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Ma biofilms ndi gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa matenda osatha, makamaka pankhani yazida zamankhwala.Vutoli limabweretsa vuto lalikulu kwa azachipatala, chifukwa maantibayotiki okhazikika amatha kungowononga ma biofilms pang'ono.Kupewa mapangidwe a biofilm kwapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zosiyanasiyana zokutira ndi zida zatsopano.Njirazi zimafuna kuti azivala pamwamba m'njira zomwe zimalepheretsa mapangidwe a biofilm.Vitreous metal alloys, makamaka omwe ali ndi zitsulo zamkuwa ndi titaniyamu, akhala zokutira zabwino kwambiri za antimicrobial.Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wautsi wozizira wawonjezeka chifukwa ndi njira yoyenera yopangira zida zomvera kutentha.Chimodzi mwazolinga za kafukufukuyu chinali kupanga galasi latsopano lachitsulo la antibacterial lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi Cu-Zr-Ni ternary pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina alloying.Ufa wozungulira womwe umapanga chomaliza umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pazitentha zotsika.Magawo okhala ndi magalasi azitsulo amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mapangidwe a biofilm ndi chipika cha 1 poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
M'mbiri yonse ya anthu, gulu lililonse latha kupanga ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zatsopano kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zake, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri komanso kusanja pachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi1.Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi luso laumunthu kupanga zipangizo ndi zipangizo zopangira zinthu, komanso mapangidwe opangira ndi kuwonetsa zipangizo kuti akwaniritse thanzi, maphunziro, mafakitale, zachuma, chikhalidwe ndi madera ena kuchokera kudziko lina kapena dera lina kupita ku lina.Kupita patsogolo kumayesedwa mosasamala dziko kapena dera2.Kwa zaka 60, asayansi azinthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochuluka ku ntchito imodzi yaikulu: kufufuza zipangizo zatsopano komanso zapamwamba.Kafukufuku waposachedwa wayang'ana kwambiri kuwongolera ndi magwiridwe antchito a zida zomwe zilipo kale, komanso kupanga ndi kupanga mitundu yatsopano yazinthu.
Kuphatikizika kwa ma alloying element, kusinthidwa kwa microstructure yazinthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zochiritsira zotenthetsera, zamakina kapena thermomechanical zapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu pamakina, mankhwala ndi thupi lazinthu zosiyanasiyana.Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika mpaka pano zapangidwa bwino.Kulimbikira kumeneku kwadzetsa banja latsopano la zida zatsopano zomwe zimatchedwa Advanced Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, madontho a quantum, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, and high-entropy alloys ndi zitsanzo za zipangizo zamakono zomwe zawonekera padziko lapansi kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazo.Popanga ndi kupanga ma alloys atsopano okhala ndi zinthu zabwino, pomaliza pake komanso pakatikati pakupanga kwake, vuto la kusalinganika nthawi zambiri limawonjezeredwa.Chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zopangira zomwe zimalola kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku mgwirizano, kalasi yatsopano yazitsulo zosakanikirana, zomwe zimadziwika kuti magalasi azitsulo, zapezeka.
Ntchito yake ku Caltech mu 1960 inasintha malingaliro azitsulo zazitsulo pamene adapanga Au-25 pa.% Si glassy alloys polimbitsa madzi mofulumira pafupifupi madigiri milioni pa sekondi iliyonse.4 Kupeza kwa Pulofesa Paul Duves sikunangosonyeza chiyambi cha mbiri yakale ya magalasi achitsulo (MS), komanso kunachititsa kuti anthu asinthe maganizo pa nkhani ya zitsulo.Chiyambireni kafukufuku woyamba wa kaphatikizidwe ka aloyi a MS, pafupifupi magalasi onse azitsulo adapezedwa kwathunthu pogwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa njira izi: (i) kulimba kofulumira kwa kusungunuka kapena nthunzi, (ii) kusokonezeka kwa ma atomiki, (iii) kusintha kwamphamvu pakati pa zinthu zoyera zachitsulo ndi (iv) kusinthika kwa gawo lolimba la magawo osasunthika.
