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TiO2 ndi zida za semiconductor zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza ma photoelectric.Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo kuwala, faifi tambala ndi siliva sulfide nanoparticles anali apanga padziko TiO2 nanowires ndi losavuta kuviika ndi photoreduction njira.Maphunziro angapo a cathodic protective action of Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zachitika, ndipo mawonekedwe, kapangidwe, ndi kuyamwa kopepuka kwazinthu zawonjezeredwa.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites okonzeka angapereke chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha cathodic kwa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pamene chiwerengero cha nickel sulfide impregnation-precipitation cycles ndi 6 ndi siliva nitrate photoreduction concentration ndi 0.1M.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma semiconductors amtundu wa n poteteza ma photocathode pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa kwakhala nkhani yotentha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa.Mukasangalala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, ma elekitironi ochokera ku gulu la valence (VB) la semiconductor amasangalala mu bandi yoyendetsa (CB) kuti apange ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi.Ngati ma conduction bandi kuthekera kwa semiconductor kapena nanocomposite ndi zoipa kwambiri kuposa kudzikonda etching angathe wa womangidwa zitsulo, ma elekitironi photogenerated awa kusamutsa pamwamba pa zitsulo womangidwa.Kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi kudzatsogolera ku cathodic polarization yazitsulo ndikupereka chitetezo cha cathodic cha metal1,2,3,4,5,6,7.The semiconductor zakuthupi ndi theoretically ankaona sanali nsembe photoanode, popeza anodic anachita si kunyozetsa zakuthupi semiconductor palokha, koma makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa madzi kudzera m'mabowo photogenerated kapena adsorbed zoipitsa organic, kapena kukhalapo kwa osonkhanitsa msampha maenje photogenerated.Chofunika kwambiri, zida za semiconductor ziyenera kukhala ndi kuthekera kwa CB komwe kuli koyipa kwambiri kuposa kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kwa chitsulo chotetezedwa.Pokhapokha ma electron opangidwa ndi zithunzi amatha kuchoka ku gulu la conduction la semiconductor kupita kuzitsulo zotetezedwa. Maphunziro a photochemical corrosion resistance amayang'ana kwambiri pa inorganic n-type semiconductor zipangizo zokhala ndi mipata yochuluka (3.0-3.2EV) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, yomwe imangomvera kuwala kwa ultraviolet (<400 nm), kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa kuwala. Maphunziro a photochemical corrosion resistance amayang'ana kwambiri pa inorganic n-type semiconductor zipangizo zokhala ndi mipata yochuluka (3.0-3.2EV) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, yomwe imangomvera kuwala kwa ultraviolet (<400 nm), kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa kuwala. Исследования стойкости к фотохимической коррозии были сосредоточены на неорганических полупроводниковых материалах n-типа с широзеной, 3, 3, 3 ,3,4,5,6,7, которые реагируют только на ультрафиолетовое излучение (< 400 нм), уменьшение доступности света. Kafukufuku wa photochemical corrosion resistance amayang'ana pa n-type inorganic semiconductor materials with wide bandgap (3.0-3.2 EV)1,2,3,4,5,6,7 yomwe imangoyankha ku radiation ya ultraviolet (<400 nm), kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa kuwala.光化学耐腐蚀性研究主要集中在具有宽带隙(3.0–3.2EV)1,2,3,4,5,6,7 的无机n 型半宽带隙紫外光 (< 400 nm）有响应，减少光的可用性.光 化学 耐腐 蚀性 研究 主要 在 具有 宽带隙 宽带隙 宽带隙 (3.0–3.2ev) 1.2,3,4,7,6, 1.2,3,4,7,6, 16 17 7 7 這些 材料 仅对 (<400 nm） 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有响应，减少光的可性。 Исследования стойкости к фотохимической коррозии в основном были сосредоточены на неорганических полупроводниковых материалах n-тизешен 3,2EV)1,2,3,4,5,6,7, которые чувствительны только к УФ-излучению (<400 нм). Kafukufuku pa photochemical dzimbiri kukana wakhala makamaka lolunjika pa wide bandgap (3.0-3.2EV) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 n-mtundu zipangizo semiconductor semiconductor kuti tcheru kokha ndi cheza UV.(<400nm).Poyankha, kupezeka kwa kuwala kumachepa.
