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Kuwona kokwezeka kwambiri kumafuna kusanja bwino kwa retina ndikuphatikizanso kukonzanso zinthu.Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti posakaniza zitsanzo za m'deralo kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kulondola kumatayika.Chifukwa chake, kugawikana, kugawikana kwa madera a chithunzi kuti apangidwe mosiyana, ndikofunikira kuti muzindikire.M'mbuyomu, zida za bistable lattice, zomwe zitha kuwonedwa ngati malo amodzi kapena angapo osuntha, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira njirayi.Apa, tikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa zochitika ndi magawo agawidwe m'magawo apakati anjira yowonera anyani.Makamaka, tidapeza kuti ma neuron anthawi yapakatikati omwe amangoyang'ana mwachisawawa amakhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupotoza malingaliro a ma gratings a bistable ndipo adawonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa mayesero ndi malingaliro okhazikika azinthu zolimbikira.Kulumikizana uku ndikokulirapo m'mayunitsi omwe amawonetsa kusuntha kwapadziko lonse lapansi pamachitidwe angapo am'deralo.Chifukwa chake, titha kunena kuti nthawi yapakatikati imakhala ndi ma sign omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa zochitika zovuta kukhala zinthu ndi malo.
Masomphenya sadalira kokha pa tsankho lolondola la mawonekedwe azithunzi zoyambira monga momwe zimakhalira m'mphepete ndi liwiro, koma makamaka pakuphatikiza koyenera kwa mawonekedwewa kuti awerengere mawonekedwe a chilengedwe monga mawonekedwe a chinthu ndi trajectory1.Komabe, mavuto amadza pamene retina zithunzi kuthandiza angapo ofanana n'koyenera mbali magulu 2, 3, 4 (mkuyu. 1a).Mwachitsanzo, pamene magulu awiri a zizindikiro zothamanga ali pafupi kwambiri, izi zikhoza kutanthauziridwa ngati chinthu chimodzi chosuntha kapena zinthu zingapo zosuntha (mkuyu 1b).Izi zikuwonetsera chikhalidwe cha kugawanika, mwachitsanzo, si chinthu chokhazikika cha fano, koma ndondomeko yomasulira.Ngakhale kufunikira kwake kodziwikiratu pamalingaliro anthawi zonse, kumvetsetsa kwathu za neural maziko a magawo amalingaliro kumakhalabe kosakwanira.
Chithunzi chojambula cha vuto la magawo amalingaliro.Lingaliro la wowonera pakuzama kwa Necker kyubu (kumanzere) limasinthana pakati pa mafotokozedwe awiri (kumanja).Izi zili choncho chifukwa palibe chizindikiro pachithunzichi chomwe chimalola ubongo kudziwa mwapadera momwe chithunzicho chilili mu 3D (yoperekedwa ndi chizindikiro cha monocular occlusion sign kumanja).b Pamene zizindikiro zoyenda zingapo zikuwonetsedwa moyandikana ndi malo, dongosolo la masomphenya liyenera kudziwa ngati zitsanzo za m'deralo zikuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo.Kusamvetsetseka kwachibadwidwe kwa ma siginecha akumaloko, mwachitsanzo, kutsatizana kwa kusuntha kwa chinthu kumatha kutulutsa kusuntha komweko komweko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale matanthauzidwe angapo omveka azomwe zimawonekera, mwachitsanzo, minda ya vector pano ikhoza kubwera kuchokera kumayendedwe ogwirizana a malo amodzi kapena kusuntha kowonekera kwa malo opiringizika.c (kumanzere) Chitsanzo cha zokondoweza zathu za grid.Makona amakona amakona oyenda molunjika kumalo awo ("magawo a zigawo" - mivi yoyera) amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake kuti apange grating pateni.Lattice imatha kuwonedwa ngati njira imodzi, yokhazikika, yolumikizidwa yamayendedwe (mivi yofiyira) kapena kuyenda mowonekera kwa mayendedwe apawiri.Lingaliro la lattice limasokonekera powonjezera ma cues opangidwa mwachisawawa.(Pakati) Malo omwe awonetsedwa mwachikasu amakulitsidwa ndikuwonetsedwa ngati mafelemu angapo azizindikiro zowoneka bwino, motsatana.Kuyenda kwa dontho muzochitika zilizonse kumayimiridwa ndi mivi yobiriwira ndi yofiira.(Kumanja) Chithunzi cha malo (x, y) a malo osankhidwa ndi chiwerengero cha mafelemu.M'njira yolumikizana, mawonekedwe onse amasunthira mbali imodzi.Pankhani yowonekera, kapangidwe kake kamayenda molunjika pachigawocho.d Chithunzi chojambula cha ntchito yathu yogawa magawo.Anyaniwo anayamba kuyesa kulikonse mwa kukonza kadontho kakang'ono.Pambuyo pa kuchedwa pang'ono, mtundu wina wa grating pateni (kugwirizana/kuwonekera) ndi kukula kwa siginecha (monga kusiyanitsa) zidawonekera pamalo a MT RF.Pakuyesa kulikonse, grating imatha kulowerera mbali imodzi mwa njira ziwiri zomwe zingatheke.Pambuyo pochotsa chilimbikitso, zosankha zosankhidwa zidawonekera pamwamba ndi pansi pa MT RF.Anyani ayenera kusonyeza maganizo awo a gululi mu saccades kuti yoyenera kusankha chandamale.
Kachitidwe ka kayendedwe kakuwoneka kamadziwika bwino ndipo motero amapereka chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chowerengera ma neural circuits of perceptual segmentation.Maphunziro angapo owerengetsera awona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zabubundundundundundundundujojojojojosombumbombombowungamarowungamangamarowewejoweweshonishonishoninakushonikgakgakgakgakgakgatlhotambulti yalabu ya 2010/2010 2013 ndi kuphatikizika kosankhidwa kwa zitsanzo zam'deralo kuchotsa phokoso ndi kubwezeretsa chinthu velocity7,8.Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti machitidwe a masomphenya ayenera kusamala kuti gululi likhale ndi zitsanzo za m'deralo kuchokera ku zinthu wamba.Maphunziro a Psychophysical afotokoza zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimakhudza momwe ma siginecha akumaloko amagawika, koma mawonekedwe a ma anatomical trajectories ndi ma neural code amakhalabe mafunso otseguka.Malipoti ambiri akuwonetsa kuti ma cell osankha omwe ali m'chigawo cha temporal (MT) cha primate cortex ndi omwe amasankha ma neural substrates.
Chofunika kwambiri, muzoyesera zam'mbuyozi, kusintha kwa zochitika za m'mitsempha kumagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa thupi pazochitika zowoneka.Komabe, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kugawanika kwenikweni ndi njira yamalingaliro.Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira za gawo lake la neural kumafuna kulumikiza kusintha kwa machitidwe a neural ndi kusintha kwamaganizidwe azovuta zokhazikika.Chifukwa chake, tidaphunzitsa anyani awiri kuti afotokoze ngati ma grating amakona amakona amawonekedwe opangidwa ndi malo amodzi kapena awiri odziyimira pawokha.Kuti tiphunzire za ubale pakati pa zochitika za neural ndi zigamulo za magawo, tinalemba ntchito imodzi mu MT pamene anyani adagwira ntchitoyi.
Tinapeza kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa kuphunzira kwa ntchito ya MT ndi kuzindikira.Kulumikizana uku kunalipo ngakhale zolimbikitsa zinali ndi zizindikiro zowonekera kwambiri.Kuonjezera apo, mphamvu ya izi imakhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kwa zizindikiro za magawo, komanso ndondomeko ya ndondomeko.Yotsirizirayi imawerengera kuchuluka kwa momwe gawoli limawonekera padziko lonse lapansi m'malo moyenda mozungulira movutikira.Ngakhale kuti kusankha kwa kayendetsedwe ka mafashoni kwakhala kukudziwika kuti ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino cha MT, ndipo maselo osankha mafashoni amasonyeza kusintha kwa zovuta zomwe zimagwirizana ndi maganizo a anthu pazochitikazo, malinga ndi zomwe timadziwa, uwu ndi umboni woyamba wa mgwirizano pakati pa machitidwe.index ndi magawo amalingaliro.
Tidaphunzitsa anyani awiri kuti awonetse momwe amaonera zokopa za gridi (kuyenda molumikizana kapena mowonekera).Oyang'anira anthu nthawi zambiri amawona zokopa izi ngati mayendedwe ogwirizana kapena owonekera pafupifupi ma frequency ofanana.Kuti tipereke yankho lolondola mu mayeserowa ndikuyika maziko a mphotho yogwira ntchito, tinapanga zizindikiro za magawo polemba raster ya chigawo chomwe chimapanga lattice (Fig. 1c, d).Pansi pamikhalidwe yogwirizana, zojambula zonse zimayenda motsatira njira (mkuyu 1c, "zogwirizana").M'malo owonekera, mawonekedwewo amayenda molunjika ku njira ya grating yomwe imayikidwa pamwamba (mkuyu 1c, "transparent").Timawongolera zovuta za ntchitoyi posintha kusiyana kwa chizindikiro ichi.M'mayesero omwe adayesedwa, anyani adalipidwa chifukwa cha mayankho olingana ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo mphotho zidaperekedwa mwachisawawa (50/50 odds) m'mayesero okhala ndi mapatani opanda mawonekedwe (zosiyana ndi mawonekedwe a zero).