Ma MG amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakhalapo kwa dongosolo la atomiki lalitali lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi makhiristo, omwe ndi mawonekedwe odziwika a makhiristo.M'dziko lamakono, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwapangidwa m'munda wa galasi lachitsulo.Izi ndi zida zatsopano zokhala ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi zomwe sizingosangalatsa zafizikiki yolimba, komanso zitsulo, chemistry yapamwamba, ukadaulo, biology, ndi madera ena ambiri.Mtundu watsopanowu wazinthu uli ndi katundu wosiyana ndi zitsulo zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chidwi chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono m'madera osiyanasiyana.Iwo ali ndi zinthu zina zofunika: (i) mkulu makina ductility ndi mphamvu zokolola, (ii) mkulu maginito permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) kukana dzimbiri zachilendo, (v) kutentha kudziimira pawokha.Mayendedwe 6.7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 ndi njira yatsopano, yomwe inayamba mu 19839 ndi Prof. KK Kok ndi anzake.Iwo anapanga amorphous Ni60Nb40 ufa pogaya chisakanizo cha zinthu koyera pa kutentha yozungulira pafupi kwambiri firiji.Childs, ndi MA anachita ikuchitika pakati kufalitsa kugwirizana kwa ufa reactant mu riyakitala, kawirikawiri zopangidwa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, mu mphero mpira.10 (mkuyu 1a, b).Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, njira imeneyi yopangidwa ndi makina olimba yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ufa watsopano wa amorphous / metallic glass alloy pogwiritsa ntchito otsika (mkuyu.Makamaka, njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera machitidwe osasinthika monga Cu-Ta17 komanso ma alloys apamwamba osungunuka monga Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb ndi Ta) 18,19 ndi Fe-W20 machitidwe., zomwe sizingapezeke pogwiritsira ntchito njira zophika zophika.Kuonjezera apo, MA imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zida zamphamvu kwambiri za nanotechnological zopangira mafakitale a nanocrystalline ndi nanocomposite powder particles of metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapamwamba-pansi.1 ndi magawo a metastable.
Schematic yowonetsa njira yopangira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zokutira magalasi achitsulo a Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 mu kafukufukuyu.(a) Kukonzekera kwa ufa wa alloy MC wokhala ndi machulukidwe osiyanasiyana a Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, ndi 40 pa.%) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopera mphamvu ya mpira.(a) Zomwe zimayambira zimayikidwa mu silinda ya chida pamodzi ndi mipira yachitsulo ya zida ndi (b) yosindikizidwa mu bokosi lamagetsi lodzaza ndi He atmosphere.(c) Chitsanzo chowonekera cha chotengera chogaya chosonyeza kuyenda kwa mpira pakupera.Chotsalira cha ufa chomaliza chomwe chinapezedwa pambuyo pa maola 50 chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera madzi ozizira ku SUS 304 gawo lapansi (d).
Pankhani ya zinthu zochulukira (gawo), uinjiniya wapamtunda umaphatikizapo kupanga ndi kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono (magawo) kuti apereke zinthu zina zakuthupi, zamankhwala, komanso zaukadaulo zomwe sizipezeka muzochulukira zoyambirirazo.Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimatha kuwongolera bwino pogwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chapamwamba ndi monga abrasion, oxidation and corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction, bioinertness, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe.Ubwino wapamtunda ukhoza kusinthidwa ndi zitsulo, makina kapena njira zamakina.Monga njira yodziwika bwino, zokutira zimangotanthauzidwa ngati gawo limodzi kapena zingapo zazinthu zomwe zimayikidwa pamwamba pa chinthu chochuluka (gawo lapansi) lopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina.Chifukwa chake, zokutira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono kukwaniritsa luso kapena zokongoletsera zomwe mukufuna, komanso kuteteza zida kuzinthu zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuti zisamagwirizane ndi chilengedwe23.
Njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyika zigawo zoyenera zotetezera kuchokera ku ma micrometer ochepa (pansi pa 10-20 micrometers) mpaka ma micrometer oposa 30 kapena mamilimita angapo mu makulidwe.Nthawi zambiri, njira zokutira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: (i) njira zokutira zonyowa, kuphatikiza electroplating, electroplating, ndi hot dip galvanizing, ndi (ii) njira zokutira zouma, kuphatikiza soldering, hardfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD).), mankhwala a vapor deposition (CVD), njira zopopera kutentha, ndi njira zamakono zopopera zozizira 24 (Chithunzi 1d).