Pachitetezo cha dzimbiri m'madzi, ukadaulo wa chitetezo cha photoelectrochemical cathodic umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.TiO2 ndi zida za semiconductor zokhala ndi mayamwidwe abwino kwambiri a UV komanso ma photocatalytic.Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kugwiritsira ntchito kuwala, mabowo a ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi amalumikizananso mosavuta ndipo sangathe kutetezedwa mumdima.Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti apeze yankho loyenera komanso lotheka.Zanenedwa kuti njira zambiri zosinthira pamwamba zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo photosensitivity ya TiO2, monga doping ndi Fe, N, ndi kusakaniza ndi Ni3S2, Bi2Se3, CdTe, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, TiO2 yopangidwa ndi zipangizo zomwe zimakhala ndi kutembenuka kwapamwamba kwa photoelectric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'munda wa chitetezo cha cathodic cha photogenerated..
Nickel sulfide ndi zinthu za semiconductor zomwe zimakhala ndi kusiyana kocheperako kwa 1.24 eV8.9 yokha.Kuchepa kwa kusiyana kwa bandi, ndiko mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito kuwala.Nickel sulfide ikasakanizidwa ndi titaniyamu woipa wakuda, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kumatha kuwonjezeka.Kuphatikizidwa ndi titaniyamu woipa, kumatha kusintha bwino kulekana kwa ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi ndi mabowo.Nickel sulfide amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu electrocatalytic hydrogen kupanga, mabatire ndi kuwonongeka koyipa8,9,10.Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake muchitetezo cha photocathode sikunafotokozedwebe.Mu phunziro ili, chopapatiza cha bandgap semiconductor chidasankhidwa kuti athetse vuto la kutsika kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa TiO2.Nickel ndi siliva sulfide nanoparticles anamangidwa pamwamba pa TiO2 nanowires ndi kumiza ndi photoreduction njira, motero.Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite imapangitsa kuti kuwala kukhale bwino komanso kumawonjezera kuyamwa kwa kuwala kuchokera kudera la ultraviolet kupita kudera lowoneka.Nthawiyi, ndi mafunsidwe a nanoparticles siliva amapereka Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite kwambiri kuwala bata ndi khola cathodic chitetezo.
Choyamba, titaniyamu zojambulazo 0.1 mm wandiweyani ndi chiyero cha 99.9% anadulidwa kuti kukula kwa 30 mm × 10 mm kwa zoyesera.Kenako, pamwamba lililonse la zojambulazo titaniyamu opukutidwa ka 100 ndi 2500 grit sandpaper, ndiyeno kutsukidwa motsatizana ndi acetone, mtheradi Mowa, ndi madzi osungunuka.Ikani mbale ya titaniyamu mu chisakanizo cha 85 ° C (sodium hydroxide: sodium carbonate: madzi = 5:2:100) kwa mphindi 90, chotsani ndi kutsuka ndi madzi osungunuka.Pamwamba pake adakhazikika ndi yankho la HF (HF: H2O = 1: 5) kwa mphindi imodzi, kenako amatsukidwa mosinthana ndi acetone, ethanol, ndi madzi osungunuka, ndipo pamapeto pake amawumitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito.Titanium dioxide nanowires anapangidwa mofulumira pamwamba pa titaniyamu zojambulazo ndi sitepe imodzi anodizing ndondomeko.Pa anodizing, njira yachikhalidwe ya electrode iwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito, electrode yogwira ntchito ndi pepala la titaniyamu, ndipo electrode ya counter ndi electrode ya platinamu.Ikani mbale ya titaniyamu mu 400 ml ya njira ya 2 M NaOH yokhala ndi ma elekitirodi.Mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC imakhala yokhazikika pafupifupi 1.3 A. Kutentha kwa yankho kunasungidwa pa 80 ° C kwa mphindi 180 panthawi ya machitidwe.Tsamba la titaniyamu linatulutsidwa, kutsukidwa ndi acetone ndi ethanol, kutsukidwa ndi madzi osungunuka, ndikuwumitsa mwachibadwa.Kenaka zitsanzozo zinayikidwa mu ng'anjo yamoto pa 450 ° C (kutentha kwa 5 ° C / min), kusungidwa kutentha kosalekeza kwa mphindi 120, ndikuyika mu tray yowumitsa.
Nickel sulfide-titanium dioxide composite idapezedwa ndi njira yosavuta komanso yosavuta yoyika.Choyamba, faifi tambala nitrate (0.03 M) anali kusungunuka Mowa ndi kusungidwa pansi maginito yogwira mtima kwa mphindi 20 kupeza Mowa njira ya nickel nitrate.Kenako konzani sodium sulfide (0.03 M) ndi njira yosakanikirana ya methanol (methanol: madzi = 1: 1).Kenako, mapiritsi a titaniyamu woipa adayikidwa mu yankho lomwe lakonzedwa pamwambapa, lotengedwa pambuyo pa mphindi 4, ndikutsuka mwachangu ndi njira yosakanikirana ya methanol ndi madzi (methanol: madzi = 1: 1) kwa mphindi imodzi.Pambuyo pouma pamwamba, mapiritsiwo anayikidwa mu ng'anjo yamoto, amatenthedwa mu vacuum pa 380 ° C kwa mphindi 20, atakhazikika kutentha, ndi zouma.Chiwerengero cha mizungu 2, 4, 6 ndi 8.