Deta yamakhalidwe kuchokera ku zoyeserera ziwiri zoyimilira zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2a, ndipo mayankho amakonzedwa ngati gawo la zigamulo zogwirizana ndi kusiyanitsa kwa mawonekedwe amtundu (kusiyana kowonekera kumaganiziridwa kukhala kolakwika ndi tanthauzo) pamachitidwe omwe amasunthira mmwamba kapena pansi, motsatana. Ponseponse, malingaliro a anyani ogwirizana / kuwonekera adakhudzidwa modalirika ndi chizindikiro (chowonekera, chogwirizana) ndi mphamvu (zosiyana) za kapangidwe kake (ANOVA; nyani N: mayendedwe - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chizindikiro - F = 1248, p <10−0 0 = 0 = 2, mon = 2; S: malangizo - F = 0.41, p = 0.52, chizindikiro - F = 2876.7, p <10-10, kusiyana - F = 36.5, p <10-10). Ponseponse, malingaliro a anyaniwa ogwirizana / kuwonekera adakhudzidwa modalirika ndi chizindikiro (chowonekera, chogwirizana) ndi mphamvu (zosiyana) za kapangidwe kake (ANOVA; nyani N: mayendedwe - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chizindikiro - F = 1248, p <10−1 −1, 2, mon = 1, 2, p <10−1 −1 −1 −1 −1, mon = 2, mon = 1, 2, p <10 − 1, 1, 2, 2, p = 1. key S: malangizo - F = 0.41, p = 0.52, chizindikiro - F = 2876.7, p <10-10, kusiyana - F = 36.5, p <10-10). В целом на восприятие обезьянами когерентности/прозрачности достоверно влияли как знак (прозрачность, когерентность), так истоке (кон; обезьяна N: направление — F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак — F = 1248, p < 10−10, контраст – F = 22,63, p < 10; −10 обезья - 5, p; ризнак - F = 2876,7, p <10−10, контраст - F = 36,5, р <10-10). Kawirikawiri, lingaliro la kugwirizana / kuwonekera kwa anyani kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chizindikiro (kuwonetsetsa, kugwirizana) ndi mphamvu (zosiyana) za malemba (ANOVA; nyani N: malangizo - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chizindikiro - F = 1248, p <10- = 3, 0, p -10, monkey - 1; F = 1, 1, 10, 10, monkey - 1; F = 0.41, p = 0.52, chizindikiro - F = 2876.7, p <10 -10, kusiyana - F = 36.5, p <10-10).总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明、迦毅）靠影响； 子N: 方向- F = 0.58,p = 0.45, 符号- F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 22.63, p <10;–10 = S = 10;–1, p = S = 10;–1, S = 10;-1, S = 10 52, 符号– F = 2876.7, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 36.5,p <10-10）.总体而言，猴子对连贯性/透明度的感知受到纹理提示（ANOVA）的符号（透明、迦毅）靠影响；猴子N: 方向- F = 0.58,p = 0.45,符号- F = 1248, p <10−10, 对比度– F = 22.63, p <10;−0010 <10;−0010.Kawirikawiri, lingaliro la mgwirizano wa nyani / kuwonekera kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chizindikiro (kuwonetsetsa, kugwirizanitsa) ndi mphamvu (kusiyana) kwa zizindikiro zamtundu (ANOVA);обезьяна N: ориентация – F = 0,58, p = 0,45, знак – F = 1248, p <10−10, Контрастность — F = 22,63, p <10; nyani N: kulunjika - F = 0.58, p = 0.45, chizindikiro - F = 1248, p <10-10, Kusiyana - F = 22.63, p <10; −10 Обезьяна S: Ориентация — F = 0,41, p = 0,52, Знак — F = 2876,7, p < 10−10, Контрастность — F = 36,5, p <10-10). −10 Monkey S: Kufotokozera - F = 0.41, p = 0.52, Chizindikiro - F = 2876.7, p <10-10, Kusiyana - F = 36.5, p <10-10).Ntchito zophatikizika za Gaussian zidayikidwa pazidziwitso za gawo lililonse kuti ziwonetse mawonekedwe a psychophysical anyani.Pa mkuyu.2b ikuwonetsa kugawidwa kwa mgwirizano wamitundu iyi pamagawo onse a anyani onse.Ponseponse, anyaniwa adamaliza ntchitoyi molondola komanso mosasinthasintha, ndipo tinakana zosakwana 13% za magawo awiri a nyani chifukwa chosakwanira bwino ku Gaussian model.
Zitsanzo zamakhalidwe a anyani pamagawo oyimira (n ≥ mayesero a 20 pa chikhalidwe chokondoweza).Kumanzere (kumanja), deta yochokera ku gawo limodzi la nyani la N (S) lakonzedwa ngati masankho ogwirizana (ogwirizana) motsutsana ndi ma sign amtundu wa ma sign (abscissa).Apa zikuganiziridwa kuti mawonekedwe owonekera (ogwirizana) ali ndi makhalidwe oipa (zabwino).Mayankho adamangidwa padera molingana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake (mmwamba (90 °) kapena pansi (270 °)) muyeso.Kwa nyama zonse ziwiri, ntchito, kaya yankho ligawanika ndi 50/50 kusiyana (PSE - mivi yolimba) kapena kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwa malemba komwe kumafunikira kuthandizira mlingo wina wa ntchito (pakhomo - mivi yotseguka), ili m'njira zoyendayenda.b Wokwanira histogram ya R2 mfundo za Gaussian cumulative function.Deta ya Monkey S(N) ikuwonetsedwa kumanzere (kumanja).c (Pamwamba) PSE yoyezera kuti gridi yasunthidwa pansi (yolinganiza) poyerekeza ndi PSE inasuntha gridi (abscissa) yokonzedwa, ndi m'mphepete mwake mukuyimira kugawa kwa PSE pa chikhalidwe chilichonse ndi mivi yosonyeza tanthauzo la chikhalidwe chilichonse.Zambiri za magawo onse a nyani a N(S) zaperekedwa kumanzere (kumanja).(Pansi) Msonkhano womwewo wa data ya PSE, koma pazigawo zoyenerera.Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pazigawo za PSE kapena machitidwe a mafashoni (onani malemba).d PSE ndi malo otsetsereka (oyang'anira) amakonzedwa kutengera mawonekedwe a raster okhazikika a gawo lolekanitsa la angular ("integral grating angle" - abscissa).Mabwalo otseguka ndi njira, mzere wolimba ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosinthira, ndipo mzere wamadontho ndi nthawi yodalirika ya 95% yachitsanzo chobwerera.Pali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa PSE ndi ngodya yophatikizika yokhazikika, koma osati yotsetsereka komanso yolumikizana yokhazikika, kutanthauza kuti mawonekedwe a psychometric amasintha pomwe ngodya imalekanitsa ma lattice agawo, koma osanola kapena kusalala.(Monkey N, n = 32 magawo; Monkey S, n = 43 magawo).Pamapaneli onse, zolakwitsa zimayimira cholakwika chokhazikika cha tanthauzo.Haha.Kugwirizana, PSE subjective equality score, chizolowezi.standardization.
Monga taonera pamwambapa, kusiyanitsa kwa mawonekedwe ndi komwe kumayendera kumasiyanasiyana pamayesero, ndi zokopa zimasunthika m'mwamba kapena pansi pamayesero operekedwa.Izi zimachitika kuti muchepetse psychophysical11 ndi neuronal28 adaptive zotsatira.Chitsanzo ndi kukondera (subjective equality point kapena PSE) (Wilcoxon rank sum test; nyani N: z = 0.25, p = 0.8; nyani S: z = 0.86, p = 0.39) kapena chigawo chogwira ntchito (chiwerengero cha Wilcoxon: 1, 8, monkey = 4, 8 = monkey; z = 0.49, p = 0,62) (mkuyu 2c).Kuphatikiza apo, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anyani pamlingo wa kusiyanitsa komwe kumafunikira kuti asunge magwiridwe antchito (N nyani = 24.5% ± 3.9%, S nyani = 18.9% ± 1.9%; Wilcoxon rank sum , z = 1.01, p = 0.31).
Mu gawo lililonse, tidasintha mbali ya interlattice yolekanitsa ma lattice agawo.Kafukufuku wama Psychophysical awonetsa kuti anthu amatha kuwona cell 10 ngati yolumikizana pomwe mbali iyi ili yaying'ono.Ngati anyaniwo amafotokoza modalirika malingaliro awo ogwirizana / kuwonekera, ndiye kutengera zomwe apezazi, wina angayembekezere PSE, kusiyanasiyana kwa mawonekedwe komwe kumayenderana ndi kugawanika kofanana pakati pa kugwirizana ndi kusankha kowonekera, kuchulukira pakulumikizana.ngodya ya latisi. Izi zinalidi choncho (mkuyu 2d; kugwa kudutsa mayendedwe, Kruskal-Wallis; nyani N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10−3; nyani S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; kugwirizanitsa pakati pa normalized inter-grating −3, PSE = 6 p. 9; nyani S: r = 0.76, p <10−13). Izi zinalidi choncho (mkuyu 2d; kugwa kudutsa mayendedwe, Kruskal-Wallis; nyani N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10−3; nyani S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; kugwirizanitsa pakati pa normalized inter- 1-p 0 = PSE = 6 p. 9; nyani S: r = 0.76, p <10−13). Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; коллапс поперек направления паттерна, Крускал-Уоллис; обезьяна N: χ2 = 23,06, p. 2, 2 = 3; <10–3; корреляция между нормализованными угол решетки ndi PSE – обезьяна N: r = 0,67, p <10-9, обезьяна S: r = 0,76-1, p 3. Izi zinachitikadi (mkuyu 2d; kugwa kudutsa njira ya chitsanzo, Kruskal-Wallis; nyani N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10-3; nyani S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; mgwirizano pakati pa normalized latice angle ndi PSE: 6, monkey N - 7, p-9 = monkey. r = 0.76, p <10-13).情况确实如此（图2d；跨模式方向折叠，Kruskal-Wallis;子N:χ2 = 23.06，p <10-3猴子S:χ2-3;2 = 3.P光栅角和PSE – 猴子N:r = 0.67,p <10-9; 子S:r = 0.76,p <10-13）.情况 确实 如此 （图 图 2D ; 方向 折叠 , kruskal-wallis ; n : : :2 = 23.06 , p <10-3 ; <10-3 ; <10-3 ; <10-3 ; 酒 : 2 - 2 - 2 = 2 - 2 = 2栅角 和 pse-猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子 猴子N:r = 0.67，p <10-9；子S:r = 0.76，p <10-13）. Это действительно имело место (рис. 2d; кратность по оси моды, Крускал-Уоллис; обезьяна N: χ2 = 23,06, p <10-3; обезь,3 p,2, 2 = 23,06, p <10-3; обе 2, 3: 2, 2, 3; лизованный межрешеточный угол). Izi zinalidi choncho (mkuyu 2d; pindani motsatira njira, Kruskal-Wallis; nyani N: χ2 = 23.06, p <10-3; nyani S: χ2 = 22.22, p <10-3; ngodya yokhazikika ya interlattice). PSE-обезьяна N: r = 0,67, p <10–9, обезьяна S: r = 0,76, p <10–13). PSE nyani N: r = 0.67, p <10-9, nyani S: r = 0.76, p <10-13).Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusintha mbali ya interlattice sikunakhudze kwambiri malo otsetsereka a psychometric function (mkuyu 2d; cross-modal orientation fold, Kruskal-Wallis; nyani N: χ2 = 8.09, p = 0.23; nyani S χ2 = 3.18 = 3.18 , p. N: r = -0.4, p = 0.2, nyani S: r = 0.03, p = 0,76).Chifukwa chake, molingana ndi chidziwitso cha psychophysical chamunthu, kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa ngodya pakati pa ma grating ndikusintha kwamalo osunthika, osati kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa chidwi pazizindikiro zamagawo.