Ma biofilms amatanthauzidwa ngati magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala osasinthika komanso ozunguliridwa ndi ma polima odzipangira okha (EPS).Kupangidwa kwa biofilm yokhwima kwambiri kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikiza kukonza chakudya, machitidwe amadzi, komanso chisamaliro chaumoyo.Mwa anthu, ndi mapangidwe a biofilms, oposa 80% a matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kuphatikizapo Enterobacteriaceae ndi Staphylococci) ndi zovuta kuchiza.Kuonjezera apo, ma biofilms okhwima amanenedwa kuti ndi nthawi za 1000 zotsutsana ndi chithandizo cha maantibayotiki poyerekeza ndi maselo a bakiteriya a planktonic, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi vuto lalikulu lachirengedwe.M'mbuyomu, zida zokutira za antimicrobial zochokera kuzinthu zodziwika bwino zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Ngakhale kuti zinthu zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zigawo zapoizoni zomwe zingakhale zovulaza anthu,25,26 izi zingathandize kupewa kufala kwa mabakiteriya ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
Kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya kukana chithandizo cha maantibayotiki chifukwa cha mapangidwe a biofilm kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika kokhala ndi kansalu kogwira ntchito kophatikizika komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito motetezeka27.Kukula kwa thupi kapena mankhwala odana ndi zomatira omwe maselo a bakiteriya sangathe kumanga ndi kupanga biofilms chifukwa chomamatira ndiyo njira yoyamba mu ndondomekoyi27.Ukadaulo wachiwiri ndikupanga zokutira zomwe zimapereka mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndendende pomwe amafunikira, mokhazikika komanso molingana.Izi zimatheka popanga zida zokutira zapadera monga graphene/germanium28, diamondi yakuda29 ndi ZnO30-doped diamondi-ngati zokutira za carbon zomwe zimalimbana ndi mabakiteriya, ukadaulo womwe umakulitsa kukula kwa kawopsedwe komanso kukana chifukwa cha mapangidwe a biofilm.Kuphatikiza apo, zokutira zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala ophera majeremusi omwe amapereka chitetezo chanthawi yayitali ku matenda a bakiteriya akuchulukirachulukira.Ngakhale njira zonse zitatuzi zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito antimicrobial pamalo ophimbidwa, iliyonse ili ndi malire ake omwe ayenera kuganiziridwa popanga njira yogwiritsira ntchito.
Zogulitsa zomwe zili pamsika pano zimalephereka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nthawi yowunikira ndikuyesa zokutira zodzitchinjiriza pazachilengedwe.Makampani amati zinthu zawo zimapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito zomwe akufuna, komabe, izi zakhala cholepheretsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino pamsika pano.Mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku siliva amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ambiri a antimicrobial omwe akupezeka kwa ogula.Zogulitsazi zidapangidwa kuti ziteteze ogwiritsa ntchito kuti asakumane ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.Kuchedwa kwa antimicrobial effect ndi kawopsedwe kogwirizana ndi siliva kumawonjezera kukakamiza kwa ofufuza kuti apange njira ina yocheperako36,37.Kupanga zokutira padziko lonse lapansi za antimicrobial zomwe zimagwira ntchito mkati ndi kunja kumakhalabe kovuta.Izi zimabwera ndi zoopsa zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi chitetezo.Kupeza mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe sakhala ovulaza kwambiri kwa anthu ndikupeza momwe angaphatikizire muzitsulo zopaka ndi nthawi yayitali ya alumali ndi cholinga chofunidwa kwambiri38.Zida zamakono za antimicrobial ndi antibiofilm zimapangidwira kupha mabakiteriya pafupi kwambiri ndi kukhudzana mwachindunji kapena pambuyo pa kutulutsidwa kwa wothandizira.Akhoza kuchita izi poletsa kumamatira koyambirira kwa mabakiteriya (kuphatikizapo kuteteza mapangidwe a mapuloteni pamwamba) kapena kupha mabakiteriya mwa kusokoneza khoma la selo.
Kwenikweni, kuphimba pamwamba ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito wosanjikiza wina pamwamba pa chigawocho kuti asinthe mawonekedwe a pamwamba.Cholinga cha zokutira pamwamba ndi kusintha microstructure ndi/kapena kamangidwe ka pafupi ndi pamwamba dera la chigawo39.Njira zokutira pamwamba zitha kugawidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwachidule mkuyu 2a.Zovala zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu amafuta, mankhwala, thupi ndi electrochemical malinga ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokutira.
(a) Chidutswa chosonyeza njira zazikulu zopangira pamwamba, ndi (b) zosankhidwa bwino ndi kuipa kwa njira yopopera madzi ozizira.