Ag nanoparticles kusinthidwa Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites ndi photoreduction12,13.Zotsatira zake za Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite zidayikidwa mu njira ya silver nitrate yofunikira pakuyesa.Kenaka zitsanzozo zinayatsidwa ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet kwa mphindi 30, malo awo amatsukidwa ndi madzi osungunuka, ndipo Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites anapezedwa mwa kuyanika kwachilengedwe.Njira yoyesera yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.
Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites akhala akudziwika kwambiri ndi ma electron microscopy (FESEM), mphamvu dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ndi kufalikira kwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi maonekedwe (UV-Vis).FESEM idachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ya Nova NanoSEM 450 (FEI Corporation, USA).Kuthamanga voteji 1 kV, malo kukula 2.0.Chipangizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa CBS kuti alandire ma elekitironi achiwiri ndi ammbuyo kuti afufuze za topography.EMF inkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito Oxford X-Max N50 EMF system (Oxford Instruments Technology Co., Ltd.) yokhala ndi mphamvu yothamanga ya 15 kV ndi kukula kwake kwa 3.0.Kusanthula koyenera komanso kachulukidwe pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a X-ray.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy inachitidwa pa spectrometer ya Escalab 250Xi (Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, USA) yomwe ikugwira ntchito mu mphamvu yokhazikika yokhala ndi mphamvu yosangalatsa ya 150 W ndi ma radiation a Al Kaa monochromatic (1486.6 eV) monga gwero losangalatsa.Kujambula kwathunthu 0-1600 eV, mphamvu yonse 50 eV, sitepe m'lifupi 1.0 eV, ndi mpweya wodetsedwa (~ 284.8 eV) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangira zowongolera mphamvu zamagetsi.Mphamvu yodutsa yowunikira yopapatiza inali 20 eV ndi sitepe ya 0.05 eV.Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy m'dera lowoneka ndi UV anachitidwa pa spectrometer ya Cary 5000 (Varian, USA) yokhala ndi mbale yodziwika bwino ya barium sulfate pamtundu wa 10-80 °.
Mu ntchitoyi, mapangidwe (kulemera peresenti) a 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi 0.08 C, 1.86 Mn, 0.72 Si, 0.035 P, 0.029 s, 18.25 Cr, 8.5 Ni, ndipo ena onse ndi Fe.10mm x 10mm x 10mm 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, epoxy mphika wokhala ndi 1 cm2 wowonekera pamwamba.Pamwamba pake panali mchenga ndi sandpaper ya 2400 grit silicon carbide ndikutsukidwa ndi ethanol.The zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo ndiye sonicated mu deionized madzi kwa mphindi 5 ndiyeno kusungidwa mu uvuni.
Mu kuyesa kwa OCP, 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi photoanode ya Ag / NiS / TiO2 inayikidwa mu selo ya corrosion ndi photoanode cell, motero (mkuyu 2).Selo la corrosion linadzazidwa ndi yankho la 3.5% la NaCl, ndipo 0.25 M Na2SO3 inatsanuliridwa mu cell photoanode ngati msampha wa dzenje.Ma electrolyte awiriwa adasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakaniza pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba ya naphthol.OCP idayezedwa pa malo ogwirira ntchito a electrochemical (P4000+, USA).Electrode yofotokozera inali yodzaza calomel electrode (SCE).Gwero lowala (nyali ya xenon, PLS-SXE300C, Poisson Technologies Co., Ltd.) ndi mbale yodulira 420 inayikidwa potulukira gwero la kuwala, kulola kuwala kowoneka kudutsa mu galasi la quartz kupita ku photoanode.Electrode ya 304 yosapanga dzimbiri imalumikizidwa ndi photoanode ndi waya wamkuwa.Kuyesera kusanachitike, electrode ya 304 yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri idaviikidwa mu 3.5% NaCl yankho kwa 2 h kuti zitsimikizike kuti zakhazikika.Kumayambiriro kwa kuyesera, pamene kuwala kumayatsidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa, ma electron okondwa a photoanode amafika pamwamba pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kupyolera mu waya.
