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Ife lipoti umboni yogwira seafloor kukweza ndi mpweya mpweya makilomita angapo kumtunda kuchokera ku doko la Naples (Italy).Pockmarks, mounds ndi craters ndi mbali ya seafloor.These formations amaimira nsonga za nyumba zosazama crustal, kuphatikizapo pagodas, zolakwa ndi makwinya zomwe zimakhudza nyanja ya nyanja ndi kukwera kwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi kutuluka kwa carbon dioxide kumasulidwa lero. Mipweya iyi imakhala yofanana ndi yomwe imadyetsa machitidwe a hydrothermal a Ischia, Campi Flegre ndi Soma-Vesuvius, kutanthauza kuti gwero la chovala chosakanikirana ndi madzi osungunuka pansi pa Gulf of Naples. mawonetseredwe a zivomezi zosaphulika zomwe zingawonetse kuphulika kwa pansi pa nyanja ndi / kapena kuphulika kwa hydrothermal.
Kutuluka kwa hydrothermal (madzi otentha ndi gasi) kumadzi apakati panyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja (kuphatikiza madera ozama a zilumba), pomwe kutulutsa kozizira kwa ma hydrate (ma chlatrates) nthawi zambiri kumakhala mashelefu akukontinenti komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja1, 5, 4, 2. Kumeneku kumakhala magwero a kutentha (magma reservoirs) mkati mwa kutumphuka ndi/kapena mantle.Kutulutsa kumeneku kungatsogolere kukwera kwa magma kupyola pamwamba pa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi ndipo kukafika pachimake pa kuphulika ndi kuyika kwa mapiri a chiphalaphala6.Chotero, kuzindikirika kwa (a) kutsekeka kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi kutsekeka kwa madzi a m'nyanja madera monga chigawo chamapiri cha Naples ku Italy (~ 1 miliyoni okhala) ndi ofunikira kwambiri pofufuza mapiri omwe angathe kuphulika. , timapereka deta yatsopano ya bathymetric, seismic, madzi, ndi geochemical dera la pansi pa madzi, morphologically ndi structurally complex dera lomwe linakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wa mpweya ku Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), pafupifupi 5 km kuchokera ku doko la Naples. Detayi inasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya SAFE_2014 (August 2014 (August 2014). Kutulutsa kwa mpweya kumachitika, kufufuza komwe kumachokera madzi otulutsira mpweya, kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira njira zomwe zimayendera kukwera kwa mpweya ndi kusintha komwe kumayenderana, ndikukambirana za kuphulika kwa mapiri.
Gulf of Naples imapanga malire akumadzulo a Plio-Quaternary, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW ya Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) ndi Soma-Vesuvius (-kuchokera ku15460 AD makonzedwe a kumpoto) kum'mwera kumalire ndi Peninsula ya Sorrento (mkuyu 1a) .Gulf of Naples imakhudzidwa ndi NE-SW yomwe ilipo komanso yachiwiri ya NW-SE zolakwika zazikulu (mkuyu 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius amadziwika ndi mawonetseredwe a hydrothermal, kusinthika kwa nthaka, ndi kuphulika kwapansi, ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, 16, kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, 16, kugwedezeka,18, kugwedezeka, kugwedezeka. 1982-1984, ndi kukwera kwa mamita 1.8 ndi zivomezi masauzande).Kafukufuku waposachedwapa19,20 akusonyeza kuti pangakhale kugwirizana pakati pa mphamvu za Soma-Vesuvius ndi za Campi Flegre, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi 'deep' single magma reservoirs.Zochita za Volcanic ndi sea-level of the sea-level of the Vesuvius of the Vesuvius and Vesuvius 6 ankalamulira sedimentary dongosolo la Gulf of Naples. The otsika nyanja mlingo pa otsiriza glacial pazipita (18 ka) zinachititsa kuti regression wa offshore-shallow sedimentary dongosolo, amene kenako anadzazidwa ndi zochitika transgressive pa Late Pleistocene-Holocene.Submarine mpweya mpweya umuna wakhala wapezeka pafupi ndi chilumba cha Sogre Sogre pafupi ndi gombe la Vesuvint Sogre Sogre pafupi ndi gombe la Vesuvint ndi Campeduint Campedu ife (mku.1b).
