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Ife lipoti umboni wa yogwira seafloor kukweza ndi mpweya mpweya makilomita angapo kumtunda kuchokera ku doko la Naples (Italy).Pockmarks, mounds ndi craters ndi mbali ya seafloor.These formations akuimira nsonga za shallow crustal structures, including pagodas, faults and folds that affect the seafloor and the release of carbon dioxide, helium recorded the seafloor and release of carbon dioxide. Mipweya iyi imakhala yofanana ndi yomwe imadyetsa makina a hydrothermal a Ischia, Campi Flegre ndi Soma-Vesuvius, kutanthauza kuti pamakhala gwero la chovala chosakanikirana ndi madzi amchere pansi pa Gulf of Naples. zolakwika, komanso kutulutsa mpweya ndi ziwonetsero za chipwirikiti chomwe sichinaphulike chomwe chingawonetse kuphulika kwapansi pa nyanja ndi/kapena kuphulika kwa hydrothermal.
Kutuluka kwa hydrothermal (madzi otentha ndi gasi) kumadzi apakati panyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja (kuphatikiza madera ozama a zilumba), pomwe kutulutsa kozizira kwa ma hydrates (chlatrates) nthawi zambiri kumakhala mashelefu aku kontinenti ndi m'mphepete mwapang'onopang'ono1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3. m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatanthauza magwero otentha (magma reservoirs) mkati mwa kutumphuka ndi/kapena mantle.Kutuluka kumeneku kungatsogolere kukwera kwa magma kupyola pamwamba pa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi ndipo kumafika pachimake pa kuphulika ndi kuyika kwa mapiri a volcanic seamounts6.Chifukwa chake, kuzindikirika (kuphatikiza) ma morphologies a nyanja6. mpweya wapafupi ndi madera okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja monga chigawo chamapiri cha Naples ku Italy (~ 1 miliyoni okhala) ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika kuphulika kwa mapiri. Lake 12, pali zolemba zochepa. Pano, tikupereka deta yatsopano ya bathymetric, seismic, madzi, ndi geochemical data ya pansi pa madzi, morphologically ndi structurally complex dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wa mpweya ku Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), pafupifupi 5 km kuchokera ku doko la Naples. Urania.Timafotokozera ndi kumasulira zapansi pa nyanja ndi pansi pa nthaka kumene mpweya umatulutsa, timafufuza komwe kumachokera madzi olowera, kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira njira zomwe zimayendera kukwera kwa gasi ndi kusintha komwe kumayenderana, ndikukambirana za kuphulika kwa mapiri.
Gulf of Naples imapanga malire a kumadzulo kwa Plio-Quaternary, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW ya Ischia (c. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) ndi Soma-Vesuvius (kuchokera ku 1934 mpaka 1934 makonzedwe a kumpoto) AD) 15, pamene kum'mwera kumadutsa Peninsula ya Sorrento (mku. 1a) .Gulf of Naples imakhudzidwa ndi NE-SW yomwe ilipo komanso yachiwiri ya NW-SE zolakwika zazikulu (mkuyu 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius amadziwika ndi mawonetseredwe a hydrothermal, shallow6, seismig,18, kutsika kwa nthaka, 18, kutsika kwa nthaka,18, ndi kuwonongeka kwa nthaka. chochitika chipwirikiti ku Campi Flegrei mu 1982-1984, ndi kukwera kwa 1.8 m ndi zikwi za zivomezi) . Kafukufuku waposachedwapa19,20 akusonyeza kuti pangakhale kugwirizana pakati pa mphamvu za Soma-Vesuvius ndi za Campi Flegre, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi 'deep' single magma reservoirs mu oll3a zosungirako zosungirako zosungirako zosungirako za Volume ndi 3a zosungirako zomaliza. wa Campi Flegrei ndi 18 ka wa Somma Vesuvius ankalamulira sedimentary dongosolo la Gulf of Naples. The otsika nyanja mlingo pa otsiriza glacial pazipita (18 ka) zinachititsa kuti regression wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja-osazama sedimentary dongosolo, amene kenako anadzazidwa ndi transgressive zochitika pa Late Pleistocene chilumba cha Sulocene. Ischia ndi gombe la Campi Flegre ndi pafupi ndi phiri la Soma-Vesuvius (Mkuyu 1b).