Poyesera pazithunzithunzi za photocurrent, 304SS ndi Ag / NiS / TiO2 photoanodes anayikidwa m'maselo owononga ndi maselo a photoanode, motero (mkuyu 3).Kachulukidwe ka photocurrent adayezedwa pakukhazikitsa komweko monga OCP.Kuti mupeze kachulukidwe weniweni wa photocurrent pakati pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi photoanode, potentiostat idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zero kukana ammeter kulumikiza 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi photoanode pansi pa zinthu zopanda polarized.Kuti tichite izi, maelekitirodi owerengera ndi owerengera poyeserera anali ofupikitsidwa, kotero kuti malo ogwirira ntchito a electrochemical adagwira ntchito ngati zero-resistance ammeter yomwe imatha kuyeza kuchuluka kwapakali pano.Elekitirodi ya 304 yosapanga dzimbiri imalumikizidwa pansi pa malo ogwirira ntchito a electrochemical, ndipo photoanode imalumikizidwa ndi clamp yogwira ntchito.Kumayambiriro kwa kuyesera, pamene kuwala kumayatsidwa ndi kuzimitsidwa, ma electron okondwa a photoanode kupyolera mu waya amafika pamwamba pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Panthawiyi, kusintha kwa kachulukidwe ka photocurrent pamwamba pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kungawonedwe.
Kuphunzira chitetezo cha cathodic ntchito ya nanocomposites pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, kusintha kwa photoionization kuthekera kwa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi nanocomposites, komanso kusintha kwa photoionization panopa kachulukidwe pakati nanocomposites ndi 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, anayesedwa.
Pa mkuyu.4 ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa mphamvu yotseguka ya 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi nanocomposites pansi pa kuwala kowoneka bwino komanso pansi pamdima.Pa mkuyu.4a ikuwonetsa chikoka cha nthawi yoyika ya NiS mwa kumizidwa pamayendedwe otseguka, ndi mkuyu.4b ikuwonetsa zotsatira za ndende ya silver nitrate pa kuthekera kotseguka kozungulira panthawi yojambula.Pa mkuyu.4a ikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu yotseguka yozungulira ya NiS / TiO2 nanocomposite yolumikizidwa ku zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 imachepetsedwa kwambiri panthawi yomwe nyali imayatsidwa poyerekeza ndi gulu la nickel sulfide.Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kozungulira kotseguka kumakhala koyipa kwambiri kuposa kwa TiO2 nanowires koyera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti gulu la nickel sulfide limapanga ma elekitironi ambiri ndikuwongolera chitetezo cha photocathode kuchokera ku TiO2.Komabe, kumapeto kwa kuwonekera, mphamvu zopanda katundu zimakwera mofulumira ku mphamvu zopanda katundu wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti nickel sulfide ilibe mphamvu yosungirako mphamvu.Zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa mizere yomizidwa pamayendedwe otseguka amatha kuwonedwa mkuyu. 4a.Pa nthawi yowonongeka ya 6, mphamvu yowonjezereka ya nanocomposite imafika -550 mV yokhudzana ndi electrode yodzaza calomel, ndipo mphamvu ya nanocomposite yomwe imayikidwa ndi chinthu cha 6 ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa ya nanocomposite pansi pazifukwa zina.Chifukwa chake, ma nanocomposites a NiS / TiO2 omwe adapezedwa pambuyo pa 6 deposition cycle adapereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha cathodic kwa 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Kusintha kwa OCP ya 304 maelekitirodi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites (a) ndi Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites (b) zokhala ndi zowunikira komanso zopanda zowunikira (λ> 400 nm).
Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.4b, mphamvu yamagetsi yotseguka ya 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites idachepetsedwa kwambiri ikawonekera.Pambuyo mafunsidwe pamwamba siliva nanoparticles, lotseguka dera kuthekera anali kwambiri yafupika poyerekeza koyera TiO2 nanowires.The kuthekera kwa NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite ndi zoipa kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti cathodic zoteteza zotsatira za TiO2 bwino kwambiri pambuyo Ag nanoparticles waikamo.Kuthekera kwa dera lotseguka kunakula mofulumira kumapeto kwa kuwonekera, ndipo poyerekeza ndi electrode yodzaza calomel, mphamvu yotseguka yozungulira imatha kufika -580 mV, yomwe inali yochepa kuposa ya 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri (-180 mV).Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti nanocomposite imakhala ndi mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu pambuyo poti tinthu tasiliva tayikidwa pamwamba pake.Pa mkuyu.4b ikuwonetsanso zotsatira za ndende ya silver nitrate pamayendedwe otseguka.Pa siliva nitrate ndende ya 0.1 M, kuchepetsa kuthekera koyerekeza ndi ma electrode saturated calomel electrode kufika -925 mV.Pambuyo pa maulendo a 4, kuthekera kunakhalabe pamtunda pambuyo pa ntchito yoyamba, yomwe imasonyeza kukhazikika kwabwino kwa nanocomposite.Choncho, pamtundu wa siliva wa nitrate wa 0.1 M, zotsatira za Ag / NiS / TiO2 nanocomposite zimakhala ndi chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha cathodic pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304.
