Byanditswe neza ko iterambere ryiyongera mubikorwa bya siporo rishobora kwegeranywa kugirango habeho itsinda ryatsinze.Ibikorwa bya peteroli nabyo ntibisanzwe kandi ni ngombwa gukoresha ubwo bushobozi kugirango ukureho amafaranga yo gutabara bitari ngombwa.Tutitaye ku biciro bya peteroli, nkinganda duhura ningutu zubukungu n’imibereho kugirango bikore neza bishoboka.
Mubidukikije bigezweho, gukuramo peteroli yanyuma ya peteroli mumitungo isanzwe wongeye kumenyekanisha no gucukura amashami mumariba asanzwe ni ingamba zubwenge kandi zihendutse - mugihe zishobora gukorwa neza.Gucukura tubing coing (CT) nubuhanga budakoreshwa butezimbere imikorere mubice byinshi ugereranije no gucukura bisanzwe.Iyi ngingo isobanura uburyo abashoramari bashobora gukoresha inyungu CTD ishobora gutanga kugirango igabanye ibiciro.
kwinjira neza.Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo gutobora (CTD) ikoreshwa mu gucukura yabonye ibice bibiri byatsinze ariko bitandukanye muri Alaska no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, fig.1. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, iri koranabuhanga ntirikoreshwa cyane.Azwi kandi nka drillless drilling, asobanura uburyo ikoranabuhanga rya CTD ryakoreshwa mugukuramo ibicuruzwa bypass inyuma yumuyoboro ku giciro gito;Rimwe na rimwe, igihe cyo kwishyura cy'ishami gishya gishobora gupimwa mu mezi.Ntabwo CTD ishobora gukoreshwa gusa mubiciro bidahenze, ariko inyungu yihariye ya CT kubikorwa bidahwitse irashobora gutanga imikorere ihindagurika ishobora kongera cyane intsinzi kuri buri riba mumurima wabuze.
CTD yakoreshejwe mu gucukura buringaniye kugirango yongere umusaruro mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli na gaze bisanzwe.Iyi mikoreshereze yikoranabuhanga yakoreshejwe neza cyane mubigega bito bigabanuka mubigega byo muburasirazuba bwo hagati, aho umubare wibikoresho bya CTD wiyongereye buhoro buhoro mumyaka mike ishize.Iyo CTD itaringanijwe ikoreshwa, irashobora gusubirwamo binyuze mumariba mashya cyangwa amariba ariho.Ubundi buryo bukomeye bwatsindiye imyaka myinshi ya CTD iri kumurongo wamajyaruguru ya Alaska, aho CTD itanga uburyo buhendutse bwo kongera gutangiza amariba ashaje no kongera umusaruro.Tekinoroji muriyi porogaramu yongerera cyane umubare wa margin barrel iboneka kubatunganya amajyaruguru ya Slope.
Kongera imikorere biganisha ku biciro biri hasi.CTD irashobora kubahenze kuruta gucukura bisanzwe kubwimpamvu ebyiri.Ubwa mbere, ibi tubibona mubiciro byose kuri barrale, kutongera kwinjira muri CTD kuruta kunyura mumariba mashya.Icya kabiri, turabibona mukugabanya ibiciro bihindagurika neza bitewe no guhuza imiyoboro ihujwe.Dore imikorere ninyungu zitandukanye:
Urukurikirane rw'ibikorwa.Gucukura nta ruganda, CTD kubikorwa byose, cyangwa guhuza imashini ikora hamwe na tubing yatetse birashoboka.Icyemezo cyuburyo bwo kubaka umushinga biterwa no kuboneka nubukungu bwabatanga serivise mukarere.Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze, ikoreshwa ryibikoresho byo gukora, ibyuma bya wireline hamwe nigituba gikonje birashobora gutanga inyungu nyinshi mubijyanye nigihe cyo gukora nigiciro.Intambwe rusange zirimo:
Intambwe ya 3, 4 na 5 zirashobora gukorwa hifashishijwe pake ya CTD.Ibyiciro bisigaye bigomba gukorwa nitsinda rishinzwe kuvugurura.Mugihe aho ibikoresho byo gukora bidahenze cyane, gusohoka bishobora gukorwa mbere yuko pake ya CTD ishyirwaho.Ibi byemeza ko pake ya CTD yishyuwe gusa mugihe agaciro ntarengwa gatanzwe.