(a) Mapangidwe a morphological ndi makonzedwe a shelefu ya kontinenti ndi Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Madontho ndi malo akuluakulu ophulika pansi pamadzi; mizere yofiira imayimira zolakwika zazikulu.(b) Bathymetry of the Bay of Naples yokhala ndi zotuluka zamadzimadzi zodziwika (madontho) ndi mizere ya seismic (mizere yakuda) (a,b) .Mabwalo achikasu amawonetsa malo omwe ali ndi ma acoustic water column profiles, ndipo mafelemu a CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 ndi ROV akufotokozedwa mumkuyu.
Malingana ndi zomwe zinapezedwa paulendo wa SAFE_2014 (August 2014) (onani Njira), Digital Terrain Model (DTM) yatsopano ya Gulf of Naples yokhala ndi 1 m resolution yamangidwa. Makilomita 5.3 ngati dome, komwe kumadziwika kuti Banco della Montagna (BdM). 1a,b) .BdM imakula mozama pafupifupi mamita 100 mpaka 170, 15 mpaka 20 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja yozungulira.BdM dome inasonyeza morphology ngati mulu chifukwa cha 280 subcircular to oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, ndi 30 mound ndi 30 mound ndi kutalika kwa 30 . wa 22 m ndi 1,800 m, motsatana. Kuzungulira [C = 4π (dera/perimeter2)] kwa mipiringidzo kunachepa ndi kuwonjezereka kozungulira (mkuyu 2b) .Chiwerengero cha Axial cha mapiri chinali pakati pa 1 ndi 6.5, ndi milu yokhala ndi chiŵerengero cha axial > 2 kusonyeza kugunda kwachiwiri ndi 15 ° yowonjezereka, 150 ° yowonjezera yowonjezera N105 ° E mpaka N145 ° E kugunda (Mkuyu 2c). Ma cones amodzi kapena ogwirizana amakhalapo pa ndege ya BdM komanso pamwamba pa chitunda (mkuyu 3a, b) .Makonzedwe a conical amatsatira dongosolo la machulukidwe omwe ali.Pockmarks nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtunda wapansi pa nyanja (mkuyu 3c) ndipo nthawi zina pazitunda. malire kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa BdM dome (mkuyu 4a,b); njira yotalikirapo ya NW-SE ili m'chigawo chapakati cha BdM.
(a) Digital terrain model (1 m cell size) ya dome ya Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter ndi kuzungulira kwa BdM mounds.(c) Axial ratio ndi ngodya (kuzungulira) kwa axis yaikulu ya ellipse yokwanira bwino kwambiri yozungulira mulu.Zolakwika zokhazikika za Digital 0; Terrain model zolakwa muyezo wozungulira ndi kuzungulira ndi 4.83 m ndi 0.01, motero, ndi zolakwika muyezo axial chiŵerengero ndi ngodya ndi 0,04 ndi 3.34 °, motero.
Tsatanetsatane wa ma cones, ma crater, milu ndi maenje odziwika m'chigawo cha BdM chochotsedwa ku DTM mu Chithunzi 2.
(a) Mikondo yolumikizira pansi panyanja yafulati; (b) ma cones ndi mabokosi pa zitunda zowonda za NW-SE; (c) zizindikiro pa malo oviikidwa pang'ono.
(a) Kugawa kwamalo kwa ma craters odziwika, maenje, ndi mpweya wotuluka.(b) Kuchulukana kwa malo a ma craters ndi maenje onenedwa mu (a) (nambala/0.2 km2).