Kuyika kwa NiS pamwamba pa TiO2 nanowires pang'onopang'ono kumayenda bwino ndikuwonjezeka kwa nthawi ya NiS.Kuwala kowoneka kukagunda pamwamba pa nanowire, malo ochulukirapo a nickel sulfide amakhala okondwa kupanga ma elekitironi, ndipo kuthekera kwa Photoionization kumachepa kwambiri.Komabe, nickel sulfide nanoparticles ikayikidwa pamwamba, nickel sulfide yokondwa imachepetsedwa m'malo mwake, zomwe sizimathandizira kuyamwa kwa kuwala.Pambuyo particles siliva waikamo pamwamba, chifukwa cha pamwamba plasmon resonance zotsatira za particles siliva, ma elekitironi kwaiye adzakhala mwamsanga anasamutsa pamwamba pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, chifukwa kwambiri cathodic chitetezo kwenikweni.Pamene tinthu tambiri ta siliva tayikidwa pamwamba, tinthu tasiliva timakhala malo ophatikizanso ma photoelectrons ndi mabowo, zomwe sizimathandizira kupanga ma photoelectrons.Pomaliza, Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites angapereke chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha cathodic kwa 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pambuyo pa 6-fold nickel sulfide deposition pansi pa 0.1 M silver nitrate.
Mtengo wa photocurrent kachulukidwe umayimira mphamvu yolekanitsa ya ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi ndi mabowo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe ka photocurrent kumapangitsanso mphamvu yolekanitsa ya ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi ndi mabowo.Pali maphunziro ambiri omwe akuwonetsa kuti NiS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida za photocatalytic kuti apititse patsogolo mawonekedwe amagetsi azinthu ndikulekanitsa mabowo15,16,17,18,19,20.Chen et al.adaphunzira ma graphene opanda zitsulo ndi g-C3N4 omwe adasinthidwa ndi NiS15.Kukula kwakukulu kwa photocurrent yosinthidwa g-C3N4 / 0.25%RGO/3%NiS ndi 0.018 μA/cm2.Chen et al.adaphunzira CdSe-NiS yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kazithunzi pafupifupi 10 µA/cm2.16.Liu et al.adapanga gulu la CdS@NiS lokhala ndi kachulukidwe kazithunzi za 15 µA/cm218.Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito NiS kwa chitetezo cha photocathode sikunanenedwebe.Mu phunziro lathu, kachulukidwe wazithunzi wa TiO2 adawonjezeka kwambiri ndi kusinthidwa kwa NiS.Pa mkuyu.5 ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa kachulukidwe kazithunzi za 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi nanocomposites pansi pamikhalidwe yowoneka bwino komanso popanda kuwunikira.Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.5a, kachulukidwe kazithunzi ka NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite amakula mwachangu panthawi yomwe kuwala kumayatsidwa, ndipo kachulukidwe kazithunzi ndi zabwino, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutuluka kwa ma electron kuchokera ku nanocomposite kupita kumtunda kudzera mu malo ogwirira ntchito a electrochemical.304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Pambuyo pokonza nickel sulfide composites, kachulukidwe ka photocurrent ndi wamkulu kuposa wa TiO2 nanowires koyera.Kuchuluka kwa chithunzi cha NiS kumafika 220 μA/cm2, yomwe ndi nthawi 6.8 kuposa ya TiO2 nanowires (32 μA/cm2), pamene NiS imamizidwa ndikuyikidwa nthawi 6.Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.5b, kachulukidwe kazithunzi pakati pa Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite ndi 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa pakati pa TiO2 yoyera ndi NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite ikayatsidwa pansi pa nyali ya xenon.Pa mkuyu.Chithunzi 5b chikuwonetsanso zotsatira za ndende ya AgNO pa kachulukidwe kazithunzi panthawi yojambula.Pamtundu wa nitrate wa siliva wa 0.1 M, kuchuluka kwake kwa chithunzi kumafika 410 μA/cm2, yomwe ndi nthawi 12.8 kuposa ya TiO2 nanowires (32 μA/cm2) ndi nthawi 1.8 kuposa ya NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites.Malo amagetsi a heterojunction amapangidwa pa mawonekedwe a Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite, omwe amathandizira kulekanitsa ma electron opangidwa ndi zithunzi kuchokera kumabowo.