Pomaliza, mphotho zimaperekedwa mwachisawawa ndi mwayi wa 0.5 m'mayesero omwe ali ndi zero mawonekedwe.Ngati anyani onse amadziwa zachisawawa chapaderachi ndipo adatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa zero mawonekedwe ndi zokopa za cue, atha kupanga njira zosiyanasiyana zamayesero amitundu iwiriyi.Mfundo ziwiri zikusonyeza kuti izi siziri choncho.Choyamba, kusintha grating ngodya anali qualitatively zotsatira zofanana pa cue ndi ziro kapangidwe kusiyana zambiri (mkuyu. 2d ndi Supplementary mkuyu. 1).Chachiwiri, kwa anyani onse awiri, kusankhidwa kwa mayesero a bistable sikungatheke kukhala kubwereza kwa mphotho yaposachedwa (yapitayi) (mayeso a binomial, N nyani: 0.52, z = 0.74, p = 0.22; S nyani: 0.51, r = 0.9, p = 0.18).
Pomaliza, machitidwe a anyani mu gawo lathu la magawo anali pansi pa kuwongolera bwino.Kudalira kwa malingaliro pa chizindikiro ndi kukula kwa mawonekedwe, komanso kusintha kwa PSE yokhala ndi ngodya ya grating, zikuwonetsa kuti anyaniwo adanenanso kuti amawona kuti amayendera limodzi / kuwonekera.Pomaliza, mayankho a anyani m'mayesero osiyanitsa a zero sanakhudzidwe ndi mbiri ya mphotho yamayesero am'mbuyomu ndipo adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwapakati pa raster.Izi zikusonyeza kuti anyani akupitiriza kufotokoza maganizo awo okhudzidwa ndi kasinthidwe kamtunda wa lattice pansi pa chikhalidwe chofunikira ichi.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kusintha kwa kapangidwe kakusiyana kuchokera ku zoipa kupita ku zabwino ndi kofanana ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro a zokopa kuchokera ku zowonekera kupita ku zogwirizana.Kawirikawiri, pa selo lopatsidwa, yankho la MT limakonda kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa pamene kusiyana kwa maonekedwe kumasintha kuchokera ku zoipa kupita ku zabwino, ndipo mayendedwe a zotsatirazi nthawi zambiri amadalira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake / chigawo.Mwachitsanzo, makhondedwe okhotakhota a ma cell awiri oyimira MT akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3 pamodzi ndi mayankho a ma cellwa ku ma grating omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe otsika kapena apamwamba ogwirizana kapena owoneka bwino.Tayesera mwanjira ina kuti tiwerengere bwino mayankho a gridi awa, omwe angakhale okhudzana ndi machitidwe a psychophysiological a anyani athu.
Chiwembu cha polar cha njira yokhotakhota ya nyani woyimilira MT cell S potengera gulu limodzi la sinusoidal.Ngodya imawonetsa komwe kumayenda kwa kabatiyo, kukula kwake kukuwonetsa kutulutsa, ndipo mawonekedwe a cell omwe amakondedwa amapitilira pafupifupi 90 ° (mmwamba) ndikulozera chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimayang'ana pa grating.b mlungu ndi mlungu histogram (PSTH) ya gululi yoyankhira, imasunthidwa munjira ya template ndi 90° (yosonyezedwa mwadongosolo kumanzere) kwa selo yosonyezedwa mu a.Mayankho amasanjidwa ndi mtundu wa kalembedwe (zogwirizana / zowonekera - pakati / kumanja gulu motsatana) ndi Michelson kusiyana (PSTH mtundu lingaliro).Kuyesera koyenera kokha kumawonetsedwa pamtundu uliwonse wa zizindikiro zotsika komanso zosiyanitsa kwambiri.Maselo amayankha bwino pamapangidwe a lattice okwera okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndipo kuyankha pamapangidwewa kudachulukira pakusiyana kwa mawonekedwe.c, d ndizofanana ndi zomwe zili mu a ndi b, koma kwa ma cell a MT kupatula nyani S, mawonekedwe awo omwe amawakonda amafanana ndi gululi yolowera pansi.Chipangizochi chimakonda ma grating otsika omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana, ndipo kuyankha pamapangidwewa kumawonjezeka ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mawonekedwe.M'mapanelo onse, malo okhala ndi mthunzi amayimira cholakwika chokhazikika cha tanthauzo.Amalankhula.Spikes, masekondi.chachiwiri.
Kuti tifufuze mgwirizano pakati pa kusinthika kwa lattice pamwamba (zogwirizana kapena zowonekera) monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi zizindikiro za kapangidwe kathu ndi ntchito ya MT, tinayamba kubwereranso kugwirizanitsa pakati pa maselo kuti aziyenda mogwirizana (otsetsereka otsetsereka) kapena kuyenda mowonekera (kutsetsereka koyipa) mwa kubwereranso.zoperekedwa kuti zigawike ma cell potengera kuyankha kwa ma sign poyerekeza ndi kusiyanitsa (mosiyana pamayendedwe aliwonse).Zitsanzo za mapindikidwe okhotakhotawa kuchokera ku selo lomwelo lachithunzithunzi 3 zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4a.Pambuyo pamagulu, tidagwiritsa ntchito receiver performance analysis (ROC) kuti tiyese kukhudzika kwa selo lililonse pakusinthika kwa ma signature (onani Njira).Ntchito za minyewa zomwe zimapezedwa motere zitha kufananizidwa mwachindunji ndi mawonekedwe a psychophysical anyani mu gawo lomwelo kuti afanizire mwachindunji kukhudzidwa kwa psychophysical kwa ma neuron ku mawonekedwe a lattice.Tinapanga zowunikira ziwiri zowunikira ma siginecha pamayunitsi onse omwe ali pachitsanzo, kuwerengera magawo osiyana a minyewa kumbali iliyonse ya chitsanzo (kachiwiri, mmwamba kapena pansi).Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti, pakuwunikaku, tidangophatikizanso mayesero omwe (i) zolimbikitsazo zinali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu ndi (ii) anyani adayankha molingana ndi zomwezo (ie, mayesero "olondola").
Mitengo yamoto imapangidwira motsutsana ndi mawonekedwe a chizindikiro, motero, chifukwa cha gratings kusunthira mmwamba (kumanzere) kapena pansi (kumanja), mzere wolimba umayimira kuwongolera bwino kwa mzere, ndipo deta yomwe ili pamwamba (pansi) imatengedwa kuchokera ku zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.Mpunga.3a Selo, b (mkuyu 3c, d).Mawonekedwe otsetsereka adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apereke mawonekedwe omwe amakonda (ogwirizana / owonekera) kuphatikizidwe lililonse la cell/lattice (n ≥ 20 mayesero pa chikhalidwe chokondoweza).Mipiringidzo yolakwika imayimira kupatuka kwa tanthauzo.Ntchito zamanjenje zamagulu omwe awonetsedwa mu ba amafotokozedwa limodzi ndi ntchito zama psychometric zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pagawo lomwelo.Tsopano, pachinthu chilichonse, timasankha chida chomwe timakonda (onani) (onani zolemba) ngati kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe azithunzi (abscissa).Kusiyanitsa kwa mawonekedwe kwasinthidwa kotero kuti zida zomwe mumakonda zikhale zabwino komanso zida zopanda kanthu ndi zoyipa.Deta yochokera m'mwamba (kumunsi) yoyendetsa ma gridi ikuwonetsedwa kumanzere (kumanja) mapanelo, pamwamba (m'munsi) mizere - deta yochokera m'maselo omwe akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3a, b (Mkuyu 3c, d).Magawo a neurometric ndi psychometric threshold (N/P) akuwonetsedwa pagawo lililonse.Amalankhula.Spikes, masekondi.sec, directory.malangizo, chigawo chokonda, psi.Psychometry, Neurology.