Tinazindikira mpweya wa mpweya wokwana 37 m'chigawo cha BdM kuchokera kuzithunzi za ROV zamadzi zomwe zimamveka momveka bwino komanso kuona mwachindunji pansi pa nyanja yomwe tinapeza paulendo wa SAFE_2014 mu August 2014 (Zithunzi 4 ndi 5). (Mkuyu. 5a) . M'malo ena, zoyimbidwa zamayimbo anomalies anapanga pafupifupi mosalekeza "sitima."The anawona kuwira plumes amasiyana mosiyanasiyana: kuchokera mosalekeza, wandiweyani kuwira umayenda kwa zochitika zaifupi moyo (Supplementary Movie 1) .ROV anayendera amalola kutsimikizira zowoneka za zochitika za seafloor zotuluka madzimadzi nthawi zina zimaonetsa pa nsonga yaing'ono yamadzi amadzimadzi, nthawi zina lalanje lozungulira nyanja ndi nsonga zofiira. (Mkuyu 5b) Nthawi zina, njira za ROV zimatsitsimutsanso mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. The vent morphology imasonyeza kutseguka kozungulira pamwamba popanda kuphulika mumtsinje wa madzi. pH m'mphepete mwa madzi pamwamba pa malo otsekemera akuwonetsa kutsika kwakukulu, kusonyeza mikhalidwe yambiri ya acidic m'deralo (Mkuyu 5c, d) . mamita kuya) mpaka 7.8 (pa 75 m kuya) (mkuyu. 5c), pamene malo ena mu Gulf of Naples anali pH mfundo pakati 0 ndi 160 m mu kuya interval pakati 8.3 ndi 8.5 (mkuyu 5d). Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi mchere kunalibe kunja kwa malo awiri a Naples mkati mwa B A M. wa 70 m, kutentha ndi 15 ° C ndipo mchere uli pafupi 38 PSU (mkuyu 5c, d) .Kuyeza kwa pH, kutentha, ndi mchere kumasonyezedwa: a) kutenga nawo mbali kwa madzi acidic okhudzana ndi ndondomeko ya BdM degassing ndi b) kusakhalapo kapena kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono kwa madzi otentha ndi brine.
(a) Kupeza zenera la acoustic madzi mzati mbiri (echometer Simrad EK60) . ofukula wobiriwira gulu lolingana ndi flare mpweya wapezeka pa EM50 madzimadzi kukhetsedwa (pafupifupi 75 m pansi pa mlingo wa nyanja) ili m'chigawo BdM; zizindikiro za multiplex pansi ndi pansi pa nyanja zimasonyezedwanso (b) zosonkhanitsidwa ndi galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi kutali m'dera la BdM Chithunzi chimodzi chimasonyeza chigwa chaching'ono (bwalo lakuda) lozunguliridwa ndi dothi lofiira mpaka lalanje. ndime yamadzi pamwamba pa madzi otuluka EM50 (gulu c) ndi kunja kwa Bdm discharge area panel (d).