(a) Mapangidwe a morphological ndi makonzedwe a shelefu ya kontinenti ndi Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Madontho ndi malo akuluakulu ophulika pansi pamadzi;mizere yofiira imayimira zolakwika zazikulu.(b) Bathymetry of the Bay of Naples yokhala ndi zotuluka zamadzimadzi zodziwika (madontho) ndi mizere ya seismic (mizere yakuda) .Mizere yachikasu ndiyo njira ya mizere ya seismic L1 ndi L2 yomwe inafotokozedwa mu Chithunzi 6.Malire a Banco della Montagna (The Bdshed by yellow structures dome) . lembani malo azithunzithunzi zamadzi acoustic, ndipo mafelemu a CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 ndi ROV akufotokozedwa mu Mkuyu.
Malingana ndi deta yomwe inapezedwa pa SAFE_2014 (August 2014) paulendo (onani Njira), Digital Terrain Model (DTM) yatsopano ya Gulf of Naples yokhala ndi 1 m resolution yamangidwa. Dome ngati nyumba, komwe kumadziwika kuti Banco della Montagna (BdM).1a,b) .BdM imakula mozama pafupifupi 100 mpaka 170 mamita, 15 mpaka 20 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja yozungulira.BdM dome inawonetsa morphology ngati mulu chifukwa cha 280 subcircular to oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, ndi 30 mound ndi 2 m'mimba mwake ndi 30 m'mimba mwake ndi 2 m'mimba mwake. ndi mamita 1,800, motsatira. Kuzungulira [C = 4π (dera/perimeter2)] kwa mipiringidzo kunachepa ndi kuwonjezereka kozungulira (mkuyu 2b) .Magawo a Axial a machulukidwe anali pakati pa 1 ndi 6.5, okhala ndi chiŵerengero cha axial> 2 kusonyeza kugunda kwa N45 ° kwachiwiri kwa 5 ° E, 5 ° E, 1 N45 ° E + yowonjezereka, N45 ° E + 1 °E kugunda (mkuyu 2c).Ma cones amodzi kapena ogwirizana amakhalapo pa ndege ya BdM ndi pamwamba pa chitunda (mkuyu 3a, b) .Makonzedwe a conical amatsatira dongosolo la machulukidwe omwe amakhalapo.Pockmarks nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtunda wapansi pa nyanja (mkuyu 3c) ndipo nthawi zina pamapiri. malire a BdM dome (mkuyu 4a,b);njira yotalikirapo ya NW-SE ili m'chigawo chapakati cha BdM.
(a) Digital terrain model (1 m cell size) ya dome ya Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter ndi kuzungulira kwa BdM mounds.(c) Axial ratio ndi ngodya (kuzungulira) kwa axis yaikulu ya ellipse yokwanira bwino kwambiri yozungulira mulu.Zolakwika zokhazikika za Digital 0; Terrain modelzolakwa muyezo wozungulira ndi kuzungulira ndi 4.83 m ndi 0.01, motero, ndi zolakwika muyezo axial chiŵerengero ndi ngodya ndi 0,04 ndi 3.34 °, motero.
Tsatanetsatane wa ma cones, ma crater, milu ndi maenje odziwika m'chigawo cha BdM chochotsedwa ku DTM mu Chithunzi 2.
(a) Kuyika ma cones panyanja yafulati;(b) ma cones ndi mabokosi pa zitunda zowonda za NW-SE;(c) zizindikiro pa malo oviikidwa pang'ono.
(a) Kugawa kwamalo kwa ma craters odziwika, maenje, ndi mpweya wotuluka.(b) Kuchulukana kwa malo a ma craters ndi maenje onenedwa mu (a) (nambala/0.2 km2).