Ukadaulo wautsi wozizira umafanana kwambiri ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopopera mafuta.Komabe, palinso zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yopopera ozizira komanso zida zopopera zozizira zikhale zosiyana kwambiri.Ukadaulo wautsi wozizira ukadali wakhanda, koma uli ndi tsogolo labwino.Nthawi zina, mawonekedwe apadera a kupopera mankhwala ozizira amapereka phindu lalikulu, kugonjetsa zofooka za njira zowonongeka zowonongeka.Imagonjetsa zofooka zazikulu zaukadaulo waukadaulo wopopera mafuta, momwe ufa umayenera kusungunuka kuti uyikidwe pagawo laling'ono.Mwachionekere, mwambo ❖ kuyanika ndondomeko si oyenera kutentha kwambiri tcheru zipangizo monga nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous ndi zitsulo magalasi40, 41, 42. Komanso, matenthedwe kutsitsi ❖ kuyanika zipangizo nthawi zonse ndi mkulu mlingo wa porosity ndi oxides.Ukadaulo wautsi wozizira uli ndi maubwino ambiri paukadaulo wopopera wamafuta, monga (i) kulowetsedwa kwa kutentha pang'ono ku gawo lapansi, (ii) kusinthasintha posankha kuyika kwa gawo lapansi, (iii) palibe kusintha kwa gawo ndi kukula kwambewu, (iv) mphamvu zomatira zapamwamba1 .39 (Mkuyu 2b).Kuphatikiza apo, zida zokutira zoziziritsa kuzizira zimakhala ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri, kulimba kwamphamvu komanso kuuma, kukhathamiritsa kwamagetsi kwapamwamba komanso kusasunthika kwakukulu41.Ngakhale ubwino wa kupopera kozizira kozizira, njirayi ili ndi zovuta zina, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2b.Mukapaka ufa wa ceramic woyera monga Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, ndi zina zotero, njira yopopera yozizira singagwiritsidwe ntchito.Kumbali inayi, zida za ceramic / zitsulo zophatikizika zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira zokutira.Momwemonso ndi njira zina zopopera mankhwala zotentha.Malo ovuta ndi mkati mwa mapaipi akadali ovuta kupopera.
Poganizira kuti ntchitoyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zazitsulo za vitreous monga zipangizo zoyambira zokutira, zikuwonekeratu kuti kupopera mankhwala ochiritsira sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito.Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zitsulo vitreous ufa crystalline pa kutentha kwambiri1.
Zida zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale azachipatala ndi zakudya zimapangidwa kuchokera ku austenitic stainless steel alloys (SUS316 ndi SUS304) yokhala ndi chromium ya 12 mpaka 20 wt.% popanga zida zopangira opaleshoni.Nthawi zambiri amavomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha chromium ngati chinthu chophatikizira muzitsulo zazitsulo kumatha kusintha kwambiri kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa ma aloyi achitsulo.Zitsulo zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ngakhale zili ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri, zilibe antimicrobial properties38,39.Izi zimasiyana ndi kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri.Pambuyo pake, n'zotheka kuneneratu za chitukuko cha matenda ndi kutupa, zomwe makamaka chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa bakiteriya ndi colonization pamwamba pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Zovuta zazikulu zikhoza kuchitika chifukwa cha zovuta zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya adhesion ndi biofilm mapangidwe njira, zomwe zingayambitse thanzi labwino, zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatira zambiri zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji kapena molakwika thanzi laumunthu.
Kafukufukuyu ndi gawo loyamba la polojekiti yothandizidwa ndi Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), contract No.2010-550401, kufufuza kuthekera kwa kupanga zitsulo magalasi Cu-Zr-Ni ternary ufa ntchito MA luso (tebulo).1) Popanga SUS304 antibacterial surface protection film/coating.Gawo lachiwiri la ntchitoyi, lomwe liyenera kuyamba mu Januwale 2023, liphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a galvanic corrosion ndi makina amakina a dongosololi.Mayeso atsatanetsatane a microbiological amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya adzachitidwa.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe Zr alloy zilili pakupanga magalasi (GFA) kutengera mawonekedwe a morphological ndi kapangidwe kake.Kuphatikiza apo, antibacterial properties of the powder coated metal glass/SUS304 composite adakambidwanso.Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yopitilira yachitika kuti ifufuze kuthekera kwa kusintha kwamapangidwe azitsulo zamagalasi azitsulo zomwe zimachitika panthawi yopopera mankhwala ozizira m'chigawo chamadzimadzi cha supercooled cha machitidwe opangidwa ndi magalasi azitsulo.Cu50Zr30Ni20 ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 magalasi azitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo zoyimira mu kafukufukuyu.
Gawoli likuwonetsa kusintha kwa ma morphological mu ufa wa elemental Cu, Zr ndi Ni panthawi yamagetsi otsika kwambiri a mpira.Machitidwe awiri osiyana opangidwa ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 adzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo.Njira ya MA ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo atatu osiyana, monga momwe zikuwonekera ndi mawonekedwe a metallographic a ufa wopezedwa mu siteji yopera (mkuyu 3).
Metallographic makhalidwe a ufa wa makina aloyi (MA) analandira pambuyo magawo osiyanasiyana mpira akupera.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) zithunzi za MA ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 ufa zopezedwa pambuyo otsika mphamvu mpira mphero kwa 3, 12 ndi 50 maola asonyezedwa mu (a), (c) ndi (e) kwa dongosolo Cu50Zr20Ni30, pamene MA chomwecho.Zithunzi zofananira za dongosolo la Cu50Zr40Ni10 zotengedwa pakapita nthawi zikuwonetsedwa mu (b), (d), ndi (f).