Tinatenga zitsanzo zitatu za gasi kuchokera kumalo ophunzirira pakati pa Ogasiti 22 ndi 28, 2014. Zitsanzozi zidawonetsa zolemba zofanana, zoyendetsedwa ndi CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), kutsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) ndi H20 mmol/mol ndi H2S (0. Anali wochepa kwambiri (<0.052 ndi <0.016 mmol/mol, motsatira) (Mkuyu 1b; Table S1, Supplementary Movie 2) .Mosiyana kwambiri ndi O2 ndi Ar adayesedwanso (mpaka 3.2 ndi 0.18 mmol / mol, motsatira) . imakhala ndi ma C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (makamaka benzene), propene ndi mankhwala okhala ndi sulfure (thiophene). Mtengo wa 40Ar/36Ar umagwirizana ndi mpweya (295.5), ngakhale chitsanzo cha EM35 (BdM dome) chili ndi mtengo wa 304, kusonyeza kupitirira pang'ono. + 1.98% vs. Air), pomwe δ13C-CO2 miyeso idachokera ku -0.93 mpaka 0.44% motsutsana ndi V-PDB.R/Ra values (pambuyo pokonza kuwonongeka kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha 4He/20Ne) anali pakati pa 1.66 ndi 1.94, kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa gawo lalikulu la COBlium ndi COBB isotopu yokhazikika 22, gwero la mpweya mu BdM likhoza kumveka bwino.Mu mapu a CO2 a CO2 / 3He motsutsana ndi δ13C (mkuyu 6), mawonekedwe a mpweya wa BdM amafananizidwa ndi Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Kupanga mpweya wa BdM: kusungunuka kochokera ku chovala chosungunuka, matope olemera kwambiri, ndi carbonates. Zitsanzo za BdM zimagwera pamzere wosakanikirana womwe ukuwonetsedwa ndi mapiri atatu a Campania, ndiko kuti, kusakaniza pakati pa mpweya wa mantle (omwe amaganiziridwa kuti akulemeretsedwa pang'ono mu carbon dioxide poyerekeza ndi ma MORBs akale omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwa data) mwala wa gasi.
Mabokosi amaimira madera a fumarole a Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Zitsanzo za BdM zili m'magulu osakanikirana a phiri la Campania. mchere wa carbonate.
Zigawo za seismic L1 ndi L2 (Fig. 1b ndi 7) zimasonyeza kusintha pakati pa BdM ndi ma distal stratigraphic sequences of Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) ndi Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) madera ophulika. pamwamba (MS) imasonyeza subparallel reflectors of high to moderate amplitude and lateral kupitiriza (Fig. 7b, c) .Chigawo ichi chimaphatikizapo matope a m'nyanja omwe amakokedwa ndi dongosolo la Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ndipo ali ndi mchenga ndi dongo23. Pansi pa PS wosanjikiza (Mkuyu 7b-d) imadziwika ndi chipwirikiti chapamwamba cha PS chigawo cha ola kapena chozungulira cha ola. matope anapanga machulukidwe apansi pa nyanja (mkuyu 7d). Ma geometries ngati diapir akuwonetsa kulowetsedwa kwa zinthu zowonekera za PS kumtunda wapamwamba wa MS deposits.Uplift ndi udindo wa mapangidwe a makwinya ndi zolakwika zomwe zimakhudza MS wosanjikiza ndi zowonongeka zamasiku ano za BdM seafloor (Fig 7b-stragraphic in the MS). ENE gawo la gawo la L1, pamene limayera ku BdM chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa gasi-saturated wosanjikiza (GSL) yophimbidwa ndi magawo ena amkati a MS sequence (mkuyu 7a) . ) 24,25 ndi zidutswa za pumice kuchokera kuphulika kophulika kwa Campi Flegrei wa "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Gawo lowonekera la PS wosanjikiza silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi chisokonezo chosakanikirana chokha, chifukwa zigawo zachisokonezo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphulika kwa nthaka, matope akuyenda ndi pyroclasticdMflows akuyenda kunja kwa Gulf of the Naples. opaque21,23,24.Timaganiza kuti mawonekedwe a seismic a BdM PS komanso mawonekedwe a subsea outcrop PS wosanjikiza (mkuyu 7d) amawonetsa kukweza kwa gasi.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) kusonyeza columnar (pagoda) makonzedwe a malo.Pagoda imakhala ndi chaotic deposits of pumice and sand.Gas-saturated layer yomwe ili pansi pa pagoda imachotsa kupitiriza kwakuya kwa mapangidwe. 1b), kuwonetsa kudulidwa ndi kusinthika kwa machulukidwe apansi panyanja, m'madzi (MS), ndi ma deposits a mchenga wa pumice (PS) .(c) Tsatanetsatane wa deformation mu MS ndi PS akufotokozedwa mu (c,d)