Ma curve okhotakhota a lattice ndi magwiridwe antchito a minyewa ya ma cell awiri oyimira MT ndi magwiridwe antchito a psychometric, ophatikizidwa pamodzi ndi mayankho awa, akuwonetsedwa pamapanelo apamwamba ndi apansi a Chithunzi 4a,b, motsatana.Maselowa amawonetsa kuchulukirako kapena kucheperako pang'onopang'ono pamene kawonekedwe kawonekedwe kake kamachoka powonekera mpaka kuphatikizika.Komanso, malangizo ndi mphamvu ya chomangira ichi zimadalira malangizo latisi kuyenda.Potsirizira pake, ntchito za ubongo zomwe zimawerengedwa kuchokera ku mayankho a maselowa zimangoyandikira (komabe sizinagwirizane ndi) psychophysical properties za kayendetsedwe ka grid unidirectional.Ntchito zonse za neurometric ndi psychometric zidafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi zipinda, mwachitsanzo, zofanana ndi pafupifupi 84% ya kusiyana kosankhidwa bwino (kogwirizana ndi tanthauzo + 1 sd ya ntchito yophatikizidwa ya Gaussian).Pachiyerekezo chonsecho, chiŵerengero cha N/P, chiŵerengero cha minyewa yopita ku psychometric, pafupifupi 12.4 ± 1.2 mu nyani N ndi 15.9 ± 1.8 mu nyani S, ndi kuti latisi isunthire mbali imodzi, kokha Pa ~ 16% (18).%) mayunitsi kuchokera ku nyani N (nyani S) (mkuyu 5a).Kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha cell chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.Monga momwe tawonera mu Zithunzi 3 ndi 4, kukhudzika kwa ma neuron kumatha kukhudzidwa ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa momwe selo limakonda komanso kayendetsedwe ka lattice komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera.Makamaka, zokhotakhota zowongolera mu Mkuyu 3a, c zikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa ma neuron orientation array of single sinusoidal array ndi kukhudzika kwake kumayendedwe owonekera / ogwirizana muzolemba zathu. Izi zinali choncho kwa anyani onsewo (ANOVA; mayendedwe okonda achibale omangidwa ndi 10° resolution; nyani N: F = 2.12, p <0.01; nyani S: F = 2.01, p <0.01). Izi zinali choncho kwa anyani onsewo (ANOVA; mayendedwe okonda achibale omangidwa ndi 10° resolution; nyani N: F = 2.12, p <0.01; nyani S: F = 2.01, p <0.01). Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; относительные предпочтительные направления объединены в группы с разрешением; 2,10° = 2, 10; 1; обезьяна S: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Umu ndi mmene zinalili kwa anyani onsewo (ANOVA; mayendedwe omwe achibale awo ankakonda aikidwa pa 10°; nyani N: F=2.12, p<0.01; nyani S: F=2.01, p<0.01).两只猴子都是這种情况（方差分析；以10° 分辨率合并的相对首选方向；猴子N:F = 2.10;S = 2.10;S = 2.10，p0 = 10; ）.两 只 猴子 都 是 這 种 （方差 分析 以 10 ° 分辨率 合并 的 相对 方向 : : ; f = 10, p2. <0.01.......）) Это имело место для обеих обезьян (ANOVA; относительная предпочтительная ориентация объединена при разрешении 10°; обез:1,0 = 10°; обез:1, 0 = 10; S: F = 2,01, p <0,01). Umu ndi mmene zinalili kwa anyani onsewo (ANOVA; anyani omwe ankawakonda atagwirizana ndi 10°; nyani N: F=2.12, p<0.01; nyani S: F=2.01, p<0.01).Poganizira kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kukhudzidwa kwa neuron (mkuyu 5a), kuti tiwone m'maganizo kudalira kwa mphamvu ya neuron pazigawo zomwe timakonda, poyamba tinasintha momwe selo iliyonse imakondera kuti ikhale "yabwino" kayendedwe ka grid pattern (ie mayendedwe).momwe grating imapanga ngodya yaying'ono kwambiri pakati pa ma cell omwe amakonda komanso momwe ma grating amayendera).Tidapeza kuti malire a ma neuron (malo olowera "zoyipa kwambiri" a lattice "zabwino kwambiri") amasiyana ndi zomwe amakonda, ndi nsonga zachiwerengero chapakhomochi zomwe zimachitika mozungulira mapatani kapena magawo (Chithunzi 5b).)). Zotsatirazi sizikanatha kufotokozedwa ndi tsankho pakugawidwa kwa maulendo omwe amawakonda mu mayunitsi mu chitsanzo chilichonse kupita kumodzi mwa njira za plaid kapena chigawo (mkuyu 5c; mayeso a Rayleigh; nyani N: z = 8.33, p <10-3, zozungulira zikutanthauza = 190.13 deg 30 ± p.9 = 9 = 190.13 deg 30 ± 9 = 9. 5) ndipo zinali zogwirizana kudutsa plaid inter-grating ngodya (Supplementary mkuyu. 2). Izi sizikanatha kufotokozedwa ndi tsankho pakugawa kwamayendedwe omwe amawakonda pamagawo omwe ali pachitsanzo chilichonse kupita ku gawo limodzi la plaid kapena chigawo chimodzi (mkuyu 5c; mayeso a Rayleigh; nyani N: z = 8.33, p <10-3, zozungulira zikutanthauza = 190.13 demon 80 = 90 deg ± 9; 45) ndipo zinali zogwirizana kudutsa plaid inter-grating ngodya (Supplementary Mkuyu. 2). Это Эффект нельзя было объяснить смещением предпочтительных в единицах в каждой выборагорке здороженные в единицах й или направлений компонентов (рис. 5в; критерий Рэлея; обезьяна N: z = 8,33, p <10–3). Izi sizikanatha kufotokozedwa ndi kusintha kwa kagawidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake (mkuyu 5c; Rayleigh test; nyani N: z = 8.33, p <10-3)., zozungulira zikutanthauza = 190.13 madigiri ± 9.83 madigiri;nyani S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) ndipo zinali zofanana m'makona onse a gululi (Chithunzi chowonjezera 2).這种效应不能通过每个樣本中单元中的优选方向分布偏向格子图案或组件方向之一來解（单元中的优选方向分布偏向格子图案或组件方向之一件方向之一猴子N:z = 8.33，p <10-3 ，圆形平均值= 190.13 度上± 9.83 度；子S:z = 0.79，p = 0.45 Chithunzi 2).這 种 效应 不 能 通过 每 樣本 中 单元 中 优选 方向 分布 偏向 偏向 图案 元 组图 图 瑞利 测试 ; 子子 n : z = z = 8.33 , p <10-3 , 平均值 平均值 圆形圆形 圆形 圆形 圆形z Это Эффект не может быть объяснен тем, что распределение предпочтительных ориентаций в клетках в каждом образце бразце смеще ки, либо в сторону одной из ориентаций компонентов (рис. 5в; критерий Рэлея; обезьяна N: z = 8,33, p <10–3). Zotsatirazi sizingafotokozedwe ndi mfundo yakuti kugawidwa kwa machitidwe omwe amawakonda m'maselo amtundu uliwonse amakondera kapena kumayendedwe a lattice kapena ku gawo limodzi la zigawo (mkuyu 5c; mayeso a Rayleigh; nyani N: z = 8.33, p <10-3)., avareji yozungulira) = 190.13 madigiri ± 9.83 madigiri;nyani S: z = 0.79, p = 0.45) ndipo anali ofanana mu ngodya lattice pakati pa grids (Supplementary Fig. 2).Chifukwa chake, kukhudzika kwa ma neurons ku ma gridi ojambulidwa kumadalira, mwa zina, pazomwe zimafunikira pakukonza kwa MT.
Gulu lakumanzere likuwonetsa kugawidwa kwa ma ratios a N / P (neuron / psychophysiological threshold);selo lililonse limapereka mfundo ziwiri za deta, imodzi kumbali iliyonse yomwe chitsanzocho chimayenda.Gulu lakumanja limakonza ma psychophysical thresholds (ordinate) motsutsana ndi ma neuronal thresholds (abscissa) pamayunitsi onse pachitsanzo.Zomwe zili mumzere wapamwamba (pansi) ndi zochokera ku nyani N (S).b Magawo okhazikika amakonzedwa molingana ndi kukula kwa kusiyana pakati pa momwe ma latisi amayendera ndi ma cell omwe amakonda.Njira "yabwino" imatanthauzidwa ngati njira yopangira grating (yoyesedwa ndi grating imodzi ya sinusoidal) yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi selo lokonda kwambiri.Deta idalumikizidwa koyamba ndi zokonda zanthawi zonse (mabinsi a 10 °), ndiye kuti zowerengera zidasinthidwa kukhala zamtengo wapatali ndikuwerengedwa mkati mwa nkhokwe iliyonse.Maselo okhala ndi mawonekedwe okonda okulirapo pang'ono kapena ang'onoang'ono kuposa momwe ma latisi amayendera anali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakukhudzidwa ndi momwe ma latisi amayendera.c histogram yapinki ya kagawidwe kokonda kagawidwe ka magawo onse a MT olembedwa pa nyani aliyense.
Pomaliza, kuyankha kwa MT kumasinthidwa ndi chitsogozo cha kayendetsedwe ka grating ndi tsatanetsatane wa zizindikiro za magawo athu (mawonekedwe).Kuyerekeza kwa kukhudzidwa kwa neuronal ndi psychophysical kunawonetsa kuti, nthawi zambiri, mayunitsi a MT anali osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ma signature osiyanasiyana kuposa anyani.Komabe, kukhudzika kwa neuron kunasintha malinga ndi kusiyana pakati pa momwe gulu limakonda komanso momwe gululi limayendera.Maselo okhudzidwa kwambiri amakhala ndi zokonda zoyang'ana zomwe pafupifupi zimaphimba mawonekedwe a lattice kapena chimodzi mwazozungulira, ndipo kagawo kakang'ono ka zitsanzo zathu kunali kovutirapo kapena kukhudzidwa kwambiri kuposa momwe anyani amawonera kusiyana.Kuti tiwone ngati zizindikiro zochokera kumagulu ovuta kwambiriwa zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro a anyani, tinayang'ana kugwirizana pakati pa malingaliro ndi mayankho a neuronal.
Gawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa zochitika za neural ndi machitidwe ndikukhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pa ma neuron ndi kuyankhidwa kwamakhalidwe pazolimbikitsa nthawi zonse.Pofuna kugwirizanitsa mayankho a neural ku zigamulo zamagulu, ndikofunikira kupanga zolimbikitsa zomwe, ngakhale zili zofanana, zimawonedwa mosiyana m'mayesero osiyanasiyana.Mu phunziro lino, izi zikuyimiridwa momveka bwino ndi zero kapangidwe ka grating.Ngakhale tikugogomezera kuti, kutengera magwiridwe antchito a psychometric a nyama, ma grating omwe ali ndi kusiyana kochepa kwambiri (osakwana ~ 20%) nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati ogwirizana kapena owonekera.
Kuti tidziwe momwe mayankho a MT amagwirizanirana ndi malipoti amalingaliro, tidachita kusanthula kuthekera (CP) kwa data yathu ya gridi (onani 3).Mwachidule, CP ndi yopanda malire, yopanda muyezo yomwe imatsimikizira mgwirizano pakati pa mayankho a spike ndi zigamulo zamaganizo30.Kuletsa kusanthula kumayesero pogwiritsa ntchito ma gridi omwe ali ndi zero kusiyanitsa kwamawu ndi magawo momwe anyani amasankha zosachepera zisanu pamtundu uliwonse wa mayesowa, tidawerengera SR padera pamagawo aliwonse a gululi. Pakati pa anyani, tinawona mtengo wa CP wochuluka kwambiri kuposa momwe tingayembekezere mwangozi (Mkuyu 6a, d; nyani N: amatanthauza CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-test yotsutsana ndi null ya CP = 0.5, t = 6.5 monkey: 9; 5% CI: (0.54, 0.57), t-test ya mbali ziwiri, t = 9.4, p <10-13). Pakati pa anyani, tinawona mtengo wa CP wochuluka kwambiri kuposa momwe tingayembekezere mwangozi (Mkuyu 6a, d; nyani N: amatanthauza CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-test yotsutsana ndi null ya CP = 0.5, t = 6.5 monkey: 9; 5% CI: (0.54, 0.57), t-test ya mbali ziwiri, t = 9.4, p <10-13).Mu nyani, tinawona CP yochuluka kwambiri kuposa momwe timayembekezera mwachisawawa (Mkuyu 6a, d; nyani N: amatanthauza CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), t-test-t-test vs. null values).CP = 0,5, t = 6,7, p <10-9; CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10-9; обезьяна S: среднее CP: 0,55, 95% ДИ: (0,54, 0,57), двусторонний t-критерий, t = 9,4, p <10-13) . nyani S: amatanthauza CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), t-mayeso awiri, t = 9.4, p <10-13).在猴子中，我們观察到平均CP 值显着大于我們偶然预期的值（图6a，d；猴子N:平均CP:0.54,95% CI:3,060.双边t 检验CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9; 猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边t <10−9; 猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边t 检 检验 −1 = 10, 4.在 猴子 中 , 我们 观察 平均 平均 值 显着 大于 我们 偶然 的值 （图图 6a , : : : ; .56） , 空值 检验 CP = 0.5, t = 6.7, p <10−9;猴子S: 平均CP: 0.55, 95% CI: (0.54, 0.57), 双边t检验, t=9.4, p <10−13) Ndikofunikira kuti mugwiritse ntchito CP, значительно превышающие то, что мы могли бы ожидать случайно (m. ДИ: (0,53, 0,56), двусторонний t- тест CP против нуля = 0,5, t = 6,7, p < 10-9, обезьяна S: средний CP: 0,55, 90%,5дно 5:5, 55% критерий, t = 9,4, p <10- 13) . Mu nyani, tidawona kuti ma CP amatanthawuza kuposa zomwe tingayembekezere mwangozi (Mkuyu 6a, d; nyani N: amatanthauza CP: 0.54, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.56), mayeso a t-tailed CP vs. S. zero = 0.5, t = CP mon10: 5, % 5, p. CI: (0.54, 0.57), michira iwiri t- muyezo, t = 9.4, p <10-13).Chifukwa chake, ma neurons a MT amakonda kuwotcha mwamphamvu kwambiri ngakhale pakakhala kuti palibe njira zodziwikiratu za magawo, pomwe malingaliro a nyama pakuyenda kwa latisi amafanana ndi zomwe selo limakonda.