Igisubizo cyiza muri Amerika ya ruguru mubisanzwe ni ugukora intambwe 1, 2 na 3 kumariba menshi hamwe nakazi ko gukora mbere yo gushyira mubikorwa CTD.Ibikorwa bya CTD birashobora kumara iminsi ibiri cyangwa ine, bitewe nintego.Rero, ivugurura rirashobora gukurikira ibikorwa bya CTD, hanyuma pake ya CTD hamwe na pake yo kuvugurura ikorwa murwego rumwe.
Kunoza ibikoresho byakoreshejwe hamwe nurutonde rwibikorwa birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro rusange byibikorwa.Aho ushobora kubona ikiguzi cyo kuzigama bivana aho ibikorwa byakorewe.Ahantu hamwe imirimo idacukurwa hamwe nibice byakazi birasabwa, mubindi bihe gukoresha ibikoresho byogejwe kugirango bikore imirimo yose bishobora kuba igisubizo cyiza.
Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, bizatwara neza kugira sisitemu ebyiri zo kugaruka no gushiraho icya kabiri mugihe iriba rya mbere rimaze gucukurwa.Porogaramu y'amazi kuva iriba rya mbere noneho yimurirwa ku iriba rya kabiri, i.mugucukura.Ibi bigabanya igihe cyo gucukura kuriba kandi bigabanya ibiciro.Ihinduka ryimiyoboro yoroheje ituma igenamigambi ryateguwe kugirango wongere igihe kinini kandi ugabanye ibiciro.
Ubushobozi butagereranywa bwo kugenzura imbaraga.Ubushobozi bugaragara bwa CTD ni kugenzura neza umuvuduko wa wellbore.Ibice bifatanyirijwe hamwe byateguwe kubikorwa bidahwitse, kandi byombi buringaniza kandi buringaniye burashobora gukoresha imitsi ya BHP nkibisanzwe.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, birashoboka kandi guhinduka byihuse kuva mubikorwa byo gucukura ukajya kugenzura ibikorwa byumuvuduko ukabije ukajya mubikorwa bidahwitse.Mubihe byashize, CTDs yabonwaga ko igarukira muburebure bwuruhande rushobora gucukurwa.Kugeza ubu, ibibujijwe byiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'umushinga uherutse kuba mu majyaruguru ya Alaska, ufite metero zirenga 7000 mu cyerekezo cyambukiranya.Ibi birashobora kugerwaho ukoresheje umurongo uhoraho uzunguruka, ibinini binini bya diameter hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo kugera muri BHA.
Ibikoresho bikenerwa mu gupakira CTD.Ibikoresho bisabwa muri pake ya CTD biterwa n'ikigega kandi niba hakenewe guhitamo gukuramo.Impinduka zibaho cyane cyane kuruhande rwo kugaruka kwamazi.Ihuza ryoroshye rya azote irashobora gushyirwa byoroshye imbere ya pompe, yiteguye guhinduranya ibyiciro bibiri iyo bibaye ngombwa, fig.3. Pompe ya azote iroroshye gukangurira ahantu henshi muri Amerika.Niba hakenewe guhindurwa mubikorwa byo gucukura buringaniye, birakenewe cyane injeniyeri yatekerejwe kuruhande rwinyuma kugirango itange imikorere kandi igabanye ibiciro.
Igice cya mbere cyamanutse cyo gukumira ibicuruzwa birinda ibintu ni trottle manifold.Nibisanzwe kubikorwa byose bya CT byo gucukura bikoreshwa mukugenzura umuvuduko wo hasi.Igikoresho gikurikiraho ni ugucamo ibice.Mugihe cyo gukora kurenza urugero, niba gukuramo bitateganijwe, noneho ibi birashobora kuba byoroshye gutandukanya gazi yo gucukura, ishobora kurengerwa mugihe ikibazo cyo kugenzura iriba kidakemutse.Niba ibiteganijwe gukururwa, haba ibyiciro 3 cyangwa ibyiciro 4 bitandukanya bishobora kubakwa kuva bigitangira, cyangwa gucukura birashobora guhagarikwa kandi hashyizweho gutandukanya byuzuye.Gutandukanya bigomba guhuzwa nibimenyetso byerekana umuriro uri kure yumutekano.