Maonekedwe a morphological ndi mapangidwe a BdM ndi ofanana ndi ma subsea hydrothermal ndi gas hydrate minda padziko lonse lapansi2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 ndipo nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi zokwezeka (zotchingira ndi zitunda) ndi Kutulutsa gasi (ma cones, maenje ndi mapiko opangidwa motalika). controlled permeability (Zithunzi 2 ndi 3) .Makonzedwe a malo a machulukidwe, maenje ndi zotulukapo zogwira ntchito zimasonyeza kuti kugawa kwawo kumayendetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi NW-SE ndi NE-SW fractures zotsatira (Fig. 4b) .Awa ndi omwe amawakonda kwambiri machitidwe olakwika omwe amakhudza Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius makamaka madera ozungulira mapiri a Gulf of the Gulf of the Gulf of the Nature of the Gulf of the Gulf. Kutuluka kwa hydrothermal kuchokera ku Campi Flegrei crater35. Choncho timaganiza kuti zolakwika ndi zophulika ku Gulf of Naples zimayimira njira yokondeka yopita kumtunda wa gasi, zomwe zimagawidwa ndi machitidwe ena oyendetsedwa ndi hydrothermal36,37.Mwachidziwitso, ma cones a BdM ndi maenje sanali ogwirizana nthawi zonse ndi ma mounds (Ficg mounds). kwenikweni zimayimira zoyambira kudzenje, monga olemba ena adanenera kuti gasi hydrate zones32,33.Zotsatira zathu zimathandizira lingaliro lakuti kusokonezeka kwa dome seafloor sediments sikumayambitsa kupanga maenje nthawi zonse.
The three collected gaseous emissions show chemical signatures typical of hydrothermal fluids, namely mainly CO2 with significant concentrations of reducing gases (H2S, CH4 and H2) and light hydrocarbons (especially benzene and propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Table S1).The presence of atmospheric gases (monga O2), zomwe sizimayembekezereka kukhalapo pakutulutsa mpweya wapansi pamadzi, zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi a m'nyanja ndikukhudzana ndi mpweya wosungidwa m'mabokosi apulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo, popeza ma ROV amachotsedwa pansi panyanja kupita kunyanja kuti apandukire. madzi) akusonyeza kuti ambiri a N2 amapangidwa kuchokera ku magwero owonjezera mumlengalenga, mogwirizana ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha hydrothermal cha mipweya imeneyi.Chiyambi cha hydrothermal-volcanic ya mpweya wa BdM chimatsimikiziridwa ndi CO2 ndi Iye zomwe zili mkati ndi siginecha zawo za isotopic. Carbon isotopu (δ13C-CO2 kuchokera ku +0.34% ya CO2 mpaka -0.93%) 1.7 × 1010 mpaka 4.1 × 1010) amati zitsanzo za BdM ndi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fumaroles kuzungulira Gulf of Naples 'mamembala omaliza ndi decarbonization Ubale pakati pa mpweya wopangidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika (Chithunzi 6) . Mapiri ophulika a Somma-Veusivus. Ndiwolimba kwambiri kuposa ma Ischia fumaroles, omwe ali pafupi ndi kumapeto kwa chovalacho. Somma-Vesuvius ndi Campi Flegrei ali ndi 3He/4He values apamwamba (R/Ra pakati pa 2.6 ndi 2.9) kuposa BdM (R/Ra pakati pa 1.16 ndi 1.96; kudzikundikira kwa radiogenic Anachokera ku gwero lomwelo la magma lomwe linadyetsa mapiri a Somma-Vesuvius ndi Campi Flegrei.