a Kusankha mwayi wogawa ma grids opanda mawonekedwe amtundu wa zitsanzo zojambulidwa kuchokera ku nyani N. Selo lililonse limatha kuthandizira mpaka mfundo ziwiri za data (imodzi pamayendedwe aliwonse a gululi).Chiwerengero cha CP choposa chachisawawa (mivi yoyera) chimasonyeza kuti pali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa zochitika za MT ndi kuzindikira.b Kuti tione zotsatira za kukondera kulikonse komwe kungachitike, tidawerengera CP padera pa cholimbikitsa chilichonse chomwe anyaniwo adalakwitsapo kamodzi.Kuthekera kosankhidwa kumapangidwa ngati ntchito ya chiŵerengero chosankhidwa (pref/null) pazolimbikitsa zonse (kumanzere) ndi mayendedwe amtundu wa kusiyanitsa kwa malembedwe (kumanja, deta kuchokera ku maselo 120).Mzere wolimba ndi malo amthunzi kumbali yakumanzere akuyimira ± sem ya 20-point move average.Kuthekera kosankhidwa komwe kumawerengedwera pazolimbikitsa zokhala ndi mavoti osankhidwa mopanda malire, monga ma grids okhala ndi kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa ma siginecha, amasiyana mochulukirapo ndipo amalumikizidwa mozungulira zotheka.Malo amtundu wotuwa pagawo lakumanja akugogomezera kusiyana kwa zinthu zomwe zikuphatikizidwa pakuwerengera mwayi wosankha kwambiri.c Kuthekera kwa kusankha kwakukulu (kulinganiza) kumakonzedwa molingana ndi malire a neuron (abscissa).Kuthekera kwa kusankha kunali kosagwirizana kwambiri ndi malire.Msonkhano df ndi wofanana ndi ac koma umagwira ntchito ku 157 data imodzi yochokera ku nyani S pokhapokha zitadziwika.g Kuthekera kwakukulu kosankha (kulinganiza) kumapangidwa motsutsana ndi njira yomwe mumakonda (abscissa) kwa anyani awiriwo.Selo lililonse la MT linapereka mfundo ziwiri za data (imodzi kumbali iliyonse ya dongosolo la lattice).h Mabokosi akulu akulu amasankha mwayi pakona iliyonse ya inter-raster.Mzere wolimba umawonetsa zapakatikati, m'mphepete mwa bokosilo ndi kumtunda kwa bokosilo kumayimira 25th ndi 75th percentiles motsatana, ndevu zimakulitsidwa mpaka 1.5 nthawi ya interquartile range, ndipo zotuluka kunja kwa malire awa zimazindikirika.Zomwe zili kumanzere (kumanja) zikuchokera ku ma cell a nyani a N(S) 120 (157).i Kuthekera kwakukulu kosankha (kulinganiza) kumakonzedwa motsutsana ndi nthawi yakuyamba kwa stimulus (abscissa).CP yayikulu idawerengeredwa mumakona anayi otsetsereka (m'lifupi 100 ms, sitepe 10 ms) panthawi yonse yoyezetsa kenako ndi kupitilira mayunitsi.
Kafukufuku wina wam'mbuyomu adanenanso kuti CP imadalira chiwerengero cha mayesero mu chiwerengero cha basal mlingo, kutanthauza kuti muyesowu ndi wodalirika kwambiri pa zokopa zomwe zimayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pagawo la chisankho chilichonse.Kuti tiyese izi m'ma data athu, tidawerengera CP padera pazolimbikitsa zonse, mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe, ndipo anyani adayesa mayeso amodzi okha.CP imakonzedwa motsutsana ndi chiŵerengero chosankhidwa (pref / null) kwa nyama iliyonse mu Chithunzi 6b ndi e (gawo lakumanzere), motsatira.Kuyang'ana pamayendedwe osuntha, zikuwonekeratu kuti CP imakhalabe pamwamba pa kuthekera pazosankha zingapo, zimatsika pokhapokha ngati zovuta zikugwa (kuchuluka) pansipa (pamwamba) 0.2 (0.8).Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe a psychometric a nyama, tingayembekezere ma coefficients osankhidwa a ukuluwu kuti agwiritse ntchito pa zolimbikitsa zokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino (zogwirizana kapena zowonekera) (onani zitsanzo za mawonekedwe a psychometric mumkuyu 2a, b).Kuti tidziwe ngati izi zinali choncho komanso ngati PC yayikulu idapitilirabe ngakhale pakulimbikitsa ndi zizindikiro zomveka bwino za magawo, tidawona momwe zimakhalira pa PC (mkuyu 6b, e-kumanja).Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa, CP inali yokwera kwambiri kuposa kuthekera kwa zokopa zomwe zimakhala ndi magawo apakati (~ 20% kusiyana kapena kutsika).
Poyang'ana, kuthamanga, ndi ntchito zozindikiritsa zolakwika, MT CP imakonda kukhala yapamwamba kwambiri m'manyuroni okhudzidwa kwambiri, mwina chifukwa chakuti ma neuroniwa amanyamula zizindikiro zambiri30,32,33,34.Mogwirizana ndi zomwe tapezazi tidawona kulumikizana pang'ono koma kofunikira pakati pa grand CP, yowerengedwa kuchokera ku z-scored kuwombera mitengo pamitundu yofananira yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mugawo lakumanja la Mkuyu.6b, e, ndi neuronal threshold (Fig. 6c, f; geometric mean regression; nyani N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 nyani S: r = -0.18, p <10-3). 6b, e, ndi neuronal threshold (Fig. 6c, f; geometric mean regression; nyani N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 nyani S: r = -0.18, p <10-3).Mogwirizana ndi zomwe tapezazi, tinawona mgwirizano wochepetsetsa koma wofunikira pakati pa CP yaikulu yowerengedwa kuchokera kufupipafupi kwafupipafupi z-score kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a zizindikiro zowonetsera zomwe zawonetsedwa mu gawo lamanja la Fig. 6b, e, ndi neuronal threshold (Fig. 6c, f; geometric).geometric amatanthauza kutsika;обезьяна N: r = -0,12, p = 0,07 обезьяна S: r = -0,18, p <10-3). nyani N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07 nyani S: r = -0.18, p <10-3).与這些发现一致，我們观對到大CP 之间存在适度但显着的相关性，這是根据图6b, e 和神经元阈倚回归；猴子N:r = -0.12,p = 0.07 子S:r = -0.18,p <10-3）.与 這些 发现 一致 ， 我們到大大 之间 存在 适度 但 显着 的相关性這 是 根据 图 6b , e 6b , e . , f ; 回归 ; 猴子 n : r = -0.12 , p = 0.07 猴子S:r = -0.18,p <10-3）.Mogwirizana ndi zomwe tapezazi, tinawona mgwirizano wochepa koma wofunikira pakati pa ma CV akuluakulu monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 6b, e ndi ma neuron thresholds (Chithunzi 6c, f; geometric mean regression; nyani N: r = -0.12, p = 0.07).Обезьяна S: г = -0,18, р <10-3). Nyani S: r = -0.18, p <10-3).Chifukwa chake, zolemba zochokera kumagulu odziwitsa kwambiri zimakonda kuwonetsa kuyanjana kwakukulu ndi zigamulo zogawikana mwa anyani, zomwe ndizofunikira mosasamala kanthu za zolemba zilizonse zomwe zimawonjezeredwa ku tsankho lamalingaliro.
Popeza kuti tinali titakhazikitsa kale ubale pakati pa kukhudzika kwa mawonekedwe a gridi ndi ma neuronal orientation yomwe timakonda, timadzifunsa ngati pali mgwirizano wofanana pakati pa CP ndi zomwe amakonda (mkuyu 6g).Kugwirizana kumeneku kunali kofunikira pang'ono mwa nyani S (ANOVA; nyani N: 1.03, p=0.46; nyani S: F=1.73, p=0.04).Sitinawone kusiyana kwa CP kwa ngodya za lattice pakati pa lattice mu nyama iliyonse (Mkuyu 6h; ANOVA; nyani N: F = 1.8, p = 0.11; nyani S: F = 0.32, p = 0. 9).
Pomaliza, ntchito yam'mbuyomu yawonetsa kuti CP imasintha nthawi yonse yoyeserera.Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu komwe kumatsatiridwa ndi zotsatira zosankhidwa bwino, 30 pamene ena anena kuti kuwonjezeka kwachidziwitso cha chisankho pa nthawi ya mayesero31.Pa nyani aliyense, tidawerengera CP ya gawo lililonse m'mayesero popanda kusiyanitsa mawu (motsatana, malinga ndi mawonekedwe) m'maselo a 100 ms kuponda ma 20 ms aliwonse kuchokera pakuyamba kolimbikitsa kukayamba kutumiza kumatanthauza kuchotseratu chiwongolero.Pafupifupi mphamvu ya CP ya anyani awiri ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu 6i.Pazochitika zonsezi, CP inakhalabe pamtunda kapena pafupi kwambiri mpaka pafupifupi 500 ms pambuyo poyambira, pambuyo pake CP inakula kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza pakusintha kukhudzidwa, CP yawonetsedwanso kuti imakhudzidwa ndi mikhalidwe ina ya mawonekedwe a ma cell.Mwachitsanzo, Uka ndi DeAngelis34 adapeza kuti CP mu ntchito yozindikiritsa zolakwika za binocular imadalira kufananiza kwa kopindika kolakwika kwa chipangizocho.Pachifukwa ichi, funso logwirizana ndilakuti ngati ma cell a PDS amakhudzidwa kwambiri kuposa ma cell a CDS.Maselo a PDS amalembera machitidwe omwe ali ndi machitidwe angapo am'deralo, pamene maselo a CDS amayankha kusuntha kwa zigawo za ndondomeko (mkuyu 7a).