Tinazindikira mpweya wokwana 37 m'chigawo cha BdM kuchokera ku ROV water column echo sounder images ndi kuona mwachindunji pansi pa nyanja anapeza pa ulendo SAFE_2014 mu August 2014 (Figure 4 ndi 5).Kusokoneza kwamayimbidwe a mpweya woterewu kumasonyeza mikwingwirima yotalikirapo yokwera kuchokera kunyanja 12 m'mphepete mwake. M'madera ena, kusokonezeka kwamayimbidwe kunapanga pafupifupi "sitima" yosalekeza.Mapiritsi omwe amawonedwa amasiyana mosiyanasiyana: kuchokera kosalekeza, wandiweyani umayenda kupita ku zochitika zaufupi (Supplementary Movie 1) .Kuyendera kwa ROV kumapangitsa kuti zitsimikizidwe za zochitika za mpweya wamadzi apansi pa nyanja ndikuwonetsa zizindikiro zazing'ono pamtunda wa lalanje, nthawi zina pamphepete mwa nyanja, ROV. The vent reactivate emissions.The vent morphology imasonyeza kutseguka kozungulira pamwamba popanda kuphulika m'kati mwa madzi.Mapiritsi a pH mumtsinje wamadzi pamwamba pa malo otsekemera adawonetsa kutsika kwakukulu, kusonyeza mikhalidwe ya acidic kwambiri kwanuko (Mkuyu.5c, d) . Makamaka, pH pamwamba pa mpweya wa BdM wotuluka pa 75 m kuya inatsika kuchokera ku 8.4 (pa 70 m kuya) kufika ku 7.8 (pa 75 m kuya) (mkuyu 5c), pamene malo ena a Gulf of Naples anali ndi pH pakati pa 0 ndi 160 m. Kutentha kwa madzi ndi mchere kunalibe malo awiri mkati ndi kunja kwa BdM dera la Gulf of Naples. Pa kuya kwa mamita 70, kutentha ndi 15 ° C ndi mchere ndi pafupifupi 38 PSU (mkuyu 5c, d). madzi otentha ndi brine.
(a) Kupeza zenera la acoustic madzi mzati mbiri (echometer Simrad EK60) . ofukula wobiriwira gulu logwirizana ndi flare mpweya wapezeka pa EM50 madzimadzi kukhetsedwa (pafupifupi 75 m pansi pa mlingo wa nyanja) ili m'chigawo BdM;zizindikiro za multiplex pansi ndi pansi pa nyanja zimasonyezedwanso (b) zosonkhanitsidwa ndi galimoto yoyendetsedwa kutali m'dera la BdM Chithunzi chimodzi chimasonyeza chigwa chaching'ono (chizungulire chakuda) chozunguliridwa ndi dothi lofiira mpaka lalanje. kutulutsa madzimadzi EM50 (gulu c) ndi kunja kwa Bdm discharge area panel (d).
Tidasonkhanitsa zitsanzo zitatu za gasi kuchokera kumalo ophunzirira pakati pa Ogasiti 22 ndi 28, 2014. Zitsanzozi zidawonetsa zolemba zofanana, zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), kutsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) ndi H2S 4 mmol/mol ndi H2S (0. ndant (<0.052 ndi <0.016 mmol/mol, motsatana) (mkuyu. 1b; Table S1, Supplementary Movie 2). Kuchulukirachulukira kwa O2 ndi Ar kudayezedwanso (mpaka 3.2 ndi 0.18 mmol/mol, motsatana) s, aromatics (makamaka benzene), propene ndi mankhwala okhala ndi sulfure (thiophene). Mtengo wa 40Ar/36Ar umagwirizana ndi mpweya (295.5), ngakhale chitsanzo cha EM35 (BdM dome) chili ndi mtengo wa 304, kusonyeza kupyola pang'ono kwa 40Ar. The δ15Nup ya Air δ δ18% (+15Nup) ndi δ15Nup ya Air δ1% (+15Nup). Miyezo ya CO2 kuyambira -0.93 mpaka 0.44% motsutsana ndi V-PDB.R/Ra (pambuyo pokonza kuwonongeka kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha 4He/20Ne) inali pakati pa 1.66 ndi 1.94, kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa gawo lalikulu la chovala cha Helium. Pamapu a CO2 a CO2/3He motsutsana ndi δ13C (Chith.6), mawonekedwe a mpweya wa BdM amafananizidwa ndi a Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. es, ndiko kuti, kusanganikirana pakati pa mpweya wa mantle (omwe amaganiziridwa kuti amalemeretsedwa pang'ono mu mpweya woipa wokhudzana ndi ma MORB akale kuti agwirizane ndi deta) ndi machitidwe omwe amayamba chifukwa cha crustal decarbonization Chifukwa cha thanthwe la gasi.
Mabokosi amaimira madera a fumarole a Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Zitsanzo za BdM zili mumayendedwe osakanikirana a phiri la Campania. .