Kusintha kwa kachulukidwe ka chithunzi cha 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopangidwa ndi (a) NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite ndi (b) Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite chokhala ndi komanso popanda kuwala (λ> 400 nm).
Choncho, pambuyo pa 6 mikombero ya nickel sulfide kumizidwa-kuyika mu 0.1 M yokhazikika siliva nitrate, photocurrent kachulukidwe pakati Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites ndi 304 zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo kufika 410 μA/cm2, amene ali apamwamba kuposa a saturated calomel.ma elekitirodi kufika -925 mV.Pansi pazimenezi, 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pamodzi ndi Ag / NiS / TiO2 zingapereke chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha cathodic.
Pa mkuyu.6 ikuwonetsa zithunzi za ma electron microscope za titanium dioxide wangwiro nanowires, composite nickel sulfide nanoparticles, ndi nanoparticles zasiliva pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino.Pa mkuyu.6a, d kuwonetsa ma nanowires oyera a TiO2 omwe amapezedwa ndi anodization yagawo limodzi.Kugawidwa kwapamtunda kwa titanium dioxide nanowires ndi yunifolomu, mapangidwe a nanowires ali pafupi wina ndi mzake, ndipo kukula kwa pore kugawa ndi yunifolomu.Zithunzi 6b ndi e ndi ma electron micrographs a titaniyamu woipa pambuyo pa 6-fold impregnation ndi kuyika kwa nickel sulfide composite.Kuchokera pa chithunzi cha electron microscopic chokulitsidwa nthawi 200,000 mu Mkuyu 6e, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti nickel sulfide composite nanoparticles ndizofanana ndipo zimakhala ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa tinthu pafupifupi 100-120 nm m'mimba mwake.Ma nanoparticles ena amatha kuwonedwa pamalo apakati a nanowires, ndipo titanium dioxide nanowires imawoneka bwino.Pa mkuyu.6c,f imasonyeza zithunzi za electron microscopic za NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites pa AgNO ndende ya 0.1 M. Poyerekeza ndi Nkhuyu.6b ndi mz.6e, mzu.6c ndi mz.6f kusonyeza kuti Ag nanoparticles waikamo pamwamba pa gulu zakuthupi, ndi Ag nanoparticles uniformly anagawira ndi awiri a 10 nm.Pa mkuyu.7 ikuwonetsa gawo lalikulu la ma nanofilms a Ag/NiS/TiO2 omwe amatsatiridwa ndi ma 6 a NiS dip deposition pa AgNO3 concentration ya 0.1 M.Choncho, faifi tambala ndi siliva sulfide nanoparticles anasonkhana padziko TiO2 nanowires.
Pure TiO2 (a, d), NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites yokhala ndi 6 cycles of NiS dip deposition (b, e) and Ag/NiS/NiS with 6 cycles of NiS dip deposition pa 0.1 M AgNO3 SEM zithunzi za TiO2 nanocomposites (c, e).
Gawo lodutsa la Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanofilms lokhala ndi mikombero 6 ya NiS dip deposition pamlingo wa AgNO3 wa 0.1 M.
Pa mkuyu.8 ikuwonetsa kugawa kwazinthu pamtunda wa Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites zopezedwa kuchokera ku 6 kuzungulira kwa nickel sulfide dip deposition pa silver nitrate ndende ya 0.1 M.pogwiritsa ntchito spectroscopy mphamvu.Pankhani ya zomwe zili, Ti ndi O ndizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa, pamene Ni ndi S ndizofanana, koma zomwe zili ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa Ag.Zitha kutsimikiziranso kuti kuchuluka kwa ma nanoparticles a siliva opangidwa pamwamba ndi kwakukulu kuposa nickel sulfide.Kugawa yunifolomu kwa zinthu pamtunda kumasonyeza kuti fayilo ndi siliva sulfide zimagwirizanitsidwa mofanana pa TiO2 nanowires.Kusanthula kwa X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic kunachitikanso kuti kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zimakhalira.
Kugawidwa kwa maelementi (Ti, O, Ni, S, ndi Ag) a Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites pa AgNO3 concentration ya 0.1 M kwa 6 cycles of NiS dip deposition.