Nyuma yo gutandukana hazaba tanks zikoreshwa nkibyobo.Niba bishoboka, ibyo birashobora kuba byoroshye gufungura hejuru hejuru yameneka cyangwa imirima itanga umusaruro.Bitewe numubare muto wa silige mugihe wongeye kwinjiza CTD, ntihakenewe kunyeganyega.Umuyoboro uzatura mu gutandukanya cyangwa muri kimwe mu bigega bivunika hydraulic.Niba gutandukanya bidakoreshwa, shyiramo baffles muri tank kugirango ufashe gutandukanya weir grooves.Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugukingura centrifuge ihujwe nicyiciro cyanyuma kugirango ikureho ibisigisigi mbere yo kwisubiramo.Niba ubyifuza, ikigega cyo kuvanga kirashobora gushyirwa muri sisitemu ya tank / umwobo kugirango uvange sisitemu yoroshye idafite amazi yo gutobora, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe, amazi ashobora kuvangwa mbere yo kuvanga.Nyuma y'iriba rya mbere, bigomba gushoboka kwimura icyondo kivanze hagati y'iriba no gukoresha sisitemu y'ibyondo kugirango ucukure amariba menshi, bityo ikigega cyo kuvanga kigomba gushyirwaho rimwe gusa.
Kwirinda gucukura amazi.Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo gucukura amazi akwiranye na CTD.Umurongo wo hasi nugukoresha ibintu byoroshye bitarimo ibice bikomeye.Inzitizi zabujijwe hamwe na polymers nibisanzwe kubikorwa byiza cyangwa bigenzurwa.Aya mazi yo gucukura agomba kugura make ugereranije n’amazi yo gucukura akoreshwa ku bikoresho bisanzwe byo gucukura.Ibi ntibigabanya gusa amafaranga yo gukora, ahubwo binagabanya amafaranga yose yinyongera ajyanye nigihombo mugihe habaye igihombo.
Iyo gucukura bitaringaniye, ibi birashobora kuba ibyiciro bibiri byo gutobora cyangwa icyiciro kimwe cyo gucukura.Ibi bizagenwa nigitutu cyibigega no gushushanya neza.Icyiciro kimwe cyamazi akoreshwa mugucukura kutaringaniye mubisanzwe ni amazi, brine, amavuta cyangwa mazutu.Buri kimwe muribi gishobora kugabanuka muburemere icyarimwe gutera inshinge.
Gucukura kutaringaniza birashobora guteza imbere ubukungu bwa sisitemu mugabanya ibyangiritse / kwangiza.Gucukura hamwe nicyiciro kimwe cyo gutobora akenshi bisa nkibidahenze ubanza, ariko abashoramari barashobora kuzamura ubukungu bwabo mukugabanya ibyangiritse hejuru no gukuraho imbaraga zihenze, amaherezo bikazamura umusaruro.
Inyandiko kuri BHA.Iyo uhisemo umwobo wo hasi (BHA) kuri CTD, hari ibintu bibiri byingenzi ugomba gusuzuma.Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kubaka no kohereza ibihe ni ngombwa cyane.Kubwibyo, ikintu cya mbere ugomba gusuzuma ni uburebure rusange bwa BHA, fig.4. BHA igomba kuba mugufi bihagije kugirango izunguruke hejuru ya valve nkuru kandi iracyafite umutekano uva muri valve.
Urutonde rwo kohereza ni ugushyira BHA mu mwobo, ugashyiramo inshinge na lubricator hejuru yumwobo, guteranya BHA kumutwe wa kabili yo hejuru, gusubiza BHA mumavuta, kwimura inshinge na lubricator gusubira mumwobo, no kubaka ihuriro.Kuri BOP.Ubu buryo bivuze ko nta turret cyangwa igitutu cyoherejwe gisabwa, bigatuma gahunda yihuta kandi itekanye.
Icya kabiri gitekerezwaho ni ubwoko bwimiterere irimo gucukurwa.Muri CTD, isura yicyerekezo cyibikoresho byo gucukura bigenwa na module iyobora, igizwe na BHA yo gucukura.Icyerekezo kigomba kuba gishobora kugenda ubudahwema, ni ukuvuga kuzenguruka ku isaha cyangwa ku isaha yo guhagarara nta guhagarara, keretse bisabwe nicyuma cyerekezo.Ibi biragufasha gucukura umwobo ugororotse neza mugihe wagutse cyane WOB no kugera kuruhande.Kwiyongera kwa WOB byoroha gucukura impande ndende cyangwa ngufi kuri ROP ndende.
Urugero rwa Texas yepfo.Hacukuwe amariba arenga 20.000 atambitse mumirima ya shale ya Eagle Ford. Ikinamico imaze imyaka irenga icumi ikora, kandi umubare wamariba ya marginal azakenera P&A ariyongera. Ikinamico imaze imyaka irenga icumi ikora, kandi umubare wamariba ya marginal azakenera P&A ariyongera. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количест малорентабельных скв zaин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Umurima umaze imyaka irenga icumi ukora kandi umubare wamariba ya marginal asaba P&A ariyongera.该 戏剧 已经 活跃 了 十 多年 需要 P&A 的 边缘 井 数量 正在 增加。 P&A 的 边缘 井 数量 正在 增加。 Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количестра краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Umurima umaze imyaka irenga icumi ukora kandi umubare wamariba yegeranye asaba P&A ariyongera.Amariba yose agenewe kubyaza umusaruro Eagle Ford Shale azanyura muri Austin Chalk, ikigega kizwi cyane cyatanze ibicuruzwa byinshi bya hydrocarbone mu myaka myinshi.Hashyizweho ibikorwa remezo kugirango bikoreshe ingunguru zose zishobora gushyirwa ku isoko.