Zigawo za seismic L1 ndi L2 (Fig. 1b ndi 7) zimasonyeza kusintha pakati pa BdM ndi ma distal stratigraphic sequences of Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) ndi Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) madera ophulika. imasonyeza subparallel reflectors of high to modeal amplitude and lateral kupitiriza (Fig. 7b, c) .Chigawo ichi chimaphatikizapo matope a m'nyanja omwe amakokedwa ndi dongosolo la Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ndipo ali ndi mchenga ndi dongo23. Pansi pa PS wosanjikiza (Mkuyu 7b-d) imadziwika ndi chisokonezo ku magalasi ozungulira ola kapena magalasi a PS ola kapena magalasi ozungulira. s (mkuyu 7d) .Mageometri ngati diapir awa amasonyeza kulowetsedwa kwa zinthu zowonekera za PS kumalo apamwamba kwambiri a MS.Uplift ndi udindo wopanga makutu ndi zolakwika zomwe zimakhudza MS wosanjikiza ndi kupitirira matope amasiku ano a BdM seafloor (mkuyu 7b-d) pamene gawo loyera la L ENE likuwonekera momveka bwino mu gawo la ENEti la MS1. M chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa gasi-saturated layer (GSL) yophimbidwa ndi magawo ena amkati amtundu wa MS (Chith.7a) Miyendo yokoka yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa pamwamba pa BdM yogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a seismic akuwonetsa kuti kumtunda kwa 40 cm kumakhala mchenga wosungidwa posachedwapa mpaka pano;) 24,25 ndi zidutswa za pumice kuchokera kuphulika kophulika kwa Campi Flegrei wa "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Gawo lowonekera la PS wosanjikiza silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi njira zosakanikirana zosakanikirana, chifukwa zigawo zachisokonezo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphulika kwa nthaka, matope akuyenda ndi pyroclastics akuyenda kunja kwa Naples akuyenda kunja kwa B2. 24.Timatsimikizira kuti mawonekedwe a seismic a BdM PS komanso maonekedwe a subsea outcrop PS wosanjikiza (mkuyu 7d) amasonyeza kukwezedwa kwa gasi.
(a) Single-track seismic mbiri L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) kusonyeza columnar (pagoda) makonzedwe a malo.Pagoda imakhala ndi chaotic deposits of pumice and sand.Gasi-saturated layer yomwe imakhala pansi pa pagoda imachotsa kupitiriza kwa mapangidwe akuya.(b) Kucheka ndi kupindika kwa zitunda za pansi pa nyanja, m'madzi (MS), ndi ma deposits a mchenga wa pumice (PS) .(c) Tsatanetsatane wa kusintha kwa MS ndi PS akufotokozedwa mu (c,d)
Maonekedwe a morphological ndi mapangidwe a BdM ndi ofanana ndi minda ina ya subsea hydrothermal ndi gas hydrate padziko lonse lapansi2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 ndipo nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa ndi kukwezedwa (zotchingira ndi zitunda) ndi Kutulutsa kwa gasi (ma cones, maenje amadzimadzi ndi kuwongolera kokhazikika). (Zithunzi 2 ndi 3) .Makonzedwe a malo a machulukidwe, maenje ndi mpweya wothamanga amasonyeza kuti kugawa kwawo kumayendetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zowonongeka za NW-SE ndi NE-SW (Fig. 4b) .Izi ndizo zowonongeka zowonongeka zomwe zimakhudza madera ophulika a Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius ndi malo omwe kale anali otchedwa Gulf of the Gulf of the Gulf of the hydro. Campi Flegrei crater35. Choncho timaganiza kuti zolakwika ndi zophulika ku Gulf of Naples zimayimira njira yomwe gasi amasamutsira pamwamba, yomwe imagawidwa ndi machitidwe ena opangidwa ndi hydrothermal36,37.3a, c) .Izi zikusonyeza kuti machulukidwewa samaimira zoyambira ku mapangidwe a dzenje, monga momwe olemba ena adanenera kuti magawo a gasi hydrate32,33.Zotsatira zathu zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kusokonezeka kwa dome seafloor sediments sikumayambitsa kupanga maenje nthawi zonse.