chithunzithunzi chowonetserako chokondoweza cha chigawo chokondoweza ndi kugwetsa kongoganizira (kumanzere) ndi ma curve orientation curves (kumanja) (onani Zida ndi Njira).Mwachidule, ngati selo litaphatikizana ndi gululi kuti liwonetse kayendetsedwe kake, munthu angayembekezere ma curve omwewo a gridi ndi zokondoweza za gululi (gawo lomaliza, lopindika lolimba).Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ngati selo silingaphatikize mayendedwe a zigawozo mumayendedwe a siginecha, munthu angayembekezere kupindika kwapawiri komwe kumakhala ndi nsonga kumbali iliyonse ya kusuntha komwe kumatanthawuza gawo limodzi kupita komwe kumakonda kwa selo (gawo lomaliza, lopindika)..b (kumanzere) zokhotakhota zokhotakhota za kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka sinusoidal kwa maselo omwe akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 1 ndi 2. 3 ndi 4 (mzere wapamwamba - maselo mu Zithunzi 3a, b ndi 4a, b (pamwamba); gulu la pansi - maselo a Fig. 3c, d ndi 4a, b (pansi)).(Pakati) Zolosera zamitundu ndi zigawo zowerengedwera kuchokera ku ma profailo a lattice.(Kumanja) Kusintha gululi la ma cell awa.Maselo a gulu lapamwamba (pansi) amagawidwa ngati ma template (gawo) maselo.Zindikirani kuti palibe makalata amodzi pakati pa magulu a zigawo za chitsanzo ndi zokonda za kayendedwe ka selo logwirizana / lowonekera (onani mayankho a lattice a maselowa mumkuyu 4a).c Coefficient of partial corelation of the z-score mode (ordinate) yokonzedwa motsutsana ndi gawo la z-score component (abscissa) ya maselo onse olembedwa mu N (kumanzere) ndi S (kumanja) anyani.Mizere yokhuthala imawonetsa zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa ma cell.d Chiwembu cha kuthekera kwakukulu kosankha (kulinganiza) motsutsana ndi index mode (Zp - Zc) (abscissa).Zomwe zili kumanzere (kumanja) zimatchula nyani N(S).Zozungulira zakuda zimawonetsa data mu pafupifupi mayunitsi.Mu nyama zonse ziwirizi, panali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kusankha ndi index index, kutanthauza kulumikizana kwakukulu kwa ma cell omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe azizindikiro muzolimbikitsa zokhala ndi zigawo zingapo.
Chifukwa chake, mu mayeso osiyana, tidayesa mayankho ku ma gridi a sinusoidal ndi ma gridi kuti tigawire ma neuroni mu zitsanzo zathu monga PDS kapena CDS (onani Njira).Mphepete mwa ma curve a lattice, kulosera kwa gawo la template lopangidwa kuchokera ku data yokonza, ndi ma curve okhotakhota a ma cell omwe akuwonetsedwa pazithunzi 1 ndi 3. Zithunzi 3 ndi 4 ndi Supplementary Figure 3 zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 7b.Kugawa kwachitsanzo ndi kusankhidwa kwa chigawo, komanso momwe ma cell amayendera m'gulu lililonse, akuwonetsedwa pa nyani aliyense mumkuyu 7c ndi mkuyu wowonjezera.4 motsatana.
Kuti tiwone kudalira kwa CP pakuwongolera magawo amtunduwo, tidawerengera kaye index index 35 (PI), zazikulu (zazing'ono) zomwe zikuwonetsa khalidwe lalikulu la PDS (CDS).Poganizira zomwe zili pamwambazi kuti: (i) kukhudzidwa kwa neuronal kumasiyana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kayendedwe ka selo lokondedwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndipo (ii) pali mgwirizano waukulu pakati pa kukhudzidwa kwa neuronal ndi mwayi wosankha mu chitsanzo chathu, tinapeza ubale pakati pa PI ndi CP yonse inaphunziridwa kuti ikhale "yabwino" kayendedwe ka selo lililonse (onani pamwambapa). Tinapeza kuti CP inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi PI (Mkuyu 7d; geometric zikutanthauza kutsika; grand CP nyani N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bi-stable CP nyani N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; grand CP nyani S: r = 0.3, CP monkey <0.3, CP = 0.3-0 0.29, p <10−3), kusonyeza kuti maselo otchedwa PDS amawonetsa ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusankha kuposa CDS ndi maselo osadziwika. Tinapeza kuti CP inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi PI (Mkuyu 7d; geometric zikutanthauza kutsika; grand CP nyani N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bi-stable CP nyani N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; grand CP nyani S: r = 0.3, CP monkey <0.3, CP = 0.3-0 0.29, p <10−3), kusonyeza kuti maselo otchedwa PDS amawonetsa ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusankha kuposa CDS ndi maselo osadziwika. Мы обнаружили, что CP значительно коррелирует с PI (рис. 7d; регрессия среднего геометрического; большая обезьбяна CP N:3, r01; 0,2, p = 0,25; зьяна CP N r = 0,21, p = 0,013; большая обезьяна CP S: r = 0,30, p < 10-4; бистабильный CP <обезьяны S: r = 0,10, ут 0,10, ут клетки, классифицированные как PDS, проявляли большую активность, связанную с выбором, чем CDS ndi неклассифицированные клетки. Tinapeza kuti CP inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi PI (Chithunzi 7d; geometric mean regression; nyani wamkulu CP N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bistable nyani CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; nyani wamkulu CP S: r = 0.10 p. 9, p <10-3), kusonyeza kuti maselo otchedwa PDS amasonyeza ntchito zambiri, zogwirizana ndi kusankha kuposa CDS ndi maselo osadziwika.我們发现CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d; 几何平均回归；大CP 猴N:r = 0.23,p <0.01；双稳态CP = 猴0 CP = 3 0.1 CP = 猴0: CP = 3 0.2r. r = 0.30,p <10-4；双稳态CP 猴S:r = 0.29，p < 10-3），表明分类為PDS 的细胞比CDS 和未分类的细类的细类的细类的细詞活性. CP 与PI 显着相关（图7d；几何平均回归；大CP猴N:r = 0.23，p <0.01；双稳态CP 猴N r = 0.20 ; Мы обнаружили, что CP был значительно связан с PI (рис. 7d; регрессия среднего геометрического; большая обезьбяна CP N:3, r01; 0,2, p = 0,25; зьяна CP N r = 0,21, p = 0,013; большая обезьяна CP S: r = 0,013) 0,30, p <10-4; Tinapeza kuti CP inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi PI (Chithunzi 7d; geometric mean regression; nyani wamkulu CP N: r = 0.23, p <0.01; bistable nyani CP N r = 0.21, p = 0.013; nyani wamkulu CP S: r = 0.010-4; бистабильный CP обезьяны S: r = 0,29, p < 10-3), что указывает на то, что клетки, классифицированные как PDS, прояотинцевьский ть, чем клетки, классифицированные как CDS ndi неклассифицированные. nyani S bistable CP: r = 0.29, p <10-3), kusonyeza kuti maselo otchedwa PDS amawonetsa ntchito yosankha kwambiri kuposa maselo otchedwa CDS ndi osasankhidwa.Chifukwa zonse za PI ndi neuron sensitivity zimayenderana ndi CP, tidachita kuwunika kobwerezabwereza (ndi PI ndi kukhudzidwa kwa neuron monga zosintha zodziyimira pawokha komanso CP yayikulu ngati yodalira) kuti tipewe kulumikizana pakati pa miyeso iwiri yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira.. Ma coefficients onse awiriwa anali ofunika kwambiri (nyani N: poyambira vs. CP: r = -0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p <0.01; nyani S: poyambira vs. CP: r = −0, p.10, p. −3), kutanthauza kuti CP imachulukirachulukira ndipo mwanjira yodziyimira payokha imawonjezeka ndi PI. Ma coefficients onse awiriwa anali ofunika kwambiri (nyani N: poyambira vs. CP: r = -0.13, p = 0.04, PI vs. CP: r = 0.23, p <0.01; nyani S: poyambira vs. CP: r = −0, p.10, p. −3), kutanthauza kuti CP imachulukirachulukira ndipo mwanjira yodziyimira payokha imawonjezeka ndi PI. Momwe mungapangire zolemba zanu (zolemba N: zowerengera CP: r = -0,13, p = 0,04, PI против CP: 3, p = 0, p = 0, p = 0, p = 0, p = 0, p = 0 ротив CP: r = -0,16, p = 0,03, PI vs CP: 0,29, p <10-3), предполагая, что CP увеличивается с чувствительностью и независимзом обетский обезе в PI. Ma coefficients onse awiri olumikizirana pang'ono anali ofunika (nyani N: poyambira motsutsana. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; nyani S: poyambira ndi CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03 CP-3, p. ndi sensitivity ndikuwonjezeka paokha ndi PI.两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP:r = -0.13,p = 0.04,PI 与CP:r = 0.23,p <0.01 = S. ,PI vs CP:0.29,p <10-3），表明CP 随灵敏度增加而增加，并且以独立方式随PI 增加。两个偏相关系数均显着（猴子N：阈值与CP:r = -0.13,p = 0.04,PI = 0.03,PI vs CP:0.29，p <10-3漉， Кеэтт ии`и ntutэфииы ья На S: Прог п - Ma coefficients onse awiri olumikizirana pang'ono anali ofunika (nyani N: poyambira motsutsana. CP: r=-0.13, p=0.04, PI vs. CP: r=0.23, p<0.01; nyani S: poyambira motsutsana. CP: r = -0.16, p = 0.03 CPdic: CP-3, p. kuchulukitsidwa ndi chidwi ndikuwonjezeka ndi PI mwanjira yodziyimira pawokha.
Tinalemba ntchito imodzi m'dera la MT, ndipo anyaniwo anafotokoza maganizo awo a machitidwe omwe angawoneke ngati mayendedwe ogwirizana kapena owonekera.Kukhudzika kwa ma neuron ku magawo omwe amawonjezeredwa kumalingaliro okondera amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa, mwina mwa zina, ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zomwe gulu limakonda komanso komwe kumayendera kolimbikitsa.Pagulu lonse la anthu, kukhudzidwa kwa neuronal kunali kotsika kwambiri kuposa kukhudzika kwa psychophysical, ngakhale magawo ovuta kwambiri amafanana kapena kupitilira kukhudzidwa kwamakhalidwe kuzizindikiro zamagawo.Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuwombera pafupipafupi komanso kuzindikira, kutanthauza kuti kuwonetsa kwa MT kumakhala ndi gawo logawika.Maselo omwe amawakonda amakulitsa chidwi chawo pakusiyana kwa magawo amtundu wa lattice ndipo amakonda kuwonetsa kusuntha kwapadziko lonse muzokoka zambiri zakumaloko, kuwonetsa kulumikizana kwapamwamba kwambiri.Apa tikuwona mavuto omwe angakhalepo tisanafanizire zotsatirazi ndi ntchito zam'mbuyomu.
