Ndizotsitsimula komanso zodabwitsa kuti olemba gallery James Payne ndi Joan Sherwell adasankha kuyimira ojambula atatu ochokera ku New York pagulu lawo la Great Cities of Art Explained.
Amuna awa akanakhala chisankho chodziwikiratu, ngakhale kuti mmodzi mwa atatuwo, Basquiat, anali mbadwa ya New York.
Omasulira atatu ochokera ku New York - Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning ndi Helen Frankenthaler.
Chopereka cha amayiwa pagululi chinali chachikulu, koma Krasner ndi de Kooning adawononga ntchito zawo zambiri pamithunzi ya amuna awo otchuka, odziwika bwino a Jackson Pollock ndi Willem de Kooning.
New York Abstract Expressionism idagwetsa Paris ngati likulu la zaluso zaluso ndipo idakhala gulu lachimuna kwambiri.Krasner, Frankenthaler ndi Elaine de Kooning nthawi zambiri amamva ntchito zawo zomwe zimatchedwa "zachikazi", "nyimbo" kapena "zobisika", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizochepa.
Hans Hofmann ndi wofotokozera momveka bwino yemwe amayendetsa situdiyo ya Krasner pa 8th Street, komwe adaphunzira ataphunzira ku Cooper Union, Art Students League ndi National Academy of Design ndipo adagwira ntchito ku WPA Federal Art Project.Nthaŵi ina anayamikira chimodzi mwa zojambula zake, nati, “Zabwino kwambiri sungakhulupirire kuti zinapangidwa ndi mkazi.”
Penn ndi Showell amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe Krasner wotuluka, yemwe adakhazikitsidwa kale ku New York art world, amagawana maulalo ofunikira ndi Pollock pantchito yawo, yowonetsedwa pamodzi ndi a Picasso, Matisse ndi Georges Braque.Posakhalitsa, adayamba chibwenzi ndi Pollock.Pachiwonetsero chachikulu cha 1942 cha zojambula za ku France ndi America ku Macmillan Gallery.
Adakwatirana ndikusamukira ku Long Island, koma adangoyang'ana kwambiri Kibosh pazakumwa zawo komanso zochitika zakunja.Iye anapempha khola pansi pa malo ake ogwirira ntchito, ndipo iye anachita ndi chipinda chogona.
Ngakhale Pollock adawaza zinsalu zazikulu zomwe zili pansi pa barani, Krasner adapanga tizithunzi tating'ono tating'ono patebulo, nthawi zina amapaka utoto kuchokera pachubu.
Krasner anayerekezera zilembozo ndi zilembo za Chihebri, zimene anaziphunzira ali mwana koma tsopano satha kuwerenga kapena kulemba.Mulimonsemo, malinga ndi iye, ali ndi chidwi chopanga chilankhulo chophiphiritsa chomwe sichimapereka tanthauzo lililonse.
Pollock atamwalira pangozi yoyendetsa galimoto ataledzera - mbuye wake adapulumuka - Krasner adati situdiyo yosungiramo nkhokweyo inali yake.
Ichi ndi sitepe yosintha.Sikuti ntchito yake inakula, koma adakhudzidwanso ndi kayendetsedwe ka thupi lonse pakupanga.
Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, adakhala ndi chiwonetsero chake choyamba ku New York, ndipo mu 1984, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi asanamwalire, a MoMA adamuwonetsa zomwe zidamuchitikira.
Pokambirana mochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Inside New York's Art World mu 1978, Krasner anakumbukira kuti m'masiku oyambirira, jenda lake silinakhudze momwe ntchito yake inkaonekera.
Ndinapita kusukulu ya sekondale ndi akazi ojambula okha, onse akazi.Ndiyeno ine ndinali ku Cooper Union, sukulu luso atsikana, onse ojambula zithunzi akazi, ndipo ngakhale pamene ine kenako mu WPA, inu mukudziwa, si zachilendo kukhala mkazi ndi kukhala wojambula.Zonsezi zinayamba kuchitika mochedwa kwambiri, makamaka pamene malo anasamuka pakati pa Paris kupita ku New York, ine ndikuganiza nthawi imeneyi amatchedwa abstract expressionism, ndipo tsopano tili ndi nyumba, mitengo, ndalama, chidwi.Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kunali kwabata ndithu.Apa ndipamene ndinazindikira koyamba kuti ndinali mkazi, ndipo ndinali ndi "mkhalidwe".
Elaine de Kooning anali wojambula zithunzi, wotsutsa zojambulajambula, wotsutsa ndale, mphunzitsi, komanso "wojambula wothamanga kwambiri mumzindawu", koma zomwe akwaniritsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa poyerekeza ndi za Mayi Willem de Kooning, omwe awiri awo ndi "Abstract Expressionism".theka la awiri.