Pa mkuyu.Chithunzi 9 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a XPS a Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites omwe adapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mikombero ya 6 ya nickel sulfide deposition pomizidwa mu 0.1 M AgNO3, pomwe mkuyu.9a ndiye mawonekedwe athunthu, ndipo mawonekedwe ena onse ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba azinthu.Monga momwe tingawonere mu mawonekedwe athunthu mu mkuyu 9a, nsonga za kuyamwa kwa Ti, O, Ni, S, ndi Ag zinapezeka mu nanocomposite, zomwe zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zinthu zisanuzi.Zotsatira za mayeso zinali zogwirizana ndi EDS.Kuchuluka kwakukulu mu Chithunzi 9a ndi nsonga ya carbon yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza mphamvu yomangirira ya chitsanzo.Pa mkuyu.9b ikuwonetsa chiwonetsero champhamvu champhamvu cha Ti.Mayamwidwe apamwamba a 2p orbitals ali pa 459.32 ndi 465 eV, omwe amafanana ndi mayamwidwe a Ti 2p3 / 2 ndi Ti 2p1 / 2 orbitals.Zisonga ziwiri zoyamwa zimatsimikizira kuti titaniyamu ili ndi Ti4 + valence, yomwe imafanana ndi Ti mu TiO2.
Mawonekedwe a XPS a miyeso ya Ag/NiS/TiO2 (a) ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a XPS a Ti2p(b), O1s(c), Ni2p(d), S2p(e), ndi Ag 3d(f).
Pa mkuyu.9d ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amphamvu a Ni spectrum okhala ndi nsonga zinayi zoyamwa za Ni 2p orbital.Mayamwidwe apamwamba pa 856 ndi 873.5 eV amafanana ndi Ni 2p3/2 ndi Ni 2p1/2 8.10 orbitals, kumene nsonga za mayamwidwe zimakhala za NiS.Kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe pa 881 ndi 863 eV ndi kwa nickel nitrate ndipo kumachitika ndi nickel nitrate reagent pokonzekera zitsanzo.Pa mkuyu.9e ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe apamwamba a S-spectrum.Nsonga za mayamwidwe a S 2p orbitals zili pa 161.5 ndi 168.1 eV, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi S 2p3 / 2 ndi S 2p1 / 2 orbitals 21, 22, 23, 24. Mapiritsi awiriwa ndi a nickel sulfide compounds.Mayamwidwe apamwamba pa 169.2 ndi 163.4 eV ndi a sodium sulfide reagent.Pa mkuyu.9f ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe apamwamba a Ag momwe nsonga za 3d orbital mayamwidwe a siliva zili pa 368.2 ndi 374.5 eV, motsatana, ndipo nsonga ziwiri zoyamwa zimayenderana ndi mayamwidwe a Ag 3d5/2 ndi Ag 2, 3d particles mu 131 nsonga zasiliva. mkhalidwe wa elemental siliva.Choncho, nanocomposites makamaka wopangidwa ndi Ag, NiS ndi TiO2, amene anatsimikiza ndi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, amene anatsimikizira kuti faifi tambala ndi siliva sulfide nanoparticles bwinobwino pamodzi padziko TiO2 nanowires.
Pa mkuyu.10 ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a UV-VIS owoneka bwino a TiO2 nanowires okonzedwa kumene, NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites, ndi Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites.Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti mayamwidwe a TiO2 nanowires ali pafupifupi 390 nm, ndipo kuwala komwe kumakhudzidwa kumakhala makamaka m'dera la ultraviolet.Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku chithunzi kuti pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa nickel ndi silver sulfide nanoparticles pamwamba pa titaniyamu dioxide nanowires 21, 22, kuwala komweko kumafalikira kudera lowala lowoneka.Nthawi yomweyo, nanocomposite yawonjezera kuyamwa kwa UV, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusiyana kwa nickel sulfide.Kuchepa kwa kusiyana kwa bandi, kumachepetsa chotchinga chamagetsi pakusintha kwamagetsi komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala.Pambuyo pophatikiza ndi NiS / TiO2 pamwamba ndi nanoparticles siliva, kuyamwa mwamphamvu ndi kuwala kwakutali sikunawonjezere kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha zotsatira za plasmon resonance pamwamba pa nanoparticles zasiliva.The mayamwidwe wavelength wa TiO2 nanowires si bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi yopapatiza gulu kusiyana gulu NiS nanoparticles.Mwachidule, pambuyo composite faifi tambala sulfide ndi siliva nanoparticles padziko titaniyamu woipa nanowires, kuwala mayamwidwe makhalidwe bwino kwambiri, ndi kuwala mayamwidwe osiyanasiyana anatambasula kuchokera ultraviolet kuti kuwala koonekera, amene bwino ntchito mlingo wa titaniyamu woipa nanowires.kuwala komwe kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zizitha kupanga ma photoelectrons.