Vuto lalikulu ndi kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito zokopa za bistable pazitsanzo za nyama ndikuti mayankho amakhalidwe sangakhale ozikidwa pa gawo la chidwi.Mwachitsanzo, anyani athu amatha kufotokoza momwe amaonera kapangidwe kake mosatengera momwe amaonera kugwirizana kwa lattice.Mbali ziwiri za deta zikusonyeza kuti izi siziri choncho.Choyamba, molingana ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu, kusintha kozungulira kozungulira kwa magawo olekanitsa mwadongosolo kunasintha kuthekera kwa kuzindikira kogwirizana.Kachiwiri, pa avareji, zotsatira zake zimakhala zofanana pamapangidwe omwe ali kapena alibe ma signature.Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe awonazi zikuwonetsa kuti mayankho a anyani nthawi zonse amawonetsa malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi kulumikizana / kuwonekera.
Vuto lina lomwe lingakhalepo ndikuti sitinakonze magawo osuntha a grating pazochitika zenizeni.M'ntchito zambiri zam'mbuyomu poyerekeza ndi kukhudzidwa kwa neuronal ndi psychophysical, zolimbikitsa zidasankhidwa payekhapayekha pagawo lililonse lolembetsedwa [31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45].Pano tagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zomwezo za kayendedwe ka lattice mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka selo lililonse.Kapangidwe kameneka kakatilola kuti tiphunzire momwe kukhudzidwira kunasinthira ndi kuphatikizika pakati pa kusuntha kwa lattice ndi kupendekera komwe kumakonda, komabe, sikunapereke maziko oyamba odziwira ngati maselo amakonda ma latisi ogwirizana kapena owonekera.Chifukwa chake, timadalira njira zoyeserera, pogwiritsa ntchito kuyankhidwa kwa selo lililonse ku mauna opangidwa, kugawira zokonda ndi zero kugulu lililonse lakuyenda kwa mauna.Ngakhale sizokayikitsa, izi zitha kusokonekera mwadongosolo zotsatira za kuwunika kwathu komanso kuzindikira kwa ma siginecha a CP, zomwe zitha kupitilira muyeso uliwonse.Komabe, mbali zingapo za kusanthula ndi deta zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa zikusonyeza kuti izi siziri choncho.
Choyamba, kugawa mayina okondedwa (opanda pake) kuti azilimbikitsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zambiri (zochepa) zisokonezeke kusiyana kwa magawowa.M'malo mwake, zimangotsimikizira kuti ntchito za neurometric ndi psychometric zimakhala ndi chizindikiro chomwecho, kotero zikhoza kufaniziridwa mwachindunji.Chachiwiri, mayankho omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera CP (mayesero "olakwika" a grating's textured ndi mayesero onse a gratings popanda kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe kake) sanaphatikizidwe mu kusanthula kwa regression komwe kumatsimikizira ngati selo lirilonse "limakonda" masewera ogwirizana kapena owonekera.Izi zimawonetsetsa kuti zotsatira zosankhidwa sizimakondera pamatchulidwe okondedwa / osayenera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wosankha.
Maphunziro a Newsom ndi anzake [36, 39, 46, 47] anali oyamba kudziwa udindo wa MT pakuyerekeza kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.Malipoti otsatirawa asonkhanitsa deta pa MT kutenga nawo mbali mozama34,44,48,49,50,51 ndi speed32,52, njira yabwino33 ndi malingaliro a 3D kapangidwe kuchokera ku movement31,53,54 (3D nkhalango zokhazikika).kulamulira).Timakulitsa zotsatirazi m'njira ziwiri zofunika.Choyamba, timapereka umboni wosonyeza kuti mayankho a MT amathandizira kugawanika kwa ma siginecha a visuomotor.Chachiwiri, tidawona mgwirizano pakati pa kusankha kwa MT mode ndi chizindikiro ichi.
Mwachidziwitso, zotsatira zomwe zilipo ndizofanana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya 3-D SFM, monga momwe zonsezi zilili zovuta kulingalira za bistable zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kake ndi kuya.Dodd et al.31 anapeza mwayi waukulu wosankha (0.67) mu ntchito ya nyani yofotokoza momwe silinda ya 3D SFM imazungulira.Tidapeza njira yaying'ono yosankha pagulu lolimbikitsa (pafupifupi 0.55 pa anyani onse awiri).Popeza kuwunika kwa CP kumadalira pagawo losankhidwa, zimakhala zovuta kutanthauzira CP yomwe imapezeka pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana pantchito zosiyanasiyana.Komabe, kukula kwa zotsatira zosankhidwa zomwe tidawona zinali zofanana ndi ziro ndi zocheperako zosiyanitsa ma gratings, komanso pamene tiphatikiza zokopa zotsika kapena zopanda mawonekedwe kuti tiwonjezere mphamvu.Choncho, kusiyana kumeneku mu CP sikungatheke chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kusankha pakati pa ma dataset.
Kusintha pang'ono kwa kuwombera kwa MT komwe kumayenderana ndi malingaliro omaliza kumawoneka ngati kodabwitsa poyerekeza ndi malingaliro amphamvu komanso amakhalidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amachititsidwa ndi kukondoweza kwa 3-D SFM ndi ma gridi osinthika.Kuthekera kumodzi ndikuti tinapeputsa zotsatira zosankhidwa mwa kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kuwombera pa nthawi yonse ya chilimbikitso.Mosiyana ndi nkhani ya 31 3-D SFM, kumene kusiyana kwa ntchito za MT kunayambika mozungulira 250 ms m'mayesero ndiyeno kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono m'mayesero onse, kusanthula kwathu kwamphamvu kwakanthawi kwa zizindikiro zosankhidwa (onani 500 ms pambuyo pa kusonkhezera kuyambika kwa anyani onse awiri. Kuonjezera apo, pambuyo pa kukwera kwakukulu pa nthawiyi, timakhalabe mu lipoti la CP5 pa nthawi ya chimfine, timawona 500 ms pambuyo poyambitsa nyani. Ngakhale kuti zolimbikitsa zathu zidaperekedwa kwa masekondi a 1.5 okha, malingaliro a anyani athu amathanso kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pakugwirizana mpaka kuwonekera panthawi yoyeserera (mayankho awo adawonetsa malingaliro awo omaliza pakusankha cue). werengani mosiyana muzochita ziwirizi.Ngakhale kuti kwa nthawi yaitali akuganiza kuti zizindikiro za CPU zimachokera ku chidziwitso chomveka komanso phokoso logwirizana,56 Gu ndi anzake57 adapeza kuti muzojambula zowerengera, njira zosiyana zogwirizanitsa, m'malo mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, zimatha kufotokoza bwino CPU mu dorsal media-superior temporal neurons.sheet change orientation recognition task (MSTd).Zosankha zazing'ono zomwe tidaziwona mu MT mwina zikuwonetsa kuphatikizika kwa ma neuron ambiri osadziwika bwino kuti apange malingaliro ogwirizana kapena kuwonekera.Mulimonse momwe zizindikiro zoyendayenda zapaderalo zimayenera kugawidwa kukhala chinthu chimodzi kapena ziwiri (bistable gratings) kapena malo osiyana a zinthu zomwe zimafanana (3-D SFM), umboni wodziimira kuti mayankho a MT anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ziweruzo zamaganizo, panali mayankho amphamvu a MT.akukonzedwa kuti atengepo gawo pagawidwe la zithunzi zovuta muzithunzi zazinthu zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso choyenda.
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, tinali oyamba kufotokoza za mgwirizano pakati pa machitidwe a ma cellular a MT ndi malingaliro.Monga momwe adapangidwira muzithunzi zoyambira ziwiri za Movshon ndi anzawo, gawo la mode ndi gawo lotulutsa la MT.Komabe, ntchito yaposachedwa yawonetsa kuti ma mode ndi ma cell a zigawo amayimira malekezero osiyanasiyana opitilira komanso kuti kusiyana kwa parametric pamapangidwe a gawo lolandirira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, tapeza kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa CP ndi PI, wofanana ndi ubale pakati pa ma binocular mismatch adjustment symmetry ndi CP pakuzindikira kozama kapena kukhazikika kokhazikika muntchito yosankha bwino.Ubale pakati pa zolemba ndi CP33.Wang ndi Movshon62 adasanthula ma cell ambiri omwe ali ndi MT orientation selectivity ndipo adapeza kuti, pafupifupi, index ya mode idalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zosinthira, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kusankha kwamitundu kulipo mumitundu ina yambiri yazizindikiro zomwe zitha kuwerengedwa kuchokera kwa anthu a MT..Choncho, pa maphunziro amtsogolo a mgwirizano pakati pa ntchito ya MT ndi malingaliro okhudzidwa, zidzakhala zofunikira kudziwa ngati ndondomeko ya chitsanzo ikugwirizana mofanana ndi ntchito zina ndi zizindikiro zosankhidwa zolimbikitsa, kapena ngati ubalewu ndi wapadera pa nkhani ya kugawanika kwa malingaliro.
Mofananamo, Nienborg ndi Cumming 42 adapeza kuti ngakhale maselo apafupi ndi akutali omwe amasankha kusiyana kwa ma binocular mu V2 ​​anali okhudzidwa mofanana ndi tsankho lakuya, ma cell okhawo omwe ankakonda kwambiri amawonetsa CP yaikulu.Komabe, kupatsanso anyani kuti azitha kulemera kwambiri kusiyana kwakutali kunapangitsa kuti ma CP ambiri akhale m'makola okondedwa kwambiri.Kafukufuku wina adanenanso kuti mbiri ya maphunziro imadalira kulumikizana kwamalingaliro34,40,63 kapena ubale woyambitsa pakati pa ntchito ya MT ndi tsankho losiyana48.Ubale womwe tidawona pakati pa CP ndi kusankha kwamayendedwe a regimen mwina ukuwonetsa njira yomwe anyani adagwiritsa ntchito kuti athetse vuto lathu, osati gawo lenileni la ma siginecha osankhidwa pamawonekedwe amoto.Pantchito yamtsogolo, zidzakhala zofunikira kudziwa ngati mbiri yophunzirira ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakuzindikira kuti ndi ziti za MT zomwe zimalemedwa mwapadera komanso mosinthika kuti apange zigamulo za magawo.
