomala.
Mpunga.1. Zinthu za SAE-J525 zimapangidwa mochuluka, zomwe zimafuna ndalama zambiri ndi ntchito.Zofananira zamachubu zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito SAE-J356A zimapangidwa ndi makina a in-line annealing chubu mphero, motero ndizothandiza kwambiri.
Kwa mapaipi ang'onoang'ono, monga mizere yamadzimadzi yosakwana 20 mm m'mimba mwake, kuchotsa ID nthawi zambiri sikofunikira chifukwa ma diameter awa safuna njira yowonjezera yomaliza ID.Chenjezo lokhalo ndikuti wogwiritsa ntchito amangofunika kuganizira ngati kutalika kowongolera kung'anima kungayambitse vuto.
Ubwino wowongolera moto wa ID umayamba ndikuwongolera bwino mizere, kudula ndi kuwotcherera.M'malo mwake, zopangira za J356A ziyenera kukhala zolimba kwambiri kuposa J525 chifukwa J356A ili ndi zoletsa zambiri pakukula kwambewu, ma oxide inclusions ndi magawo ena opanga zitsulo chifukwa cha kuzizira komwe kumakhudzidwa.
Pomaliza, kuwotcherera ID nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuziziritsa.Makina ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zoziziritsa kukhosi zomwezo ngati chida champhepo, koma izi zimatha kuyambitsa mavuto.Ngakhale kuti zimasefedwa ndi kuchotsedwa, zoziziritsa kukhosi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tachitsulo, mafuta ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana, ndi zonyansa zina.Chifukwa chake, machubu a J525 amafunikira kuzungulira kotentha kwa caustic kapena njira ina yofananira yoyeretsa.
Ma condensers, makina amagalimoto, ndi machitidwe ena ofanana amafuna kuyeretsa mapaipi, ndipo kuyeretsa koyenera kumatha kuchitika pamphero.J356A imasiya fakitale ndi bore loyera, chinyezi chowongolera komanso zotsalira zochepa.Pomaliza, ndizofala kudzaza chubu chilichonse ndi gasi wa inert kuti ateteze dzimbiri ndikusindikiza malekezero asanatumizidwe.
Mapaipi a J525 amasinthidwa pambuyo pakuwotcherera ndikuzizira ntchito (kukokedwa).Pambuyo pozizira, chitolirocho chimasinthidwanso kuti chikwaniritse zofunikira zonse zamakina.
The normalizing, mawaya kujambula ndi yachiwiri normalizing masitepe amafuna kunyamula chitoliro ku ng'anjo, kwa chojambulira siteshoni ndi kubwerera ku ng'anjo.Kutengera ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito, masitepewa amafunikira magawo ena ang'onoang'ono monga kuloza (asanapente), etching ndi kuwongola.Masitepewa ndi okwera mtengo ndipo amafunikira nthawi, ntchito komanso ndalama.Mipope yozizira imagwirizanitsidwa ndi 20% yowonongeka pakupanga.
J356A chitoliro ndi normalized pa mphero anagubuduza pambuyo kuwotcherera.Chitoliro sichimakhudza pansi ndipo chimayenda kuchokera ku masitepe oyambirira kupanga kupita ku chitoliro chomalizidwa motsatizanatsatizana ndi masitepe a mphero.Mapaipi otsekemera monga J356A ali ndi kuwonongeka kwa 10% pakupanga.Zinthu zina zonse kukhala zofanana, izi zikutanthauza kuti nyali za J356A ndizotsika mtengo kupanga kuposa nyali za J525.
Ngakhale kuti katundu wa mankhwala awiriwa ndi ofanana, sali ofanana kuchokera kuzitsulo zazitsulo.
Mapaipi ozizira a J525 amafunikira njira ziwiri zoyambirira zochiritsira: mutatha kuwotcherera komanso mutatha kujambula.Kutentha kwachibadwa (1650 ° F kapena 900 ° C) kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ma oxides apamtunda, omwe nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa ndi mineral acid (nthawi zambiri sulfuric kapena hydrochloric) pambuyo pa annealing.Pickling imakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe potengera mpweya wotulutsa mpweya komanso mitsinje yazambiri yazitsulo.
Komanso, normalization wa kutentha mu kuchepetsa mpweya wodzigudubuza moto ng'anjo kumabweretsa kumwa mpweya padziko zitsulo.Njirayi, decarburization, imasiya malo omwe ali ofooka kwambiri kuposa zinthu zoyambirira (onani Chithunzi 3).Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pamapaipi owonda a khoma.Pa 0.030 ″ makulidwe a khoma, ngakhale pang'ono 0.003 ″ decarburization wosanjikiza amachepetsa khoma logwira ntchito ndi 10%.Mapaipi ofooka oterewa amatha kulephera chifukwa cha kupsinjika kapena kugwedezeka.
