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Chitsulo cha 20MnTiB ndichomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga milatho yachitsulo champhamvu kwambiri m'dziko langa, ndipo magwiridwe ake ndi ofunika kwambiri pakuyendetsa bwino kwa milatho. Kutengera kafukufuku wa chilengedwe cha mumlengalenga ku Chongqing, kafukufukuyu adapanga njira yodziwira yomwe imatengera nyengo yachinyontho ya Chongqing, ndikuyesa kupsinjika kwa nyengo ya Chongqing. zotsatira za kutentha, pH mtengo ndi kuyerekezera njira yothetsera dzimbiri pa khalidwe la corrosion corrosion ya 20MnTiB ma bolt amphamvu kwambiri anaphunziridwa.
Chitsulo cha 20MnTiB ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazitsulo zolimba kwambiri zopangira milatho yazitsulo m'dziko langa, ndipo ntchito yake ndi yofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa milatho.Li et al.1 idayesa zitsulo za 20MnTiB zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'kalasi ya 10.9 zolimba kwambiri pamlingo wotentha kwambiri wa 20 ~ 700 ℃, ndipo zidapeza mapindikidwe a kupsinjika, mphamvu zokolola, kulimba kwamphamvu, modulus ya Young, ndi kutalika.ndi coefficient yowonjezera.Zhang et al.2, Hu ndi al.3, ndi zina, kudzera mu kuyezetsa kapangidwe ka mankhwala, makina kuyezetsa katundu, kuyezetsa microstructure, kusanthula macroscopic ndi ting'onoting'ono ulusi pamwamba, ndi zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha kuthyoka kwa mabawuti mkulu-mphamvu ndi zokhudzana ndi ulusi vuto, ndi kuchitika kwa ulusi kupunduka Kupanikizika kwakukulu, kupanikizika kwa nsonga ya mng'alu ndi kuphulika kwa mpweya kumayambitsa kupsinjika maganizo.
Maboti amphamvu kwambiri a milatho yachitsulo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo achinyezi. Zinthu monga chinyezi chambiri, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuyamwa kwa zinthu zovulaza m'chilengedwe zimatha kuyambitsa dzimbiri zazitsulo. Kuwonongeka kungayambitse kutayika kwakukulu kwa bawuti, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ming'alu ndi ming'alu yambiri. -maboti amphamvu komanso ngakhale kuwapangitsa kusweka.Pakadali pano, pali maphunziro ambiri okhudza momwe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke.Catar et al4 adafufuza za kupsinjika kwa corrosion khalidwe la ma magnesium alloys okhala ndi aluminiyumu yosiyana m'malo a acidic, alkaline ndi ndale mwapang'onopang'ono strain rate test (SSRT. 3.5% yankho la NaCl pamaso pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sulfide ions.Aghion et al.6 adayesa kuwononga ntchito ya die-cast magnesium alloy MRI230D mu 3.5% yankho la NaCl poyesa kumiza, kuyesa kwa mchere wa mchere, potentiodynamic polarization analysis ndi SSRT.Zhang et al. njira zoyesera, ndikupeza mphamvu ya ayoni a kloridi pamayendedwe okhazikika a chitsulo cha martensitic kutentha kwa chipinda.Chen et al.8 adafufuza za kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri komanso kusweka kwa chitsulo cha X70 munjira yamatope ya m'nyanja yomwe ili ndi SRB pa kutentha kosiyana ndi SSRT. 1Ni14Mn5Mo2N austenitic chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti kutentha kwa 35 ~ 65 ℃ sikukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pakupsinjika kwa dzimbiri kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Lu et al.10 idawunika kuchedwa kwa kuthyoka kwa zitsanzo zokhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zolimba ndi katundu wakufa wochedwa kuyezetsa kusweka ndi