Pa mphero ya mpira, mphamvu ya kinetic yogwira ntchito yomwe ingasamutsidwe ku ufa wachitsulo imakhudzidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa magawo, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 1a.Izi zikuphatikizapo kugundana pakati pa mipira ndi ufa, kumeta ubweya wa ufa wokhazikika pakati kapena pakati pa zofalitsa zogaya, zotsatira za mipira yakugwa, kumeta ubweya ndi kuvala chifukwa cha kukoka kwa ufa pakati pa matupi osuntha a mphero ya mpira, ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kudutsa mipira yakugwa yomwe imafalikira kudzera mu chikhalidwe chodzaza (Mkuyu 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr ndi Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образований крука madzi). The elemental Cu, Zr, ndi Ni powders anali opunduka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwotcherera kozizira koyambirira kwa MA (3 h), zomwe zinapangitsa kupanga tinthu tating'ono ta ufa (> 1 mm m'mimba mwake).Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.3a,b.Kuwonjezeka kwa MA nthawi ya 12 h (gawo lapakati) kunayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya kinetic ya mphero ya mpira, zomwe zinayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ufa wamagulu mu ufa waung'ono (osakwana 200 μm), monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 3c, mzinda.Panthawiyi, mphamvu yometa ubweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito imayambitsa kupanga chitsulo chatsopano chokhala ndi zigawo zoonda za Cu, Zr, Ni, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 3c, d.Chifukwa cha akupera zigawo pa mawonekedwe a flakes, olimba-gawo zochita zimachitika ndi mapangidwe magawo atsopano.
Pachimake cha ndondomeko MA (pambuyo 50 h), flake metallography anali movuta noticeable (mkuyu 3e, f), ndi galasi metallography ankaona pa opukutidwa pamwamba pa ufa.Izi zikutanthauza kuti njira ya MA idamalizidwa ndipo gawo limodzi lochitachita lidapangidwa.Zolemba zoyambirira za zigawo zomwe zasonyezedwa mu Mkuyu.3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) adatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira ma electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pamodzi ndi mphamvu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Mu tebulo.Magawo a 2 oyambira a alloying akuwonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa dera lililonse lomwe lasankhidwa mumkuyu.3 ndi, f.Poyerekeza zotsatirazi ndi zolemba zoyambirira za Cu50Zr20Ni30 ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 zomwe zaperekedwa mu Table 1 zikuwonetsa kuti zolemba zazinthu ziwiri zomalizazi zili pafupi kwambiri ndi nyimbo zomwe zimatchulidwa.Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero cha zigawo za zigawo zomwe zatchulidwa mkuyu.Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti palibe kusintha kwapangidwe kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina.Izi zikuwonetsa kupanga ufa wofanana wa alloy monga momwe tawonetsera mu Gulu 2.
Ma micrographs a FE-SEM a Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ufa womaliza wa mankhwala anapezedwa pambuyo pa nthawi za 50 MA, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 4a-d, pamene x ndi 10, 20, 30 ndi 40 pa.%, motero.Pambuyo sitepe akupera, ufa aggregates chifukwa van der Waals zotsatira, zomwe zimabweretsa mapangidwe aggregates lalikulu wopangidwa particles ultrafine ndi awiri a 73 kuti 126 nm, monga momwe chithunzi 4.
Makhalidwe a morphological a Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ufa wopezedwa pambuyo pa maola 50 MA.Kwa machitidwe a Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, zithunzi za FE-SEM za ufa zomwe zimapezeka pambuyo pa 50 MA zikuwonetsedwa mu (a), (b), (c), ndi (d), motsatira.
Pamaso Mumakonda ndi ufa mu ozizira kutsitsi wodyetsa, iwo poyamba sonicated mu kusanthula kalasi Mowa kwa mphindi 15 ndiyeno zouma pa 150 ° C. kwa 2 hours.Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitheke kuthana ndi agglomeration, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa mavuto ambiri pakupaka.Pambuyo pomaliza ndondomeko ya MA, maphunziro owonjezera adachitidwa kuti afufuze za homogeneity ya ufa wa alloy.Pa mkuyu.5a–d imasonyeza ma micrograph a FE-SEM ndi zithunzi zofanana za EDS za Cu, Zr ndi Ni alloying elements za Cu50Zr30Ni20 alloy zotengedwa pambuyo pa 50 h nthawi M, motsatira.Zindikirani kuti ma alloy powders omwe amapezedwa pambuyo pa sitepeyi ndi ofanana, chifukwa sawonetsa kusinthasintha kulikonse kupitirira mulingo wa sub-nanometer, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5.
Morphology ndi kugawa kwanuko kwa zinthu mu MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 ufa wopezedwa pambuyo pa 50 MA ndi FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM ndi X-ray EDS kujambula kwa (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, ndi (d) Ni-Kα.