Chithunzi 2. Chida choyeretsera ID (chosasonyezedwa) chimathandizidwa ndi odzigudubuza omwe amasuntha pamodzi ndi ID ya chitoliro.Mapangidwe abwino odzigudubuza amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa sipatter yowotcherera yomwe imagudubuzika pakhoma la chitoliro.Zida za Nielsen
Mapaipi a J356 amakonzedwa m'magulu ndipo amafunikira kutenthedwa mu ng'anjo yamoto, koma izi sizimangokhala.Chosiyana, J356A, chimapangidwa mwathunthu mu mphero yogubuduza pogwiritsa ntchito induction yomangidwa, njira yotenthetsera yomwe imakhala yothamanga kwambiri kuposa ng'anjo yowotcha.Izi zimafupikitsa nthawi ya annealing, potero kuchepetsa zenera la mwayi wa decarburization kuchokera mphindi (kapena maola) mpaka masekondi.Izi zimapereka J356A ndi yunifolomu annealing popanda okusayidi kapena decarburization.
Machubu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama hydraulic mizere ayenera kukhala osinthika kuti athe kupindika, kukulitsidwa ndi kupangidwa.Kupindika ndikofunikira kuti mutenge madzimadzi amadzimadzi kuchokera kumalo A kupita kumalo B, kudutsa mapindika osiyanasiyana ndikutembenukira panjira, ndipo kuwomba ndiye chinsinsi choperekera njira yolumikizirana.
Pamalo a nkhuku kapena dzira, machumuni adapangidwa kuti azilumikizana ndi zoyatsira pakhoma limodzi (motero amakhala ndi m'mimba mwake mosalala), kapena zobwererazo zidachitika.Pankhaniyi, pamwamba pa chubu chimagwirizana bwino ndi socket ya pini cholumikizira.Kuonetsetsa kuti kugwirizana kwachitsulo ndi zitsulo, pamwamba pa chitoliro chiyenera kukhala chosalala momwe zingathere.Chowonjezera ichi chinawonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1920 kwa gulu lankhondo la US Air Force Air Division.Chowonjezera ichi pambuyo pake chinakhala choyimira cha 37-degree flare chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Chiyambireni nthawi ya COVID-19, kupezeka kwa mapaipi okoka okhala ndi ma diameter osalala amkati kwatsika kwambiri.Zida zomwe zilipo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yobweretsera kuposa kale.Kusintha kumeneku kwa ma chain chain kungathetsedwe mwa kukonzanso zolumikizira zomaliza.Mwachitsanzo, RFQ yomwe imafuna chowotchera pakhoma limodzi ndikutchula J525 ndi woyenera kusintha chowotchera pakhoma iwiri.Mtundu uliwonse wa chitoliro cha hydraulic ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kulumikizana komaliza.Izi zimatsegula mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito J356A.
Kuphatikiza pa kugwirizana kwa moto, o-ring mechanical seals ndizofala (onani chithunzi 5), makamaka pamakina othamanga kwambiri.Sikuti kulumikizana kwamtunduwu ndikocheperako pang'ono kuposa kuphulika kwa khoma limodzi chifukwa kumagwiritsa ntchito zisindikizo za elastomeric, komanso kumagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana - kumatha kupangidwa kumapeto kwa chitoliro chilichonse chodziwika bwino cha hydraulic.Izi zimapatsa opanga zitoliro mwayi waukulu wopezera zinthu komanso kuchita bwino kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali.
Mbiri ya mafakitale ili ndi zitsanzo zambiri za zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zimazika mizu panthawi yomwe zimakhala zovuta kuti msika usinthe njira.Chinthu chopikisana - ngakhale chotsika mtengo kwambiri ndipo chimakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za mankhwala oyambirira - chingakhale chovuta kupeza msika ngati kukayikira kukuchitika.Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri ngati wogula kapena mainjiniya omwe adapatsidwa ntchito akuganiza zolowa m'malo mwachikhalidwe cha chinthu chomwe chilipo kale.Ochepa ali okonzeka kuika pachiswe kuti apezeke.
Nthawi zina, kusintha sikungakhale kofunikira, koma kofunikira.Mliri wa COVID-19 wadzetsa kusintha kosayembekezereka pakupezeka kwa mitundu ina ya mapaipi ndi makulidwe a mapaipi amadzimadzi achitsulo.Madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto, zamagetsi, zida zolemetsa ndi mafakitale ena aliwonse opanga mapaipi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mizere yothamanga kwambiri, makamaka mizere ya hydraulic.
Mpata uwu ukhoza kudzazidwa pamtengo wotsika poganizira mtundu wokhazikika koma wachitsulo wachitsulo.Kusankha chinthu choyenera kuti mugwiritse ntchito kumafuna kufufuza kwina kuti mudziwe kuyenderana kwamadzimadzi, kuthamanga kwa ntchito, katundu wamakina, ndi mtundu wa kulumikizana.
Kuyang'ana mozama pazidziwitso kukuwonetsa kuti J356A ikhoza kukhala yofanana ndi J525 yeniyeni.Ngakhale mliriwu, ukupezekabe pamtengo wotsikirapo kudzera mumayendedwe otsimikiziridwa.Ngati kuthetsa zovuta zomaliza kumakhala kovutirapo kwambiri kuposa kupeza J525, zitha kuthandiza ma OEM kuthana ndi zovuta munthawi ya COVID-19 ndi kupitilira apo.
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