SSRT. Akuti kulimba kwamphamvu kwa 20MnTiB chitsulo ndi 35VB zitsulo zolimba kwambiri ziyenera kuyendetsedwa pa 1040-1190MPa yosavuta. chilengedwe, pamene malo enieni ogwiritsira ntchito ma bolts amphamvu kwambiri ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo ali ndi zinthu zambiri zokopa, monga pH mtengo wa bolt.Ananya et al.11 idaphunzira momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhudzira magawo ndi zida zomwe zili m'malo owononga pa dzimbiri komanso kupsinjika kwa corrosion kusweka kwa duplex zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Sunada et al.12 inachititsa kupanikizika kwa chipinda kutentha kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri kusweka pazitsulo za SUS304 mu njira zamadzimadzi zomwe zili ndi H2SO4 (0-5.5 kmol/m-3) ndi NaCl (0-4.5 kmol/m-3) . s kukakamizidwa ndi dzimbiri nthawi pa kupsinjika dzimbiri chiwopsezo cha A516 pressure chotengera steel.Kugwiritsa NS4 yankho monga pansi pansi simulating yankho, Ibrahim et al.14 idafufuza momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimayendera monga ndende ya bicarbonate ion (HCO), pH ndi kutentha pakuphwanyidwa kwapaipi kwapaipi ya API-X100 pambuyo pochotsa zokutira.Shan et al.15 anaphunzira kusiyanasiyana lamulo la nkhawa dzimbiri akulimbana chiwopsezo cha austenitic zosapanga dzimbiri chitsulo 00Cr18Ni10 ndi kutentha pansi osiyana kutentha mikhalidwe (30 ~ 250 ℃) pansi pa chikhalidwe cha wakuda madzi sing'anga mu yoyerekeza malasha-to-hydrogen chomera ndi SSRT. ndi SSRT.Zhao17 anaphunzira zotsatira za pH, SO42-, Cl-1 pa khalidwe corrosion maganizo a GH4080A aloyi ndi SSRT.Zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti kutsika pH mtengo, kuipitsitsa kupsinjika dzimbiri kukana kwa aloyi GH4080A. zotsatira za dzimbiri zachilengedwe pa 20MnTiB zitsulo mkulu-mphamvu mabawuti.
Pofuna kupeza zifukwa za kulephera kwa mabawuti mkulu-mphamvu ntchito milatho, wolemba wachita angapo studies.High-mphamvu bawuti zitsanzo anasankhidwa, ndi zifukwa kulephera zitsanzo zimenezi zinakambidwa pa maganizo a mankhwala zikuchokera, fracture microscopic morphology, kapangidwe metallographic ndi mawotchi katundu kusanthula19, 20 pa kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Chongqing 20 m'zaka zaposachedwa za kafukufuku wa chongqing. Kuyesa kwa dzimbiri kupsinjika, kuyesa kwa dzimbiri kwa electrochemical ndi kutopa kwa ma bolt amphamvu kwambiri ku Chongqing motengera nyengo yachinyontho kunachitika. kusanthula kwa ma macroscopic ndi ma microscopic, ndi zinthu zowonongeka pamwamba.
Chongqing ili kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa China, kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Yangtze, ndipo kumakhala ndi nyengo yotentha yamvula yamkuntho.The pafupifupi kutentha kwapachaka ndi 16-18 ° C, chinyezi chapakati pachaka chimakhala 70-80%, maola a dzuwa pachaka ndi maola 1000-1400, ndipo dzuwa-25 peresenti ndi 35% yokha.
Malinga ndi malipoti okhudzana ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa komanso kutentha kwapakati ku Chongqing kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2018, kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ku Chongqing kumakhala kotsika mpaka 17°C komanso mpaka 23°C.Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri pa mlatho wa Chaotianmen Bridge ku Chongqing kumatha kufika 50 ° C ° C21,22. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa kuyesa kuwononga kupsinjika kunayikidwa pa 25 ° C ndi 50 ° C.