Ma X-ray diffraction mapatani a Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr20Ni30 ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders omwe amapezedwa pambuyo pa maola 50 MA akuwonetsedwa mu Nkhuyu.6a-d, motero.Pambuyo pa siteji yogayira iyi, zitsanzo zonse zokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a Zr zinali ndi mawonekedwe aamorphous okhala ndi mawonekedwe ofananirako a halo omwe akuwonetsedwa mumkuyu 6.
X-ray diffraction machitidwe a Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), ndi Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) ufa pambuyo MA kwa 50 h.Chitsanzo cha halo-diffusion chinawonedwa mu zitsanzo zonse popanda kuchotserapo, kusonyeza mapangidwe a amorphous gawo.
High resolution field emission transmission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwona kusintha kwa kamangidwe ndikumvetsetsa kapangidwe kameneko ka ufa wobwera chifukwa cha mphero ya mpira nthawi zosiyanasiyana za MA.Zithunzi za ufa wopezedwa ndi njira ya FE-HRTEM pambuyo pa magawo oyambirira (6 h) ndi apakatikati (18 h) akupera Cu50Zr30Ni20 ndi Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders akuwonetsedwa mu Mkuyu.7a, pa.Malinga ndi chithunzi chowala-munda (BFI) cha ufa wopezedwa pambuyo pa 6 h ya MA, ufawu uli ndi njere zazikulu zokhala ndi malire omveka bwino a fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, ndi fcc-Ni zinthu, ndipo palibe zizindikiro za kupangidwa kwa gawo lochitapo kanthu, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 7a.Kuonjezera apo, njira yosakanikirana yosankhidwa ya malo (SADP) yotengedwa kuchokera kudera lapakati (a) inavumbulutsa chithunzithunzi chakuthwa cha diffraction (mkuyu 7b) kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa makristali akuluakulu komanso kusowa kwa gawo logwira ntchito.
Makhalidwe am'deralo a MA ufa omwe amapezeka pambuyo pa magawo oyambirira (6 h) ndi apakatikati (18 h).(a) High resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) ndi (b) lolingana losankhidwa dera diffractogram (SADP) ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 ufa pambuyo MA mankhwala kwa 6 hours.Chithunzi cha FE-HRTEM cha Cu50Zr40Ni10 chopezedwa pambuyo pa maola 18 MA chikuwonetsedwa mu (c).
Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.7c, kuchuluka kwa nthawi ya MA mpaka 18 h kudapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika zazikulu za lattice kuphatikiza ndi kupunduka kwa pulasitiki.Panthawi imeneyi yapakatikati ya ndondomeko ya MA, zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zimawonekera mu ufa, kuphatikizapo zolakwika za stacking, zolakwika za lattice, ndi zolakwika (mkuyu 7).Zopunduka izi zimayambitsa kugawikana kwa mbewu zazikulu m'malire a tirigu kukhala ma subgrains ang'onoang'ono kuposa 20 nm kukula (mkuyu 7c).
Mapangidwe am'deralo a Cu50Z30Ni20 ufa wopangidwa ndi 36 h MA amadziwika ndi mapangidwe a ultrafine nanograins ophatikizidwa mu amorphous thin matrix, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 8a.Kusanthula kwanuko kwa EMF kunawonetsa kuti ma nanoclusters omwe akuwonetsedwa muzithunzi.8a amagwirizanitsidwa ndi Cu, Zr ndi Ni powder alloys osatulutsidwa.Zomwe zili mu Cu mu matrix zimasiyana kuchokera ku ~ 32 pa.% (zone osauka) mpaka ~ 74 pa.% (zone yolemera), zomwe zimasonyeza kupangidwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Kuonjezera apo, ma SADP ofanana a ufa omwe amapezedwa pambuyo pa mphero mu sitepe iyi akuwonetsa mphete zapachiyambi ndi zachiwiri za halo-diffusion amorphous phase akupsompsonana ndi mfundo zakuthwa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zowonongeka, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 8b.
Nanoscale m'deralo mawonekedwe a Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ufa.(a) Chithunzi chowala chamunda (BFI) ndi chofanana (b) SADP ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 ufa wopezedwa pambuyo pa mphero kwa 36 h MA.
Chakumapeto kwa ndondomeko ya MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, ndi 40 pa.% ufa, popanda kupatula, ali ndi labyrinthine morphology ya gawo la amorphous, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.Palibe kusiyana kwa mfundo kapena kuthwa kwa annular komwe sikunapezeke mu SADS yofananira ya nyimbo iliyonse.Izi zikuwonetsa kusakhalapo kwachitsulo chosasinthika cha crystalline, koma mapangidwe a amorphous alloy powder.Ma SADP ogwirizanawa omwe akuwonetsa machitidwe a halo amafalikira adagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati umboni pakukula kwa magawo amorphous pazogulitsa zomaliza.