Kufotokozera kwa mzinda waukulu wa zaluso kukuwonetsa kuti zaka makumi awiri zakusiyana kwake ndi William - adayanjananso ali ndi zaka makumi asanu - inali nthawi yakukula kwaumwini komanso luso.Potengera kudzoza kwa ng'ombe zamphongo zomwe adaziwona paulendo wake, adatembenuza maso ake achikazi kwa amuna ndipo adapatsidwa ntchito yojambula chithunzi cha Purezidenti Kennedy:
Zojambula zake zonse zamoyo zimayenera kuchitidwa mwachangu kwambiri, kugwira mawonekedwe ndi manja, theka monga kuloweza pamtima, ngakhale m'malingaliro anga, popeza sanakhale chete.M’malo mooneka wokhumudwa, iye anakhala ngati wothamanga kapena wophunzira wapakoleji, akudumphadumpha pampando wake.Poyamba, malingaliro awa a unyamata adasokoneza, chifukwa sanakhale chete.
Monga Krasner ndi Elaine de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler anali m'gulu la akatswiri odziwika bwino, koma sanafunikire kuimba nyimbo yachiwiri yakutali kwa mwamuna wake, Robert Motherwell.
Izi zachitikadi chifukwa cha upainiya wake waukadaulo wa "dip-painting", momwe amathira penti yamafuta yosungunuka mu turpentine pansalu yosayeretsedwa yomwe ili lathyathyathya.
Poyendera studio ya Frankenthaler, komwe adawona mapiri ake owoneka bwino ndi nyanja pamwamba, ojambula osawoneka bwino Kenneth Nolan ndi Maurice Lewis adagwiritsanso ntchito njirayi, limodzi ndi masomphenya ake amitundu yotakata, yosalala, yomwe pambuyo pake idadziwika kuti kujambula kwa gamut.
Monga Pollock, Frankenthaler adawonetsedwa m'magazini ya LIFE, ngakhale monga Art She Says akunenera, sizinthu zonse za ojambula a LIFE omwe ali ofanana:
Kukambitsirana pakati pa kupatsirana kuwiriku kumawoneka ngati nkhani yamphamvu yachimuna yotsimikizika pagulu komanso kudziletsa kwachikazi.Ngakhale kaimidwe kokulirapo kwa Pollock ndi gawo lofunikira pazaluso zake zaluso, vuto siloti waima, wakhala.M'malo mwake, ndi kudzera mwa Pollock kuti titha kuyang'ana mbali yapamtima ya machitidwe ake opweteka komanso anzeru.Mosiyana ndi izi, Frankenthaler Parks imalimbitsa lingaliro lathu la akatswiri ojambula achikazi monga opangidwa mwaluso, ojambulidwa bwino kwambiri monga mwaluso omwe amapanga.Ngakhale zidutswazo zimawoneka ngati zachilendo komanso zowoneka bwino, sitiroko iliyonse imawonedwa kuti ikuyimira mphindi yowerengeka, yopanda cholakwika ya chidziwitso chowoneka.
Pali mitu itatu yomwe sindimakonda kukambirana: maukwati anga akale, ojambula zithunzi ndi malingaliro anga pa anthu amasiku ano.
Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuphunzira zambiri za ojambula atatuwa, Penn ndi Schuwell akupereka malingaliro awa:
Akazi a Ninth Street: Lee Krasner, Elaine de Kooning, Grace Hartigan, Joan Mitchell, ndi Helen Frankenthaler: Five Artists and the Movement That Changed Contemporary Art lolemba Mary Gabriel.
Ojambula atatu achikazi: Amy von Lintel, Bonnie Roos ndi ena adakulitsa Abstract Expressionism ku America West.
Akazi Apainiya a Bauhaus Art Movement: Kupezeka kwa Gertrud Arndt, Marianne Brandt, Anna Albers ndi Ena Oyambitsa Oyiwalika
Ulendo wofulumira wa mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi wa zaluso zamakono: momwe mungachokere ku Manet's 1862 Lunch on the Grass kupita ku utoto wa drip wa Jackson Pollock wa 1950s.
Vulgar chipani cha Nazi chotsutsana ndi zojambulajambula komanso "Degenerate Art Exhibition" ya 1937.
- Ayun Holliday ndi katswiri wamaphunziro a primatologist ku East Village Inky magazine ndipo posachedwa ndi wolemba wa Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto.Tsatirani iye @AyunHalliday.
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Kuphatikizika kosowa Alma W. Thomas ndi mkazi wakuda Abstract Expressionist yemwe anali mkazi woyamba wakuda kulowa nawo "sukulu" ya malingaliro (Washington School of Color) ndi woyamba ku Whitby.Mkazi wakuda wokhala ndi chiwonetsero chayekha ku Ni, wojambula wachikazi woyamba yemwe ntchito yake yakuda idagulidwa ndi White House - zoseketsa komanso zachisoni, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri ojambula akuda amaiwalika.Ntchito yake tsopano ikumaliza kuyang'ana m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a 4, ndipo filimu yayifupi yonena za moyo wake ndi ntchito yake yawonetsedwa pa zikondwerero zopitilira 38 chaka chatha.https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
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Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-09-2022