Phindu la pH la yankho la dzimbiri limatsimikizira mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa H +, koma sizitanthauza kuti kutsika kwa pH, kupendekera kosavuta kumachitika. Zotsatira za pH pazotsatira zimasiyana pazida zosiyanasiyana ndi mayankho. kuphatikiza ndi kafukufuku wamabuku23 komanso kuchuluka kwa pH kwamadzi amvula pachaka ku Chongqing.2010 mpaka 2018.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa njira ya dzimbiri, m'pamenenso ma ion amachulukira munjira yoyezera dzimbiri, komanso kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zakuthupi. Kuti muphunzire momwe njira yoyeserera ya dzimbiri imakhudzira kupsinjika kwa ma bolt amphamvu kwambiri, ma labotale ochita kupanga adathamangitsa kuyesedwa kwa dzimbiri, ndipo njira yofananira ya corrosion idakhazikitsidwa, ndipo njira yofananira ya corrosion idakhazikitsidwa. rosion solution ndende (1 ×), 20 × ndende yoyeserera ya dzimbiri (20 ×) ndi 200 × yoyambirira yoyeserera ya dzimbiri (200 ×).
Chilengedwe ndi kutentha kwa 25 ℃, pH mtengo wa 5.5, ndi ndende ya njira yoyambira yowonongeka ndiyo yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi momwe ma bolt amphamvu kwambiri amagwiritsira ntchito milatho. zotsatira za kutentha, ndende kapena pH mtengo wa njira zowonongeka zowonongeka pa kupsinjika maganizo kwazitsulo zolimba kwambiri zinafufuzidwa motsatira, zinthu zina sizinasinthe, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mlingo woyesera wa gulu lolamulira.
Malinga ndi chidule cha 2010-2018 atmospheric Environmental Environmental chomwe chinaperekedwa ndi Chongqing Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, komanso ponena za zigawo za mvula zomwe zanenedwa ku Zhang24 ndi zolemba zina zomwe zalembedwa ku Chongqing, njira yoyesera ya dzimbiri yotengera kuchuluka kwa SO42- idapangidwa. yankho la rosion likuwonetsedwa mu Table 1:
Njira yoyeserera ya dzimbiri imakonzedwa ndi njira ya ma ion concentration ya ma chemicals pogwiritsa ntchito ma analytical reagents ndi madzi osungunula. Phindu la pH la njira ya dzimbiri yoyeserera linasinthidwa ndi pH mita yolondola, nitric acid solution ndi sodium hydroxide solution.
Pofuna kutsanzira nyengo yachinyezi ku Chongqing, woyezera kupopera mchere wasinthidwa mwapadera ndikupangidwira25. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1, zida zoyesera zili ndi machitidwe awiri: makina opopera mchere ndi magetsi. Zomwe zimayezera kutentha, zomwe zimazindikira kutentha kwa chipinda choyesera. Gawo loyang'anira limapangidwa ndi microcomputer, yomwe imagwirizanitsa gawo la kupopera ndi gawo lothandizira kuti lilamulire ndondomeko yonse yoyesera. Njira yowunikira imayikidwa mu chipinda choyesera cha mchere kuti chiyesere kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Kupsyinjika dzimbiri zitsanzo pansi nthawi zonse katundu anali kukonzedwa malinga ndi NACETM0177-2005 (Laboratory Mayeso a Sulfide Kupsyinjika akulimbana ndi Kupsinjika maganizo dzimbiri Cracking Kukana Zitsulo mu H2S Environment) . chipinda choyesera cha chipangizo choyezera kutsitsi kuti chifanizire zomwe zikuchitika m'malo onyezimira a Chongqing. Malinga ndi muyezo wa NACETM0177-2005 ndi mayeso opopera amchere a GB/T 10,125-2012, nthawi yoyeserera ya dzimbiri yolemetsa mu phunziroli imatsimikiziridwa mofanana kuti ikhale 168 pazigawo za corrosion pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za corrosion corrosion. TS-810 makina oyesera amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mawonekedwe awo amakina ndi mawonekedwe a fracture corrosion morphology adawunikidwa.
Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa macro- ndi micro-morphology ya pamwamba pa corrosion of high-strong bolt stress stress corrosion specimens pansi pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zowonongeka.2 ndi 3 motsatira.
Macroscopic morphology of stress corrosion specimens of 20MnTiB high-power bolts pansi pa malo osiyana siyana opangidwa ndi dzimbiri: (a) palibe dzimbiri;(b) 1 nthawi;(c) 20 ×;(d) 200 ×;(e) pH3.5;(f) pH 7.5;(g) 50°C.
Micromorphology of corrosion products of 20MnTiB high-strong bolts in different corrosion environments (100×): (a) 1 nthawi;(b) 20 ×;(c) 200 ×;(d) pH3.5;(e) pH7 .5;(f) 50°C.
Tingaone kuchokera mkuyu. 2a kuti pamwamba pa uncorroded mkulu-mphamvu bawuti chitsanzo amasonyeza kuwala zitsulo luster popanda dzimbiri zoonekeratu. , ndipo njira yowonongeka yowonongeka inalibe mphamvu pamtunda wa chitsanzo.Zinthu zakuthupi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa. 200 × choyambirira yoyerekeza dzimbiri njira ndende (mkuyu. 2d), pamwamba chitsanzo yokutidwa ndi zofiirira dzimbiri mankhwala, ndi bulauni-wakuda dzimbiri mankhwala kuonekera m'madera ena.
Pamene pH inatsikira ku 3.5 (mkuyu 2e), zinthu zowonongeka zamtundu wa tani zinali zambiri pamwamba pa zitsanzo, ndipo zina mwazinthu zowonongeka zinali zowonongeka.
Chithunzi 2g chimasonyeza kuti pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka kufika ku 50 ° C, zomwe zimakhala zofiira zofiira pamwamba pa sampuli zimachepa kwambiri, pamene zinthu zowonongeka za bulauni zimaphimba pamwamba pa chitsanzo m'dera lalikulu.
Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3, pansi pazigawo zosiyanasiyana zowonongeka, zinthu zowonongeka pamwamba pa 20MnTiB zolimbitsa mphamvu zowonongeka zowonongeka zimakhala zowonongeka, ndipo makulidwe a corrosion wosanjikiza amawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya njira yowonongeka yowonongeka. mu zigawo ziwiri: wosanjikiza wakunja wa zinthu dzimbiri amagawidwa mofanana, koma kuchuluka kwa ming'alu kumawonekera;wosanjikiza wamkati ndi gulu lotayirira la dzimbiri mankhwala.Pansi pa chikhalidwe cha 20 × choyambirira yoyerekeza dzimbiri njira ndende (mkuyu. 3b), ndi dzimbiri wosanjikiza pamwamba pa chitsanzo akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo zitatu: wosanjikiza akunja makamaka omwazika masango dzimbiri mankhwala, amene ndi lotayirira ndi porous, ndipo alibe ntchito zabwino;Chigawo chapakati ndi yunifolomu yowonongeka kwa mankhwala, koma pali ming'alu yoonekeratu, ndipo ma ions owononga amatha kudutsa ming'alu ndikuwononga gawo lapansi;wosanjikiza wamkati ndi wandiweyani dzimbiri mankhwala wosanjikiza popanda ming'alu zoonekeratu, amene ali ndi zabwino zoteteza kwenikweni pa gawo lapansi.wosanjikiza wapakati makamaka petal woboola pakati ndi flake woboola pakati dzimbiri Mkati wosanjikiza ndi wandiweyani dzimbiri mankhwala wosanjikiza popanda ming'alu zoonekeratu ndi mabowo, amene ali ndi chitetezo chabwino pa gawo lapansi.
Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku Mkuyu 3d kuti mumlengalenga wonyezimira wa pH 3.5, pali zinthu zambiri zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka monga singano pamtunda wa 20MnTiB mkulu-mphamvu bawuti chitsanzo. ming'alu.
Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera mkuyu 3f kuti pamene kutentha kunawonjezeka kufika 50 ° C, palibe zoonekeratu wandiweyani mkati dzimbiri wosanjikiza anapezeka dzimbiri wosanjikiza dongosolo, kusonyeza kuti panali mipata pakati pa dzimbiri zigawo pa 50 °C, amene anapanga gawo lapansi osati kwathunthu yokutidwa ndi dzimbiri mankhwala.Amapereka chitetezo ku chizolowezi chowonjezereka cha gawo lapansi.
Kapangidwe ka ma bawuti amphamvu kwambiri pansi pa dzimbiri zolemetsa zolemetsa m'malo owononga osiyanasiyana akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2:
Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku Table 2 kuti mawonekedwe a makina a 20MnTiB olimba kwambiri a bawuti akadali amakwaniritsa zofunikira pambuyo pa kuzizira konyowa kufulumizitsa kuyesedwa kwa dzimbiri m'malo osiyanasiyana ochita dzimbiri, koma pali kuwonongeka kwina poyerekeza ndi zosawonongeka.sample. 00 × ndende ya njira yofananira, elongation ya chitsanzo inachepa kwambiri. The makina katundu ndi ofanana pa ndende ya 20 × ndi 200 × choyambirira yoyerekeza dzimbiri solutions.Pamene pH mtengo wa njira dzimbiri yoyerekeza anatsikira kwa 3.5, kumakokedwa mphamvu ndi elongation wa zitsanzo utachepa, pamene 50 kutentha rink ndi kuchepa kwambiri m'dera kutentha kukwera ndi 50 ° rink ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri. pafupi kwambiri ndi mtengo wokhazikika.
Ma fracture morphologies a 20MnTiB high-strong balt bolt stress corrosion specimens pansi pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za dzimbiri akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4, chomwe ndi macro-morphology ya fracture, zone ya fiber pakati pa fracture, milomo ya micro-morphological ya mawonekedwe a shear, ndi pamwamba pa chitsanzo.
Ma macroscopic ndi microscopic fracture morphologies a 20MnTiB amphamvu kwambiri a bawuti zitsanzo m'malo osiyanasiyana ochita dzimbiri (500 ×): (a) palibe dzimbiri;(b) 1 nthawi;(c) 20 ×;(d) 200 ×;(e) pH3.5;(f) pH7.5;(g) 50°C.
Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Chithunzi 4 kuti kupasuka kwa chitsanzo cha 20MnTiB champhamvu kwambiri cha bolt kupsinjika pansi pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za dzimbiri kumapereka kusweka kwa kapu.Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chosawonongeka (mkuyu 4a), dera lapakati la chigawo cha fiber ndi chochepa., dera la milomo ya shear ndilokulirapo.Izi zikuwonetsa kuti makina a zinthuzo amawonongeka kwambiri pambuyo pa corrosion.Ndi kuwonjezereka kwa njira zowonongeka zowonongeka, maenje amtundu wa fiber pakati pa fracture anawonjezeka, ndipo misozi yowoneka bwino imawonekera. zinali zambiri za dzimbiri pamwamba.chitsanzo.
Zimatengedwa kuchokera ku Chithunzi 3d kuti pali ming'alu yoonekera pazitsulo zowonongeka pamwamba pa chitsanzo, zomwe zilibe chitetezo chabwino pa matrix.Mu njira ya dzimbiri yoyerekeza ya pH 3.5 (Chithunzi 4e), pamwamba pa chitsanzocho chawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo dera lapakati la fiber ndilochepa., Pali mitundu yambiri ya misozi yosawerengeka pakati pa fiber area.Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pH mtengo wa njira yowonongeka yowonongeka, misozi ya misozi m'dera la fiber pakati pa fracture imachepa, dzenje limachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuya kwa dzenje kumachepanso pang'onopang'ono.