Mapangidwe akomweko a chomaliza cha Cu50 MS system (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM ndi njira zolumikizirana za nanobeam (NBDP) za (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, ndi (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 zopezeka pambuyo pa 50 h ya MA.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kosiyana kwa calorimetry, kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa galasi (Tg), dera lamadzimadzi la supercooled (ΔTx) ndi kutentha kwa crystallization (Tx) kunaphunziridwa malinga ndi zomwe zili mu Ni (x) mu Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) amorphous system.(DSC) katundu mu He gasi kuyenda.Ma curve a DSC a ufa wa Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, ndi Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys omwe amapezedwa pambuyo pa MA kwa 50 h akuwonetsedwa mkuyu.10a,b,e.Pamene DSC pamapindikira a amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 akuwonetsedwa payokha mkuyu. 10 m'zaka Panthawiyi, Cu50Zr30Ni20 chitsanzo mkangano ~ 700 ° C mu DSC ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 10g.
Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG ufa wopezedwa pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50 kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutentha kwa galasi (Tg), kutentha kwa crystallization (Tx) ndi dera lamadzimadzi la supercooled (ΔTx).Thermograms of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) ufa wa Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), ndi (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG aloyi ufa pambuyo MA kwa maola 50.Chitsanzo cha X-ray diffraction (XRD) cha chitsanzo cha Cu50Zr30Ni20 chotenthedwa kufika ~ 700 ° C mu DSC chikuwonetsedwa mu (d).
Monga momwe chithunzi 10 chikusonyezera, ma curve a DSC pazolemba zonse zokhala ndi ma nickel osiyanasiyana (x) amawonetsa milandu iwiri yosiyana, imodzi ya endothermic ndi ina exothermic.Chochitika choyamba cha endothermic chikufanana ndi Tg, ndipo chachiwiri chikugwirizana ndi Tx.Dera lopingasa lomwe lili pakati pa Tg ndi Tx limatchedwa subcooled fluid area (ΔTx = Tx - Tg).Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti Tg ndi Tx ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 chitsanzo (Mkuyu 10a) yoyikidwa pa 526 ° C ndi 612 ° C imasuntha zomwe zili (x) mpaka 20 pa% ku mbali ya kutentha kwa 482 ° C ndi 563 ° C.°C ndi kuchuluka kwa Ni (x), motsatana, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 10b.Chifukwa chake, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 imatsika kuchokera ku 86 ° С (Mkuyu 10a) mpaka 81 ° С kwa Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Mkuyu 10b).Kwa MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, kuchepa kwa makhalidwe a Tg, Tx, ndi ΔTx ku 447 ° С, 526 ° С, ndi 79 ° С kunawonedwanso (Fig. 10b).Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za Ni kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa MS alloy.M'malo mwake, mtengo wa Tg (507 ° C) wa MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy ndi wotsika kuposa wa MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;komabe, Tx yake ikuwonetsa mtengo wofanana nayo (612 °C).Choncho, ΔTx ili ndi mtengo wapamwamba (87 ° C) monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.Zaka za zana la 10
Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MC dongosolo, pogwiritsa ntchito Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC aloyi mwachitsanzo, crystallizes kupyolera lakuthwa exothermic pachimake mu fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, ndi orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline magawo (Mkuyu 10c).Kusintha kwa gawoli kuchokera ku amorphous kupita ku crystalline kunatsimikiziridwa ndi X-ray diffraction kusanthula kwa chitsanzo cha MG (mkuyu 10d) chomwe chinatenthedwa mpaka 700 ° C ku DSC.
Pa mkuyu.11 ikuwonetsa zithunzi zomwe zidatengedwa panthawi yakupopera kozizira komwe kukuchitika pakugwira ntchito pano.Phunziroli, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tachitsulo topangidwa pambuyo pa MA kwa maola 50 (pogwiritsa ntchito Cu50Zr20Ni30 monga chitsanzo) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo mbale yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (SUS304) inali yokutidwa ndi kutsitsi ozizira.The ozizira kutsitsi njira anasankhidwa ❖ kuyanika mu matenthedwe kutsitsi mndandanda luso chifukwa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri mu matenthedwe kutsitsi mndandanda luso kumene angagwiritsidwe ntchito zitsulo metastable kutentha tcheru zipangizo monga amorphous ndi nanocrystalline ufa.Osati pansi pa gawo.kusintha.Ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu posankha njira iyi.Njira yoziziritsira kuzizira imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatembenuza mphamvu ya kinetic ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono kukhala mapindikidwe apulasitiki, mapindikidwe ndi kutentha pakakhudzidwa ndi gawo lapansi kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Zithunzi zakumunda zikuwonetsa njira yopopera yozizirira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera kasanu motsatizana ka MG/SUS 304 pa 550°C.