Kutengera zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa ndi zotsatira za zoyeserera zamanyumba ngati dome zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi madera olemera kwambiri a gasi, kupanikizika kwa mpweya wakuya kumatha kukhala ndi udindo wopanga ma domes a BdM amtundu wa kilomita. ndi subcircular pepala la utali wozungulira lalikulu kuposa deformed soft viscous deposit The vertical maximum displacement w ndi makulidwe h a (Supplementary Fig. S1) Pdef ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuthamanga kwathunthu ndi kuthamanga kwa rock static komanso kuthamanga kwa madzi. Pa BdM, radius ili pafupi 2,500 m, w ndi 20 m 20 m, ndipo pafupifupi 10 m kuwerengera kwa seismic 0 m. 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 kuchokera pachibale, pomwe D ndi kuuma kwa flexural; D amaperekedwa ndi (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], pomwe E ndi modulus wa Young wa deposit, ν ndi Poisson's ratio (~0.5)33.Popeza makina a BdM sediments sangayesedwe, timayika E = 140 kPa, yomwe ndi mtengo wololera ku 4M wamchenga wam'mphepete mwa nyanja, 4M osatengera matope a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, B4 sangafanane ndi dothi la BdM. Ma E values omwe adanenedwa m'mabuku a dongo la silty (300
Kupangidwa kwa mpweya wa BdM kumagwirizana ndi magwero a mantle omwe amasinthidwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa madzi okhudzana ndi decarbonization ya miyala ya crustal (mkuyu 6) .Malumikizidwe a EW okhwima a BdM domes ndi mapiri ophulika omwe amaphulika monga Ischia, Campi Flegre, ndi Soma-Vesuvius, pamodzi ndi zomwe zili pansipa, zomwe zimapangidwira m'munsimu, zomwe zimachokera ku mpweya wa mpweya wa Naschia. Madera ophulika ndi osakanikirana Madzi amadzimadzi ambiri amachoka kumadzulo (Ischia) kupita kummawa (Somma-Vesuivus) (Mkuyu 1b ndi 6).
Tatsimikiza kuti ku Bay of Naples, makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku doko la Naples, pali 25 km2 yozungulira ngati dome-monga nyumba yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi njira yowonongeka yowonongeka ndipo imayambitsidwa ndi kuyika kwa ma pagodas ndi mapiri. madzi otentha.Zochita zoyang'anira ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuti zisanthule kusinthika kwa zochitika ndi kuzindikira zizindikiro za geochemical ndi geophysical zomwe zikuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwa magmatic.
Ma acoustic water column profiles (2D) adapezedwa paulendo wa SAFE_2014 (August 2014) pa R/V Urania (CNR) ndi National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) . km. Zithunzi za echosounder zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire kutuluka kwamadzimadzi ndikulongosola bwino malo awo kumalo osonkhanitsira (pakati pa 74 ndi 180 m bsl) .Yesani magawo a thupi ndi mankhwala mumtsinje wamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma probes a multiparameter (conductivity, kutentha ndi kuya, CTD) .Data inasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito CTD 911 Bird probe, Inc. Pulogalamu ya SBED-Win32 (Seasave, version 7.23.2) .Kuwunika kowonekera kwa nyanjayi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (galimoto yoyendetsedwa kutali) ndi makamera awiri (otsika ndi apamwamba).
Multibeam data acquisition inkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Dongosololi limagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yosiyana yapadziko lonse lapansi kuti zitsimikizire zolakwika za submetric pakuyika kwa beam.Kuthamanga kwa phokoso kumakhala ndi mafupipafupi a 100 KHz, kuphulika kwa kuwombera kwa 4 Metric ndi kutsegulira madigiri a 4 Metric ndi 1050 ° lonse. Kuthamanga kwa mawu munthawi yeniyeni panthawi yogulitsira.Data idakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) molingana ndi muyezo wa International Hydrographic Organisation (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) poyendetsa ndi kukonza mafunde. Kuchepetsa phokoso chifukwa cha kulephera kwamphamvu komanso zida zopanda pake zomwe zidachitika mwangozi. De-spiking tools (DTM) yodziwika ndi kukula kwa grid cell ya 1 m. DTM yomaliza (Mkuyu 1a) inachitidwa ndi deta yamtunda (> 0 m pamwamba pa nyanja) yopezedwa pa 20 m grid cell cell ndi Italy Geo-Military Institute.