Mipweya itatu yosonkhanitsidwayi ikuwonetsa ma siginecha amadzimadzi amadzi a hydrothermal, makamaka CO2 yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wochepetsera (H2S, CH4 ndi H2) ndi ma hydrocarbon opepuka (makamaka benzene ndi propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 5pheric as gass (42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 42, 42, 43, 43, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 42, 42, 44, 42, 42, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 43, 43, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 43, 43, 44, 44, 43, 43, 42, 44, 4,, zomwe sizimayembekezereka kukhalapo muza zotulutsa zam'madzi, zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi a m'nyanja pokhudzana ndi mpweya wosungidwa m'mabokosi apulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo, popeza ma ROV amachotsedwa pansi panyanja kupita kunyanja kuti akawukire. -atmospheric sources, mogwirizana ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha hydrothermal cha mipweya iyi.Chiyambi cha hydrothermal-volcanic ya mpweya wa BdM chimatsimikiziridwa ndi CO2 ndi Iye zomwe zili mkati ndi ma signature awo a isotopic. Carbon isotopu (δ13C-CO2 kuchokera -0.93% mpaka +0.4%) ndi CO2 (0 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 1 × 1 0.4%) 10) amati zitsanzo za BdM ndi zamtundu wosakanikirana wa fumaroles kuzungulira Gulf of Naples 'mamembala omaliza ndi decarbonization Ubale pakati pa mpweya wopangidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika (Chithunzi 6) .More makamaka, zitsanzo za mpweya wa BdM zili m'mphepete mwa kusanganikirana komwe kuli pafupi ndi malo omwewo monga madzi ochokera kufupi ndi Somma-Vecanoscrusius ndi Somma-Vecanouscrusiess . fumaroles, omwe ali pafupi ndi mapeto a chovala.Somma-Vesuvius ndi Campi Flegrei ali ndi 3He / 4He values ​​​​(R/Ra pakati pa 2.6 ndi 2.9) kuposa BdM (R/Ra pakati pa 1.66 ndi 1.96;Table S1) .Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera ndi kudzikundikira kwa radiogenic Iye anachokera ku gwero la magma lomwelo lomwe linkadyetsa mapiri a Somma-Vesuvius ndi Campi Flegrei.
Kutengera zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa ndi zotsatira za zoyeserera zamanyumba ngati dome zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi madera olemera kwambiri a gasi, kupanikizika kwa mpweya wakuya kumatha kukhala ndi udindo wopanga ma domes a BdM amtundu wa kilomita. pepala la utali wokulirapo kuposa deformed soft viscous deposit The of the vertical maximum displacement w ndi makulidwe h a (Supplementary Fig. S1) Pdef ndiye kusiyana pakati pa kuthamanga kwathunthu ndi kuthamanga kwa rock static kuphatikiza kuthamanga kwa madzi. Pa BdM, utali wozungulira ndi pafupifupi 2,500 m, w ndi 20 m, ndipo ma hmicdef 0 pafupifupi 6 P = 4 D/a4 kuchokera pachibale, pomwe D ndi kuuma kwa flexural;D imaperekedwa ndi (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], pomwe E ndi modulus wa Young wa deposit, ν ndi chiŵerengero cha Poisson (~ 0.5) 33.Popeza makina a BdM matope sangathe kuyeza, timayika E = 140 kPa, yomwe ndi mtengo wokwanira wa 4M wamchenga wamchenga wa 4 M4 samaganizira za matope a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. zonyamulidwa m'mabuku a dongo ladongo (300 Kulephera kwa pagoda kuwoloka pansi panyanja masiku ano kumasonyeza kuti (a) kukwera kwa mpweya ndi/kapena kutha kwa kusakaniza kwa matope a gasi, ndi/kapena (b) zotheka kutuluka kwa matope osakanikirana a gasi sikulola kuti pakhale kupsyinjika mopambanitsa. ward.Kuchepa kwa mlingo woperekera kungakhale kokhudzana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kachulukidwe ka kusakaniza chifukwa cha kutayika kwa gasi.Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa mwachidule pamwambapa ndi kukwera koyendetsedwa ndi buoyancy kwa pagoda kumatilola kuyerekezera kutalika kwa mzati wa mpweya hg. Kuthamanga kumaperekedwa ndi ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρvi / gρ) ndi deg (29 g) ndi deg (29). ndi mpweya, motero.ΔP ndi chiwerengero cha Pdef yomwe inawerengedwa kale ndi mphamvu ya lithostatic Plith ya mbale ya sediment, mwachitsanzo, ρsg h, pamene ρs ndi kachulukidwe ka dothi. ndi h = 100 m (onani pamwambapa), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg ndi wosafunika chifukwa ρw ≫ρg.Timapeza hg = 245 m, mtengo woimira kuya kwa pansi pa GSL.ΔP ndi chofunika 2.4 kuswa kapena MPa
Kupanga kwa mpweya wa BdM kumagwirizana ndi magwero a mantle omwe amasinthidwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa madzi okhudzana ndi decarbonization ya miyala ya crustal (mkuyu 6) .Malumikizidwe a EW okhwima a BdM domes ndi mapiri ophulika omwe amaphulika monga Ischia, Campi Flegre, ndi Soma-Vesuvius, pamodzi ndi mapangidwe omwe ali pansipa, omwe amapangidwa ndi mpweya wotuluka m'madera onse a gases amawonetsa kuti ma gases amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi omwe amatuluka m'madera ozungulira mpweya. Kusakaniza Kwamadzimadzi ochulukirapo kumayenda kuchokera kumadzulo (Ischia) kupita kummawa (Somma-Vesuivus) (Mkuyu 1b ndi 6).
Tatsimikiza kuti ku Bay of Naples, makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku doko la Naples, pali 25 km2 yozungulira ngati dome-monga nyumba yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi njira yowonongeka yowonongeka ndipo imayambitsidwa ndi kuyika kwa ma pagodas ndi mapiri. .Zochita zoyang'anira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti zifufuze kusintha kwa zochitika ndi kuzindikira zizindikiro za geochemical ndi geophysical zosonyeza kusokonezeka kwa magmatic.
Ma acoustic water column profiles (2D) adapezedwa paulendo wa SAFE_2014 (August 2014) pa R/V Urania (CNR) ndi National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) . zithunzi zomveka zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizindikire kutulutsa kwamadzimadzi ndikulongosola molondola malo awo mu malo osonkhanitsira (pakati pa 74 ndi 180 m bsl) .Yesani magawo a thupi ndi mankhwala m'kati mwa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito probes multiparameter (conductivity, kutentha ndi kuya, CTD) .Data inasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa CTD 911 (SeaBird, ED2, Electronics, Electronics, Electronics, INCave, Electronics, Electronics, Inca software, WDC) 23.2) .Kuwunika kowonekera kwa pansi pa nyanja kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (galimoto yoyendetsedwa patali) yokhala ndi makamera awiri (otsika komanso apamwamba).
Multibeam data acquisition inkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Dongosololi limagwirizanitsidwa ndi machitidwe osiyanitsa padziko lonse lapansi kuti atsimikizire zolakwika za sub-metric mu kuika kwa beam. Kuthamanga kwa phokoso kumakhala ndi mafupipafupi a 100 KHz, kuwombera phokoso la 4 Mel ndi 1050 ° kutsegulidwa kwazithunzi zonse. s mu nthawi yeniyeni panthawi yogula.Data idakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) molingana ndi International Hydrographic Organisation standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) pakuyenda ndi kukonza mafunde.Kuchepetsa phokoso chifukwa cha zida zomwe zidachitika mwangozi ndi zida zotulutsa mawu komanso kutulutsa mawu. Kuzindikira kumachitidwa ndi siteshoni ya keel yomwe ili pafupi ndi transducer yamitundu yambiri ndipo imapeza ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zenizeni zenizeni za liwiro la phokoso mumtsinje wa madzi maola onse a 6-8 kuti apereke liwiro la phokoso la nthawi yeniyeni yoyendetsera bwino. (Mku.1a) idapangidwa ndi data yamtunda (> 0 m pamwamba pa nyanja) yopezedwa pa 20 m grid cell cell ndi Italy Geo-Military Institute.