UV/Vis amawonetsa mawonekedwe atsopano a TiO2 nanowires, NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites, ndi Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites.
Pa mkuyu.11 ikuwonetsa makina a photochemical corrosion resistance a Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites pansi pa kuwala kowonekera.Kutengera kugawa komwe kungathe kugawika kwa nanoparticles zasiliva, nickel sulfide, ndi gulu la conduction la titaniyamu woipa, mapu otheka a njira yothanirana ndi dzimbiri akufunsidwa.Chifukwa mphamvu ya conduction band ya nanosilver ndi yoipa poyerekeza ndi nickel sulfide, ndipo mphamvu ya conduction ya nickel sulfide ndi yoipa poyerekeza ndi titaniyamu woipa, njira ya electron ikuyenda pafupifupi Ag→NiS→TiO2→304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Kuwala kumawunikiridwa pamwamba pa nanocomposite, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa plasmon resonance ya nanosilver, nanosilver imatha kupanga mabowo opangidwa ndi zithunzi ndi ma elekitironi, ndipo ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi amasuntha mwachangu kuchoka pagulu la valence kupita kugawo la conduction chifukwa cha chisangalalo.Titanium dioxide ndi nickel sulfide.Popeza madutsidwe wa nanoparticles siliva ndi zoipa kwambiri kuposa faifidi sulfide, ma elekitironi mu TS siliva nanoparticles mofulumira n'kukhala TS wa faifi tambala sulfide.The conduction mphamvu ya faifi tambala sulfide ndi zoipa kwambiri kuposa titaniyamu woipa, kotero ma elekitironi faifi tambala sulfide ndi madutsidwe siliva mofulumira kudziunjikira mu CB titaniyamu woipa.Ma elekitironi opangidwa ndi zithunzi amafika pamwamba pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 kudzera mu matrix a titaniyamu, ndipo ma elekitironi olemeretsedwa amatenga nawo gawo pakuchepetsa mpweya wa cathodic wa 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Njirayi imachepetsa kachitidwe ka cathodic ndipo nthawi yomweyo imalepheretsa kusungunuka kwa anodic kwa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, potero kuzindikira chitetezo cha cathodic cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 304. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe a magetsi a heterojunction mu Ag / NiS / TiO2 nanocomposite, conductive ndinocomposite yomwe ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yabwino yopititsira patsogolo. zotsatira za 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Chithunzi chojambula cha photoelectrochemical anti-corrosion process of Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites mu kuwala kowoneka.
Mu ntchito iyi, faifi tambala ndi siliva sulfide nanoparticles anali apanga padziko TiO2 nanowires ndi yosavuta kumizidwa ndi photoreduction njira.Maphunziro angapo okhudza chitetezo cha cathodic cha Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zidachitika.Kutengera mawonekedwe a morphological, kusanthula kwa kapangidwe ndi kusanthula kwa mawonekedwe a kuyamwa kwa kuwala, mfundo zazikuluzikulu zotsatirazi zidapangidwa:
Ndi maulendo angapo a impregnation-deposition ya nickel sulfide ya 6 ndi kuchuluka kwa nitrate ya siliva kwa photoreduction ya 0.1 mol / l, zotsatira za Ag / NiS / TiO2 nanocomposites zinali ndi chitetezo chabwino cha cathodic pa 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Poyerekeza ndi electrode yodzaza ndi calomel, mphamvu yotetezera imafika -925 mV, ndipo chitetezo chamakono chimafika 410 μA / cm2.
Malo amagetsi a heterojunction amapangidwa pa mawonekedwe a Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposite, omwe amawongolera mphamvu yolekanitsa ya ma electron opangidwa ndi zithunzi ndi mabowo.Pa nthawi yomweyi, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito kuwala ikuwonjezeka ndipo kuwala kwa kuwala kumapitirira kuchokera kudera la ultraviolet kupita kudera lowoneka.Nanocomposite idzasungabe chikhalidwe chake choyambirira ndi kukhazikika bwino pambuyo pa 4 kuzungulira.
Ag/NiS/TiO2 nanocomposites okonzedwa moyeserera amakhala ndi yunifolomu komanso yowundana.Nickel sulfide ndi nanoparticles zasiliva zimaphatikizidwa pamwamba pa TiO2 nanowires.Composite cobalt ferrite ndi nanoparticles zasiliva ndizoyera kwambiri.
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