Mphamvu ya kinetic ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso kuthamanga kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga ❖ kuyanika, kuyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mitundu ina ya mphamvu kudzera m'njira monga mapindikidwe a pulasitiki (tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizana ndi ma particles mu masanjidwewo ndi kuyanjana kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono), mfundo zapakati pa zolimba, kuzungulira pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kutembenuzika ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya incomed, ngati sichoncho. mapindikidwe mphamvu, zotsatira zake kudzakhala kugunda zotanuka, kutanthauza kuti particles amangodumpha pambuyo zimakhudza.Zadziwika kuti 90% ya mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tinthu tating'ono / gawo lapansi zimasandulika kutentha kwapakati 40.Kuonjezera apo, pamene kupsinjika maganizo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, pulasitiki yapamwamba ya pulasitiki imapezeka m'dera la particle / substrate contact mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri41,42.
Kupindika kwa pulasitiki nthawi zambiri kumatengedwa ngati njira yochepetsera mphamvu, kapena m'malo mwake, ngati gwero la kutentha m'chigawo chapakati.Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha m'chigawo chapakati nthawi zambiri sikokwanira kuti pakhale kusungunuka kwapakati kapena kulimbikitsana kwakukulu kwa kufalikira kwa ma atomu.Palibe chofalitsa chomwe chimadziwika kwa olemba chomwe chafufuza momwe zitsulo zazitsulozi zimagwira pazitsamba zomatira ndi kukhazikika komwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopopera zozizira.
BFI ya MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder ikhoza kuwoneka mu Chithunzi 12a, chomwe chinayikidwa pa gawo la SUS 304 (Mkuyu 11, 12b).Monga momwe tikuonera pachithunzichi, ufa wophimbidwa umasunga mawonekedwe awo oyambirira a amorphous popeza ali ndi mawonekedwe a labyrinth opanda mawonekedwe a crystalline kapena zolakwika za lattice.Komano, fano limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa gawo lachilendo, monga umboni ndi nanoparticles m'gulu la MG TACHIMATA ufa masanjidwewo (mkuyu. 12a).Chithunzi 12c chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) okhudzana ndi dera I (Chithunzi 12a).Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.12c, NBDP ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofooka a halo-kufalikira kwa mawonekedwe aamorphous ndipo amakhala ndi mawanga akuthwa ofanana ndi gawo lalikulu la crystalline cubic metastable Zr2Ni kuphatikiza gawo la tetragonal CuO.Mapangidwe a CuO amatha kufotokozedwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ufa akamasuntha kuchokera pamphuno ya mfuti yapoyi kupita ku SUS 304 panja pakuyenda kwapamwamba.Kumbali ina, devitrification ya zitsulo magalasi ufa unachititsa mapangidwe lalikulu kiyubiki magawo pambuyo mankhwala ozizira kupopera pa 550 ° C kwa 30 min.
(a) Chithunzi cha FE-HRTEM cha ufa wa MG woyikidwa pa (b) SUS 304 gawo lapansi (chithunzi chithunzi).Mlozera wa NBDP wa chizindikiro chozungulira chowonetsedwa mu (a) chikuwonetsedwa mu (c).
Kuti muyese izi zomwe zingatheke popanga ma kiyubiki akuluakulu a Zr2Ni nanoparticles, kuyesa kodziimira kunachitika.Pakuyesa uku, ufa adapopera kuchokera ku atomizer pa 550 ° C molunjika ku gawo lapansi la SUS 304;komabe, kuti mudziwe zotsatira za annealing, ufawo unachotsedwa pamzere wa SUS304 mwamsanga (pafupifupi 60 s).).Kuyesa kwina kunachitika pomwe ufawo unachotsedwa pagawo laling'ono pafupifupi masekondi a 180 mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito.
Zithunzi 13a,b zikuwonetsa zithunzi za Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) zamdima (DFI) za zinthu ziwiri zotayidwa zoyikidwa pagawo la SUS 304 kwa 60 s ndi 180 s, motsatana.Chithunzi cha ufa chomwe chimayikidwa kwa masekondi a 60 chilibe tsatanetsatane wa morphological, kusonyeza kusagwirizana (mkuyu 13a).Izi zinatsimikiziridwanso ndi XRD, zomwe zinasonyeza kuti mawonekedwe onse a ufawo anali amorphous, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi nsonga zazikulu zowonongeka ndi zachiwiri zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 14a.Izi zikuwonetsa kusakhalapo kwa metastable / mesophase precipitates, momwe ufawo umakhalabe ndi mawonekedwe ake aamorphous.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ufa womwe umayikidwa pa kutentha komweko (550 ° C) koma wotsalira pa gawo lapansi kwa 180 s umasonyeza kuyika kwa mbewu za nanosized, monga momwe mivi ikuwonetsera mkuyu 13b.