A 55-kilomita mkulu kusamvana deta imodzi-channel seismic deta mbiri, anasonkhanitsidwa pa otetezeka panyanja panyanja mu 2007 ndi 2014, anaphimba dera pafupifupi 113 lalikulu kilomita, onse pa R/V Urania.Marisk mbiri (mwachitsanzo, L1 seismic mbiri, Fig. imakhala ndi catamaran ya 2.5 m yomwe gwero ndi wolandila zimayikidwa.Siginecha ya gwero imakhala ndi nsonga imodzi yabwino yomwe imadziwika ndi maulendo afupipafupi a 1-10 kHz ndipo imalola kuthetsa zowonetsera zomwe zimalekanitsidwa ndi 25 cm yomwe ili ndi 1-6.02 KHz gwero lomwe limalowa mpaka ku 400 milliseconds muzitsulo zofewa pansi pa nyanja, ndi chidziwitso chokhazikika cha 30 cm. Zida zonse za Safe ndi Marsik zinapezedwa pa mlingo wa 0.33 shots / sec ndi liwiro la chombo <3 Kn.Data inagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya geosuite yolondola, yotsatiridwa ndi ndondomeko ya geosuite ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito: 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR kusefa, ndi AGC.
The mpweya fumarole m'madzi anasonkhanitsidwa pa seafloor pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi pulasitiki okonzeka ndi mphira diaphragm kumtunda kwake, anaika mozondoka ndi ROV pa vent. Pamene thovu mpweya kulowa m'bokosi m'malo m'malo mwa madzi a m'nyanja, ROV ndi kubwerera ku kuya kwa 1 m, ndi diver anasamutsidwa mu mphira wosonkhanitsidwa mphira mphira m'mphepete mwa gap 6 m'mphepete mwa mphira. s okonzeka ndi Teflon stopcocks amene Mmodzi anadzazidwa ndi 20 mL wa 5N NaOH njira (Gegenbach-mtundu botolo) .The chachikulu asidi mpweya mitundu (CO2 ndi H2S) kusungunuka mu njira zamchere, pamene otsika solubility mpweya mitundu (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, Iye, Ar, organic hydrosmp; organic gasi gasi) ndi kusungidwa headspace gasi anasungidwa ndi organic hydrosmp; lyzed by gas chromatography (GC) pogwiritsa ntchito Shimadzu 15A yokhala ndi 10 m kutalika kwa 5A molecular sieve column ndi thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54. Argon ndi O2 adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Thermo Focus gas chromatograph yokhala ndi 30 mCD yopepuka ya molekyulu ndi 30 mCD ya capiellacarboni yotalika ya TCD. Shimadzu 14A mpweya chromatograph okonzeka ndi 10 mamita yaitali zosapanga dzimbiri ndime yodzaza ndi Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mauna, yokutidwa ndi 23% SP 1700 ndi flame ionization detector (FID). The madzi gawo anagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula 1) CO2, monga, Metro 5 Nhm2 Titrated, HH 2, Metro 2, Titrated, HT 2, Metro 2, Metro 2, Metro 2, Titrated, Metro 2, Metro 2, Titrated, Metro 2, Metro 2, Titrated, Metro. monga, pambuyo makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi 5 mL H2O2 (33%), ndi ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). The analytical error of titration, GC ndi IC kusanthula ndi zosakwana 5%.Pambuyo muyezo m'zigawo ndi kuyeretsa njira zosakaniza gasi, 13C/12C 12C CO2 ndi analytical VB CO2 (kufotokozedwa kwa VB 13% CO2). ndi Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Miyezo yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kulondola kwakunja inali Carrara ndi San Vincenzo marble (yamkati), NBS18 ndi NBS19 (yapadziko lonse), pomwe zolakwika zowunikira ndi kubereka zinali ± 0.05% ndi ± 0.1%, motsatana.
δ15N (yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ngati % vs. Air) ndi 40Ar/36Ar adatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) yophatikizidwa ndi Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Cholakwika chowunika ndi: δ15N±0.1%, % 36, 36 Heshiyo <Arto1, 36 Heshiyo <Arto1 <Arto10; R ndi 3He / 4Iye anayeza mu chitsanzo ndi Ra ndi chiŵerengero chomwecho mumlengalenga: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 anatsimikiza pa labotale INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He ndi 20Ne anatsimikiza ntchito wapawiri wokhometsa misa spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI) 58 Helix SFT-GVI) 58 zolakwa ndi Hepapical 30 pambuyo pa Hepapical . Ne ndi <10-14 ndi <10-16 mol, motsatana.
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