Stoner ndi anzake14,23 anali oyamba kunena kuti kusintha kowala kwa zigawo za gridi zomwe zikudutsana zinakhudza kugwirizana ndi kuwonekera kwa malipoti a anthu komanso kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka macaque MT neurons.Olembawo adapeza kuti kuwala kwa zigawo zomwe zikudutsana zikufanana ndi kuwonekera, owonera adanenanso momveka bwino, pomwe ma MT neurons adawonetsa kusuntha kwa zigawo za raster.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene kuwala kokulirapo ndi kuphatikizika kowonekera sikumagwirizana, wowonera amawona kusuntha kogwirizana, ndipo MT neurons imasonyeza kayendetsedwe ka dziko lonse lapansi.Chifukwa chake, maphunzirowa akuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa thupi pazowoneka bwino zomwe zimakhudza malipoti agawidwe kumapangitsanso kusintha kosayembekezereka pakudzutsidwa kwa MT.Ntchito yaposachedwa m'derali yafufuza zomwe zizindikiro za MT zimatsata maonekedwe a zovuta zolimbikitsa18,24,64.Mwachitsanzo, kagawo kakang'ono ka ma MT neurons awonetsedwa kuti akuwonetsa ma bimodal tuning ku mapu osasintha (RDK) okhala ndi mayendedwe awiri omwe sagwirizana kwambiri ndi RDK ya unidirectional.Bandwidt of the cell ichung 19, 25 .Owonerera nthawi zonse amawona chitsanzo choyamba ngati kayendetsedwe kowonekera, ngakhale kuti ma neuroni ambiri a MT amawonetsa kusintha kosasinthika poyankha zolimbikitsa izi, ndipo pafupifupi pafupifupi maselo onse a MT amapereka kuyankha kwa anthu osagwirizana.Chifukwa chake, kagawo kakang'ono ka maselo owonetsa kusinthika kwa bimodal kumatha kupanga gawo la neural la lingaliro ili.Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, m'ma marmosets, anthuwa adafanana ndi ma cell a PDS atayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito gridi wamba komanso zolimbikitsa za grid.
Zotsatira zathu zimapita patsogolo kuposa zomwe zili pamwambazi, zomwe ziri zofunika kwambiri kuti tikhazikitse udindo wa MT pamagulu amalingaliro.M'malo mwake, segmentation ndi chinthu chokhazikika.Mawonekedwe ambiri a polystable akuwonetsa kuthekera kwa mawonekedwe okonzekera ndikutanthauzira zolimbikitsira zopitilira munjira imodzi.Panthawi imodzimodziyo kusonkhanitsa mayankho a neural ndi malipoti ozindikira mu phunziro lathu kunatilola kufufuza covariance pakati pa mlingo wa kuwombera kwa MT ndi kutanthauzira kwamaganizo kwa kukondoweza kosalekeza.Titawonetsa ubalewu, timavomereza kuti chitsogozo cha causality sichinakhazikitsidwe, ndiko kuti, kuyesa kwina kumafunika kuti tiwone ngati chizindikiro cha magawo amalingaliro omwe timawona ndife, monga ena amatsutsa [65, 66, 67], basi.Njirayi imayimiranso zizindikiro zotsika zomwe zimabwerera ku cortex yomveka kuchokera kumadera apamwamba 68, 69, 70 (mkuyu 8).Malipoti a gawo lalikulu la maselo osankhidwa ndi chitsanzo mu MSTd71, imodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu za cortical MT, akusonyeza kuti kukulitsa zoyeserazi kuti zikhale zojambulidwa nthawi imodzi za MT ndi MSTd zingakhale sitepe yoyamba yabwino kuti mumvetse bwino njira za ubongo za kuzindikira.magawo.
Chitsanzo cha magawo awiri a chigawo ndi njira yosankha kusankha ndi zotsatira zomwe zingatheke za ndemanga zopita pansi pazochitika zokhudzana ndi kusankha mu kumasulira kwa makina.Apa, njira yosankha njira (PDS - "P") mu sitepe ya MT imapangidwa ndi (i) chitsanzo chachikulu cha deta yosankha njira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi maulendo enaake, ndi (ii) kuponderezedwa kwamphamvu.Chigawo chosankha molunjika (CDS) cha MT (“C”) siteji chili ndi sampuli yopapatiza panjira yolowera ndipo sichikhala ndi kuponderezedwa kochulukira.Kuletsa kosasinthika kumapereka mphamvu pa anthu onse awiri.Mivi yachikuda imasonyeza dera lomwe mukufuna.Kuti zimveke bwino, kagawo kakang'ono kokha ka malumikizidwe a V1-MT ndi gawo limodzi lachigawo ndi bokosi losankhira zomwe zikuwonetsedwa.Pakutanthauzira zotsatira zathu za feed-forward (FF), kuyika kowonjezera komanso kuletsa kolimba (komwe kumawonekera mofiyira) m'maselo a PDS kunapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu muzochita potengera njira zingapo zoyenda.Pavuto lathu la magawo, gulu ili limayendetsa zisankho ndikusokoneza malingaliro.Mosiyana ndi izi, pankhani ya mayankho (FB), zisankho zamaganizidwe zimapangidwa m'mabwalo akumtunda ndi chidziwitso chazidziwitso ndi malingaliro amalingaliro, ndipo zotsatira zazikulu za FB pansi pa ma cell a PDS (mizere yokhuthala) imapanga zizindikiro zosankhidwa.b Kuyimira kwadongosolo kwa mitundu ina ya zida za CDS ndi PDS.Apa zizindikiro za PDS mu MT zimapangidwa osati ndi kulowetsa mwachindunji kwa V1, komanso ndi njira yosadziwika ya V1-V2-MT.Njira zosalunjika zachitsanzo zimasinthidwa kuti zitheke kusankha malire amtundu (malo ophatikizika a gridi).Module ya MT layer CDS imapanga zolemetsa zolowera mwachindunji ndi zosalunjika ndikutumiza zotuluka ku gawo la PDS.PDS imayendetsedwa ndi kuletsa mpikisano.Apanso, maulumikizidwe okhawo omwe akuwonetsedwa kuti ndi ofunikira kujambula zomangamanga zachitsanzo.Apa, kachitidwe kosiyana ka FF kuposa komwe kafotokozedwera katha kubweretsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu pamayankhidwe amtundu wa ma cell ku PDS, ndikupangitsanso kukondera pamasankho.Kapenanso, CP yayikulu m'maselo a PDS ingakhalebe chifukwa cha kukondera mu mphamvu kapena mphamvu ya FB yolumikizira ma cell a PDS.Umboni umathandizira mitundu iwiri ndi itatu ya MT PDS ndi matanthauzidwe a CP FF ndi FB.
Macaque awiri akuluakulu (macaca mulatta), wamwamuna ndi wamkazi mmodzi (zaka 7 ndi 5 motsatana), zolemera kuchokera ku 4.5 mpaka 9.0 kg, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zophunzirira.Asanayesere kuchita maopaleshoni osabala, nyama zidayikidwa ndi chipinda chojambulira chopangidwa ndi makonda cha maelekitirodi oyimirira omwe amayandikira dera la MT, choyimira chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (Crist Instruments, Hagerstown, MD), komanso malo amaso okhala ndi koyilo yofufuzira yoyezera.(Cooner Wire, San Diego, California).Ndondomeko zonse zimagwirizana ndi malamulo a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ndi Malangizo a National Institutes of Health (NIH) a Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals ndipo avomerezedwa ndi University of Chicago Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IAUKC).
Zolimbikitsa zonse zowoneka zidawonetsedwa pobowola mozungulira motsutsana ndi maziko akuda kapena imvi.Panthawi yojambulira, malo ndi mainchesi a dzenjelo adasinthidwa motsatira gawo lakale lolandirira ma neuroni pansonga ya electrode.Tinagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yotakata ya zokopa zowoneka: zolimbikitsa za psychometric ndi zolimbikitsa zowongolera.
The psychometric stimulus ndi grating chitsanzo (20 cd / m2, 50% Mosiyana, 50% ntchito mkombero, 5 madigiri / mphindi) analengedwa ndi superimposing awiri amakona anayi gratings kutengeka kulowera njira perpendicular malangizo awo (mkuyu. 1b).Zasonyezedwa kale kuti owonera anthu amawona ma gridi awa ngati zolimbikitsa za bistable, nthawi zina ngati njira imodzi yosunthira mbali imodzi (kuyenda kogwirizana) ndipo nthawi zina ngati malo awiri osiyana akuyenda mosiyanasiyana (kuyenda mowonekera).zigawo za lattice chitsanzo, oriented symmetrically - ngodya pakati pa lattices ndi kuchokera 95 ° mpaka 130 ° (kuchokera ku seti: 95 °, 100 °, 105 °, 115 °, 120 °, 125 °, 130 ° °, mu gawo Kupatula11 - 5 ° sungani ma neuroni apa) ° kapena 270 ° (chitsanzo).Mu gawo lirilonse, ngodya imodzi yokha ya interlattice lattice inagwiritsidwa ntchito;pa gawo lililonse, kuyang'ana kwa chitsanzo cha mayesero aliwonse amasankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera kuzinthu ziwiri.
Kuti tithe kusokoneza malingaliro a gululi ndikupereka maziko amphamvu a mphotho yochitirapo kanthu, timayambitsa mawonekedwe osasinthika mugawo la 72 la gawo lililonse la gridi.Izi zimatheka poonjezera kapena kuchepetsa (ndi chiwerengero chokhazikika) kuwala kwa kagawo kakang'ono kosankhidwa mwachisawawa (mkuyu 1c).Kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka kapangidwe kamene kamapereka chizindikiro champhamvu chomwe chimasintha malingaliro a wowonera ku kayendetsedwe kogwirizana kapena kowonekera (mkuyu 1c).Pansi pamikhalidwe yogwirizana, mawonekedwe onse, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi gawo liti la chivundikiro cha latisi, amamasuliridwa motsatira chitsanzo (mkuyu 1c, wogwirizana).Mu boma mandala, kapangidwe amasuntha perpendicular kwa malangizo a kabati chimakwirira (mkuyu. 1c, mandala) (Supplementary Movie 1).Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta za ntchitoyi, m'magawo ambiri kusiyana kwa Michelson (Lmax-Lmin/Lmax+Lmin) kwa chizindikiro ichi kumasiyana ndi (-80, -40, -20, -10, -5, 0, 5)., 10, 20, 40, 80).Kusiyanitsa kumatanthauzidwa ngati kuwala kofananira kwa raster (kotero mtengo wosiyana wa 80% ungapangitse mawonekedwe a 36 kapena 6 cd/m2).Pamagawo 6 mu nyani N ndi magawo 5 mu nyani S, tidagwiritsa ntchito milingo yocheperako yosiyana (-30, -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30), pomwe mawonekedwe a psychophysical amatsata njira yofananira ndi kusiyanitsa kwathunthu, koma popanda machulukitsidwe.
Zosonkhezera zowongolera ndi ma gridi a sinusoidal (kusiyanitsa 50%, 1 kuzungulira/digiri, 5 madigiri/sekondi) kusuntha mu umodzi mwa 16 mayendedwe ofanana mipata, kapena magidi sinusoidal kusuntha mbali izi (wopangidwa ndi awiri osiyana 135 ° ngodya superimposed sinusoidal gratings pamwamba pa mzake).m'njira yomweyo ya chitsanzo.