A 55-kilomita mkulu kusamvana deta single-channel seismic deta mbiri, anasonkhanitsidwa pa otetezeka panyanja panyanja mu 2007 ndi 2014, anaphimba dera pafupifupi 113 lalikulu kilomita, onse pa R/V Urania.Marisk mbiri (mwachitsanzo, L1 zivomezi mbiri, Fig. gawo logulitsira lili ndi catamaran ya 2.5 m momwe gwero ndi wolandila zimayikidwa.Siginecha yoyambira imakhala ndi nsonga imodzi yabwino yomwe imadziwika pafupipafupi 1-10 kHz ndipo imalola kuthetsa zowunikira zomwe zimalekanitsidwa ndi 25 cm.Mafayilo otetezedwa a seismic adapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya 1.4 Kj Surgemegeotra System) .Dongosololi lili ndi catamaran yomwe ili ndi gwero la 1-6.02 KHz lomwe limalowa mpaka 400 milliseconds mumatope ofewa pansi pa nyanja ya nyanja, ndi chidziwitso chokhazikika cha 30 cm. Zida zonse za Safe ndi Marsik zinapezedwa pa mlingo wa 0.33 shots / sec ndi pulogalamu ya Gesuite yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina onse a 3 ndi mayendedwe otsatirawa: kuwongolera dilation, kusefa kozungulira kwamadzi, kusefa kwa 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR, ndi AGC.
Mpweya wochokera ku fumarole wa pansi pa madzi unasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa nyanja pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi la pulasitiki lokhala ndi diaphragm ya rabara kumbali yake yapamwamba, yomwe imayikidwa mozondoka ndi ROV pamwamba pa vent. Magalasi a magalasi a mL okhala ndi ma stopcocks a Teflon omwe Mmodzi adadzazidwa ndi 20 mL ya 5N NaOH solution (botolo lamtundu wa Gegenbach) . Mitundu yayikulu ya gasi ya asidi (CO2 ndi H2S) imasungunuka mu njira ya alkaline, pamene mitundu yotsika ya mpweya wosungunuka (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, samp 4) imasungidwa mu botolo la hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon ndi hydrocarbon. headspace.Mipweya yotsika kwambiri yosungunuka idawunikidwa ndi gas chromatography (GC) pogwiritsa ntchito Shimadzu 15A yokhala ndi 10 m kutalika 5A molecular sieve column ndi thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54. Argon ndi O2 adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Thermo Focus gas equipped chromatograph 3 molekyulu yotalikirapo ya capivella ndi capivella yamoto TCD.Methane ndi ma hydrocarbons opepuka adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chromatograph ya gasi ya Shimadzu 14A yokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 10 m kutalika kodzaza ndi Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, yokutidwa ndi 23% SP 1700 ndi chowunikira chamoto cha ionization (FID) chogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira cha CO2. 0.5 N HCl yankho (Metrohm Basic Titrino) ndi 2) H2S, monga, pambuyo makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi 5 mL H2O2 (33%), ndi ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .The analytical error of titration, GC ndi IC kusanthula ndi zosakwana 5%.C3C zosakaniza zosakaniza 1 ndondomeko, pambuyo osakaniza gas2 / osakaniza ndondomeko 12. CO2 (yofotokozedwa ngati δ13C-CO2% ndi V-PDB) idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a Finnningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Miyezo yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kulondola kwakunja inali Carrara ndi San Vincenzo marble (mkati), NBS18 ndi NBS19 (yapadziko lonse), pomwe zolakwika zowunikira zinali ± 00% ndi kuberekana.
δ15N (yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ngati % vs. Air) ndi 40Ar/36Ar adatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) yophatikizidwa ndi Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Cholakwika chosanthula ndi: δ15N±0.1%, 36 Heshiyo
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Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-16-2022