Gucukura Chalk muri Austin bifite byinshi byo gukora nubusa.Imiterere ya karubone iravunika, kandi igihombo gikomeye kirashoboka mugihe wambutse ibice binini.Icyondo gishingiye ku mavuta gikoreshwa mu gucukura, bityo igiciro cyindobo yatakaye yicyondo gishingiye kumavuta gishobora kuba igice kinini cyibiciro by iriba.Ikibazo ntabwo ari ikiguzi cyamazi yatakaye gusa, ahubwo ni impinduka mubiciro byamazi, nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho mugutegura ingengo yumwaka;mukugabanya guhinduka mugucukura ibiciro byamazi, abashoramari barashobora gukoresha igishoro cyabo neza.
Amazi yo gucukura ashobora gukoreshwa ni brine yoroshye idafite ubwonko bushobora kugenzura umuvuduko wo hasi hamwe na choke.Kurugero, 4% ya KCL brine igisubizo kirimo xanthan gum nka tackifier na krahisi yo kugenzura kuyungurura byaba byiza.Uburemere bwamazi agera kuri pound 8,6-9.0 kuri gallon kandi igitutu icyo aricyo cyose gisabwa kugirango ukandamize imiterere bizashyirwa kumurongo wa choke.
Niba igihombo kibaye, gucukura birashobora gukomeza, niba igihombo cyemewe, choke irashobora gukingurwa kugirango umuvuduko wikizunguruka wegere umuvuduko wibigega, cyangwa choke irashobora no gufungwa mugihe runaka kugeza igihombo gikosowe.Kubijyanye no kugenzura umuvuduko, guhuza no guhuza imiyoboro ihujwe ni byiza cyane kuruta ibyuma bisanzwe byo gucukura.
Iyindi ngamba ishobora nanone gutekerezwaho mugihe cyo gucukura hamwe nigituba gishyizwe hamwe ni uguhindura imyanda idahwitse mugihe hacitse icyuho cyoroshye cyane, gikemura ikibazo cyo kumeneka kandi kigakomeza umusaruro wavunitse.Ibi bivuze ko niba imvune zidahuye, iriba rishobora kurangizwa mubisanzwe ku giciro gito.Ariko, niba kuvunika kwambutse, kwibumbira hamwe birinzwe kwangirika kandi umusaruro urashobora kugabanywa no gucukura kutaringaniye.Hamwe nibikoresho bikwiye hamwe ninzira nyabagendwa, metero zirenga 7000 zirashobora kugendagenda muri Austin Chalka.
rusange.Iyi ngingo isobanura imyumvire n'ibitekerezo mugihe utegura ubukangurambaga buke bwo kongera gucukura ukoresheje CT gucukura.Buri porogaramu izaba itandukanye gato, kandi iyi ngingo ikubiyemo ibitekerezo byingenzi.Ikoranabuhanga rya CTD ryarakuze, ariko porogaramu zabitswe kubice bibiri byihariye byashyigikiraga ikoranabuhanga mumyaka yambere yaryo.Ubuhanga bwa CTD burashobora gukoreshwa ubu nta bwitange bwamafaranga bwibikorwa byigihe kirekire.
agaciro gashobora.Hariho ibihumbi amagana bitanga amariba amaherezo agomba guhagarara, ariko haracyari umubare wubucuruzi bwa peteroli na gaze inyuma yuwo muyoboro.CTD itanga uburyo bwo gutinza ibyasohotse no kubika bypass ibitse hamwe nigishoro gito.Ingoma zirashobora kandi kuzanwa kumasoko mugihe gito cyane, bigatuma abashoramari bakoresha inyungu zihanitse mubyumweru kuruta amezi, kandi bidakenewe amasezerano maremare.
Gutezimbere neza bigirira akamaro inganda zose, zaba digitalisation, kuzamura ibidukikije cyangwa kunoza imikorere.Igituba gikonje cyagize uruhare mu kugabanya ibiciro mu bice bimwe na bimwe byisi, kandi ubu inganda zirahinduka, irashobora gutanga inyungu zimwe kurwego runini.