Pamene kutentha chinawonjezeka kufika 50 ° C (mkuyu. 4g), kukameta ubweya milomo m'dera la kuthyoka chitsanzo anali yaikulu, maenje m'dera chapakati CHIKWANGWANI chinawonjezeka kwambiri, ndi dzenje kuya komanso kuchuluka, ndi mawonekedwe pakati kukameta ubweya mlomo m'mphepete ndi pamwamba chitsanzo chinawonjezeka.Zopangira dzimbiri ndi maenje zidawonjezeka, zomwe zidatsimikizira kuzama kwa dzimbiri la gawo lapansi lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3f.
Phindu la pH la njira yowonongeka idzawononga zina zamakina a 20MnTiB ma bolts amphamvu kwambiri, koma zotsatira zake sizofunika kwambiri. Mu njira yowonongeka ya pH 3.5, chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka monga singano zimagawidwa pamwamba pa chitsanzo, ndipo zowonongeka, zomwe zosanjikiza zomwe zimakhala ndi zodziwikiratu zimakhala ndi chitetezo chodziwika bwino. chiwerengero chachikulu cha mankhwala owononga mu microscopic morphology ya chitsanzo fracture.Izi zimasonyeza kuti kuthekera kwa chitsanzo kukana kupunduka ndi mphamvu yakunja kumachepetsedwa kwambiri m'malo a acidic, ndipo mlingo wa kupsinjika kwa chizoloŵezi cha kutukula kwa zinthu kumawonjezeka kwambiri.
The choyambirira yoyerekeza dzimbiri njira anali ndi zotsatira zochepa pa katundu mawotchi a zitsanzo mkulu-mphamvu bawuti, koma ndende ya yoyeseza dzimbiri njira kuchuluka kwa 20 nthawi ya choyambirira yoyerekeza dzimbiri njira, ndi katundu makina a zitsanzo anali kwambiri kuonongeka, ndipo panali dzimbiri zoonekeratu mu fracture microstructure.maenje, yachiwiri ming'alu ndi zambiri dzimbiri mankhwala.Pamene yoyerekeza dzimbiri njira ndende chinawonjezeka kuchokera 20 zina 200 nthawi yoyambirira yoyerekeza dzimbiri njira ndende, zotsatira za dzimbiri njira ndende pa mawotchi zimatha nkhaniyo anafooka.
Pamene kutentha kwa dzimbiri koyerekeza ndi 25 ℃, mphamvu zokolola ndi mphamvu zamakokedwe za 20MnTiB zolimba za bawuti zamphamvu sizisintha kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zosawonongeka. , ndipo panali dimples m'chigawo chapakati CHIKWANGWANI area.Chochititsa chidwi chinawonjezeka, dzenje kuya kwambiri, mankhwala dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri maenje kuchuluka.Izi zikusonyeza kuti kutentha synergistic dzimbiri chilengedwe ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa makina katundu mabawuti mkulu-mphamvu, amene si zoonekeratu kutentha firiji, koma chofunika kwambiri pamene kutentha kufika 50 °C.
Pambuyo pakuyesa kwamphamvu kwa dzimbiri m'nyumba kufananiza chilengedwe cha mumlengalenga ku Chongqing, mphamvu zamakokedwe, mphamvu zokolola, elongation ndi magawo ena a 20MnTiB ma bawuti amphamvu kwambiri adachepetsedwa, ndipo kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono kunachitika. zimayambitsa kuwonongeka koonekera kwa pulasitiki ku ma bolts amphamvu kwambiri, kuchepetsa kuthekera kokana kusinthika ndi mphamvu zakunja, ndikuwonjezera chizolowezi cha dzimbiri la nkhawa.
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